General Postal Service List
A viewset for viewing and editing General Postal Services.
GET /api/sc/general-postal-services/?format=api
{ "count": 387, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/general-postal-services/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " State was not providing either postal stations or a general postal service." }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The following two quotes from Tarn suggest that the Greeks retained at least part of the postal system set up by the Persians.\r\n\r\n“There remains one country yet to notice, Ferghana (Ta-yuan), which had formed part of the kingdom of Euthydemus (p. 83 and App. 10). It was the first ‘western country’ which Chang-k’ien reached after escaping from the Hiung-nu; he found a settled agricultural land like Bactria with ‘walled towns’ and ‘postal roads’”§REF§Tarn, William Woodthorpe. The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 307. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/tarn/titleCreatorYear/items/SQY9X379/item-list§REF§\r\n\r\n“the hyparchy[…] was again subdivided into fortified posts called stathmoi—originally post stations on the main roads, the Seleucids having taken over the Persian postal system” §REF§Tarn, William Woodthorpe. The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 2. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/tarn/titleCreatorYear/items/SQY9X379/item-list§REF§" }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "present", "comment": null, "description": " claims of state-organized communication service by many kingdoms already in the Warring States period; infer that it was continued and expanded by the Qin Empire and adapted by the Han as well." }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Little literacy so there would have been nobody to use a general postal service, if such had existed." }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Little literacy so there would have been nobody to use a general postal service, if such had existed." }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Hmong villages also transmitted messages through ad hoc dispatches and the use of the drum tower: 'Whenever there is an emergency that requires a public meeting, the drum tower keeper, also known as messenger (or footman, who receives as remuneration from the village 1,000 catties of grain a year), would climb up the wooden pillar to beat the drum at the top, crying loudly at the same time. The tempo and the number of the beats vary according to a fixed set of rules. The “tum, tum” beats can be heard within a radius of many li. The first drum beat signifies a call for a meeting for some important affair, and upon hearing it, the villagers would abandon their work to listen attentively. The second drum beat is an urgent call to gather together at the drum tower, and the third drum beat is a signal for the meeting to start. Ordinarily, after the third beat each family would have without fail a representative at the drum tower.' §REF§Che-lin, Wu, Chen Kuo-chün, and Lien-en Tsao 1942. “Studies Of Miao-I Societies In Kweichow”, 108§REF§ 'If a certain village has a most serious affair, such as banditry, the meeting would then be different from that stated above. The Tung-chia call this meeting “Ch'uan-k'uan” /summoning for conditions/, which means to summon all elders from various villages to discuss conditions. The meeting place is still at the drum tower. The procedure of “Ch'uan-k'uan” consists of the dispatch of a piece of wood (known in the Tung-chia language as ch'a) about one foot long and as large as a staff, on which is written the name of the elder to be summoned and the nature of the business. Those qualified for summoning are all village leaders who can direct the villagers.' §REF§Che-lin, Wu, Chen Kuo-chün, and Lien-en Tsao 1942. “Studies Of Miao-I Societies In Kweichow\", 109§REF§ Only Chinese towns had postal offices: 'Like Kweiyang, the hsien city of Lung-li was in an open plain, but a narrow one. The space between the mountains was sufficient for a walled town of one long street between the east and west gates and one or two on either side. There were fields outside the city walls. Its normal population was between three and four thousand, augmented during the war by the coming of some “companies” for the installation and repair of charcoal burners in motor lorries and the distillation of grain alcohol for fuel, an Army officers' training school, and the engineers' corps of the railway being built through the town from Kwangsi to Kweiyang. To it the people of the surrounding contryside, including at least three groups of Miao and the Chung-chia, went to market. It was also the seat of the hsien government and contained a middle school, postal and telegraph offices, and a cooperative bank, with all of which the non-Chinese, as well as the Chinese, had some dealings. A few of the more well-to-do families sent one of their boys to the middle school. Cases which could not be settled in the village or by the lien pao official, who was also a Chinese, were of necessity brought to the hsien court, as well as cases which involved both Miao and Chinese.' §REF§Mickey, Margaret Portia 1947. “Cowrie Shell Miao Of Kweichow”, 40b§REF§ Mickey's comments imply that there were no postal stations in Hmong villages." }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The A-Hmao language was first written by the Pollard script in apprx. 1905.§REF§Duffy, John M. (2007). Writing from these roots: literacy in a Hmong-American community. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-3095-4.§REF§" }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Unlikely literacy high enough for a general postal service to be necessary." }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Little or no literacy so there would have been nobody to use a general postal service, if such had existed." }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The Ministry of War operated the courier system with military labor. The Ministry of War produced a guide, Network of Routes Connecting the Realm (Hyanyu tongue). This cheaply printed handbook, first published in 1394 CE, lists all courier routes in the country along with the 1,706 station serving them. Use of the system required a pass that specified the route and the mode of transport. §REF§(Brook, 2010, p.31)§REF§" }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "present", "comment": null, "description": " From poem by Ouyang Xiu (1059 CE): \"In cold seasons, cassia seeds will drop in the empty mountains. Postal deliveries will never stop, moving at the speed of flight, So don't begrudge sending new poems regularly back and forth.\"§REF§(Hawes 2012, 71) Hawes, Colin S C. 2012. Social Circulation of Poetry in the Mid-Northern Song, The: Emotional Energy and Literati Self-Cultivation. SUNY Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"The creation of a system of relay postal stations has been credited to Chinngis Khan, but was most effectively employed by Chinngis Khan's successor Ogodei. Ogodei did not invent the system that goes back nearly two thousand years. Athough the Tuoba rulers of what is now northern China had a similar system in the fourth and fifth centuries, it appears to have been implemented already by the Honno, the first steppe empire in history, an empire contemporary with the Roman Empire and ruled by a Turkic tribe.\" §REF§(Avery 2003, 40)§REF§ If the Northern Wei ran a nomadic style postal relay station then it may suggest that the general postal service of earlier Chinese civilization had been lost and the service was government only." }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Postal service improved by the government from 1662 to 1735 §REF§(Ma et al. 2016, p. 307)§REF§ However, it was not until 1896 that the Great Qing Imperial Post Office was established, providing the first ever national postal service for the general public, which allowed for greater contact with the rest of the world. §REF§(Tsai 2015, p.895-896)§REF§" }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://baike.baidu.com/view/775845.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://baike.baidu.com/view/775845.htm</a>)§REF§ 1896 the General Post office set up in the Qing Dynasty constituting the first national postal service in China. §REF§(Daoyang Guo et al. 2011, 63)§REF§" }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Little literacy so there would have been nobody to use a general postal service, if such had existed." }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 260, "name": "cn_sui_dyn", "long_name": "Sui Dynasty", "start_year": 581, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Reasonable to infer that this was retained from previous polities." }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"domestic trade which was stimulated also by improved communications, including a new postal system on the main trunk roads which emanated from the capital.\" §REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 122)§REF§" }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"domestic trade which was stimulated also by improved communications, including a new postal system on the main trunk roads which emanated from the capital.\" §REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 122)§REF§" }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " unlikely literacy widespread enough for a general postal service to be necessary." }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "present", "comment": null, "description": " claims of state-organized communication service by many kingdoms already in the Warring States period; infer that it was continued and expanded by the Qin Empire and adapted by the Han as well." }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Unlikely literacy was high enough for general postal service to be necessary." }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 419, "name": "cn_yangshao", "long_name": "Yangshao", "start_year": -5000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No literacy so there would have been nobody to use a general postal service, if such had existed." }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"The most remarkable improvement in transport involved the postal relay system. China had had postal stations and relays at least since the Han dynasty, but the Mongolian rulers vastly extended the system. The postal stations were designed for the transmission and delivery of official mail, but they were also available to traveling officials, military men, and foreign state guests, aided in the transport of foreign and domestic tribute, and facilitated trade. They were not intended as hostels for merchants, but they came to be used as such and were vital links in the networks of foreign and domestic commerce.\" §REF§(Rossabi, M. 1994. The reign of Khubilai khan. In Franke, H. and D. Twitchett (eds) The Cambridge History of China, volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 710-1368 pp. 414-489. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P. 450)§REF§" }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 435, "name": "co_neguanje", "long_name": "Neguanje", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 196, "name": "ec_shuar_1", "long_name": "Shuar - Colonial", "start_year": 1534, "end_year": 1830 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Shuar communities transmitted messages through ceremonial and war drums (see above). They did not use professional couriers or postal services." }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 197, "name": "ec_shuar_2", "long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian", "start_year": 1831, "end_year": 1931 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Shuar communities transmitted messages through ceremonial and war drums (see above). They did not use professional couriers or postal services." }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 510, "name": "eg_badarian", "long_name": "Badarian", "start_year": -4400, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 514, "name": "eg_dynasty_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty I", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 515, "name": "eg_dynasty_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty II", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 205, "name": "eg_inter_occupation", "long_name": "Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period", "start_year": -404, "end_year": -342 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Al-Barid postal system. State-funded institution (initiated by Baybars 1260-1277 CE) that required an enormous amount of money to set up. Horses used for first time. Routes: Cairo to Qus in Upper Egypt; Cairo to Alexandria, Damietta and Syria. §REF§(Silverstein 2007, 173)§REF§" }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Al-Barid postal system. Routes: Cairo to Qus in Upper Egypt; Cairo to Alexandria, Damietta and Syria. §REF§(Silverstein 2007, 173)§REF§" }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Al-Barid postal system. State-funded institution (initiated by Baybars 1260-1277 CE) that required an enormous amount of money to set up. Horses used for first time. Routes: Cairo to Qus in Upper Egypt; Cairo to Alexandria, Damietta and Syria. §REF§(Silverstein 2007, 173)§REF§" }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 511, "name": "eg_naqada_1", "long_name": "Naqada I", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Letters existed. §REF§(Unknown <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.oup.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/170013/HUR_Ant2_2e_Ch01.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">[17]</a>, 10)§REF§ likely to have been among the elite only? Offices of government and police headquarters close to royal court." }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 198, "name": "eg_new_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period", "start_year": -1550, "end_year": -1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The postal system was only used for official business and possibly also by elite individuals for private affairs. (Joe will check)." }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The postal system was only used for official business and possibly also by elite individuals for private affairs. (Joe will check)." }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 203, "name": "eg_saite", "long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period", "start_year": -664, "end_year": -525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " It is logical to infer from river that such a system might have existed. §REF§(Manning 2015, Personal Communication)§REF§ What form it took, and how widespread its use, however, is unknown." }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 520, "name": "eg_thebes_hyksos", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period", "start_year": -1720, "end_year": -1567 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "General_postal_service", "general_postal_service": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null } ] }