Foreign Coin List
A viewset for viewing and editing Foreign Coins.
GET /api/sc/foreign-coins/?format=api
{ "count": 448, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/foreign-coins/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " At least eight currencies were being circulated in the region §REF§Hanifi, Shah. Connecting Histories in Afghanistan: Market Relations and State Formation on a Colonial Frontier. Stanford University Press, 2011. pp. 44-54§REF§" }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. silver coin from Athens. Fixed silver coinage based on Athenian standards also introduced to aid trade with the West. §REF§Yarshater, CHI Ehasan. <i>The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3 (1, 2) the Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods.</i> Cambridge (University Press), 1983. pp. 240-241§REF§ §REF§Sidky, H. The Greek Kingdom of Bactria: From Alexander to Eucratides the Great. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2000, p.135.§REF§" }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sassanian Empire, Chinese and Indian coinage were present. §REF§Skaff, Jonathan Karam. \"Sasanian and Arab-Sasanian Silver Coins from Turfan: Their Relationship to International Trade and the Local Economy.\" Asia Major 11, no. 2 (1998): 67-115.§REF§" }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Kidarite monetary system \"created favourable conditions for maintaining the established traditions in local trades. ... flourishing international trade networks and wide trading links between various regions of the Kidarite state.\"§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 136) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§" }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Roman coins §REF§J. Harmatta, 'History of Civilisations of Central Asia pp. 276-281§REF§" }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Roman and Parthian coins were found in a burial dating from the early 1st century CE at Tillya Tepe, apparently 'the family cemetery of the rulers of one of the larger Kushan princedoms'.§REF§(Sarianidi 1985 in Hill 2009, 336-37) John E. Hill. 2009. <i>Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. An Annotated Translation of the Chronicle on the 'Western Regions' from the</i> Hou Hanshu. Charleston, SC: BookSurge Publishing.§REF§ Roman coins: \"coins of the second and third centuries B.C. from towns on the Black Sea, such as Pantiapaion and Olbia, have been found in Western Zungaria; and in the Chinese province of Shen-si copper coins of Roman Emperors from Tiberius to Aurelian have turned up. Roman coins were also very common in Sogdiana. Thus the portrayal of the young Romulus and Remus with the wolf appearing on coins minted by Constantine, was copied on Sogdian brakteati.\"§REF§(Haussig 1971, 104) Haussig, H W. trans Hussey, J M. 1971. History of Byzantine Civilization. Thames and Hudson.§REF§" }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Did Roman coinage reach China? Would it have been used as money?" }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Coins evolved at a later time. It has been suggested that cowrie shells were used as a currency.§REF§(Yuan 2013, 336-337)§REF§" }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Coins evolved at a later time." }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Chinese currency was used where markets and cash were accessible: 'Trade. - The Miao people do not know how to trade. Formerly, the Chinese brought salt and cloth into the Miao villages to exchange for their local products, but there were many dishonest traders, who cheated the Miao, giving rise to much confusion at times. Later the Chinese were officially prohibited from entering Miao villages to trade, but certain places were designated for sitting up markets, to be used once every five days, six times a month. The best-known markets among the Miao are the Te-sheng-ying, Kan-tzu-p'ing, Ya-pao-chai, Ya-la-ying, and Hsin-chai (Illus. 40) of Feng-huang; the Ta-hsin-chai of Kan-ch'eng; and the Wei-ch'eng, Lung-t'an, and Ma-li-ch'ang of Yung-sui. The important articles of trade are salt, cloth, animals, /Illus. 39, p. 73/ /Illus. 40 appears here/ and grains. Formerly, in trade between the Chinese and the Miao four small bowls were equal to one sheng. For cloth one measure between two hands was considered four ch'ih. The price of cattle and horses are set by the number of fists, regardless of age. The method of measurement by fist is like this. They take a bamboo splint and wind it around the fore ribs of the cow to set its girth, and then they measure the bamboo splint with their fists. A water buffalo which measures 16 fists is big, and a common yellow cow which measures 13 fists is large. The operation is called “fisting a cow.” In the case of horses age does come into consideration. They measure a horse from the ground to the saddle place by comparing it with a wooden rod. A 13-fist high one is big. A horse with few teeth but of many fists fetches a higher price, and the reverse fetches a lower price. This operation is called “comparing horses.” In recent times, in the sale of rice, cloth, and other articles, they have adopted the Chinese standards of weight and measurement, but “fisting cows” and “comparing horses” are sometimes still done.' §REF§Ling, Shun-sheng, Yifu Ruey, and Lien-en Tsao 1947. “Report On An Investigation Of The Miao Of Western Hunan”, 103§REF§ 'There are localities where the Ch'uan Miao barter a great deal because of the shortage of money, the differences being paid in cash. This is more common in northern Yunnan than in Szechwan where market-places and towns are more accessible. The Ch'uan Miao sell cattle, goats, sheep, horses, pigs, chickens, corn, rice, eggs and vegetables and purchase salt. cloth, silver ornaments, pottery and implements and tools made of iron.' §REF§Graham, David Crockett 1937. “Customs Of The Ch’Uan Miao\", 24§REF§ Cash gifts were also part of marriage negotiations: 'A considerable time is allowed to elapse between engagement and marriage. Before the wedding ceremony the boy's parents select another lucky day to make a formal call upon the girl's family in company with five to eight relatives to deliver cash and other gifts. This is called “sung p'ing-chin” /sending betrothal money/ or \"tsou k'ê /going as guests/. The cash present varies from $30 or $50 up to $400 or $500, depending upon the financial ability of the boy's family. The dowry of the girl is also proportional to the amount of cash. Other gifts include glutinous rice, (rich families giving as many as one or two piculs /a picul is 100 catties or 133.3 1 bs/), puffed rice /candies/, cakes, brown sugar, a silver necklace, and one or two fat pigs. The gifts are placed on table scaffoldings, each carried by two men. The presents of rich families can be quite lavish and sometimes amount to as many as a dozen tables. [...] The head of the groom's family then picks up the cash and the silver necklace both wrapped in a piece of red paper and places them on the rice. Next he burns incense and lights candles to worship the ancestors. After a few minutes the four representatives at the table each pick up a bowl of wine and empties it in one gulp. These then become the witnesses who are required to testify in the event of marital complications or divorce. At that time, if the bride's family considers the cash gift as not large enough to match the dowry, they may ask their representatives to refrain from drinking the wine to indicate dissatisfaction.' §REF§Che-lin, Wu, Chen Kuo-chün, and Lien-en Tsao 1942. “Studies Of Miao-I Societies In Kweichow”, 44§REF§" }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Qing currency." }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred absent. Coinage invented in Anatolia around time of the Spring and Autumn Period but such coins, even if they reached China, more likely would have been prized for precious metal content." }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Coins were invented at a later time." }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 1573- 1620 CE : Silver coin widely imported to China due to its trade with European countries, in particular Spain and Portugal §REF§(von Glahn, 1996, p.116)§REF§" }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Byzantine gold coin of Anastasius I discovered in suspected tomb of Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei.\" §REF§(Ashkenazy, G. 2013. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/10/31/byzantine-gold-coin-found-in-tomb-of-emperor-jiemin-of-northern-wei/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/10/31/byzantine-gold-coin-found-in-tomb-of-emperor-jiemin-of-northern-wei/</a> referencing Chinese news report: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://collection.sina.com.cn/yjjj/20131025/1107131225.shtml\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://collection.sina.com.cn/yjjj/20131025/1107131225.shtml</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " With the development of foreign trade in the Qing dynasty, more foreign silver coins entered into China, including Spanish silver coins, Mexican silver coins, and Japanese silver coins. §REF§(Zhengping 2014, p. 21)§REF§" }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Development of foreign trade in the Qing dynasty led to a tremendous inflow of foreign silver coinage in the late Qing, including Spanish silver coins, Mexican silver coins, and Japanese silver coins. §REF§(Zhengping 2014, 21)§REF§" }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Coins evolved at a later time. Cowrie shells used at the time §REF§(Kerr 2013, 20)§REF§ Jade §REF§(Peers 2011, 278)§REF§." }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"All scholars agree that neither money nor a clear concept of private land ownership existed during the Western Zhou period.\"§REF§(Zhao 2015, 76) Zhao, Dingxin. 2015. The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 419, "name": "cn_yangshao", "long_name": "Yangshao", "start_year": -5000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Coins evolved at a later time." }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 435, "name": "co_neguanje", "long_name": "Neguanje", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 196, "name": "ec_shuar_1", "long_name": "Shuar - Colonial", "start_year": 1534, "end_year": 1830 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to SCCS variable 17 'Money (Media of Exchange) and Credit', ‘1’ or 'No media of exchange or money' was present, not 'Domestically used articles as media of exchange' or 'Tokens of conventional value as media of exchange' or 'Foreign coinage or paper coinage', or 'Indigenous coinage or paper currency'. Rivet reports some monetization of the tsantsa trade for the 19th and 20th centuries: 'The first tsantsas coming to Europe had their hour [72] of renown and attained extraordinary prices. In 1865, one of them was sold for 1500 francs ( ). Ten years ago another was sold at auction for 500 francs at the Hotél Drouot ( ). Actually, these objects are much less rare and have lost a part of their commercial value. At Macas, at Gualaquiza and at Zamora, the whites buy them directly from the Indians for ten sucres, that is 25 francs, and take them to Cuenca, Riobamba and Loja, where they resell them for 30 to 50 sucres, that is 75 to 125 francs. In Europe, the best examples are worth 200 and 300 francs and there is not an important museum that does not possess at least one. In Paris, the Museum of Natural History has five of them, the Anthropological Society one, the Ethnographic Museum of the Trocadero three, the Army Museum one, and also there are a good number in private collections.' §REF§Rivet, Paul 1908. “Jivaro Indians: Geographic, Historical And Ethnographic Research”, 71p§REF§ This seems to suggest little monetization in the colonial period, given the prevalence of gold dust (see above). Moneylenders would “loan coin” §REF§(97) Lane, K. 2002. Quito 1599: City and Colony in Transition. University of New Mexico Press.§REF§ The district of Quito reached its highest level of economic prosperity in the seventeenth century, but actual coinage was rare. This currency shortage was generalized throughout Spanish America. §REF§Gauderman, K. 2010. Women's Lives in Colonial Quito: Gender, Law, and Economy in Spanish America. University of Texas Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 197, "name": "ec_shuar_2", "long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian", "start_year": 1831, "end_year": 1931 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to SCCS variable 17 'Money (Media of Exchange) and Credit', ‘1’ or 'No media of exchange or money' was present, not 'Domestically used articles as media of exchange' or 'Tokens of conventional value as media of exchange' or 'Foreign coinage or paper coinage', or 'Indigenous coinage or paper currency'. Rivet reports some monetization of the tsantsa trade: 'The first tsantsas coming to Europe had their hour [72] of renown and attained extraordinary prices. In 1865, one of them was sold for 1500 francs ( ). Ten years ago another was sold at auction for 500 francs at the Hotél Drouot ( ). Actually, these objects are much less rare and have lost a part of their commercial value. At Macas, at Gualaquiza and at Zamora, the whites buy them directly from the Indians for ten sucres, that is 25 francs, and take them to Cuenca, Riobamba and Loja, where they resell them for 30 to 50 sucres, that is 75 to 125 francs. In Europe, the best examples are worth 200 and 300 francs and there is not an important museum that does not possess at least one. In Paris, the Museum of Natural History has five of them, the Anthropological Society one, the Ethnographic Museum of the Trocadero three, the Army Museum one, and also there are a good number in private collections.' §REF§Rivet, Paul 1908. “Jivaro Indians: Geographic, Historical And Ethnographic Research”, 71p§REF§ It remains to be confirmed how common this was in direct exchanges between settlers/traders and Indians." }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"In pre-modern times, two distinct currencies always existed side by side, serving distinct needs within different social classes - high-value money, usually gold or pure silver coins, and the petty coinage, usually debased silver, billon, or copper coins. Geographically well-defined borders of currency zones hardly existed. If they did exist then it was for economic and fiscal reasons.\"§REF§(Heidemann 2009, 276 <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://uni-hamburg.academia.edu/StefanHeidemann/Papers/141370/Economic_Growth_and_Currency_in_Ayyubid_Palestine\" rel=\"nofollow\">[4]</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 510, "name": "eg_badarian", "long_name": "Badarian", "start_year": -4400, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 514, "name": "eg_dynasty_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty I", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 515, "name": "eg_dynasty_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty II", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 205, "name": "eg_inter_occupation", "long_name": "Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period", "start_year": -404, "end_year": -342 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Saite Period was inferred absent but Achaemenids had a single currency monetary system and daric coins may have circulated at least for a while after the Persians had left." }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"In pre-modern times ... Geographically well-defined borders of currency zones hardly existed. If they did exist then it was for economic and fiscal reasons.\"§REF§(Heidemann 2009, 276 <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://uni-hamburg.academia.edu/StefanHeidemann/Papers/141370/Economic_Growth_and_Currency_in_Ayyubid_Palestine\" rel=\"nofollow\">[1]</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"In pre-modern times ... Geographically well-defined borders of currency zones hardly existed. If they did exist then it was for economic and fiscal reasons.\"§REF§(Heidemann 2009, 276 <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://uni-hamburg.academia.edu/StefanHeidemann/Papers/141370/Economic_Growth_and_Currency_in_Ayyubid_Palestine\" rel=\"nofollow\">[1]</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"In pre-modern times ... Geographically well-defined borders of currency zones hardly existed. If they did exist then it was for economic and fiscal reasons.\"§REF§(Heidemann 2009, 276 <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://uni-hamburg.academia.edu/StefanHeidemann/Papers/141370/Economic_Growth_and_Currency_in_Ayyubid_Palestine\" rel=\"nofollow\">[1]</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 511, "name": "eg_naqada_1", "long_name": "Naqada I", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 198, "name": "eg_new_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period", "start_year": -1550, "end_year": -1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Payment in agricultural goods. §REF§(Chadwick 2005, 138-139)§REF§" }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 203, "name": "eg_saite", "long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period", "start_year": -664, "end_year": -525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " No reference to coins, and taxes were paid in silver and grain." }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 520, "name": "eg_thebes_hyksos", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period", "start_year": -1720, "end_year": -1567 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 200, "name": "eg_thebes_libyan", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period", "start_year": -1069, "end_year": -747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 361, "name": "eg_thulunid_ikhshidid", "long_name": "Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period", "start_year": 868, "end_year": 969 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs pp 67-70.§REF§" }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 84, "name": "es_spanish_emp_1", "long_name": "Spanish Empire I", "start_year": 1516, "end_year": 1715 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Foreign_coin", "foreign_coin": "present", "comment": null, "description": " ducats, florins §REF§(Maltby 2009, 35) Maltby, William S. 2009. <i>The Rise and Fall of the Spanish Empire.</i> New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SUSVXWVH\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/SUSVXWVH</a>§REF§" } ] }