Food Storage Site List
A viewset for viewing and editing Food Storage Sites.
GET /api/sc/food-storage-sites/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 447, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/food-storage-sites/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/food-storage-sites/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " During famine rulers were able to distribute food. §REF§(Seidlmayer 2003, 119)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 203, "name": "eg_saite", "long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period", "start_year": -664, "end_year": -525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Granaries. §REF§(Agut-Labordere 2013, 996)§REF§ Although rare in Late Period texts, the term pr-nswt \"seems to be perceived as an architectural entity comprehending the treasury and storage facilities\".§REF§(Pagliari 2012, 200) Pagliari, Giulia. 2012. Function and significance of ancient Egyptian royal palaces from the Middle Kingdom to the Saite period: a lexicographical study and its possible connection with the archaeological evidence. Ph.D. thesis. University of Birmingham.§REF§ New Kingdom text \"The Duties of the Vizier\" (TT 100) \"refer to the pr-nswt as the centre of royal government where two important dignities of the administration, the vizier and the treasurer, performed their functions: controlling the incomes and outcomes of this institution, guaranteeing the security and justice as well as inspecting the personnel of the palace or organizing the army within it. Another role of the pr-nswt consisted in receiving reports from Egyptian provinces to update the government on happenings in outlying areas of the state. ...... Several other compositions refer to the pr-nswt as place where entries and outflows were recorded and physically stored.\"§REF§(Pagliari 2012, 244-245) Pagliari, Giulia. 2012. Function and significance of ancient Egyptian royal palaces from the Middle Kingdom to the Saite period: a lexicographical study and its possible connection with the archaeological evidence. Ph.D. thesis. University of Birmingham.§REF§" }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 520, "name": "eg_thebes_hyksos", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period", "start_year": -1720, "end_year": -1567 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 200, "name": "eg_thebes_libyan", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period", "start_year": -1069, "end_year": -747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There were government positions for overseer of granaries in this period. §REF§(Taylor 2000, 337)§REF§" }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 361, "name": "eg_thulunid_ikhshidid", "long_name": "Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period", "start_year": 868, "end_year": 969 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 84, "name": "es_spanish_emp_1", "long_name": "Spanish Empire I", "start_year": 1516, "end_year": 1715 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Seville set up a public granary in 1476. “During the sixteenth century, these municipal granaries (positos) began to spread throughout Castile and Valencia.”§REF§(Casey 2002, 129) Casey, James. 2002. <i>Early Modern Spain: A Social History.</i> New York: Routledge. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2SNTRSWT\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/2SNTRSWT</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 208, "name": "et_aksum_emp_1", "long_name": "Axum I", "start_year": -149, "end_year": 349 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " <i>Food storage certainly required for trading incoming and outgoing products. Whether there was food storage for strictly utilitarian purposes may not be known.</i>" }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 57, "name": "fm_truk_1", "long_name": "Chuuk - Early Truk", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1886 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to SCCS variable 20 'Food Storage' 'Individual households', not 'Communal facilities', 'Political agent controlled repositories', or 'Economic agent controlled repositories' were present, coded in the SCCS as ‘2’." }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 58, "name": "fm_truk_2", "long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk", "start_year": 1886, "end_year": 1948 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to SCCS variable 20 'Food Storage' 'Individual households', not 'Communal facilities', 'Political agent controlled repositories', or 'Economic agent controlled repositories' were present, coded in the SCCS as ‘2’." }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 448, "name": "fr_atlantic_complex", "long_name": "Atlantic Complex", "start_year": -2200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " No information found in sources so far." }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 460, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "start_year": 1589, "end_year": 1660 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " During 1693-1694 CE famine the provinces \"held on to available stocks of cereal as did parishes which thereby left neighbouring communities to starve.\"§REF§(Ladurie 1991, 216)§REF§" }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 457, "name": "fr_capetian_k_1", "long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom", "start_year": 987, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 458, "name": "fr_capetian_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1328 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 309, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 311, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire II", "start_year": 840, "end_year": 987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 449, "name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1", "long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"Silo\" present during this time period. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#</a>)§REF§ Does this refer to food storage?" }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 450, "name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3", "long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"Silo\" present during this time period. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#</a>)§REF§ Does this refer to food storage?" }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 451, "name": "fr_hallstatt_c", "long_name": "Hallstatt C", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Silo\" present during this time period. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#</a>)§REF§ Does this refer to food storage?" }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 452, "name": "fr_hallstatt_d", "long_name": "Hallstatt D", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -475 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Silo\" present during this time period. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#</a>)§REF§ Does this refer to food storage?" }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 304, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Early Merovingian", "start_year": 481, "end_year": 543 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Merovingian and Carolingian period, there were granaries on manor complexes. §REF§(Riddle 2008, 182) Riddle, J M. 2008. A History of the Middle Ages, 300-1500. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 456, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_3", "long_name": "Proto-Carolingian", "start_year": 687, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Merovingian and Carolingian period, there were granaries on manor complexes. §REF§(Riddle 2008, 182) Riddle, J M. 2008. A History of the Middle Ages, 300-1500. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 306, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Middle Merovingian", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Merovingian and Carolingian period, there were granaries on manor complexes. §REF§(Riddle 2008, 182) Riddle, J M. 2008. A History of the Middle Ages, 300-1500. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 453, "name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1", "long_name": "La Tene A-B1", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -325 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"Silo\" present during this time period. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#</a>)§REF§ Does this refer to food storage?" }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 454, "name": "fr_la_tene_b2_c1", "long_name": "La Tene B2-C1", "start_year": -325, "end_year": -175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"Silo\" present during this time period. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#</a>)§REF§ Does this refer to food storage?" }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 455, "name": "fr_la_tene_c2_d", "long_name": "La Tene C2-D", "start_year": -175, "end_year": -27 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Polity owned? Oppida excavated Manching, Bavaria - Late Iron Age (2nd-3rd centuries BCE). Many food storage pits uncovered §REF§(Wells 1999, 30)§REF§§REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.oppida.org/page.php?lg=fr&rub=00&id_oppidum=168\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.oppida.org/page.php?lg=fr&rub=00&id_oppidum=168</a>)§REF§ Some form of storage at Saint Desir oppida. Silos known at Vertault. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.oppida.org/page.php?lg=fr&rub=00&id_oppidum=168\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.oppida.org/page.php?lg=fr&rub=00&id_oppidum=168</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 459, "name": "fr_valois_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Valois", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1589 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 81, "polity": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 113, "name": "gh_akan", "long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sarbah mentions urban storage facilities: 'On the 21st of February he sent one of his men with attendants to King Abaan, whose town was about four leagues up-country, where was stored a large quantity of corn and millet. This town is described to be as large as the London of that period. It was guarded every night, and to warn the watchmen, cords were stretched across the roads and paths leading to it. Attached to the cords were bells, which give the alarm. In addition to these cords, nets were hung over the few entrances, and were so contrived as to fall on any person endeavouring to steal into the town. Four hours after their arrival in the morning, these men were sent for by the king at nine o'clock, “for there may no man come to him before he be sent for,” nor was it customary in that country to offer their presents to the ruler until they had visited him thrice. On the last visit, after the king had accepted their presents, he drank palm-wine with them. The king, we are informed, used a cup of gold, and when he drank, the people cried all with one voice, “Abaan, Abaan,” with certain other words. “The king drinks; and when he had drunk, then they gave drink to every one, and that done, the king licensed them to depart; and every one that departeth from him boweth three times towards him, and waveth with both hands together, as they bow and do depart. The king hath commonly sitting by him eight or ten ancient men with grey beards.”' §REF§Sarbah, John Mensah 1968. \"Fanti National Constitution: A Short Treatise On The Constitution And Government Of The Fanti, Asant, And Other Akan Tribes of West Africe Together With A Brief Account Of The Discovery Of The Gold Coast By Portuguese Navigators, A Short Narration of Early English Voyages, And A Stody Of The Rise of British Gold Coast Jurisdiction, Etc., Etc.\", 69§REF§ Sarbah also speaks of quasi-feudal arragements in some polities: 'In the Fanti system allegiance is personal, but in the Asanti it is personal and territorial combined. ‡ The head ruler is not necessarily the owner of any land in his jurisdiction; e.g., Ohene Tchibu, of Asin Yankumasi, owns no land, and is a tenant of Abesibro, his captain; so also is Ohene Aka Ayima, of Beyin in Appolonia, by the [Page 25] judgment of Mr. Justice Nicoll, declared to own no land in his district-at least he did not lead evidence to show the land in question was his. In the case of Ohene Tchibu, the explanation is, that his ancestors fled to Fantiland for protection from the north side of the Pra in the kingdom of Asanti. The greater part of the Asinfu settled on lands within the jurisdiction of the head ruler of Abura, who became their feudal superior. * Many of the Asinfu continued to work on their lands across the river Pra, and held them. Among such is Akessi of Fumsu, until, by an order of the Executive Council of Gold Coast, an arbitrary boundary was fixed, and the possessions of the Asinfu, Denkerafu, and others, trans-Pra and trans-Ofin, were declared Asanti territory in the district of Adansi, and this in spite of the fact that Yamsu village, the stool of which was the subject of the case, Ghambra v. Ewea, † is situate on the Adansi side of the Ofin.' §REF§Sarbah, John Mensah 1968. \"Fanti National Constitution: A Short Treatise On The Constitution And Government Of The Fanti, Asant, And Other Akan Tribes of West Africe Together With A Brief Account Of The Discovery Of The Gold Coast By Portuguese Navigators, A Short Narration of Early English Voyages, And A Stody Of The Rise of British Gold Coast Jurisdiction, Etc., Etc.\", 24p§REF§" }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to SCCS variable 20 'Food Storage' 'Individual households', not 'Communal facilities', 'Political agent controlled repositories', or 'Economic agent controlled repositories' were present. Writing about the pre-Ashanti period, Sarbah mentions urban storage facilities: 'On the 21st of February he sent one of his men with attendants to King Abaan, whose town was about four leagues up-country, where was stored a large quantity of corn and millet. This town is described to be as large as the London of that period. It was guarded every night, and to warn the watchmen, cords were stretched across the roads and paths leading to it. Attached to the cords were bells, which give the alarm. In addition to these cords, nets were hung over the few entrances, and were so contrived as to fall on any person endeavouring to steal into the town. Four hours after their arrival in the morning, these men were sent for by the king at nine o'clock, “for there may no man come to him before he be sent for,” nor was it customary in that country to offer their presents to the ruler until they had visited him thrice. On the last visit, after the king had accepted their presents, he drank palm-wine with them. The king, we are informed, used a cup of gold, and when he drank, the people cried all with one voice, “Abaan, Abaan,” with certain other words. “The king drinks; and when he had drunk, then they gave drink to every one, and that done, the king licensed them to depart; and every one that departeth from him boweth three times towards him, and waveth with both hands together, as they bow and do depart. The king hath commonly sitting by him eight or ten ancient men with grey beards.”' §REF§Sarbah, John Mensah 1968. \"Fanti National Constitution: A Short Treatise On The Constitution And Government Of The Fanti, Asant, And Other Akan Tribes of West Africe Together With A Brief Account Of The Discovery Of The Gold Coast By Portuguese Navigators, A Short Narration of Early English Voyages, And A Stody Of The Rise of British Gold Coast Jurisdiction, Etc., Etc.\", 69§REF§ Sarbah also speaks of quasi-feudal arragements in some Akan polities prior to Ashanti rule: 'In the Fanti system allegiance is personal, but in the Asanti it is personal and territorial combined. ‡ The head ruler is not necessarily the owner of any land in his jurisdiction; e.g., Ohene Tchibu, of Asin Yankumasi, owns no land, and is a tenant of Abesibro, his captain; so also is Ohene Aka Ayima, of Beyin in Appolonia, by the [Page 25] judgment of Mr. Justice Nicoll, declared to own no land in his district-at least he did not lead evidence to show the land in question was his. In the case of Ohene Tchibu, the explanation is, that his ancestors fled to Fantiland for protection from the north side of the Pra in the kingdom of Asanti. The greater part of the Asinfu settled on lands within the jurisdiction of the head ruler of Abura, who became their feudal superior. * Many of the Asinfu continued to work on their lands across the river Pra, and held them. Among such is Akessi of Fumsu, until, by an order of the Executive Council of Gold Coast, an arbitrary boundary was fixed, and the possessions of the Asinfu, Denkerafu, and others, trans-Pra and trans-Ofin, were declared Asanti territory in the district of Adansi, and this in spite of the fact that Yamsu village, the stool of which was the subject of the case, Ghambra v. Ewea, † is situate on the Adansi side of the Ofin.' §REF§Sarbah, John Mensah 1968. \"Fanti National Constitution: A Short Treatise On The Constitution And Government Of The Fanti, Asant, And Other Akan Tribes of West Africe Together With A Brief Account Of The Discovery Of The Gold Coast By Portuguese Navigators, A Short Narration of Early English Voyages, And A Stody Of The Rise of British Gold Coast Jurisdiction, Etc., Etc.\", 24p§REF§ We have assumed this to be true of the Ashanti period as well, given the cultivation of plantations around towns housing rulers and other elites." }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 67, "name": "gr_crete_archaic", "long_name": "Archaic Crete", "start_year": -710, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 74, "name": "gr_crete_emirate", "long_name": "The Emirate of Crete", "start_year": 824, "end_year": 961 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There are no archaeological data.There are no archaeological data. For storage complexes thought existed both in Byzantine and Islamic world." }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 69, "name": "gr_crete_hellenistic", "long_name": "Hellenistic Crete", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -69 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 63, "name": "gr_crete_mono_palace", "long_name": "Monopalatial Crete", "start_year": -1450, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. the extensive public storerooms at Hagia Triada. §REF§Privitera, S. 2007. <i>I granai del re. L'immagazzinamento centralizzato dell ferrate a Creta tra il XV e il XIII secolo a.C.</i>, Rome,104-13§REF§ §REF§Privitera, S. 2014. \"Long-term grain storage and political economy in Bronze Age crete: contextualizing Ayia Triada’s silo complexes,\" <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> 118, 429-49.§REF§" }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 59, "name": "gr_crete_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Crete", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The existence of communal food storage installations has already been proposed for the Initial Neolithic (7000-6400 BCE). §REF§For a full discussion see Christakis, K. 2014. \"Communal storage in Bronze Age Crete: re-assessing testimonies,\" <i>Κρητικά Χρονικά</i> ΛΔ´, 201-18.§REF§ A burned timber structure just outside the earliest Neolithic settlement at Knossos, closely associated with a large quantity of carbonized grain, was taken as a possible evidence for a communal form of storage. §REF§Tomkins, P. 2004. \"Filling in the 'Neolithic Background': social life and social transformation in the Aegean before the Bronze age,\" in Barrett, J. C. and Halstead, P. (eds), <i>The Emergence of Civilisation Revisisted</i> (SSAA 6), Sheffield, 43.§REF§ The cache of grain was found in Area AC, a trench opened in the Central Court of the Knossian palace and covering about 55 m2. §REF§Evans, J.D. 1964. “Excavations in the Neolithic settlement of Knossos, 1957-60,” <i>BSA</i> 59, 130-240§REF§ §REF§Evans, J.D. 1994. “The early millennia: continuity and change in a farming settlement” in Evely, D., Hughes-Brock, H. and Momigliano, N. (eds), <i>Knossos. A Labyrinth of History. Papers in Honour of Sinclair Hood</i>, London, 1-55.§REF§ The area was not built but was used for various activities including threshing, processing of cereals, digging pits, and burials. The cache was close to the central part of the trench and partly outside the area of the sounding. Its southwest edge was marked by a row of stake-holes, two containing ash and one the carbonized remains of a stake. The excavator argued that, “grain from a field of bread wheat had apparently been threshed.” §REF§Evans, J. D. 1994. “The early millennia: continuity and change in a farming settlement” in in Evely, D., Hughes-Brock, H. and Momigliano, N. (eds), <i>Knossos. A Labyrinth of History. Papers in Honour of Sinclair Hood</i>, London, 4-5.§REF§ Three rock-cut circular pits were recently excavated at Gazi, east of Heraklion, are dated to the Final Neolithic (3300-3000 BCE). §REF§Pylarinou, D. and A. Vasilakis. 2010. “Ανασκαφή οικισμού Τελικής Νεολιθικής και Πρώιμης Προανακτορικής στο Γάζι. Προκαταρκτική έκθεση 2006, 2008,” <i>Αρχαιολογικό Έργο Κρήτης</i> 1, Rethimnon, 276-80.§REF§ Driessen and Langohr suggested that they were used as large-scale communal stores. §REF§Driessen, J. and C. Langohr. 2014. “Recent developments in the archaeology of Minoan Crete,” in Bintliff, J. (ed.) <i>Recent Developments in the Archaeology of Greece</i> (<i>Pharos</i> Suplement Volume 20), 75-115.§REF§ The pits contained rough stones, stone tools, animal bones and coarse ware dated to the Roman and Early Byzantine periods. Building remains dated to the Final Neolithic/Early Minoan I - Early Minoan IIA period (3300-2150 BCE) were found in the surrounding area. The excavators date the pits to the Neolithic period due to their similarities to the Neolithic rock-cut pits excavated at Kalavassos in Cyprus. This date was confirmed, in their view, by the discovery of an obsidian blade dated to the Early Neolithic if not earlier. It should be noted that the strata above the pits contained pottery dated from Minoan to Roman times (no information is available for a more accurate dating), and the only published Neolithic artifact, apart from the blade, is a partly preserved figurine. The empirical grounds of the communal storerooms is rather weak. A cache of grain and its association with traces of a timber building in a partially excavated area of the early Neolithic settlement at Knossos are not enough in themselves to confirm the existence of a communal storage installation. One wonders on what basis the circular rock-cut structures at Gazi have been identified as communal stores. Their (very tentative) designation by the excavators as silos is based not on testimonies but on general similarities to other such structures whose use is also not completely certain. Their relationship to the surrounding settlement is also unknown, if such a settlement indeed existed; naming them “communal stores” seems inadvisable. As regards the dating of the Gazi structures to the Final Neolithic, there are no data at all. Their dating even to the Bronze Age must be investigated through a more systematic study of the pottery." }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 62, "name": "gr_crete_new_palace", "long_name": "New Palace Crete", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " The only known free-standing storage complexes are the Northeast House at Knossos §REF§Evans, A. 1928. <i>The Palace of Minos at Knossos</i>, II, London, 414-30§REF§ and the the Bastione at Hagia Triada. §REF§Privitera, S. 2010. <i>I granai del re. L’immagazzinamento centralizzato delle derrate a Creta tra il XV e il XIII secolo a.C.</i>, Venezia, 104-5§REF§ §REF§Privitera, S. 2014. Long-term grain storage and political economy in Bronze Age Crete: contextualizing Ayia Triada’s silo complexes,” <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> 118, 429-49.§REF§ Although there is no doubt for the storage function of these complexes, their \"public\" character is entirely uncertain. §REF§Christakis, K. S. 2014. \"Communal storage in Bronze Age Crete: re-assessing testimonies,\" <i>Κρητικά Χρονικά</i> ΛΔ, 201-18.§REF§ Might the Northeast House have been a communal storehouse under the control of the community or of an elite group independent of that residing within the palace, or was it under the control of the central palace authority? A convincing answer to this question cannot be given; it would depend, to a certain extent, on the theoretical context adopted by each scholar in the approach to the Neopalatial polities. Those who see political organization under a heterarchical interpretative scheme would be in favor of a scenario according to which the wealth stored in the complex would be in the hands of the community or a powerful faction competing with the central administration. On the contrary, those who assign an important role to the ruling group residing within the palace, would see government officials as the managers of the stored goods within the setting of the highly specialized Knossian economy. It is highly unlikely that the Northeast House, built close to the palace, the seat of a ruling group that would have controlled many aspects of the daily life of the inhabitants of the city and other centers, would have been an independent storage unit under communal or factional control. The same arguments apply in the case of the Bastione at Hagia Triada." }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 61, "name": "gr_crete_old_palace", "long_name": "Old Palace Crete", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 64, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_1", "long_name": "Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. the extensive public storerooms at Hagia Triada. §REF§Privitera, S. 2007. <i>I granai del re. L'immagazzinamento centralizzato dell ferrate a Creta tra il XV e il XIII secolo a.C.</i>, Rome,104-13§REF§ §REF§Privitera, S. 2014. \"Long-term grain storage and political economy in Bronze Age crete: contextualizing Ayia Triada’s silo complexes,\" <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> 118, 429-49.§REF§" }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 60, "name": "gr_crete_pre_palace", "long_name": "Prepalatial Crete", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 17, "name": "us_hawaii_1", "long_name": "Hawaii I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " \"In short, the archaeological testimony of appropriately sized and shaped pits in many Ancestral Polynesian sites, combined with strong linguistic evidence, leaves little doubt that the fermentation and storage of breadfruit and possibly other starchy crops was a practice well known to the early Polynesians.\" §REF§(Kirch & Green 2001, 160)§REF§ However, it is unclear whether authorities had any control over such features." }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 18, "name": "us_hawaii_2", "long_name": "Hawaii II", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 19, "name": "us_hawaii_3", "long_name": "Hawaii III", "start_year": 1580, "end_year": 1778 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " High status individuals (chiefs, etc.) had houses for the storage of provisions as part of their household clusters§REF§Kirch, P. V. 1985. Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Pg. 251.§REF§. Food storage sheds were called hale papa’a. All scholars agree that these provisions were intended for redistribution, but it is unclear to whom. Sahlins§REF§Sahlins, Marshall 1958. Social Stratification in Polynesia. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. Pp. 17-8.§REF§ implies that the food was redistributed to the people, including commoners. But Kirch§REF§Kirch, P. V. 1984. The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pg. 260§REF§ states that the food was redistributed almost entirely to other chiefs, lesser chiefs, retainers, etc., with only token amounts, at most, going to commoners. He also states that food storage was difficult given the climate and kinds of crops that Hawaiians cultivated, so chiefs had to physically travel to different areas of their chiefdoms in order to exact tribute, rather than being able to store all of the tribute in a central location§REF§Kirch, P. V. 1984. The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pg. 261.§REF§. Meanwhile, Valeri states that none of the tribute was redistributed to the commoners§REF§Valeri, Valerio 1985. Kingship and Sacrifice: Ritual and Society in Ancient Hawaii. (Translated by Paula Wissing.) Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Pg. 204.§REF§. Sahlins and Kirch seem to agree that chiefs would sometimes, or at least were expected to, provide food to commoners in the event of famine§REF§Sahlins, Marshall 1958. Social Stratification in Polynesia. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. Pg. 18.§REF§§REF§Kirch, P. V. 1984. The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pg. 260§REF§." }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 19, "name": "us_hawaii_3", "long_name": "Hawaii III", "start_year": 1580, "end_year": 1778 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " High status individuals (chiefs, etc.) had houses for the storage of provisions as part of their household clusters§REF§Kirch, P. V. 1985. Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Pg. 251.§REF§. Food storage sheds were called hale papa’a. All scholars agree that these provisions were intended for redistribution, but it is unclear to whom. Sahlins§REF§Sahlins, Marshall 1958. Social Stratification in Polynesia. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. Pp. 17-8.§REF§ implies that the food was redistributed to the people, including commoners. But Kirch§REF§Kirch, P. V. 1984. The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pg. 260§REF§ states that the food was redistributed almost entirely to other chiefs, lesser chiefs, retainers, etc., with only token amounts, at most, going to commoners. He also states that food storage was difficult given the climate and kinds of crops that Hawaiians cultivated, so chiefs had to physically travel to different areas of their chiefdoms in order to exact tribute, rather than being able to store all of the tribute in a central location§REF§Kirch, P. V. 1984. The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pg. 261.§REF§. Meanwhile, Valeri states that none of the tribute was redistributed to the commoners§REF§Valeri, Valerio 1985. Kingship and Sacrifice: Ritual and Society in Ancient Hawaii. (Translated by Paula Wissing.) Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Pg. 204.§REF§. Sahlins and Kirch seem to agree that chiefs would sometimes, or at least were expected to, provide food to commoners in the event of famine§REF§Sahlins, Marshall 1958. Social Stratification in Polynesia. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. Pg. 18.§REF§§REF§Kirch, P. V. 1984. The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pg. 260§REF§." }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 153, "name": "id_iban_1", "long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke", "start_year": 1650, "end_year": 1841 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to SCCS variable 20 'Food Storage' 'Individual households', not 'Communal facilities', 'Political agent controlled repositories', or 'Economic agent controlled repositories' were present. Food storage was household-based: 'Beyond the inner wall is the family apartment (BILEK), where the family cooks and eats its meals, stores its heirlooms, and sleeps. Above the BILEK and extending halfway over the RUAI is a loft (SADAU) where the family's rice is stored in a large bark bin and where unmarried girls sleep.' §REF§Vinson H. Sutlive, Jr. and John Beierle: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Iban§REF§" }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 154, "name": "id_iban_2", "long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial", "start_year": 1841, "end_year": 1987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " According to SCCS variable 20 'Food Storage' 'Individual households', not 'Communal facilities', 'Political agent controlled repositories', or 'Economic agent controlled repositories' were present. Food storage was household-based: 'Beyond the inner wall is the family apartment (BILEK), where the family cooks and eats its meals, stores its heirlooms, and sleeps. Above the BILEK and extending halfway over the RUAI is a loft (SADAU) where the family's rice is stored in a large bark bin and where unmarried girls sleep.' §REF§Vinson H. Sutlive, Jr. and John Beierle: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Iban§REF§" }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sedyawati refers to granaries in the <i>rajya</i>, the 'city of the king'.§REF§(Sedyawati 1994, 11) Edi Sedyawati. 1994. 'The State Formation of Kadiri', in <i>State and Trade in the Indonesian Archipelago</i>, edited by G. J. Schutte, 7-16. Leiden: KITLV Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 51, "name": "id_mataram_k", "long_name": "Mataram Sultanate", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1755 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Food_storage_site", "food_storage_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Rice stores were set up for troops marching to Batavia.§REF§(Moertono 2009, 89)§REF§" } ] }