Fiction List
A viewset for viewing and editing Fictions.
GET /api/sc/fictions/?format=api
{ "count": 499, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/fictions/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Love poetry and romantic stories were present in written and oral form. §REF§\"Islamic texts in the indigenous languages of Pakistan.\" Islamic studies 40, no. 1 (2001): 25-48.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Literary and artistic activities under the Ghurids likewise followed on from those of the Ghaznavids. The sultans were generous patrons of the Persian literary traditions of Khorasan, and latterly fulfilled a valuable role as transmitters of this heritage to the newly conquered lands of northern India, laying the foundations for the essentially Persian culture which was to prevail in Muslim India until the 19th century.\"§REF§(Bosworth 2012) Bosworth, Edmund C. 2012. GHURIDS. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids</a>§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The 'archival library' in the palace of Ai Khanoum\" §REF§(Staikos 2004) Staikos, K. 2004. The History of the Library in Western Civilization: From Minos to Cleopatra. Hes & de Graaf Publishers.§REF§ would have contained all sorts of literature. \"In the library, archaeologists have found remnants of texts by Sophocles imported from Greece.\"§REF§(www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh02-06enl.html)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Fables and stories translated from India included the Book of Sindbad, Seventy Tales of the Parrot and Kalilag u Dimnag and Bilauhar u Budasaf (which concerned the Buddha). Vis u Ramin (a Parthian origin tale) and Vamiq u Adhra (a Greek story) were translated into Pahlavi in this period. §REF§Iskender-Mochiri, I ed. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf</a> ; Daryaee, T. 2009, Sasanian Persia, pp. 27-37§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Poetical works, dramas and a play called <i>Mrichchhakatika</i> by Sudraka §REF§Avari, Burjor. India: the ancient past: a history of the Indian sub-continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200. 2007, pp. 128-137§REF§ \"Kanishka II ... [convened] the Buddhist synod in Kashmir, a decisive turning-point in the life of the Buddhist schools. According to tradition, this synod of the Sarvastivada school compiled the Jnanaprasthanam and entrusted Asvaghosa, the famous poet, with providing for the correct language form of the commentary written by Katyayana. Essentially, his charge was to rewrite the Buddhist works in Sanskrit.\"§REF§(Harmatta et al. 1994, 316) Harmatta, J. Puri, B. N. Lelekov, L. Humayun, S. Sircar, D. C. Religions in the Kushan Empire. in Harmatta, Janos. Puri, B. N. Etemadi, G. F. eds. 1994. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. UNESCO Publishing.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Yuan Kang, Eastern Han scholar, wrote Yue jue shu \"a private history of the Spring and Autumn period ... often considered to be a precursor of fiction writing.\" §REF§(Ying Hu 2000, 225)§REF§ The imperial court produced poetic writing. §REF§(Knechtges 2010, 118) Knechtges, David R. in Chang, Kang-i Sun. Ownen, Stephen. 2010. The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.§REF§ Not all writing composed within or presented to court. \"Zhang Heng composed his famous \"Fu on the Two Metropolises\" as a private individual, and there is no evidence that he presented it to the court.\"§REF§(Knechtges 2010, 119) Knechtges, David R. in Chang, Kang-i Sun. Ownen, Stephen. 2010. The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Shu Xi (263-302 CE) \"several collections of fabulous tales.\"§REF§(Knechtges 2010, 183) Knechtges, David R. in Chang, Kang-i Sun. Ownen, Stephen. 2010. The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.§REF§ Zhu Yi (d.312 CE) \"is usually regarded as the inventor of the general anthology.\"§REF§(Knechtges 2010, 184) Knechtges, David R. in Chang, Kang-i Sun. Ownen, Stephen. 2010. The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.§REF§ \"The major genres of Western Jin literature are the poem, the fu, and various types of prose: the letter, expository essay, memorial, dirge, grave inscription, and lament, just to mention the more common ones.\"§REF§(Knechtges 2010, 184-185) Knechtges, David R. in Chang, Kang-i Sun. Ownen, Stephen. 2010. The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Unknown. \"normally it is only after writing comes to be used for display that archaeology begins to find traces of it.\"§REF§(Wang 2014, 179) Wang, Haicheng. 2014. Writing and the Ancient State: Early China in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Unknown. \"normally it is only after writing comes to be used for display that archaeology begins to find traces of it. Because administrative documents were almost certainly written on perishable materials like bamboo and papyrus, we will probably never find them.\"§REF§(Wang 2014, 179) Wang, Haicheng. 2014. Writing and the Ancient State: Early China in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The A-Hmao language was first written by the Pollard script in apprx. 1905.§REF§Duffy, John M. (2007). Writing from these roots: literacy in a Hmong-American community. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-3095-4.§REF§" }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from the fact that immediately preceding polities produced poetry §REF§(Keay 2009, 54)§REF§. However, Spring and Autumn polities wrote on perishable materials such as silk§REF§(Cook and Major 1999, viii) Cook, Constance A. Major, John S. eds. 1999. Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China. University of Hawai'i Press. Honolulu.§REF§, which means that texts are less likely to be preserved<br><b> Money</b>" }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Fengshen Yanyi/ The Investiture of the Gods, The Apotheosis of Heroes (封神演義); 1592CE: Journey to the West (西遊記): written by Wu Cheng'en(吳承恩). It is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature; [1522 - 1566 CE]: Water Margin(水滸傳): Written in vernacular Chinese by Shi Nai'an (施耐庵) It is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature; Jin Ping Mei/ The Plum in the Golden Vase/ The Golden Lotus(金瓶梅): a Chinese naturalistic novel composed in vernacular Chinese during the late Ming Dynasty. It is written by Lanling Xiaoxiao Sheng(蘭陵笑笑生), whose identity was unknown." }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Poetry.§REF§(Hawes 2012, 71) Hawes, Colin S C. 2012. Social Circulation of Poetry in the Mid-Northern Song, The: Emotional Energy and Literati Self-Cultivation. SUNY Press.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. Dream of the Red Chamber (紅樓夢), Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio (聊齋志異), The Scholars (儒林外史)<br><b>Money </b>" }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Popular fiction growing in the late Qing. §REF§(Rowe 2010, 108-112)§REF§ Poetry was viewed as an exalted literary form, deemed appropriate for elite women, whereas vernacular fiction was generally socially disesteemed §REF§(Smith 2015, 307)§REF§<br><b>Money</b>" }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Unknown. The Shang wrote on perishable materials, such as bamboo and silk.§REF§(The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 260, "name": "cn_sui_dyn", "long_name": "Sui Dynasty", "start_year": 581, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Students studied for degrees in literature. §REF§(Xiong 2006, 125-126)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"the 1707 edition of complete T'ang poetry includes 48,900 poems by 2,200 writers\" §REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 135)§REF§ Li Po (701-762 CE) or Li T'ai-po \"is often considered the most versatile of all the Chinese poets.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 135)§REF§ Tu Fu (12-770 CE). \"Tu Fu had a deep understanding and awareness of the human suffering that surrounded him.\" §REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 136)§REF§ Wang Wei (701-761 CE) \"who has been called by Waley the most classical of Chinese poets. ... equally famous as a painter, calligrapher and musician.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 136)§REF§ \"The T'ang period also saw the appearance of a new form of literary creation - the short story. This originated already in the 6th century but the best examples date from the the middle of the 8th century and provide a vivid picture of T'ang society.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 137)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"the 1707 edition of complete T'ang poetry includes 48,900 poems by 2,200 writers\" §REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 135)§REF§ Tu Fu (12-770 CE). \"Tu Fu had a deep understanding and awareness of the human suffering that surrounded him.\" §REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 136)§REF§ \"The most famous poet of the latter period was Po Chu-i (772-846), regarded as a disciple of Tu Fu. ... his best-known work, the one which made him famous, is \"The Ever-lasting Remorse\" which dealt with the fate of Yang Kuei-fei.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 136)§REF§ Liu Tsung-yuan (773-819) who wrote \"the famous parable The Snake Catchers, an ironical depiction of the ravaging of the peasants by the tax collectors.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 137)§REF§ \"The T'ang period also saw the appearance of a new form of literary creation - the short story. This originated already in the 6th century but the best examples date from the the middle of the 8th century and provide a vivid picture of T'ang society.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 137)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Shijing (Book of Odes [Songs])§REF§(Keay 2009, 54)§REF§" }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 419, "name": "cn_yangshao", "long_name": "Yangshao", "start_year": -5000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Writing may have been invented in the Longshan §REF§(Chang 1999, 64)§REF§, no evidence for earlier writing in earlier times.<br>" }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 435, "name": "co_neguanje", "long_name": "Neguanje", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"None of the native peoples developed a system of writing comparable to that of the Mayas, and much less would the Spaniards encounter a native empire such as that of either the Aztecs or Incas. By 1500 A.D., the most advanced of the indigenous peoples were two Chibcha groups: the Taironas and the Muiscas.\" §REF§(Hudson 2010, 5)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " None of the native peoples developed a system of writing comparable to that of the Mayas, and much less would the Spaniards encounter a native empire such as that of either the Aztecs or Incas. By 1500 A.D., the most advanced of the indigenous peoples were two Chibcha groups: the Taironas and the Muiscas.\" §REF§(Hudson 2010, 5)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 196, "name": "ec_shuar_1", "long_name": "Shuar - Colonial", "start_year": 1534, "end_year": 1830 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 197, "name": "ec_shuar_2", "long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian", "start_year": 1831, "end_year": 1931 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " SCCS variable 149 'Writing and Records' is coded as ‘1’ or ‘None’, not ‘Mnemonic devices’, or ‘Nonwritten records’, or 'True writing, no records', or ‘True writing; records’<br>" }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In poetry, new strophic forms muwashshah and and zaja (from Spain). List of poets: Ibn Sana al-Mulk (1150-1211 CE) who was also a judge; court poet Baha al-Din Zuhayr (1186-1258 CE); Arab mystic Umar b. al-Farid (1182-1235 CE); al-Busiri (1211-1295 CE) author of \"Mantle Ode.\" §REF§(Oliver 1977, 38)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 510, "name": "eg_badarian", "long_name": "Badarian", "start_year": -4400, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 205, "name": "eg_inter_occupation", "long_name": "Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period", "start_year": -404, "end_year": -342 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"On the contrary, the assertion of continuity with older tradition is combined with the exercise of considerable invention and originality both in materials and iconography, producing some of the most remarkable sculpture in the entire pharaonic corpus. For other spheres of cultural activity there is sometimes an unnerving lacuna in extant material—there are, for example, no literary texts securely dated to this period. For all that, close analysis of such evidence as we do possess confirms that Egyptian society and civilization as a whole were characterized by the same traits as the visual arts. We routinely encounter features with which the student of earlier periods will be completely familiar.\" §REF§(Lloyd 2000, 383)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Poet Ibn Daniyal (d. 1310 CE).§REF§(Oliver 1977, 66)§REF§ \"Arabian Nights\" folk literature.§REF§(Oliver 1977, 66)§REF§. \"The Mamluk court listened to Turkish and Circassian poetry.\" §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 248)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The Mamluk court listened to Turkish and Circassian poetry.\" §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 248)§REF§" }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Poet Ibn Daniyal (d. 1310 CE).§REF§(Oliver 1977, 66)§REF§ \"Arabian Nights\" folk literature.§REF§(Oliver 1977, 66)§REF§. \"The Mamluk court listened to Turkish and Circassian poetry.\" §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 248)§REF§" }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor. §REF§(Stearns 2001, 30)§REF§ Story of Sinuhe. §REF§(Stearns 2001, 30)§REF§ Prophecies, moral tales and hymns. §REF§(Wawro 2008, 42 )§REF§ Biographies, wisdom literature, stories such as \"The Eloquent Peasant.\"§REF§(<a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://ancientegyptonline.org/aeoHTML/timeperiods/middlekingdom.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">[1]</a>)§REF§ \"Loyalist instruction of Kaires\", \"Teaching of a Man for his Son\", \"The Teaching of Ptahhotep\", \"Teaching of King Khety\" (also known as \"Satire of the Trades\"), \"Words of Nerferti\", \"Teaching of King Amenemhet\", \"Words of Khakheperreseneb\", \"Hymn to the Innundation\", \"Tale of the Eloquent Peasant\", \"The Tale of King Cheops' Court\", Cairo Mythological Tale, \"Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor\", \"Dialogue of a Man with his Soul\", \"Dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All\" (philosophical, on the nature of good and evil), \"Tale of Neferkaremd Sasenet\", \"Tale of the Herdsman\", \"Teaching for Kagemni\", \"Teaching of Hardedef\", \"Pleasures of Fishing and Fowling\", \"Account of the Sporting King.\"§REF§(Enmarch 2010, 663-676)§REF§ Concept of Ma'at central to Egyptian society important throughout \"Tale of the Eloquent Peasant.\" §REF§(Van Blerk 2006)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 511, "name": "eg_naqada_1", "long_name": "Naqada I", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The earliest phonetic hieroglyphic writing was found in the tomb J at the Abytos Cemetary U - on the pottery vessels and small bone/ivory labels§REF§Köhler, E. C. \"Theories of State Formation\". [in:] Wendrich, W. [ed.]. Egyptian Archaeology. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing. pg: 41.§REF§. They are dated to Naqada IIIA. But it should be noticed that already in Naqada I, signs similar to hieroglyphs have been found, especially on the pottery vessels (pot marks). However \"none of these signs hints at the existence of phonograms, phonetic complements or detenninatives\" and \"the absence of an important component of the hieroglyphic writing system does not allow us to designate these signs as \"hieroglyphic writing\"\"§REF§Kahl, J. \"Hieroglyphic Writing During the Fourth Millennium BC: an Analysis of Systems\". Archeo-NiI 11 (2001); 122, 124.§REF§. It can be rather treated as an abstract symbolic system§REF§Meza, A. 2012. ANCIENT EGYPT BEFORE WRITING: From Markings to Hieroglyphs. Bloomington: Xlibris Corporation. pg: 25.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The earliest phonetic hieroglyphic writing was found in the tomb J at the Abytos Cemetary U - on the pottery vessels and small bone/ivory labels§REF§Köhler, E. C. \"Theories of State Formation\". [in:] Wendrich, W. [ed.]. Egyptian Archaeology. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing. pg: 41.§REF§. They are dated to Naqada IIIA. But it should be noticed that already in Naqada I, signs similar to hieroglyphs have been found, especially on the pottery vessels (pot marks). However \"none of these signs hints at the existence of phonograms, phonetic complements or detenninatives\" and \"the absence of an important component of the hieroglyphic writing system does not allow us to designate these signs as \"hieroglyphic writing\"\"§REF§Kahl, J. \"Hieroglyphic Writing During the Fourth Millennium BC: an Analysis of Systems\". Archeo-NiI 11 (2001); 122, 124.§REF§. It can be rather treated as an abstract symbolic system§REF§Meza, A. 2012. ANCIENT EGYPT BEFORE WRITING: From Markings to Hieroglyphs. Bloomington: Xlibris Corporation. pg: 25.§REF§" }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Unknown - did scribes and artisans write poetry? \"by Dynasty 0, writing was used by scribes and artisans of the Egyptian state.\" §REF§(Bard 2000, 74)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Love poems and tales. §REF§(Lichtheim 2006, viii)§REF§ There was \"renewed interest in the classical writers of the Old and Middle kingdoms, especially the 'teachings' or 'instructions' of old sages such as Ptahhotep and Kagemni, and descriptions of chaos such as those of Neferti and Ipuwer. It was perhaps because Ramessid scribes felt that these earlier works could not be equalled, let alone surpassed, that contemporary literature, such as love poetry and folk tales and mythical stores that sprang from an oral tradition, was written not in classical Egyptian but in the modern language first introduced in inscriptions by Akhenaten.\" §REF§(Van Dijk 2000, 287)§REF§ \"Prohibitions\". Miscellanies used in Ramesside scribal education. Satirical letter of P.Anastasi I. Laus ubis (lyrical form), hymns and prayers. Love songs. \"The Antef Song\". \"Songs from the Orchard\". Tales: \"Taking of Joppa\", \"Apophis and Seqenenre\", \"Doomed Prince\", \"Two Brothers\", \"Truth and Falsehood\", \"Head and Trunk\", \"Khonsuembheb and the Ghost\", \"Horus and Seth.\" §REF§(Moers 2010, 689)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 198, "name": "eg_new_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period", "start_year": -1550, "end_year": -1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Love poems and tales. §REF§(Lichtheim 2006, viii)§REF§ JGM: on the absence of philosophy, often noted, I would hesitate about. Or do we mean here \"non-religious\"? Clearly there was a well thought out Philosophy/Theology, preserved in temple texts still for many temples unpublished. See for example: R.B. Finnestad, Image of the world and symbol of the creator. Harrassowitz, 1985. The scribe Kenhirkhepshef, who worked at Deir el Medina during the reign of Rameses II, had a large library with papyri on medical texts, religious spells, hymns, letters, poetry, household hints, dream interpretations. §REF§(Booth 2011, 301)§REF§ \"Prohibitions\". Miscellanies used in Ramesside scribal education. Satirical letter of P.Anastasi I. Laus ubis (lyrical form), hymns and prayers. Love songs. \"The Antef Song\". \"Songs from the Orchard\". Tales: \"Taking of Joppa\", \"Apophis and Seqenenre\", \"Doomed Prince\", \"Two Brothers\", \"Truth and Falsehood\", \"Head and Trunk\", \"Khonsuembheb and the Ghost\", \"Horus and Seth.\" §REF§(Moers 2010, 689)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Highly literate elite.<br>" }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Highly literate elite.<br>" }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Apollonius of Rhodes and Callimachus of Cyrene (both 3rd century BCE) in \"creative writing.\" §REF§(Lloyd 2000, 400)§REF§ There was a rich fictional writing, including many novels, many written in Greek (give examples). There was also a corpus of Egyptian literature. A famous example of these Egyptian stories is the cycle of stories about Setne (son of Rameses II).<br>" }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Apollonius of Rhodes and Callimachus of Cyrene (both 3rd century BCE) in \"creative writing.\" §REF§(Lloyd 2000, 400)§REF§ There was a rich fictional writing, including many novels, many written in Greek (give examples). There was also a corpus of Egyptian literature. A famous example of these Egyptian stories is the cycle of stories about Setne (son of Rameses II).<br>" }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " literate elite.<br>" }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 203, "name": "eg_saite", "long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period", "start_year": -664, "end_year": -525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " In temples. Koenigsnovellen. §REF§(Agut-Labordere 2013, 971)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 200, "name": "eg_thebes_libyan", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period", "start_year": -1069, "end_year": -747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present in Ramesside Period Egypt and there were libraries in temples.<br>" }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 361, "name": "eg_thulunid_ikhshidid", "long_name": "Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period", "start_year": 868, "end_year": 969 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fiction", "fiction": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"the flowering of their arts\" in reference to Tulunid period rulers.§REF§(Raymond 2000, 26)§REF§ Ibn Tulun, the founder of the Tulunid Dynasty, \"supported cultural activities.\" §REF§(Esposito 2004, 130) Esposito, J. 2004. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press.)§REF§<br>" } ] }