Fastest Individual Communication List
A viewset for viewing and editing Fastest Individual Communications.
GET /api/sc/fastest-individual-communications/?format=api
{ "count": 49, "next": null, "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 579, "name": "gb_england_plantagenet", "long_name": "Plantagenet England", "start_year": 1154, "end_year": 1485 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " Horse relay or coastal ships would have been used as the fastest form of communication, but it is uncertain how long exactly they may have taken." }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 305, "name": "it_lombard_k", "long_name": "Lombard Kingdom", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 774 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " This has not been mentioned in the sources consulted." }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 575, "name": "us_united_states_of_america_reconstruction", "long_name": "Us Reconstruction-Progressive", "start_year": 1866, "end_year": 1933 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": 0, "fastest_individual_communication_to": 1, "comment": null, "description": "In 1844 the Telegraph was invented, and as increasingly efficient and sophisticated methods of technology were created, over 23 thousand miles of telegraphs wires were hooked up across the US, allowing news to reach one end of the territory from another in the same day. Later forms of telegraph and the telephone led to instant communication.§REF§Volo and Volo 2004: xv, 51. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SIB5XSW97.§REF§" }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 563, "name": "us_antebellum", "long_name": "Antebellum US", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1865 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": 1, "fastest_individual_communication_to": 1, "comment": null, "description": " In 1811 the first steamboat was able to travel on the Mississippi River. However, in 1844 the Telegraph was invented, and as increasingly efficient and sophisticated methods of technology were created, over 23 thousand miles of telegraphs wires were hooked up across the US, allowing news to reach one end of the territory from another in the same day.§REF§Volo and Volo 2004: xv, 51. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SIB5XSW97.§REF§" }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 302, "name": "gb_tudor_stuart", "long_name": "England Tudor-Stuart", "start_year": 1486, "end_year": 1689 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " There is no direct mention of the fastest communication in the sources consulted, however it would have been by ship along the internal waterways or along the coast, or via horse relay." }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 606, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_2", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England II", "start_year": 927, "end_year": 1065 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " There has been no information on a definitive estimate for the fastest individual communication. However, this would have been via horse, likely with a relay for important royal communication." }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 295, "name": "tm_khwarezmid_emp", "long_name": "Khwarezmid Empire", "start_year": 1157, "end_year": 1231 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " This has not been mentioned in the sources consulted." }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 561, "name": "us_hohokam_culture", "long_name": "Hohokam Culture", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 565, "name": "at_habsburg_1", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I", "start_year": 1454, "end_year": 1648 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " The fastest communication during this period would have likely been horse relay via land." }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 360, "name": "ir_saffarid_emp", "long_name": "Saffarid Caliphate", "start_year": 861, "end_year": 1003 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": " Likely by horse relay but this has not been confirmed in the sources." }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 587, "name": "gb_british_emp_1", "long_name": "British Empire I", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": 113, "fastest_individual_communication_to": 113, "comment": null, "description": " days. In 1825 a steam assisted ship sailing from Falmouth to Calcutta (British Indian capital) took 113 days to make the one-way journey.§REF§(Porter 1999: 255) Porter, Andrew, ed. 1999. The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, vol. 3, 5 vols. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GTF9V4CG§REF§" }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 566, "name": "fr_france_napoleonic", "long_name": "Napoleonic France", "start_year": 1816, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": 0, "fastest_individual_communication_to": 0, "comment": null, "description": " By 1860 the telegraph system made communication across France almost instant. §REF§Clapham 1955: 158. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2QKQJQM3.§REF§" }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 567, "name": "at_habsburg_2", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II", "start_year": 1649, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": 1867, "year_to": 1918, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": 0, "fastest_individual_communication_to": 0, "comment": null, "description": "During this period postal, telegraph and telephone services were available which made some communication almost instant.§REF§(Judson 2016: 336-337, 393) Judson, Pieter M. 2016. The Habsburg Empire: A New History. Cambridge, USA; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BN5TQZBW§REF§ “By 1911, the Austrian state employed over fifteen thousand women, most of them in the postal, telegraph, and telephone services…”§REF§(Judson 2016: 337) Judson, Pieter M. 2016. The Habsburg Empire: A New History. Cambridge, USA; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BN5TQZBW§REF§" }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 601, "name": "ru_soviet_union", "long_name": "Soviet Union", "start_year": 1918, "end_year": 1991 }, "year_from": 1923, "year_to": 1991, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": 0, "fastest_individual_communication_to": 0, "comment": null, "description": "WHEN KARL MARX DIED in March 1883 there were already 1000 telephone subscribers in Russia. The telephone had come to Russia a mere six years after its invention, and only a year after the first urban telephone exchanges were opened on the European continent. On the eve of the Bolshevik seizure of power there was roughly one telephone for every 200 city-dwellers in Russia, compared to about one for every 50 Britons (and one for every 10 Americans).§REF§Solnick, Steven L. “Revolution, Reform and the Soviet Telephone System, 1917-1927.” Soviet Studies 43, no. 1 (1991): 157–175. Accessed November 28, 2023. https://www.jstor.org/stable/152488.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7KFS88HE\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 7KFS88HE</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": 1776, "year_to": 1853, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": 30, "fastest_individual_communication_to": 40, "comment": null, "description": "Saint Petersburg to Vladivostok\r\n\r\nHorse Relay System (up to 1853):\r\n\r\nBefore the widespread adoption of the telegraph and the railway, the fastest method was the horse relay system.\r\nA message from Saint Petersburg to Vladivostok via horse relay would have taken several weeks, possibly more than a month, considering the vast distance (approximately 9,000 kilometers) and the challenges of the terrain and weather.§REF§Simon Franklin and Katherine Bowers, eds., Information and Empire: Mechanisms of Communication in Russia, 1600-1850 (Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2017).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z6FKYETN\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: Z6FKYETN</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTelegraph Lines (from 1853):\r\n\r\nThe introduction of the telegraph significantly reduced communication time. The first telegraph line in Russia was established in 1853.§REF§Oleg Valentinovich Makhrovskiy, “180 Years of Telecommunication in Russia,” in 2012 Third IEEE HISTory of ELectro-Technology CONference (HIS℡CON).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/84JP29EH\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 84JP29EH</b></a>§REF§\r\nBy the late 19th century, a telegraph message from Saint Petersburg to Vladivostok could be transmitted in a matter of hours." }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": 1853, "year_to": 1917, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": 0, "fastest_individual_communication_to": 0, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": 8, "fastest_individual_communication_to": 8, "comment": "Days. Aksum to Adulis. \"According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, the journey from Adulis to Koloe (either Kohaito or Matara) took three days, and the journey from Adulis to Aksum took eight, as it apparently still did at the beginning of the twentieth century (Kobishchanov 1979: 185).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YB8JYYEZ\">[Connah 2015, p. 146]</a> Journey from \"Aksum to the Aswan region, across the Nubian Desert\" took 30 days according to Cosmas Indicopleustes, and from Aksum to Lake Tana and Sasu, fifty days. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YB8JYYEZ\">[Connah 2015, p. 146]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": 8, "fastest_individual_communication_to": 8, "comment": "Days. Aksum to Adulis. \"According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, the journey from Adulis to Koloe (either Kohaito or Matara) took three days, and the journey from Adulis to Aksum took eight, as it apparently still did at the beginning of the twentieth century (Kobishchanov 1979: 185).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YB8JYYEZ\">[Connah 2015, p. 146]</a> Journey from \"Aksum to the Aswan region, across the Nubian Desert\" took 30 days according to Cosmas Indicopleustes, and from Aksum to Lake Tana and Sasu, fifty days. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YB8JYYEZ\">[Connah 2015, p. 146]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": "Sources do not suggest there is evidence for a postal system during this period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": "Sources do not suggest there is evidence for a postal system during this period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 276, "name": "cn_tuyuhun", "long_name": "Tuyuhun", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 663 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "They got a fine breed of horses from Persia ... They raised these fine horses along the area of Qinghai Hu Lake. This kind of horses could cover a distance of five hundred kilometers in a day. So they named these horses 'Qinghai Horses.'\"§REF§(Hung 2013, 155) Hing Ming Hung. 2013. Li Shi Min, Founding the Tang Dynasty: The Strategies that Made China the Greatest Empire in Asia. Algora Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": 2, "fastest_individual_communication_to": 4, "comment": "The capital city was Winchester, later partially replaced by London during the Norman period.\r\nThe most outlying provincial area within the boundaries of Norman England was York in the north.\r\n<br>\r\nWinchester to York:\r\nApproximate distance: 300 km \r\nLondon to York:\r\nApproximate distance: 320 km \r\n<br>\r\nHorseback:\r\nThe typical speed for long-distance travel on horseback was 50–70 km/day (31–43 miles/day).\r\n<br>\r\nBy horse relay, the journey from Winchester/London to York would take approximately: 2–4 days <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JVD39JXF\">[webpage_Distance from Winchester to York...]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HBVV8PDK\">[Clanchy 1993]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": 8, "fastest_individual_communication_to": 10, "comment": "From Regensburg to: Saxony Approximately 350–400 km, requiring 8–10 days on horseback. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQIHZGPT\">[Reuter 2012]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NMB5X3WI\">[McCormick 2001]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 57, "name": "fm_truk_1", "long_name": "Chuuk - Early Truk", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1886 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": "'The name Chuuk means “high mountains” in the Chuukese language, one of several Malayo-Polynesian languages that are used in the islands. The Chuuk Islands, which form part of the eastern Caroline Islands, are encircled by a barrier bank composed of some 85 sand and coral islets. The bank (often referred to as a reef) encloses a lagoon 822 square miles (2,129 square km) in area and has a diameter of some 40 miles (65 km). Chief islands of the group are Weno (formerly Moen), Tonoas, Fefan, Uman, Uatschaluk (Udot), and Tol. The islands were sighted by the Spanish explorer Álvaro Saavedra in 1528. They were visited occasionally by 19th-century traders and whalers and were included in the German purchase of parts of Micronesia from Spain (1899). Annexed by Japan (1914) and strongly fortified for World War II, the islands (known as the Truk Islands until 1990) were heavily attacked, bypassed, and blockaded by the Allies during the war. The sunken hulls of Japanese ships remain there, along with ruined weapons and fortifications on land. Together with the other islands in what are now the Federated States of Micronesia, the Chuuk group was part of the U.S.-administered United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands from 1947 to 1986.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3CNVADQA\">[The_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica 2013]</a> 'The high islands of the Chuuk group have mangrove swamps along their coasts, as well as rainforests in the central mountainous areas. The native people are Micronesians who fish, raise pigs and poultry, and grow taro, breadfruit, yams, and bananas. Copra is the chief cash crop. The islands are popular with scuba divers, who come to explore the lagoon’s shipwrecks, many of which have become foundations for new reef growth. The largest urban area is on Weno; the rest of the population resides mostly in traditional villages scattered around the islands. Chuuk has a commercial dock and an international airport, both located on Weno. Total land area 49.1 square miles (127.2 square km). Pop. (2010) 48,654.' <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3CNVADQA\">[The_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica 2013]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 58, "name": "fm_truk_2", "long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk", "start_year": 1886, "end_year": 1948 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "'The name Chuuk means “high mountains” in the Chuukese language, one of several Malayo-Polynesian languages that are used in the islands. The Chuuk Islands, which form part of the eastern Caroline Islands, are encircled by a barrier bank composed of some 85 sand and coral islets. The bank (often referred to as a reef) encloses a lagoon 822 square miles (2,129 square km) in area and has a diameter of some 40 miles (65 km). Chief islands of the group are Weno (formerly Moen), Tonoas, Fefan, Uman, Uatschaluk (Udot), and Tol. The islands were sighted by the Spanish explorer Álvaro Saavedra in 1528. They were visited occasionally by 19th-century traders and whalers and were included in the German purchase of parts of Micronesia from Spain (1899). Annexed by Japan (1914) and strongly fortified for World War II, the islands (known as the Truk Islands until 1990) were heavily attacked, bypassed, and blockaded by the Allies during the war. The sunken hulls of Japanese ships remain there, along with ruined weapons and fortifications on land. Together with the other islands in what are now the Federated States of Micronesia, the Chuuk group was part of the U.S.-administered United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands from 1947 to 1986.' §REF§<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Chuuk-Islands\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Chuuk-Islands</a>§REF§ 'The high islands of the Chuuk group have mangrove swamps along their coasts, as well as rainforests in the central mountainous areas. The native people are Micronesians who fish, raise pigs and poultry, and grow taro, breadfruit, yams, and bananas. Copra is the chief cash crop. The islands are popular with scuba divers, who come to explore the lagoon’s shipwrecks, many of which have become foundations for new reef growth. The largest urban area is on Weno; the rest of the population resides mostly in traditional villages scattered around the islands. Chuuk has a commercial dock and an international airport, both located on Weno. Total land area 49.1 square miles (127.2 square km). Pop. (2010) 48,654.' §REF§<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Chuuk-Islands\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Chuuk-Islands</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 8, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_3", "long_name": "Early Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -801 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "Lakeshore residency, woodcarving expertise, and extensive exploitation of lacustrine resources dates to c.5000-2000 BCE in the region,§REF§Niederberger, Christine. (1979) \"Early Sedentary Economy in the Basin of Mexico\" <i>Science</i> 203(4376):131-142.§REF§ and the prehisoric use of canoes has often been suggested,§REF§Drennan, R. D. (1984). Long‐distance transport costs in pre‐Hispanic Mesoamerica. American Anthropologist, 86(1), 105-112.§REF§§REF§Parsons, Jeffrey R. (2006) <i>The Last “Pescadores” of Chimalhuacán, Mexico: An Archaeological Ethnography.</i> Anthropological Papers, No. 96. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.§REF§§REF§Hassig, Ross. (1985) <i>Trade, tribute, and transportation: The sixteenth-century political economy of the Valley of Mexico.</i> Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg.56-66.§REF§ but there is no direct evidence of canoes (made of wood) in the archaeological record." }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 521, "name": "eg_kushite", "long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period", "start_year": -747, "end_year": -656 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": "According to Kitchen, for New Kingdom Egypt: Memphis to Thebes by boat took 3 weeks, Memphis to Napata by boat took up to 3 months. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TYLZQJAP\">[Pope 2014, p. 1]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 101, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_1", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early", "start_year": 1566, "end_year": 1713 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "'A brief reference to Indian runners will not be in appropriate in this connection. To convey intelligence from nation to nation, and to spread information throughout the Confederacy, as in summoning councils upon public exigencies, trained runners were employed. But three days were necessary, it is said, to convey intelligence from Buffalo to Albany. Swiftness of foot was an acquirement, among the Iroquois, which brought the individual into high repute. A trained runner would traverse a hundred miles per day. With relays, which were sometimes resorted to, the length of the day's journey could be considerably increased. It is said that the runners of Montezuma conveyed intelligence to him of the movements of Cortes, at the rate of two hundred miles per day; but this must be regarded as extravagant. During the last war, a runner left Tonawanda at daylight in the summer season, for Avon, a distance of forty miles upon the trail. He delivered his message, and reached Tonawanda again about noon. In the night their runners were guided by the stars, from which they learned to keep their direction, and regain it, if perchance they lost their way. During the fall and winter, they determined their course by the Pleiades, or Seven Stars. This group in the neck of Taurus, they called Got-gwär[unknown] -där. In the spring and summer they ran by another group, which they named Gwe-o-gä[unknown] -ah, or the Loon, four stars at the angles of a rhombus. In preparing to carry messages they denuded themselves entirely, with the exception of the Gä-kä[unknown] -ah, or breech cloth, and a belt. They were usually sent out in pairs, and took their way through the forest, one behind the other, in perfect silence.' §REF§Morgan, Lewis Henry, and Herbert M. Lloyd. 1901. “League Of The Ho-De’-No-Sau-Nee Or Iroquois. Vol. Ii”, 105§REF§ 'We have thus followed the great Indian trail, Wä-a-gwen[unknown] -ne-yu, through the State, from the Hudson to lake Erie; noticing, as far as ascertained, the principal stopping-places on the route. To convey an adequate impression of the forest scenery, which then overspread the land, is beyond the power of description. This trail was traced through the over-hanging forest for almost its entire length. In the trail itself, there was nothing particularly remarkable. It was usually from twelve to eighteen inches wide, and deeply worn in the ground; varying in this respect from three to six, and even twelve inches, depending upon the firmness of the soil. The large trees on each side were frequently marked with the hatchet. This well-beaten footpath, which no runner, nor band of warriors could mistake, had doubtless been trodden by successive generations from century to century. It had, without question, been handed down from race to race, as the natural line of travel, geographically considered, between the Hudson and lake Erie. While it is scarcely possible to ascertain a more direct route than the one pursued by this trail, the accuracy with which it was traced from point to point, to save distance, is extremely surprising. It proved, on the survey of the country, to have been so judiciously selected that the turnpike was laid out mainly on the line of this trail, from one extremity of the State to the other. In addition to this, all the larger cities and villages west of the Hudson, with one or two exceptions, have been located upon it. As an independent cause, this forest highway of the Iroquois doubtless determined the establishment of a number of settlements, which have since grown up into cities and villages.' §REF§Morgan, Lewis Henry, and Herbert M. Lloyd 1901. “League Of The Ho-De’-No-Sau-Nee Or Iroquois. Vol. Ii”, 94§REF§ 'The principal villages of the Iroquois, in the days of aboriginal dominion, were connected by well-beaten trails. These villages were so situated that the central trail, which started from the Hudson at the site of Albany, passed through those of the Mohawks and Oneidas; and, crossing the Onondaga valley and the Cayuga country, a few miles north of the chief settlements of these nations, it passed through the most prominent villages of the Senecas, in its route to the valley of the Genesee. After crossing this celebrated valley, it proceeded westward to lake Erie, coming out upon it at the mouth of Buffalo creek, on the present site of Buffalo.' §REF§Morgan, Lewis Henry, and Herbert M. Lloyd 1901. “League Of The Ho-De’-No-Sau-Nee Or Iroquois. Vol. Ii”, 80§REF§" }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 102, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_2", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late", "start_year": 1714, "end_year": 1848 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "'A brief reference to Indian runners will not be in appropriate in this connection. To convey intelligence from nation to nation, and to spread information throughout the Confederacy, as in summoning councils upon public exigencies, trained runners were employed. But three days were necessary, it is said, to convey intelligence from Buffalo to Albany. Swiftness of foot was an acquirement, among the Iroquois, which brought the individual into high repute. A trained runner would traverse a hundred miles per day. With relays, which were sometimes resorted to, the length of the day's journey could be considerably increased. It is said that the runners of Montezuma conveyed intelligence to him of the movements of Cortes, at the rate of two hundred miles per day; but this must be regarded as extravagant. During the last war, a runner left Tonawanda at daylight in the summer season, for Avon, a distance of forty miles upon the trail. He delivered his message, and reached Tonawanda again about noon. In the night their runners were guided by the stars, from which they learned to keep their direction, and regain it, if perchance they lost their way. During the fall and winter, they determined their course by the Pleiades, or Seven Stars. This group in the neck of Taurus, they called Got-gwär[unknown] -där. In the spring and summer they ran by another group, which they named Gwe-o-gä[unknown] -ah, or the Loon, four stars at the angles of a rhombus. In preparing to carry messages they denuded themselves entirely, with the exception of the Gä-kä[unknown] -ah, or breech cloth, and a belt. They were usually sent out in pairs, and took their way through the forest, one behind the other, in perfect silence.' §REF§Morgan, Lewis Henry, and Herbert M. Lloyd. 1901. “League Of The Ho-De’-No-Sau-Nee Or Iroquois. Vol. Ii”, 105§REF§ 'We have thus followed the great Indian trail, Wä-a-gwen[unknown] -ne-yu, through the State, from the Hudson to lake Erie; noticing, as far as ascertained, the principal stopping-places on the route. To convey an adequate impression of the forest scenery, which then overspread the land, is beyond the power of description. This trail was traced through the over-hanging forest for almost its entire length. In the trail itself, there was nothing particularly remarkable. It was usually from twelve to eighteen inches wide, and deeply worn in the ground; varying in this respect from three to six, and even twelve inches, depending upon the firmness of the soil. The large trees on each side were frequently marked with the hatchet. This well-beaten footpath, which no runner, nor band of warriors could mistake, had doubtless been trodden by successive generations from century to century. It had, without question, been handed down from race to race, as the natural line of travel, geographically considered, between the Hudson and lake Erie. While it is scarcely possible to ascertain a more direct route than the one pursued by this trail, the accuracy with which it was traced from point to point, to save distance, is extremely surprising. It proved, on the survey of the country, to have been so judiciously selected that the turnpike was laid out mainly on the line of this trail, from one extremity of the State to the other. In addition to this, all the larger cities and villages west of the Hudson, with one or two exceptions, have been located upon it. As an independent cause, this forest highway of the Iroquois doubtless determined the establishment of a number of settlements, which have since grown up into cities and villages.' §REF§Morgan, Lewis Henry, and Herbert M. Lloyd 1901. “League Of The Ho-De’-No-Sau-Nee Or Iroquois. Vol. Ii”, 94§REF§ 'The principal villages of the Iroquois, in the days of aboriginal dominion, were connected by well-beaten trails. These villages were so situated that the central trail, which started from the Hudson at the site of Albany, passed through those of the Mohawks and Oneidas; and, crossing the Onondaga valley and the Cayuga country, a few miles north of the chief settlements of these nations, it passed through the most prominent villages of the Senecas, in its route to the valley of the Genesee. After crossing this celebrated valley, it proceeded westward to lake Erie, coming out upon it at the mouth of Buffalo creek, on the present site of Buffalo.' §REF§Morgan, Lewis Henry, and Herbert M. Lloyd 1901. “League Of The Ho-De’-No-Sau-Nee Or Iroquois. Vol. Ii”, 80§REF§" }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "The Hmong inhabited several Chinese provinces: 'The various Miao groups are for the most part an unstratified agricultural people found in the uplands of several provinces of China and related to the Hmong of Southeast Asia. They are distinguished by language, dress, historical traditions, and cultural practice from neighboring ethnic groups and the dominant Han Chinese. They are not culturally homogeneous and the differences between local Miao cultures are often as great as between Miao and non-Miao neighbors. The term \"Miao\" is Chinese, and means \"weeds\" or \"sprouts.\" [The following figures refer to the present; comment by RA:] About half of China’s Miao are located in Guizhou Province. Another 34 percent are evenly divided between Yunnan Province and western Hunan Province. The remainder are mainly found in Sichuan and Guangxi, with a small number in Guangdong and Hainan. Some of the latter may have been resettled there during the Qing dynasty. The wide dispersion makes it difficult to generalize about ecological settings. Miao settlements are found anywhere from a few hundred meters above sea level to elevations of 1,400 meters or more. The largest number are uplands people, often living at elevations over 1,200 meters and located at some distance from urban centers or the lowlands and river valleys where the Han are concentrated. Often, these upland villages and hamlets are interspersed with those of other minorities such as Yao, Dong, Zhuang, Yi, Hui, and Bouyei.' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ 'The Ch'uan Miao are an ethnic group living on the borders of Szechwan, Kweichow, and Yunnan Provinces, western China. The country is very mountainous with numerous peaks rising 3,000 to 6,000 feet above sea level. There are many streams, forests, waterfalls, perpendicular or overhanging cliffs, natural caves and natural bridges, and deepholes or pits where the water disappears into the bowels of the earth. While the roads between the Chinese towns and villages are generally paved with stones, most of the roads are narrow footpaths up and down the steep mountainsides or through fields and forests.' §REF§Graham, David Crockett 1954. “Songs And Stories Of The Ch’Uan Miao\", 1§REF§ Some authors claim periodic decreases in population size for the rural Hmong population and report inconsistencies in the self-reporting of settled territory: 'The area of the Sheng Miao, according to their exaggerated account, extends to 9,000 li, but actually the area is about 200 /sq./ li in length and width. It is a mountainous area, the highest peak at Teng-k'ung-ming-t'ang being 2,000 meters, and the total population about 10,000. The writer has visited altogether 101 Sheng Miao villages of all sizes, the largest being Chia-lu, Chia-mien, Chia-ya, Chia-lung, Chia-wêng, Cheng-yu, Tang-wêng and Chüeh-ts'ai-p'ing, with about 100 families in each. Even today they do not have a single market fair within the area and this shows how circumscribed is the sphere of their economic activity. Their only means of livelihood is agriculture. Almost all the fields are terraced according to natural topography, rising from the bottom of the slope to the top in several hundred layers. The shape of the field is long and narrow, producing rice, wheat, corn and barley. [...] Being in direct contact with them, the writer could watch at close quarters their extremely miserable conditions, which are pitiable indeed. Because of their ignorance they do not know how to save or to improve the method of production. In case of famine they cannot escape starvation, which is the most important reason for the decrease in their population.' §REF§Che-lin, Wu, Chen Kuo-chün, and Lien-en Tsao 1942. “Studies Of Miao-I Societies In Kweichow”, 73§REF§ The unequal distribution of infrastructure and the nature of the topography may have had decelerating effects on the speed of communication: 'The Ch'uan Miao are an ethnic group living on the borders of Szechwan, Kweichow, and Yunnan Provinces, western China. The country is very mountainous with numerous peaks rising 3,000 to 6,000 feet above sea level. There are many streams, forests, waterfalls, perpendicular or overhanging cliffs, natural caves and natural bridges, and deepholes or pits where the water disappears into the bowels of the earth. While the roads between the Chinese towns and villages are generally paved with stones, most of the roads are narrow footpaths up and down the steep mountainsides or through fields and forests.' §REF§Graham, David Crockett 1954. “Songs And Stories Of The Ch’Uan Miao\", 1§REF§" }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 289, "name": "kg_kara_khanid_dyn", "long_name": "Kara-Khanids", "start_year": 950, "end_year": 1212 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": "\"The fact that the Amu Darya flowed on to the Caspian down to the late medieval period assured that the region along its lower reaches was connected with the larger world in ways that are scarcely imaginable today.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VDEDRURK\">[Starr 2013]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 156, "name": "tr_konya_mnl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -6600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 435, "name": "co_neguanje", "long_name": "Neguanje", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": "No provincial level, not applicable.", "description": null }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 446, "name": "pg_orokaiva_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Colonial", "start_year": 1884, "end_year": 1942 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "'THE Orokaiva occupy the major part of the Northern Division of Papua. From Oro Bay, some little distance below Buna on the north-eastern coast, a line might be drawn westward, skirting the foothills of the Hydrographers and the Lamington group and passing over the small divide of the Kumusi and Yodda rivers, to the neighbourhood of Kokoda; thence, curving round the Ajura Kijala, it would proceed northwards, keeping on its left the uninhabited mountains which are merely eastern appendages of the Main Range, and passing through Ioma would continue on to the border of the Mandated Territory. This line, together with the territorial boundary which coincides with the 8th meridian, would enclose the demesne of the people whom we call Orokaiva. One cannot do better than follow the distribution given by E. W. P. Chinnery and the late W. N. Beaver, both of whom travelled the Northern Division more widely than the present writer, and the actual boundaries of the Orokaiva country which appear in the map are approximately theirs.' §REF§Williams, F. E. (Francis Edgar), and Hubert Murray 1930. “Orokaiva Society”, 1§REF§ 'It must be understood, however, that while marking the limits of those people who are distinctly and exclusively called Orokaiva, these boundaries are nevertheless somewhat arbitrary. In a general treatment it would be permissible to include, for instance, the people of the lower Waria and beyond, although they go by a different name. Similarly in the south the specified boundary beginning at Oro Bay cannot be regarded as a rigid limit, for along the coast of Dyke Ackland Bay almost as far as Cape Nelson, there are settled several groups of people who are virtually identical with the Orokaiva although commonly named Okeina. The present report, however, will observe the limits already set down.' §REF§Williams, F. E. (Francis Edgar), and Hubert Murray 1930. “Orokaiva Society”, 1§REF§ 'Papua New Guinea stretches from just south of the Equator to the Torres Strait, which separates New Guinea from Cape York Peninsula to the south, the northernmost extension of Australia. Mainland Papua New Guinea reaches its maximum north-south expanse of some 510 miles (820 km) along its western border with Indonesian Papua. Almost completely straight, the boundary is formed primarily by the line of longitude 141° E and curves only briefly westward to follow the Fly River for approximately 50 miles (80 km), starting just southwest of Kiunga. From the western border the land tapers-with a substantial indentation in the south coast formed by the Gulf of Papua-to a fingerlike shape that points southeast toward the D’Entrecasteaux Islands and the Louisiade Archipelago. Off the mainland are a number of small islands and island groups scattered to the north and east and, farther northeast, Bougainville Island and the Bismarck Archipelago; the latter forms a crescent that arcs from the Admiralty Islands in the north to New Britain and Umboi Island, off the mainland’s Huon Peninsula.' §REF§<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Papua-New-Guinea\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Papua-New-Guinea</a>§REF§ 'New Guinea, island of the eastern Malay Archipelago, in the western Pacific Ocean, north of Australia. It is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the north, the Bismarck and Solomon seas to the east, the Coral Sea and Torres Strait to the south, and the Arafura Sea to the southwest. New Guinea is administratively divided into two parts: its western half comprises the Indonesian propinsi (or provinsi; provinces) of Papua and West Papua (collectively, formerly called Irian Jaya); and its eastern half comprises the major part of Papua New Guinea, an independent country since 1975. The second largest island in the world (after Greenland), New Guinea is about 1,500 miles (2,400 km) long (from northwest to southeast) and about 400 miles (650 km) wide at its widest (north to south) part. Area island, 317,150 square miles (821,400 square km).' §REF§<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/New-Guinea\">http://www.britannica.com/place/New-Guinea</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 445, "name": "pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial", "long_name": "Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial", "start_year": 1734, "end_year": 1883 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "'THE Orokaiva occupy the major part of the Northern Division of Papua. From Oro Bay, some little distance below Buna on the north-eastern coast, a line might be drawn westward, skirting the foothills of the Hydrographers and the Lamington group and passing over the small divide of the Kumusi and Yodda rivers, to the neighbourhood of Kokoda; thence, curving round the Ajura Kijala, it would proceed northwards, keeping on its left the uninhabited mountains which are merely eastern appendages of the Main Range, and passing through Ioma would continue on to the border of the Mandated Territory. This line, together with the territorial boundary which coincides with the 8th meridian, would enclose the demesne of the people whom we call Orokaiva. One cannot do better than follow the distribution given by E. W. P. Chinnery and the late W. N. Beaver, both of whom travelled the Northern Division more widely than the present writer, and the actual boundaries of the Orokaiva country which appear in the map are approximately theirs.' §REF§Williams, F. E. (Francis Edgar), and Hubert Murray 1930. “Orokaiva Society”, 1§REF§ 'It must be understood, however, that while marking the limits of those people who are distinctly and exclusively called Orokaiva, these boundaries are nevertheless somewhat arbitrary. In a general treatment it would be permissible to include, for instance, the people of the lower Waria and beyond, although they go by a different name. Similarly in the south the specified boundary beginning at Oro Bay cannot be regarded as a rigid limit, for along the coast of Dyke Ackland Bay almost as far as Cape Nelson, there are settled several groups of people who are virtually identical with the Orokaiva although commonly named Okeina. The present report, however, will observe the limits already set down.' §REF§Williams, F. E. (Francis Edgar), and Hubert Murray 1930. “Orokaiva Society”, 1§REF§ 'Papua New Guinea stretches from just south of the Equator to the Torres Strait, which separates New Guinea from Cape York Peninsula to the south, the northernmost extension of Australia. Mainland Papua New Guinea reaches its maximum north-south expanse of some 510 miles (820 km) along its western border with Indonesian Papua. Almost completely straight, the boundary is formed primarily by the line of longitude 141° E and curves only briefly westward to follow the Fly River for approximately 50 miles (80 km), starting just southwest of Kiunga. From the western border the land tapers-with a substantial indentation in the south coast formed by the Gulf of Papua-to a fingerlike shape that points southeast toward the D’Entrecasteaux Islands and the Louisiade Archipelago. Off the mainland are a number of small islands and island groups scattered to the north and east and, farther northeast, Bougainville Island and the Bismarck Archipelago; the latter forms a crescent that arcs from the Admiralty Islands in the north to New Britain and Umboi Island, off the mainland’s Huon Peninsula.' §REF§<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Papua-New-Guinea\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Papua-New-Guinea</a>§REF§ 'New Guinea, island of the eastern Malay Archipelago, in the western Pacific Ocean, north of Australia. It is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the north, the Bismarck and Solomon seas to the east, the Coral Sea and Torres Strait to the south, and the Arafura Sea to the southwest. New Guinea is administratively divided into two parts: its western half comprises the Indonesian propinsi (or provinsi; provinces) of Papua and West Papua (collectively, formerly called Irian Jaya); and its eastern half comprises the major part of Papua New Guinea, an independent country since 1975. The second largest island in the world (after Greenland), New Guinea is about 1,500 miles (2,400 km) long (from northwest to southeast) and about 400 miles (650 km) wide at its widest (north to south) part. Area island, 317,150 square miles (821,400 square km).' §REF§<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/New-Guinea\">http://www.britannica.com/place/New-Guinea</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 194, "name": "ru_sakha_early", "long_name": "Sakha - Early", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1632 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "What is now Sakha province covered an area of considerable size: 'Yakutsk Province was formerly divided into five districts: Olekminsk, Yakutsk, Viliuisk, Verkhoyansk, and Kolymsk.' §REF§Jochelson, Waldemar 1933. “Yakut”, 65§REF§ 'Sakha, also called Yakutiya or Yakut-Sakha, Yakutiya also spelled Yakutia, Udachnaya: diamond mine republic in far northeastern Russia, in northeastern Siberia. The republic occupies the basins of the great rivers flowing to the Arctic Ocean-the Lena, Yana, Indigirka, and Kolyma-and includes the New Siberian Islands between the Laptev and East Siberian seas. Sakha was created an autonomous republic of the Soviet Union in 1922; it is now the largest republic in Russia.' §REF§<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Sakha-republic-Russia\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Sakha-republic-Russia</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 195, "name": "ru_sakha_late", "long_name": "Sakha - Late", "start_year": 1632, "end_year": 1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "Yakutsk province covered an area of considerable size: 'Yakutsk Province was formerly divided into five districts: Olekminsk, Yakutsk, Viliuisk, Verkhoyansk, and Kolymsk.' §REF§Jochelson, Waldemar 1933. “Yakut”, 65§REF§ 'Sakha, also called Yakutiya or Yakut-Sakha, Yakutiya also spelled Yakutia, Udachnaya: diamond mine republic in far northeastern Russia, in northeastern Siberia. The republic occupies the basins of the great rivers flowing to the Arctic Ocean-the Lena, Yana, Indigirka, and Kolyma-and includes the New Siberian Islands between the Laptev and East Siberian seas. Sakha was created an autonomous republic of the Soviet Union in 1922; it is now the largest republic in Russia.' §REF§<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Sakha-republic-Russia\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Sakha-republic-Russia</a>§REF§ The distribution of administrative districts was subject to some variation: 'No less significant changes occurred in the administrative organization of the Yakut country. In the seventeenth century Yakutsk was the center of a great independent country directly subordinate to Moscow, although for some specific questions it was dependent on the governors of Tobolsk. In the time of Peter the Great, Yakutsk entered into the newly organized Siberian Goubernyia (government) and with the division of the Siberian government into provinces was included in Irkutsk Province. In 1775 Irkutsk Province was organized into a government and the Yakut country formed one of the provinces of the new government. In 1783 the government was again reorganized into a vice-royalty composed of four provinces, one of which was Yakutsk Province. In 1797 the vice-royalty was abolished and the government restored. In [Page 225] 1805 under the Emperor Alexander I, the Yakut country was made a separate province dependent upon Irkutsk. In 1852 the Yakut country was given a separate governor. After the revolution in February, 1917, a commissar was appointed by the Provisional Government.' §REF§Jochelson, Waldemar 1933. “Yakut”, 224§REF§ 'Area 1,198,200 square miles (3,103,200 square km).' §REF§<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Sakha-republic-Russia\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Sakha-republic-Russia</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 287, "name": "uz_samanid_emp", "long_name": "Samanid Empire", "start_year": 819, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": "\"The fact that the Amu Darya flowed on to the Caspian down to the late medieval period assured that the region along its lower reaches was connected with the larger world in ways that are scarcely imaginable today.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VDEDRURK\">[Starr 2013]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 196, "name": "ec_shuar_1", "long_name": "Shuar - Colonial", "start_year": 1534, "end_year": 1830 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "Brüning and Karsten provide a general description of the territory: 'The Indians are inhabitants of a region which extends along the upper course of the Marañón River, from Yusamaro downward to Puerto Meléndez at the Pongo de Manseriche. They live in this region in small and widely dispersed settlements close to the banks of the River. I have been informed that their chief settlements are located farther up along the tributary rivers. Beyond Yusamaro no Indians are said to remain anymore, yet formerly their settlements are said to have extended to the Pongo Rentema. They had moved down to the Marañón River on account of the quarrels they had with the whites or, rather, the mestizos. Their settlements can not be called permanent anyway. Despite the fact that the Indians live at one place for a long time, and in relatively permanent dwellings at that, they are said to leave their settlements frequently for no special reason in order to reestablish themselves again at some distance from the former settlement.' §REF§Brüning, Hans H. 1928. “Travelling In The Aguaruna Region”, 46§REF§ '“In describing my journeys among the Jibaro Indians I had occasion to mention repeatedly that the savage Jibaros never settle on the banks of the main rivers, but prefer to make their houses beside small affluents in the interior of the country. The reason for this is obvious: it is due to their constant fear of hostile attacks. By hiding themselves in the forests in the way they do, they not only avoid the whites, who now and then travel along the main rivers, but they are also better protected against hostile Indian tribes. The Jibaro houses are also largely constructed with a view to keeping off uninvited guests; in fact, nearly every house is a sort of fortress, as will be shown in greater detail in the part dealing with the warfare of the Indians.”' §REF§Karsten, Rafael 1935. “Head-Hunters Of Western Amazonas: The Life And Culture Of The Jibaro Indians Of Eastern Ecuador And Peru”, 94§REF§ They do not provide the relevant details for this variable." }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 197, "name": "ec_shuar_2", "long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian", "start_year": 1831, "end_year": 1931 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "Brüning and Karsten provide a general description of the territory: 'The Indians are inhabitants of a region which extends along the upper course of the Marañón River, from Yusamaro downward to Puerto Meléndez at the Pongo de Manseriche. They live in this region in small and widely dispersed settlements close to the banks of the River. I have been informed that their chief settlements are located farther up along the tributary rivers. Beyond Yusamaro no Indians are said to remain anymore, yet formerly their settlements are said to have extended to the Pongo Rentema. They had moved down to the Marañón River on account of the quarrels they had with the whites or, rather, the mestizos. Their settlements can not be called permanent anyway. Despite the fact that the Indians live at one place for a long time, and in relatively permanent dwellings at that, they are said to leave their settlements frequently for no special reason in order to reestablish themselves again at some distance from the former settlement.' §REF§Brüning, Hans H. 1928. “Travelling In The Aguaruna Region”, 46§REF§ '“In describing my journeys among the Jibaro Indians I had occasion to mention repeatedly that the savage Jibaros never settle on the banks of the main rivers, but prefer to make their houses beside small affluents in the interior of the country. The reason for this is obvious: it is due to their constant fear of hostile attacks. By hiding themselves in the forests in the way they do, they not only avoid the whites, who now and then travel along the main rivers, but they are also better protected against hostile Indian tribes. The Jibaro houses are also largely constructed with a view to keeping off uninvited guests; in fact, nearly every house is a sort of fortress, as will be shown in greater detail in the part dealing with the warfare of the Indians.”' §REF§Karsten, Rafael 1935. “Head-Hunters Of Western Amazonas: The Life And Culture Of The Jibaro Indians Of Eastern Ecuador And Peru”, 94§REF§ They do not provide the relevant details for this variable." }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 113, "name": "gh_akan", "long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": "So far, no reliable information on the size of a 'typical' Akan state has been found.", "description": null }, { "id": 43, "polity": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": "\"Vast distances and slow communications meant that it took months to exchange correspondence with colonies - a year or more in the case of Australia\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GN9A6S32\">[Burroughs_Porter_Louis 1999]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 362, "name": "ir_buyid_confederation", "long_name": "Buyid Confederation", "start_year": 932, "end_year": 1062 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": "Buyid Confederation had a capital for each autonomous region. Exception under Adud al-Dawla who temporarily unified the polity from Fars.", "description": null }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 72, "name": "tr_east_roman_emp", "long_name": "East Roman Empire", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 631 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": "Between capital Constantinople and furthest provincial capital.", "description": null }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": "Both Marco Polo and Rashid al-Din mention express couriers who would travel 200 miles a day. A fresh horse would be provided at every post station. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z8MHVTRR\">[Morgan 2007, pp. 91-93]</a> \"For the steppe nomad, horse mobility andspeed were paramount. To promote rapid commerce, roads shaded by willow trees were constructed, along which equestrian messengers could travel as fast as 400 km a day.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TFQMZKNM\">[Kelekna_Mair 2009, p. 23]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 267, "name": "mn_mongol_emp", "long_name": "Mongol Empire", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1270 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": "Both Marco Polo and Rashid al-Din mention express couriers who would travel 200 miles a day. A fresh horse would be provided at every post station. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z8MHVTRR\">[Morgan 2007, pp. 91-93]</a> \"For the steppe nomad, horse mobility andspeed were paramount. To promote rapid commerce, roads shaded by willow trees were constructed, along which equestrian messengers could travel as fast as 400 km a day.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TFQMZKNM\">[Kelekna_Mair 2009, p. 23]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 106, "name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "start_year": -911, "end_year": -612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": "Courier to courier relay was fasted method used for single message. Mounted, two mules. Sometimes communication also delivered by envoy who travelled whole distance but this method was slower. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R78DETZS\">[Radner 0]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 374, "name": "ir_safavid_emp", "long_name": "Safavid Empire", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": "\"The čāpārs took riding animals wherever they could find them. They even had the right to make people dismount and give up their animals ... They wore a special uniform and carried a sword and a stick, with which they enforced their demands on unwilling peasants, who generally fled at the sight of them.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X37GDKSV\">[Floor 1990]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 364, "name": "ir_seljuk_sultanate", "long_name": "Seljuk Sultanate", "start_year": 1037, "end_year": 1157 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Fastest_individual_communication", "fastest_individual_communication_from": null, "fastest_individual_communication_to": null, "comment": "\"The fact that the Amu Darya flowed on to the Caspian down to the late medieval period assured that the region along its lower reaches was connected with the larger world in ways that are scarcely imaginable today.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VDEDRURK\">[Starr 2013]</a>", "description": null } ] }