Examination System List
A viewset for viewing and editing Examination Systems.
GET /api/sc/examination-systems/?format=api
{ "count": 385, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/examination-systems/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as the few administrative posts given according to membership of tribes, not merit or examination. §REF§Saikal, Amin, <i>Modern Afghanistan: A struggle for Survival</i> pp. 22-24§REF§" }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The Achaemenids had an examination system§REF§(Farazmand 2001, 56) Farazmand, Ali in Farazmand, Ali ed. 2001. Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration. CRC Press.§REF§ which they might have inherited. However, a couple hundred years had now passed since the conquest of the Achaemenids by the Greeks and throughout this period there was a decrease in the level of bureaucratic sophistication so by this time we could infer absent." }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred as the state institutions are described as displaying their origins in \"ancestral tribal arrangements\" i.e. without characteristics like exams. §REF§Litvinsky B.A.,Guang-da Zhang , and Shabani Samghabadi R. (eds)History of Civilizations of Central Asia, pp. 149.§REF§" }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Professions were hereditary §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_II%20silk%20road_cities%20and%20urban%20life%20in%20the%20kushan%20kingdom.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_II%20silk%20road_cities%20and%20urban%20life%20in%20the%20kushan%20kingdom.pdf</a> pp. 301-302§REF§" }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Crude examination system already existed in the Western Han.§REF§(Zhao 2015, 68) Zhao, Dingxin in Scheidel, Walter. ed. 2015. State Power in Ancient China and Rome. Oxford University Press.§REF§ However, \"Before A.D. 132 the hsiao-lien did not have to undergo a written examination. It was decreed in that year that all must be examined...\" §REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 516)§REF§ Also, \"Before the Northern Sung, the principal means of entry into the social and political elite was by official recommendation or kinship relations.\" §REF§(Elmam 2000, 5) Elman, B. 2000. A cultural history of civil examinations in late imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Crude examination system already existed in the Western Han.§REF§(Zhao 2015, 68) Zhao, Dingxin in Scheidel, Walter. ed. 2015. State Power in Ancient China and Rome. Oxford University Press.§REF§ However, \"Before A.D. 132 the hsiao-lien did not have to undergo a written examination. It was decreed in that year that all must be examined...\" §REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 516)§REF§ Also, \"Before the Northern Sung, the principal means of entry into the social and political elite was by official recommendation or kinship relations.\" §REF§(Elmam 2000, 5) Elman, B. 2000. A cultural history of civil examinations in late imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The bureaucracy may have had some examination procedure as first Chinese examination system was developed under the earlier Western Han dynasty. However, \"Before the Northern Sung, the principal means of entry into the social and political elite was by official recommendation or kinship relations.\" §REF§(Elmam 2000, 5) Elman, B. 2000. A cultural history of civil examinations in late imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press.§REF§<br>Crude examination system existed in the Western Han§REF§(Zhao 2015, 68) Zhao, Dingxin in Scheidel, Walter. ed. 2015. State Power in Ancient China and Rome. Oxford University Press.§REF§ and had been developed further by 132 CE<br>\"Before A.D. 132 the hsiao-lien did not have to undergo a written examination. It was decreed in that year that all must be examined...\"§REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 516)§REF§" }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Before the Northern Sung, the principal means of entry into the social and political elite was by official recommendation or kinship relations.\" §REF§(Elmam 2000, 5) Elman, B. 2000. A cultural history of civil examinations in late imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Before the Northern Sung, the principal means of entry into the social and political elite was by official recommendation or kinship relations.\" §REF§(Elmam 2000, 5) Elman, B. 2000. A cultural history of civil examinations in late imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " This code should not reflect the colonial administration. The Hmong population was subject to Chinese administrative integration even before the republican period: 'From Song on, in periods of relative peace, government control was exercised through the tusi system of indirect rule by appointed native headmen who collected taxes, organized corvée, and kept the peace. Miao filled this role in Hunan and eastern Guizhou, but farther west the rulers were often drawn from a hereditary Yi nobility, a system that lasted into the twentieth century. In Guizhou, some tusi claimed Han ancestry, but were probably drawn from the ranks of assimilated Bouyei, Dong, and Miao. Government documents refer to the \"Sheng Miao\" (raw Miao), meaning those living in areas beyond government control and not paying taxes or labor service to the state. In the sixteenth century, in the more pacified areas, the implementation of the policy of gaitu guiliu began the replacement of native rulers with regular civilian and military officials, a few of whom were drawn from assimilated minority families. Land became a commodity, creating both landlords and some freeholding peasants in the areas affected. In the Yunnan-Guizhou border area, the tusi system continued and Miao purchase of land and participation in local markets was restricted by law until the Republican period (1911-1949).' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ 'Throughout the Republican period, the government favored a policy of assimilation for the Miao and strongly discouraged expressions of ethnicity. Southwestern China came under Communist government control by 1951, and Miao participated in land reform, collectivization, and the various national political campaigns.' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ The quasi-feudal Yi nobility was rewarded with labour services performed by the Hmong tenants working their land and not subject to formal examination. Officials serving in the military and civilian administrations were likely examined, as suggested by the degree of formalization presented in primary and secondary sources: 'Like Kweiyang, the hsien city of Lung-li was in an open plain, but a narrow one. The space between the mountains was sufficient for a walled town of one long street between the east and west gates and one or two on either side. There were fields outside the city walls. Its normal population was between three and four thousand, augmented during the war by the coming of some “companies” for the installation and repair of charcoal burners in motor lorries and the distillation of grain alcohol for fuel, an Army officers' training school, and the engineers' corps of the railway being built through the town from Kwangsi to Kweiyang. To it the people of the surrounding contryside, including at least three groups of Miao and the Chung-chia, went to market. It was also the seat of the hsien government and contained a middle school, postal and telegraph offices, and a cooperative bank, with all of which the non-Chinese, as well as the Chinese, had some dealings. A few of the more well-to-do families sent one of their boys to the middle school. Cases which could not be settled in the village or by the lien pao official, who was also a Chinese, were of necessity brought to the hsien court, as well as cases which involved both Miao and Chinese.' §REF§Mickey, Margaret Portia 1947. “Cowrie Shell Miao Of Kweichow”, 40b§REF§ The administration relied on clerks and other professionals, as evidenced in primary sources: 'Article 9. The secretary of the Bureau will receive his orders from the chief of the Bureau, and will attend to such matters as the writing of official despatches of the Bureau, the keeping of the archives, and directing the copying of documents. Article 10. The clerks will receive orders from the chief of the Bureau, and, under the direction of the department head, will assist in carrying out the various duties of the department. Article 11. The copyists will receive their orders from the chief of the Bureau and the departmental heads, and, under the direction of department members and the secretary, shall be responsible for copying despatches and telegrams.' §REF§Ling, Shun-sheng, Yifu Ruey, and Lien-en Tsao 1947. “Report On An Investigation Of The Miao Of Western Hunan”, 179§REF§ We have provisionally assumed that petty officials in the military bureaucracy were subject to some form of examination and merit promotion. This is open to re-evaluation." }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Before the Northern Sung, the principal means of entry into the social and political elite was by official recommendation or kinship relations.\" §REF§(Elmam 2000, 5) Elman, B. 2000. A cultural history of civil examinations in late imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Before the Northern Sung, the principal means of entry into the social and political elite was by official recommendation or kinship relations.\" §REF§(Elmam 2000, 5)§REF§" }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§孙孝伟. (2007). 金朝科举制度探析. 长春师范学院学报, 26(2), 42-45.§REF§§REF§韩育臻. (2007). 金朝文化政策成因探析 [J]. 青岛大学师范学院学报, 4, 78-84.§REF§§REF§刘达科. (2007). 金朝科举与文学. 社会科学辑刊, (3), 245-250.§REF§" }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Zhu experimented with the exam system. \"The first civil service exams were held at the lowest level (of three) in 1371. They were suspended two years later by a disgusted emperor, who found the graduates literary but impractical. Further recruitment by recommendations stressed virtue over book learning, but the exams were revived again in 1384 and remained in place from then on.\"§REF§(Lorge 2005, 109)§REF§" }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Distrustful of their own military peers, they revised the old T'ang examination system and used it to recruit shih ta-fu (\"literally servicemen and grand masters\"), essentially a new civil service, from among the emergent commoners and nouveau riche.\"§REF§(Hartman 2015, 20)§REF§<br>\"... the Sung examination system graduated on average about 200 chin-shih per year, and these graduates soon made up about 40 percent of “administrative-class” officials.\"§REF§(Hartman 2015, 34)§REF§<br>In the army \"Training and drill were studied scientifically, and in the best units, at least, men were allocated to different duties on the basis of examinations in shooting and various athletic pursuits.\"§REF§(Peers 2002, 34)§REF§" }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Before the Northern Sung, the principal means of entry into the social and political elite was by official recommendation or kinship relations.\" §REF§(Elmam 2000, 5) Elman, B. 2000. A cultural history of civil examinations in late imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"success in the civil service exams became a remote possibility for the overwhelming majority of educated men\"§REF§(Lorge 2005, 172)§REF§" }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " e.g. Civil service examinations required for selecting imperial state officials §REF§(Rowe 2010, 45-46)§REF§" }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Before the Northern Sung, the principal means of entry into the social and political elite was by official recommendation or kinship relations.\" §REF§(Elmam 2000, 5) Elman, B. 2000. A cultural history of civil examinations in late imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 260, "name": "cn_sui_dyn", "long_name": "Sui Dynasty", "start_year": 581, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The examination system was initiated in a partial form during the Han but had been in abeyance during practically all of the Period of Division. Under the Sui and T'ang it was taken up again and developed still further, reaching its full scope by the 8th century and becoming an important, although not the major, form for the recruiting of officials to the government bureaucracy. It should be noted, however, that the descendants of high officials had the right of entry into the register of officials without taking examinations.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 119)§REF§<br>\"The first mention of a degree and of a written examination is, I believe, for 595 when the examination of candidates for the hsiu-ts'ai degree is mentioned. Miyazaki believes that this was the name of the examination and of the degree given to the candidates sent up annually from the provinces. ... Two other examinations were also administered by the central government, the ming-ching and the chin-shih, to candidates who presented themselves. The hsiu-ts'ai apparently required broad general learning, the ming-ching tested the candidates' mastery of a specific classical work, while the chin-shih was primarily a test of literary ability.\"§REF§(Wright 1979, 86)§REF§" }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The examination system was initiated in a partial form during the Han but had been in abeyance during practically all of the Period of Division. Under the Sui and T'ang it was taken up again and developed still further, reaching its full scope by the 8th century and becoming an important, although not the major, form for the recruiting of officials to the government bureaucracy. It should be noted, however, that the descendants of high officials had the right of entry into the register of officials without taking examinations.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 119)§REF§<br>The examination system became more widespread during the Tang dynasty §REF§(Bol, Peter. North China Workshop 2016)§REF§ Although, it was still somewhat limited in its use due to the aristocratic society of this period. §REF§(Mostern, Ruth. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email)§REF§" }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The examination system was initiated in a partial form during the Han but had been in abeyance during practically all of the Period of Division. Under the Sui and T'ang it was taken up again and developed still further, reaching its full scope by the 8th century and becoming an important, although not the major, form for the recruiting of officials to the government bureaucracy. It should be noted, however, that the descendants of high officials had the right of entry into the register of officials without taking examinations.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 119)§REF§<br>The examination system became more widespread during the Tang dynasty §REF§(Bol, Peter. North China Workshop 2016)§REF§ Although, it was still somewhat limited in its use due to the aristocratic society of this period. §REF§(Mostern, Ruth. Personal Communication to Jill Levine, Dan Hoyer, and Peter Turchin. April 2020. Email)§REF§" }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Before the Northern Sung, the principal means of entry into the social and political elite was by official recommendation or kinship relations.\" §REF§(Elmam 2000, 5) Elman, B. 2000. A cultural history of civil examinations in late imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": "1 year study and examination. Pass examination to become eligible for position in government. §REF§(Roberts 2003, 50)§REF§<br>Crude examination system.§REF§(Zhao 2015, 68) Zhao, Dingxin in Scheidel, Walter. ed. 2015. State Power in Ancient China and Rome. Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>\"Before the Northern Sung, the principal means of entry into the social and political elite was by official recommendation or kinship relations.\" §REF§(Elmam 2000, 5) Elman, B. 2000. A cultural history of civil examinations in late imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "1 year study and examination. Pass examination to become eligible for position in government. §REF§(Roberts 2003, 50)§REF§<br>Crude examination system.§REF§(Zhao 2015, 68) Zhao, Dingxin in Scheidel, Walter. ed. 2015. State Power in Ancient China and Rome. Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>\"Before the Northern Sung, the principal means of entry into the social and political elite was by official recommendation or kinship relations.\" §REF§(Elmam 2000, 5) Elman, B. 2000. A cultural history of civil examinations in late imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"Before the Northern Sung, the principal means of entry into the social and political elite was by official recommendation or kinship relations.\" §REF§(Elmam 2000, 5) Elman, B. 2000. A cultural history of civil examinations in late imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 419, "name": "cn_yangshao", "long_name": "Yangshao", "start_year": -5000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Yuan rarely held imperial examination but adopted heredity and recommendation as the major recruit sources. Only 16 imperial examinations were held during Yuan." }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 435, "name": "co_neguanje", "long_name": "Neguanje", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Various 'public works' are suggestive of some form of administrative organization, but not sufficient to justify coding full-time bureaucrats present." }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 196, "name": "ec_shuar_1", "long_name": "Shuar - Colonial", "start_year": 1534, "end_year": 1830 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 197, "name": "ec_shuar_2", "long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian", "start_year": 1831, "end_year": 1931 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§(Chamberlain 1998, 234-35) Chamberlain, Michael. 1998. “The Crusader Era and the Ayyūbid Dynasty.” In The Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol. 1: Islamic Egypt, 640-1517, edited by Carl F. Petry, 211-41. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/XQVWZ4VA\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/XQVWZ4VA</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 510, "name": "eg_badarian", "long_name": "Badarian", "start_year": -4400, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 514, "name": "eg_dynasty_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty I", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 515, "name": "eg_dynasty_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty II", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 205, "name": "eg_inter_occupation", "long_name": "Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period", "start_year": -404, "end_year": -342 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Mamluk slaves trained and likely tested and advanced on merit but career depended on master achieving office or being agreeable to the reigning Sultan. No centralized examination system for the government." }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Mamluk slaves trained and likely tested and advanced on merit but career depended on master achieving office. No centralized examination system for the government. <i>needs to be checked</i><br>" }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " unknown? originally coded as uncertain_absent_present" }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 511, "name": "eg_naqada_1", "long_name": "Naqada I", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Schools attached to departments. §REF§(Unknown <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.oup.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/170013/HUR_Ant2_2e_Ch01.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">[8]</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 198, "name": "eg_new_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period", "start_year": -1550, "end_year": -1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Schools attached to departments. §REF§(Unknown <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.oup.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/170013/HUR_Ant2_2e_Ch01.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">[6]</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Examination_system", "examination_system": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Scribal training and literacy was very important. §REF§(Manning 2015, Personal Communication)§REF§" } ] }