Court List
A viewset for viewing and editing Courts.
GET /api/sc/courts/?format=api&page=9
{ "count": 435, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/courts/?format=api&page=8", "results": [ { "id": 403, "polity": { "id": 219, "name": "sd_makuria_k_3", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom III", "start_year": 850, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 404, "polity": { "id": 235, "name": "my_malacca_sultanate_22222", "long_name": "Malacca Sultanate", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1415 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "present", "comment": null, "description": "As a Muslim sultanate, Sharia courts would have likely been used to regulate society.§REF§“Since law can only be the pre-ordained system of God’s commands of Sharī’a, jurisprudence is the science of fiqh, or ‘understanding’ and ascertaining that; and the classical legal theory consists of the formulation and analysis of the principles by which such comprehension is to be achieved. Four such basic principles, which represent distinct but correlated manifestations of God’s will and which are known as the ‘roots of jurisprudence’ (usūl al-fiqh), are recognized by the classical theory: the word of God himself in the Qur’ān, the divinely inspired conduct or sunna of the Prophet, reasoning by analogy or qiyās and consensus of opinion or ijmā.” (Coulson 1964, 75-76) Coulson, Noel. 1964. A History of Islamic Law. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 405, "polity": { "id": 393, "name": "in_maukhari_dyn", "long_name": "Maukhari Dynasty", "start_year": 550, "end_year": 605 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "present", "comment": "Inferred from (also inferred) existence of a judiciary. \"As regards the system of justice we know next to nothing[...]. The judiciary must have been well-graded, as the Deo-Baranark inscription speaks of a chief magistrate.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9EVTVIVQ\">[Pires 1934, p. 171]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 406, "polity": { "id": 209, "name": "ma_mauretania", "long_name": "Mauretania", "start_year": -125, "end_year": 44 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"In general, the period of the independent Numidian and Mauretanian kingdoms saw the evolution and entrenchment of a culture of mixed Libyan and Phoenician character, the latter element being culturally dominant though naturally representing only a minority of the population as a whole.\"§REF§(Mahjoubi and Salama 1981, 462-463) A Mahjoubi and P Salama. The Roman and post-Roman period in North Africa. G Mokhtar. ed. 1981. General History of Africa II. Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Heinemann. California.§REF§" }, { "id": 407, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "absent", "comment": "Sources do not suggest there is evidence for a formal legal system during this period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 408, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "absent", "comment": "Sources do not suggest there is evidence for a formal legal system during this period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 409, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "\"The towns of Cirta and Capsa ... had municipal institutions modelled on those of the Phoenicians, their chief magistrates bearing the Phoenician title sufet.\"§REF§(Law 1978, 184) R C C Law. North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, 323 BC to AD 305. J D Fage. Roland Anthony Oliver. eds. 1978. The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2. c. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 410, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Islamic legal scholarship has a long history in Yemen: 'Yemeni society is hierarchically organized on the basis of birth status and occupation. Until relative political stability was achieved in the late 1970s, birth and occupational statuses were legitimized as ascribed social categories. The elimination of practical barriers that restrict power and privilege?especially through marriage and education?to certain members of the society has only just begun. Under the system of ranked social categories, members of respectable groupings recognized their own noble descent and considered themselves the protectors of servants, former slaves, artisans, and certain farmers, all of whom were thought of as ?deficient,? either because they provided a service or craft?such as bloodletting, butchery, or barbering?that involved contact with polluting substances, or because their origins were discredited as ignoble. The tribal code of protection was also extended to elites at the top of the social scale, especially to sayyids, the reputed descendants of the Prophet, who originally came to Yemen to serve as mediators between tribes and who are respected for their religious expertise. Another social category, that of legal scholars, also inherits high status in the ranking order. Scholars, along with shuyukh (sing. shaykh ), who are tribal leaders, typically serve as village administrators. The majority of Yemenis use various equivalent or substitute terms to identify themselves within the social hierarchy, including qaba\\??\\il in the northern highlands to connote tribal membership, ra\\??\\iyah in the south to mean ?cultivators,? and \\??\\arab along the coast to signify respectable ancestry. Former slaves continue to act as agents and domestics in the households of former masters, but the most menial jobs (e.g., removing human waste from the street) are reserved for Yemenis who are alleged descendants of Ethiopians of the pre-Islamic era. In addition, Yemen relies on a range of foreigners from the East and West for professional, technical, and custodial services.' §REF§Walters, Dolores M.: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Yemenis§REF§ The Ottoman administrators introduced reforms of the judicial system, although many of them were undone during the Imamic period: 'The twentieth century opened in Yemen with a judgeship recently modified in accord with Ottoman reforms. Behind the simple character of the 1916 Ottoman personnel list lies a template for a new way of thinking about the nature of the shariʽa court. Although the more sweeping changes represented by the new Nizamiyya courts established in the central provinces of the empire were not instituted in the highlands, there were some significant innovations. A modicum of “order” (nizam), on a scale reduced and adapted for the special circumstances of Ottoman rule in Yemen, was introduced into local judicial affairs, as it had been in the closely associated sphere ofinstruction. Like Ottoman schools, much of this new system would apparently be undone by Imam Yahya, only to reappear in the institutional reforms of the republic. Undramatic though they may now appear, the innovations signaled in the personnel list were elements of a comprehensive reformulation of the judicial process, and beyond, as in the case of instruction, of the state itself. The list embodies selected bits and pieces of a much larger Ottoman bureacratic scheme for a justice system, one roughly analogous (p.188) In scope and detail to the legislation for judicial organization enacted in Yemen in 1979. The 1916 Ibb court staff were implementing a style of bureaucratic behavior radically different from that of the patrimonial imamic state, one that would only begin to be fully elaborated conceptually and enacted in practice with the wave of legislation and accompanying generation of complex new state organs in the 1970s.' §REF§Messick, Brinkley 2012. \"The Calligraphic State\", 187p§REF§ 'With the Turkish occupation (1872-1918), the dramatic events that historians record shift in part from the west and south into the tribes‘ own territory. The political reality was complex, and at most points up to 1918 the Turks found support from Yemenis, not least from certain northern shaykhs whose fortunes were bound up with the Turkish presence. The clerk of the San’a’ court learned Turkish. Many if the ‘ulama’ supported the Turks even when the Imam’s fight against them was at its height, and he ambiguities of resisting the Turkish Sultan, who himself was seen to be beset by Christendom, were usually marked. None the less there was sustained resistance in the north. Tribes and Imams fought the Turks repeatedly, and the dynasty of Imams emerged that was to rule Yemen until the 1960s.’ §REF§Dresch, Paul 1989. “Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen”, 219§REF§ The British in Aden promoted the formalization of Islamic judicial authority: 'In the Yemeni sultanates known collectively as the Aden Protectorate, the British were instrumental in the institutionalization of formal shariʽa courts and in the consequent decline of customary law. “shariʽa law appears in South Arabia largely as the tool of the centralized government, whether indigenous or foreign,” Anderson writes (1970 [1955]: 11). For the “Protecting Power,” he continues, “there is … a natural tendency to champion the shariʽa, for it is ‘tidier’ than the vagaries of local custom from the administrative point of view and provides better political propaganda.” Promotion of the shariʽa enabled (p.66) the British to “pose as in some degree the champion of Islam, in partial imitation of the Governments of the Yemen and of Saudi Arabia” (1970: 12n).' §REF§Messick, Brinkley 2012. \"The Calligraphic State\", 65p§REF§" }, { "id": 411, "polity": { "id": 293, "name": "ua_russian_principate", "long_name": "Russian Principate", "start_year": 1133, "end_year": 1240 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Another basic function of the prince was the provision of judicial services through his officials; the Russkaia Pravda indicates that this function arose already at an early stage, i.e. under the first Kievan grand princes.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 426-427) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§<br>\"before sending a baliliff to a foreign merchant the claimant must submit the case to the alderman of the foreign merchants' guild ... a foreign merchant with a claim against a local resident must seek the aid of a local official (the bailiff, detskii, or the tiun ...); in cases between a foreign and a local merchant, the court will apply the lex loc ...\" Tenth century Smolensk Pravda.\"§REF§(Feldbrugge 2017, 464) Ferdinand J M Feldbrugge. 2017. A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 412, "polity": { "id": 412, "name": "in_sharqi_dyn", "long_name": "Sharqi", "start_year": 1394, "end_year": 1479 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 413, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Askia Muhammed Toure (r.1493-1529 CE) \"appointed the first qadi of Jenne and extended Islamic judicial administration to other towns by establishing courts and appointing judges.\" §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 593)§REF§" }, { "id": 414, "polity": { "id": 380, "name": "th_sukhotai", "long_name": "Sukhotai", "start_year": 1238, "end_year": 1419 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 415, "polity": { "id": 217, "name": "dz_tahert", "long_name": "Tahert", "start_year": 761, "end_year": 909 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 416, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 417, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 418, "polity": { "id": 279, "name": "kz_yueban", "long_name": "Yueban", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "The Yueban were part of northern Xiongnu, who inhabited in the upper Hi River during the fourth and fifth centuries.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§ \"From limited references in the Beishi (Northern histories) and the Weishu (History of the Wei), we know that the Yueban had a well-developed kingdom, with a population of two hundred thousand that spanned thousands of kilometers, in the area north of Kucha.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§" }, { "id": 419, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 420, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "unknown", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 421, "polity": { "id": 337, "name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn", "long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty", "start_year": 1480, "end_year": 1613 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "present", "comment": "Courts were present throughout the period for the Grand Duchy and its vassal states. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VJ8JF4TU\">[Perrie 2006, p. 365]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 422, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "absent", "comment": "In Norman England, legal proceedings were conducted in multi-purpose locations, such as:<br>\r\nShire halls for shire courts.\r\nManorial halls for manorial courts.\r\nCastles or churches for some royal or ecclesiastical cases.\r\nThese locations were not exclusively designated for legal proceedings but were used for various administrative, military, or religious functions. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AX58VRK2\">[Pollock_Maitland 2010]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JISXN2HM\">[Carpenter 2003]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 423, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "absent", "comment": "Judicial proceedings were typically held in multi-purpose structures, such as manorial halls, noble residences, or public spaces (e.g., open fields or marketplaces), rather than in buildings exclusively dedicated to legal proceedings. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7SHDPVIS\">[Reuter 1991]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 424, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "present", "comment": "The Tanzimat reforms introduced Nizamiye courts (secular courts), which operated in dedicated court buildings, often modeled on European designs. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T6ZQKT6N\">[Rubin 2011]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 425, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 426, "polity": { "id": 47, "name": "id_kalingga_k", "long_name": "Kalingga Kingdom", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. Borobudur reliefs depict the stepped roof type pendopo which once sheltered the institutions of ancient Javanese kingdoms, such as law courts, clergy, palaces, and for public appearances of the king and his ministers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KB6RNAPC\">[Schoppert 1997]</a> AD: no reference to Pendopos before the Medang period.", "description": null }, { "id": 427, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown.<br>inferred present: precursor to Zhou development?<br> \"With the development of the state machine of the Zhou dynasty, under the leadership of the monarch, the central judicial organizations headed by \"Si Kou\" (the minister of justice) and \"Shi Shi\" (the official in charge of criminal affairs) were established, and the local judicial organizations, named \"Xiang Shi\", \"Sui Shi\", \"Xian Shi\", \"Fang Shi\", and \"Ya Shi\", had also been set up to deal with the judicial affairs.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MEIWSHID\">[Zhang 2014, p. 155]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 428, "polity": { "id": 169, "name": "tr_lysimachus_k", "long_name": "Lysimachus Kingdom", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -281 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null }, { "id": 429, "polity": { "id": 229, "name": "ml_mali_emp", "long_name": "Mali Empire", "start_year": 1230, "end_year": 1410 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "unknown \"Mali rulers enforced customary law when it suited them and preserved ancient ceremonials.\" Some of the ruling classes and merchant classes were Muslim, everyone else pagan.§REF§(Lapidus 2012, 592)§REF§ \"It was customary for rulers of Western Sudan kingdoms to hold what were called audiences, during which ordinary citizens could submit complaints and legal disputes.\" §REF§(Conrad 2010, 52)§REF§ They were held in public and one was witnessed by Ibn Battuta on his 1352-1353 visit. §REF§(Conrad 2010, 52)§REF§" }, { "id": 430, "polity": { "id": 435, "name": "co_neguanje", "long_name": "Neguanje", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "uncoded", "comment": "No textual evidence before the Spanish conquest.", "description": null }, { "id": 431, "polity": { "id": 166, "name": "tr_phrygian_k", "long_name": "Phrygian Kingdom", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -695 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown. Coded present for New Kingdom of Hatti and inferred present for Neo-Hittites. However, the Phyrgians were not Neo-Hittites.", "description": null }, { "id": 432, "polity": { "id": 359, "name": "ye_ziyad_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen Ziyadid Dynasty", "start_year": 822, "end_year": 1037 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "uncoded", "comment": "Unclear whether there were dedicated buildings for legal proceedings. The Ziyad state in the Tihama was a \"stronghold of Sunnism\", which suggests that Islamic law was followed. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GIDWD7R3\">[Stookey 1978, p. 57]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 433, "polity": { "id": 508, "name": "ir_ak_koyunlu", "long_name": "Ak Koyunlu", "start_year": 1339, "end_year": 1501 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "uncoded", "comment": "present in the Timurid period.", "description": null }, { "id": 434, "polity": { "id": 405, "name": "in_gahadavala_dyn", "long_name": "Gahadavala Dynasty", "start_year": 1085, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "uncoded", "comment": "From an essay on \"The Rajput Administration\". The Gahadavala dynasty are sometimes considered Rajputs or perhaps proto-Rajputs as strictly speaking the Rajputs date from a later time in this location: \"The talara, dandapasika or araksika, as a policeman was called, looked to the security of life and property and carried out preliminary investigation in criminal cases.\" talaraksa. class of officers called Sadhanikas \"whose duty was almost that of the modern Prosecuting Police Inspectors.\" Vyavaharin was a type of officer. \"In small principalities the chief himself must have presided over his court. But in coming to a decision about the case before him and the punishment that was to be given to the accused he was assisted not only by experts in dharmasastra but also Karanikas. If Karanika be regarded as an abbreviated form of dharmadhikaranika, he could have been a judicial officer.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5CEUP25X\">[Bakshi_Gajrani_Singh 2005, p. 402]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 435, "polity": { "id": 147, "name": "jp_heian", "long_name": "Heian", "start_year": 794, "end_year": 1185 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown?", "description": null }, { "id": 436, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7MTFU42T\">[Litvinsky_et_al 1996, p. 144]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 437, "polity": { "id": 145, "name": "jp_kofun", "long_name": "Kansai - Kofun Period", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 537 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Court", "court": "uncoded", "comment": "unknown", "description": null } ] }