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{ "count": 465, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/articles/?format=api&page=9", "results": [ { "id": 453, "polity": { "id": 230, "name": "dz_tlemcen", "long_name": "Tlemcen", "start_year": 1235, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Article", "article": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Its main asset was the city of Tlemcen, which had replaced Tahart as the main commerical entrepot of the central Maghrib. It was located where the important north-south route, running from Oran (Wahran) to the Saharan oases and further south to the Sudan, crossed the west-east axis between Fez and Ifrikiya\".§REF§(Hrbek 1984, 94) I Hrbek. The disintegration of political unity in the Maghrib. Djibril Tamsir Niane. ed. 1984. Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. UNESCO. Heinemann. California.§REF§ This was the gold route. Salt and other articles also have been traded?" }, { "id": 454, "polity": { "id": 240, "name": "ma_wattasid_dyn", "long_name": "Wattasid", "start_year": 1465, "end_year": 1554 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Article", "article": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 455, "polity": { "id": 291, "name": "cn_xixia", "long_name": "Xixia", "start_year": 1032, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Article", "article": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 456, "polity": { "id": 279, "name": "kz_yueban", "long_name": "Yueban", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Article", "article": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": "The Yueban were part of northern Xiongnu, who inhabited in the upper Hi River during the fourth and fifth centuries.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§ \"From limited references in the Beishi (Northern histories) and the Weishu (History of the Wei), we know that the Yueban had a well-developed kingdom, with a population of two hundred thousand that spanned thousands of kilometers, in the area north of Kucha.\"§REF§(Li and Hansen 2003, 63) Jian Li. Valerie Hansen. 2003. The glory of the silk road: art from ancient China. The Dayton Art Institute.§REF§" }, { "id": 457, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Article", "article": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 458, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Article", "article": "present", "comment": "Salt to Sudan.", "description": null }, { "id": 459, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Article", "article": "absent", "comment": "The Anglo-Saxon monetary economy was one of the most advanced in Europe, relying on coins rather than articles. This system continued and expanded under Norman rule. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JISXN2HM\">[Carpenter 2003]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T8DZBQSY\">[Dyer 2002]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 460, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Article", "article": "present", "comment": "Grain Tithes:\r\n\r\nRecords from monastic estates, such as those of the Abbey of Fulda, include grain payments as part of tenant obligations. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQIHZGPT\">[Reuter 2012]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 461, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Article", "article": "present", "comment": "Grain, a staple commodity, was often used as a medium of exchange in rural areas. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7UM53M9J\">[Quataert 2005]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 462, "polity": { "id": 21, "name": "us_hawaii_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period", "start_year": 1820, "end_year": 1898 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Article", "article": "absent", "comment": "Hawaiian society relied on a redistributive economy managed by aliʻi (chiefs), where goods like fish, taro, and feathers had high value but were exchanged within a system of tribute and reciprocity, not as standardized forms of money.\r\n\r\n\r\nAfter Western contact, Hawaiʻi transitioned to a monetary system based on coins and paper currency. Articles with regular uses (e.g., food or tools) continued to be bartered in rural areas but were not systematically used as money. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ST8ANNS2\">[Kuykendall 1997]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 463, "polity": { "id": 140, "name": "jp_jomon_3", "long_name": "Japan - Early Jomon", "start_year": -5300, "end_year": -3500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Article", "article": "uncoded", "comment": "(i.e. things that are also useful, such as cattle and axes)", "description": null }, { "id": 464, "polity": { "id": 142, "name": "jp_jomon_5", "long_name": "Japan - Late Jomon", "start_year": -2500, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Article", "article": "uncoded", "comment": "(e.g. cattle, axes...)", "description": null }, { "id": 465, "polity": { "id": 141, "name": "jp_jomon_4", "long_name": "Japan - Middle Jomon", "start_year": -3500, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Article", "article": "uncoded", "comment": "(i.e. useful things like cattle and axes)", "description": null }, { "id": 466, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Article", "article": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown.", "description": null }, { "id": 467, "polity": { "id": 405, "name": "in_gahadavala_dyn", "long_name": "Gahadavala Dynasty", "start_year": 1085, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Article", "article": "uncoded", "comment": "From an essay on \"The Rajput Administration\". The Gahadavala dynasty are sometimes considered Rajputs or perhaps proto-Rajputs as strictly speaking the Rajputs date from a later time in this location: \"1. Udranga or bhaga or dani, a land tax paid in kind, generally at the rate of 1/6 or more of the produce. 2. Hiranya was perhaps the amount of land tax paid in cash. ... 3. Bhoga included customary presents of perishable articles like fruit, milk, vegetables, etc. This included also the provision of lodging and bedding for the ruler and his officials. ... 4. Dana or Sulka was the customs duty paid at the mandapika or octroi post. 5. Danda or fines imposed for ten major aparadhas known collectively as dusaparadha. These included disobeying the king's orders, murder of a woman, confusion of varnas, adultery, theft, pregnancy from one not the husband, abuse and defamation, obscenity, assault and abortion. Fines were levied for other reasons also. 6. Abhavyas or miscellaneous taxes ... The talara looked to the security of a town. Batadhipa was perhaps the officer-in-charge of a posse of policemen. ...\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5CEUP25X\">[Bakshi_Gajrani_Singh 2005, pp. 396-397]</a>", "description": null } ] }