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{
"id": 258,
"polity": {
"id": 144,
"name": "jp_yayoi",
"long_name": "Kansai - Yayoi Period",
"start_year": -300,
"end_year": 250
},
"year_from": null,
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"tag": "TRS",
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Thus, the overall pattern in this period appears to have been collective propitiation of the kami, either by leaders or community members, in order to avoid their wrath for violations of purity. At least some of these purity violations were, however, the result of interpersonal transgressions—with a particular focus on transgressions related to rice cultivation.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 235]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 259,
"polity": {
"id": 145,
"name": "jp_kofun",
"long_name": "Kansai - Kofun Period",
"start_year": 250,
"end_year": 537
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Thus, the overall pattern in this period appears to have been collective propitiation of the kami, either by leaders or community members, in order to avoid their wrath for violations of purity. At least some of these purity violations were, however, the result of interpersonal transgressions—with a particular focus on transgressions related to rice cultivation.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 235]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 260,
"polity": {
"id": 151,
"name": "jp_azuchi_momoyama",
"long_name": "Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama",
"start_year": 1568,
"end_year": 1603
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"From the fifteenth century, a belief spread that three kami in particular—known as Ise, Hachiman, and Kasuga—taught the virtues of sincerity, purity, and benevolence and they would provide protection to those who practiced these virtues, even if no prayers were offered (Masahide 1991: 393).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 241]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 261,
"polity": {
"id": 152,
"name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate",
"long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate",
"start_year": 1603,
"end_year": 1868
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"From the fifteenth century, a belief spread that three kami in particular—known as Ise, Hachiman, and Kasuga—taught the virtues of sincerity, purity, and benevolence and they would provide protection to those who practiced these virtues, even if no prayers were offered (Masahide 1991: 393).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 241]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 262,
"polity": {
"id": 139,
"name": "jp_jomon_2",
"long_name": "Japan - Initial Jomon",
"start_year": -9200,
"end_year": -5300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 263,
"polity": {
"id": 140,
"name": "jp_jomon_3",
"long_name": "Japan - Early Jomon",
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"end_year": -3500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 264,
"polity": {
"id": 138,
"name": "jp_jomon_1",
"long_name": "Japan - Incipient Jomon",
"start_year": -13600,
"end_year": -9200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 265,
"polity": {
"id": 141,
"name": "jp_jomon_4",
"long_name": "Japan - Middle Jomon",
"start_year": -3500,
"end_year": -2500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 266,
"polity": {
"id": 142,
"name": "jp_jomon_5",
"long_name": "Japan - Late Jomon",
"start_year": -2500,
"end_year": -1200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 267,
"polity": {
"id": 143,
"name": "jp_jomon_6",
"long_name": "Japan - Final Jomon",
"start_year": -1200,
"end_year": -300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 268,
"polity": {
"id": 148,
"name": "jp_kamakura",
"long_name": "Kamakura Shogunate",
"start_year": 1185,
"end_year": 1333
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In this period, these beings came to be seen as rewarding good behavior and punishing transgressions generally; this was now referred to as shobatsu, “reward and punishment,” as opposed to the older, but still current, term tatari, that is, causing misfortune as a result of pollution.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 269,
"polity": {
"id": 149,
"name": "jp_ashikaga",
"long_name": "Ashikaga Shogunate",
"start_year": 1336,
"end_year": 1467
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In this period, these beings came to be seen as rewarding good behavior and punishing transgressions generally; this was now referred to as shobatsu, “reward and punishment,” as opposed to the older, but still current, term tatari, that is, causing misfortune as a result of pollution.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 270,
"polity": {
"id": 263,
"name": "jp_nara",
"long_name": "Nara Kingdom",
"start_year": 710,
"end_year": 794
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"As it spread, Buddhist divinities (buddhas, bodhisattvas, and foreign deities associated with Buddhism) were at first seen as “foreign kami,” who differed from Japanese kami only in their geographic origins and the rituals they required; otherwise, like their Japanese counterparts, “they were thought to cause diseases when angered, and to lend their power to the clan that conducted their cult, if only they were worshipped correctly and generously” (Teeuwen and Rambelli 2003: 7).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 236]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 271,
"polity": {
"id": 146,
"name": "jp_asuka",
"long_name": "Asuka",
"start_year": 538,
"end_year": 710
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"As it spread, Buddhist divinities (buddhas, bodhisattvas, and foreign deities associated with Buddhism) were at first seen as “foreign kami,” who differed from Japanese kami only in their geographic origins and the rituals they required; otherwise, like their Japanese counterparts, “they were thought to cause diseases when angered, and to lend their power to the clan that conducted their cult, if only they were worshipped correctly and generously” (Teeuwen and Rambelli 2003: 7).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 236]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 272,
"polity": {
"id": 68,
"name": "gr_crete_classical",
"long_name": "Classical Crete",
"start_year": -500,
"end_year": -323
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "“[…] Greek tragedy mainly reinforces MSP beliefs within the moral domains traditionally subject to divine supervision: oaths, xenia, suppliants, and burial rites. Violators in these areas are always punished (Mikalson 1991: 129–30), whether the playwright is Aeschylus, Sophocles, or Euripides. As in the Archaic period, the concept of impiety included various forms of sacrilege or blasphemy, such as insulting the gods, as well as a canonical list of interpersonal offenses that had not changed much since the Early Iron Age.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 28]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 273,
"polity": {
"id": 67,
"name": "gr_crete_archaic",
"long_name": "Archaic Crete",
"start_year": -710,
"end_year": -500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Despite these signs of superhuman interest in enforcing interpersonal morality, most of the evidence for MSP relates to infractions against the gods themselves. Both sacrilege, such as insulting the gods or robbing a shrine, and transgressions against fellow humans were included under the concept of impiety (asebeia) (Delli Pizzi 2011). To elicit divine punishment for offenses outside of the “canonical” forms of wrongdoing, it was necessary to attract the gods’ interest and to place the matter within their purview.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 26]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 274,
"polity": {
"id": 66,
"name": "gr_crete_geometric",
"long_name": "Geometric Crete",
"start_year": -1000,
"end_year": -710
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Homer’s Iliad represents the viewpoint of the aristocratic chieftain, who rules over a group of settlements in a warrior culture. In the world of the Iliad, the gods rarely pay attention to the behavior of lowly people. Zeus’s moral concern is usually limited to enforcement of the warrior code and the norms of behavior between elite males in three domains: guest friendship, oaths, and supplication. While violations of these norms reliably draw his attention, the ways of Zeus are difficult to know, and he does not always punish those who deserve it. Where moral transgressions lie outside Zeus’s specific domains of moral interest, a wronged person must pray for justice and persuade Zeus or other gods to get involved (Saunders 1996: 38).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 22]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 275,
"polity": {
"id": 69,
"name": "gr_crete_hellenistic",
"long_name": "Hellenistic Crete",
"start_year": -323,
"end_year": -69
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring continuity with previous period. “[…] Greek tragedy mainly reinforces MSP beliefs within the moral domains traditionally subject to divine supervision: oaths, xenia, suppliants, and burial rites. Violators in these areas are always punished (Mikalson 1991: 129–30), whether the playwright is Aeschylus, Sophocles, or Euripides. As in the Archaic period, the concept of impiety included various forms of sacrilege or blasphemy, such as insulting the gods, as well as a canonical list of interpersonal offenses that had not changed much since the Early Iron Age.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 28]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 278,
"polity": {
"id": 516,
"name": "eg_old_k_1",
"long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom",
"start_year": -2650,
"end_year": -2350
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“By the middle of the third millennium, the Egyptian cosmos was thus structured in moral as well as metaphysical and material terms. The opposite of ma’at was isfet (disorder, chaos), a concept that probably included evil and wrongdoing (e.g., Assmann [1990] 2006: 176).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 72]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 279,
"polity": {
"id": 510,
"name": "eg_badarian",
"long_name": "Badarian",
"start_year": -4400,
"end_year": -3800
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 280,
"polity": {
"id": 473,
"name": "iq_ubaid",
"long_name": "Ubaid",
"start_year": -5500,
"end_year": -4000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Iconographic and archaeological data from the Ubaid period strongly suggests belief that gods primarily rewarded those who provided them with correct ritual worship and suitable offerings. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9TDGABWZ\">[Hole_Carter_Philip 2010, pp. 228-238]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7SJIX8HS\">[Peasnall_Peregrine_Ember 2002, p. 381]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 281,
"polity": {
"id": 474,
"name": "iq_uruk",
"long_name": "Uruk",
"start_year": -4000,
"end_year": -2900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Evidence from the Uruk period strongly suggests belief that gods primarily rewarded those who provided them with correct ritual worship and suitable offerings. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/U43PKNTU\">[Cunningham 2013, pp. 41-48]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 282,
"polity": {
"id": 515,
"name": "eg_dynasty_2",
"long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty II",
"start_year": -2900,
"end_year": -2687
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The presence of the strongly ethical concept of ma’at by the Second Dynasty opens up the possibility that deities could have had a role in enforcing human morality and punishing transgressions.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 71]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 283,
"polity": {
"id": 517,
"name": "eg_old_k_2",
"long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom",
"start_year": -2350,
"end_year": -2150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“By the middle of the third millennium, the Egyptian cosmos was thus structured in moral as well as metaphysical and material terms. The opposite of ma’at was isfet (disorder, chaos), a concept that probably included evil and wrongdoing (e.g., Assmann [1990] 2006: 176).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 72]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 284,
"polity": {
"id": 165,
"name": "tr_neo_hittite_k",
"long_name": "Neo-Hittite Kingdoms",
"start_year": -1180,
"end_year": -900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "“The small polities that occupied the south and southeast of the peninsula during the Early and Middle Iron Age are known as “Neo-Hittite” because they preserved certain aspects of the older Hittite culture, especially the iconography and rhetoric of kingship, but the degree of religious continuity after 1200 BCE remains unclear in many cases.” Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to infer a degree of continuity in this case. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 285,
"polity": {
"id": 344,
"name": "tr_urartu_k",
"long_name": "Urartu Kingdom",
"start_year": -1200,
"end_year": -710
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "“Overall, iconography and epigraphy suggest that Urartian religion primarily served to bolster royal legitimacy rather than promote proper moral conduct (Smith 2000). The king occupied a divinely legitimated position like the monarchs of both Ḫatti and Mesopotamia (Kravitz 2003: 90–92; Zimansky 1995: 1144). Haldi, the supreme god, was a warlike deity who supported the king’s conquests; both he and the lesser gods required regular animal sacrifices and festivities in their honor (Taffet and Yakar 1998; Zimansky 1995). However, as in the Hittite case, it should be kept in mind that the surviving sources are heavily biased toward elite ideologies.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 137]</a> Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to infer some continuity with Hittite religion, which was lightly moralizing; in particular, it seems reasonable to infer the persistence of the belief in supernatural punishment for oath-breakers.",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 286,
"polity": {
"id": 167,
"name": "tr_tabal_k",
"long_name": "Tabal Kingdoms",
"start_year": -900,
"end_year": -730
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "“Phrygian religion is even less well understood than Urartian religion because of the very small corpus of textual evidence.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 137]</a> Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to infer some continuity with Hittite religion, which was lightly moralizing.",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 287,
"polity": {
"id": 168,
"name": "tr_lydia_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Lydia",
"start_year": -670,
"end_year": -546
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "“Though current impressions of Lydia are colored by Greek authors’ stereotypes of Eastern decadence and tyranny, it must be admitted that, again, there is little evidence of any belief in [supernatural moralizing enforcement].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 137]</a> Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to infer some continuity with Hittite religion, which was lightly moralizing; in particular, it seems reasonable to infer the persistence of the belief in supernatural punishment for oath-breakers.",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 288,
"polity": {
"id": 243,
"name": "cn_late_shang_dyn",
"long_name": "Late Shang",
"start_year": -1250,
"end_year": -1045
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "“Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 289,
"polity": {
"id": 244,
"name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn",
"long_name": "Western Zhou",
"start_year": -1122,
"end_year": -771
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The first Zhou king received de (merit) from Tian, which was earned by subsequent kings through “military and ritual performances as well as through prescribed sacrifices to the earlier Zhou kings.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B2ZKMSYY\">[Cook_Childs-Johnson 2020, p. 443]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 290,
"polity": {
"id": 358,
"name": "sa_rashidun_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen Hijaz",
"start_year": 632,
"end_year": 661
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 291,
"polity": {
"id": 710,
"name": "tz_tana",
"long_name": "Classic Tana",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1498
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 292,
"polity": {
"id": 669,
"name": "ni_hausa_k",
"long_name": "Hausa bakwai",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1808
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 293,
"polity": {
"id": 454,
"name": "fr_la_tene_b2_c1",
"long_name": "La Tene B2-C1",
"start_year": -325,
"end_year": -175
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Based on current knowledge, broad moralizing enforcement is absent from most pre-Christian polytheistic cultures, especially in Europe. We are inferring this absence backwards to the Bell Beaker period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DYW2LWKS\">[Johnston 2004]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WCMV3GFJ\">[Watts 2013]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 294,
"polity": {
"id": 455,
"name": "fr_la_tene_c2_d",
"long_name": "La Tene C2-D",
"start_year": -175,
"end_year": -27
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Based on current knowledge, broad moralizing enforcement is absent from most pre-Christian polytheistic cultures, especially in Europe. We are inferring this absence backwards to the Bell Beaker period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DYW2LWKS\">[Johnston 2004]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WCMV3GFJ\">[Watts 2013]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 296,
"polity": {
"id": 216,
"name": "mr_wagadu_2",
"long_name": "Middle Wagadu Empire",
"start_year": 700,
"end_year": 1077
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 297,
"polity": {
"id": 110,
"name": "il_judea",
"long_name": "Yehuda",
"start_year": -141,
"end_year": -63
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The Deuteronomist’s system of supernatural punishment and reward, originally focused on the monopoly of a single deity, was applied by the period of Early Judaism to the whole spectrum of Torah law. This spectrum ranged from prosocial behavior and ethics to civil, criminal, and ceremonial legislation.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/D6RSSBZ4\">[Biró_et_al 2024, p. 76]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 298,
"polity": {
"id": 647,
"name": "er_medri_bahri",
"long_name": "Medri Bahri",
"start_year": 1310,
"end_year": 1889
},
"year_from": 1310,
"year_to": 1750,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“We have said that deification means ‘following the commandments’; and these commandments were briefly described by Christ as love of God and love of neighbour. The two forms of love are inseparable. A man can love his neighbour as himself only if he loves God above all; and a man cannot love God if he does not love his fellow men (1 John iv, 20).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 241]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 299,
"polity": {
"id": 103,
"name": "il_canaan",
"long_name": "Canaan",
"start_year": -2000,
"end_year": -1175
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The following summary—based on admittedly meagre evidence—suggests a belief system that did not feature moralizing supernatural enforcement. “Syro-Canaanite religion can be best summed up as a belief in a group of deities or supernatural beings that were immanent in the natural world, although generally hidden from human view. Their powers were manifested through natural phenomena and in political and military acts of the rulers or kings whom they chose and supported. The gods and humans related in a master-servant relationship. The gods provided blessing and support to the people, and the people were expected to serve the deities, with various gifts and lavish praise. Offending the deities could anger them and bring catastrophe to humans.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A3BCAWIE\">[Wright_Iles-Johnson 2004, p. 179]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 300,
"polity": {
"id": 104,
"name": "lb_phoenician_emp",
"long_name": "Phoenician Empire",
"start_year": -1200,
"end_year": -332
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The following summary—based on admittedly meagre evidence—suggests a belief system that did not feature moralizing supernatural enforcement. “Syro-Canaanite religion can be best summed up as a belief in a group of deities or supernatural beings that were immanent in the natural world, although generally hidden from human view. Their powers were manifested through natural phenomena and in political and military acts of the rulers or kings whom they chose and supported. The gods and humans related in a master-servant relationship. The gods provided blessing and support to the people, and the people were expected to serve the deities, with various gifts and lavish praise. Offending the deities could anger them and bring catastrophe to humans.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A3BCAWIE\">[Wright_Iles-Johnson 2004, p. 179]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 301,
"polity": {
"id": 660,
"name": "ni_igodomingodo",
"long_name": "Igodomingodo",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1450
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 302,
"polity": {
"id": 668,
"name": "ni_nri_k",
"long_name": "Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì",
"start_year": 1043,
"end_year": 1911
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 303,
"polity": {
"id": 665,
"name": "ni_aro",
"long_name": "Aro",
"start_year": 1690,
"end_year": 1902
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The superior powers most prominent in controlling morality are Ani (the Earth Spirit) and the ancestors. The greatest crimes are offences against Ani; they are abominations (alu, nso-Ani). Alu includes not only patricide, incest and the stealing of yams or sheep, but also giving birth to twins, a woman climbing a palm tree, and the killing of sacred animals, to name only a few. These crimes require special expiatory sacrifices.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/32F8RSK9\">[Arinze_Internet_Archive 1970, p. 30]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 304,
"polity": {
"id": 664,
"name": "ni_proto_yoruboid",
"long_name": "Proto-Yoruboid",
"start_year": -300,
"end_year": 300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 305,
"polity": {
"id": 655,
"name": "ni_proto_yoruba",
"long_name": "Proto-Yoruba",
"start_year": 301,
"end_year": 649
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 306,
"polity": {
"id": 657,
"name": "ni_formative_yoruba",
"long_name": "Late Formative Yoruba",
"start_year": 650,
"end_year": 1049
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 308,
"polity": {
"id": 20,
"name": "us_kamehameha_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period",
"start_year": 1778,
"end_year": 1819
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The following suggests that ritual transgressions and interpersonal transgressions held equal weight for supernatural agents. \r\n\r\nIllness was often thought to be punishment sent from an offended ‘aumakua. Breaking the food kapus (taboos), bathing in pools that were kapu, violating the kapus of the menstrual period—all could bring reprimands, in the form of physical discomfort. So could behavior that impaired interpersonal relationships—greed, dishonesty, theft. Often these were “diagnostic clues.” A swollen hand pained a thief until he made restitution. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TNICV9KB\">[Pukui_Haertig_Lee 1972, p. 38]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 309,
"polity": {
"id": 19,
"name": "us_hawaii_3",
"long_name": "Hawaii III",
"start_year": 1580,
"end_year": 1778
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The following suggests that ritual transgressions and interpersonal transgressions held equal weight for supernatural agents. \r\n\r\nIllness was often thought to be punishment sent from an offended ‘aumakua. Breaking the food kapus (taboos), bathing in pools that were kapu, violating the kapus of the menstrual period—all could bring reprimands, in the form of physical discomfort. So could behavior that impaired interpersonal relationships—greed, dishonesty, theft. Often these were “diagnostic clues.” A swollen hand pained a thief until he made restitution. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TNICV9KB\">[Pukui_Haertig_Lee 1972, p. 38]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 311,
"polity": {
"id": 18,
"name": "us_hawaii_2",
"long_name": "Hawaii II",
"start_year": 1200,
"end_year": 1580
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "“[T]he most important ancestral deities, the ‘aumakua, had been transformed by late precontact times into enforcers of “moral law” (Valeri 1985: 24). They were concerned not only with being nourished by offerings but also with their descendants’ adherence to a broader system of norms, which included both ritual and ethical obligations—a distinction between the two was not emic for the Hawaiians. […] What we can say is that Hawaiian religion of the earliest periods represented an intermediate stage between the concepts, deities, and rites inherited from central-eastern Polynesia and the more intricate and formalized system in place by the late eighteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9MDFMQ73\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 274]</a> However, the following suggests that in late precontact times rulers were seen as exceptional, including in terms of their relationship with the gods. \"As in other Polynesian societies, the status of the Hawaiian chiefly class was based on the quality called mana. The fundamental principle of traditional Hawaiian religion, “mana manifests the power of the gods in the human world” (Shore 1989: 164). The mana of chiefs was manifest in sexual potency and in the growth and abundance of the society’s crops and other food resources (Shore 1989: 138–142). The chiefs’ intercession with the gods was believed to bring the blessings of agricultural abundance, internal order, and success in war. It was in recognition of the potency of chiefly power over both spiritual and earthly matters that commoners supplied the chiefs with material necessities and wealth.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 19]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 312,
"polity": {
"id": 17,
"name": "us_hawaii_1",
"long_name": "Hawaii I",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_concern_is_primary",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "“[T]he most important ancestral deities, the ‘aumakua, had been transformed by late precontact times into enforcers of “moral law” (Valeri 1985: 24). They were concerned not only with being nourished by offerings but also with their descendants’ adherence to a broader system of norms, which included both ritual and ethical obligations—a distinction between the two was not emic for the Hawaiians. […] What we can say is that Hawaiian religion of the earliest periods represented an intermediate stage between the concepts, deities, and rites inherited from central-eastern Polynesia and the more intricate and formalized system in place by the late eighteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9MDFMQ73\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 274]</a> However, the following extract suggests that ritual transgressions and interpersonal transgressions were thought to hold equal weight for supernatural agents. “Illness was often thought to be punishment sent from an offended ‘aumakua. Breaking the food kapus (taboos), bathing in pools that were kapu, violating the kapus of the menstrual period—all could bring reprimands, in the form of physical discomfort. So could behavior that impaired interpersonal relationships—greed, dishonesty, theft. Often these were “diagnostic clues.” A swollen hand pained a thief until he made restitution.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TNICV9KB\">[Pukui_Haertig_Lee 1972, p. 38]</a>",
"description": ""
}
]
}