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"id": 594,
"name": "at_interwar_austria",
"long_name": "Interwar Austria",
"start_year": 1918,
"end_year": 1938
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
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"name": "gb_british_emp_1",
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
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"name": "ni_oyo_emp_2",
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
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"id": 656,
"name": "ni_yoruba_classic",
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
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{
"id": 419,
"polity": {
"id": 681,
"name": "se_great_fulo_emp",
"long_name": "Denyanke Kingdom",
"start_year": 1490,
"end_year": 1776
},
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"year_to": null,
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"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
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"comment": "NB The following extract derives from recent ethnography, but the author suggests that the core notions here precede the advent of Islam among the Fulani. “The Futanke or Pullo (plural Fulbhe), as the Fulani call themselves, firmly believe that the lawful acquisition of wealth and the decent enjoyment of sustained prosperity is the physical manifestation of the metaphysical process of divine compensation for selfless services rendered to others. Conversely, chronic misfortune is believed to be the outcome of a wasteful existence, a sign of retribution from God for intolerable misdeeds.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T4VFCD2W\">[Camara 2008, p. 48]</a>",
"description": ""
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{
"id": 420,
"polity": {
"id": 609,
"name": "si_freetown_1",
"long_name": "Freetown",
"start_year": 1787,
"end_year": 1808
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The Africans repatriated from England, North America, and the Caribbean between 1787 and 1800 came with their plethora of Christian churches and train of missionaries. For these groups, Christianity was not simply an external imposition but part of an identity that had been forged in the crucible of Atlantic enslavement, resistance, and freedom. While they had many disagreements with their abolitionist benefactors, some of them violent, Christianity did provide a common ground for the different groups.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GDHQC76E\">[Cole 2013, p. 17]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 421,
"polity": {
"id": 667,
"name": "ni_igala_k",
"long_name": "Igala",
"start_year": 1600,
"end_year": 1900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "For example: \"In Igala society, belief in ancestors was almost a way of life. People believed in the ability of their ancestors to protect and defend them. Hence, they worshipped them religiously and at times offered sacrifices to them. Ambegu are the spirit of the dead. In other words, it is the name given to the spirit that attends to the fortunes of families. Allegedly, some have the power to kill evil doers or trespassers on family property. They also make the adulterer to become sick or die, if she refuses to confess.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/74KTP9Z5\">[Achoba 2017, pp. 48-49]</a>",
"description": ""
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{
"id": 422,
"polity": {
"id": 626,
"name": "zi_mutapa",
"long_name": "Mutapa",
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"end_year": 1880
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"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Inferring continuity with Shona beliefs as described in more recent ethnography. \"Ancestral spirits who are renown for protecting the progenitors in the present life can refrain from doing so if there is disharmony in the community. Misfortunes and bad luck are signs of severed relationships between ancestors and their descendants. Harmonious relationships are a precursor to communal harmony and a prosperous future.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9SJQDM9Z\">[Murove 2023, p. 46]</a>",
"description": ""
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{
"id": 423,
"polity": {
"id": 625,
"name": "zi_torwa_rozvi",
"long_name": "Torwa-Rozvi",
"start_year": 1494,
"end_year": 1850
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Inferring continuity with Shona beliefs as described in more recent ethnography. \"Ancestral spirits who are renown for protecting the progenitors in the present life can refrain from doing so if there is disharmony in the community. Misfortunes and bad luck are signs of severed relationships between ancestors and their descendants. Harmonious relationships are a precursor to communal harmony and a prosperous future.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9SJQDM9Z\">[Murove 2023, p. 46]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 424,
"polity": {
"id": 636,
"name": "et_jimma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jimma",
"start_year": 1790,
"end_year": 1932
},
"year_from": 1790,
"year_to": 1829,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“But for the Oromo, Waaqa does not commit evil against His creation. He withdraws from human beings when they breach saffuu and disturb the cosmic and social order. Failure to act in accordance with Waaqa’s order will lead to punishment. Various types of misfortunes ranging from illness, mishaps, and other bad things can happen to the guilty person and his/her relatives. Some people believe that there are spiritual causes for natural disasters, serious illness, conflict, and so on. When human beings sin, Waaqa would deny them rain and other important requirements for life. […] It has been stated that Waaqa is patient with his creations. If they correct their mistakes through rituals and acceptable practices, He will forgive them. When Waaqa withdraws from them, the concerned people ought to pray to Waaqa and try to correct and learn from their mistakes. So, when individuals failed to observe the laws of Waaqa and were punished as a result, they would ask Waaqa for forgiveness. Human beings are required to respect the laws of God and maintain the social order through rituals. ‘Oromo rituals recreate, enact, and maintain the social order. This social order symbolically expresses the cosmological order. Prayers link the earthly part of the cosmological order with the divine one” (AGUILAR 2005, 58).’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JP3BMSXD\">[Kelbessa 2022, pp. 79-80]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 425,
"polity": {
"id": 636,
"name": "et_jimma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jimma",
"start_year": 1790,
"end_year": 1932
},
"year_from": 1830,
"year_to": 1932,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "After conversion to Islam. \"Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 426,
"polity": {
"id": 647,
"name": "er_medri_bahri",
"long_name": "Medri Bahri",
"start_year": 1310,
"end_year": 1889
},
"year_from": 1751,
"year_to": 1889,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "After conversion to Islam. \"Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 427,
"polity": {
"id": 546,
"name": "cn_five_dyn",
"long_name": "Five Dynasties Period",
"start_year": 906,
"end_year": 970
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "The following appears to imply ruler support for Daoism before the Northern Song. “Under the Northern Song, Daoism continued to receive imperial support. The Song emperors in general viewed their mandate as a reflection of a larger Daoist dispensation, with legitimacy partly based on Daoist revelations at Louguan. The ideal of Great Peace ( taiping ) also formed the basis of Emperor Taizong’s (r. 976 – 997) consolidation of the empire. A number of Northern Song emperors also initiated and supported the compilation of Daoist textual collections. Moreover, Emperor Huizong (r. 1100 – 1126) recognized two Daoist sacred sites in southern China: Maoshan, associated with Shangqing Daoism, and Longhu shan (Dragon - Tiger Mountain), associated with the Celestial Masters, whose school was now known as Zhengyi (Orthodox Unity) Daoism.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PG935ZIK\">[Kohn 2009, pp. 182-183]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 428,
"polity": {
"id": 87,
"name": "in_mauryan_emp",
"long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire",
"start_year": -324,
"end_year": -187
},
"year_from": -297,
"year_to": -187,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Mauryan rulers often favoured the rash new sects that had sprung up, partly at least in opposition to the Brahmanical orthodoxy- sects such as the Buddhists, the Jains, and the Ajivikas.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ATSZ6QBU\">[Copland_et_al 2013, p. 39]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 429,
"polity": {
"id": 87,
"name": "in_mauryan_emp",
"long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire",
"start_year": -324,
"end_year": -187
},
"year_from": -324,
"year_to": -298,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": true,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "“There can be little doubt that Candragupta must have invoked further the assistance of Canakya to guide him in the administration of the empire by awarding to him the office of chancellorship. From the extant Arthasastra, of which he was the author, it is transparent that the public religion of the state as well as the personal religion of the Emperor were the same, namely the Brahmanical religion.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5AXDPMXJ\">[Dikshitar 1993, p. 4]</a> “Candragupta is said to have been a Jaina and Bindusara, the father of Asoka, favoured the ajivikas, both of which were non-orthodox sects, and if anything were antagonistic to brahmanical ideas. It is therefore not surprising that Asoka himself did not conform to brahmanical theory and preferred to patronize the Buddhists.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VCU2B4QM\">[Thapar 2012, p. 4]</a>",
"description": ""
}
]
}