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"comment": "“Regarding the traditional religion of the Wolofs, we have very little documentation that would have allowed us to identify an organized institution or precise religious theology.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9KV5MEKN\">[Barry 2012, p. 35]</a>",
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"comment": "“Regarding the traditional religion of the Wolofs, we have very little documentation that would have allowed us to identify an organized institution or precise religious theology.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9KV5MEKN\">[Barry 2012, p. 35]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
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"comment": "Elites would have been part of the army. “From the scarce written records we know that at the official signing of the treaty with the Byzantines in 907 the whole Kievan army swore by Perun and Veles, and also, in the 971 treaty, the warriors swore by Perun and ‘the rest of Rus’ by Veles. […] In reference to punishment for breaking the oath, the offenders would be killed by their own weapons and […] become yellow as gold[…]. So, this suggests that Veles was able to inflict disease as a punishment.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZGZ78TAM\">[Zaroff 1999, p. 60]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
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"comment": "The following specifically refers to Middle Eastern Islamic polities between the 10th and 13th centuries. \"Generally speaking, ultimate political power was in the hands of a ruler (sulṭān/imām) drawn from the military aristocracy. The ruler was responsible for promoting Islam by funding religious institutions and enforcing Sharīʿa norms.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 144]</a>",
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"comment": "The following specifically refers to Middle Eastern Islamic polities between the 10th and 13th centuries. \"Generally speaking, ultimate political power was in the hands of a ruler (sulṭān/imām) drawn from the military aristocracy. The ruler was responsible for promoting Islam by funding religious institutions and enforcing Sharīʿa norms.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 144]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "The following specifically refers to Middle Eastern Islamic polities between the 10th and 13th centuries. \"Generally speaking, ultimate political power was in the hands of a ruler (sulṭān/imām) drawn from the military aristocracy. The ruler was responsible for promoting Islam by funding religious institutions and enforcing Sharīʿa norms.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 144]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "The following specifically refers to Middle Eastern Islamic polities between the 10th and 13th centuries. \"Generally speaking, ultimate political power was in the hands of a ruler (sulṭān/imām) drawn from the military aristocracy. The ruler was responsible for promoting Islam by funding religious institutions and enforcing Sharīʿa norms.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 144]</a>",
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},
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"comment": "The following specifically refers to Middle Eastern Islamic polities between the 10th and 13th centuries. \"Generally speaking, ultimate political power was in the hands of a ruler (sulṭān/imām) drawn from the military aristocracy. The ruler was responsible for promoting Islam by funding religious institutions and enforcing Sharīʿa norms.\"",
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},
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
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},
{
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},
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"tag": "TRS",
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
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"description": ""
},
{
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"name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3",
"long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III",
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},
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
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"description": ""
},
{
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"long_name": "Ottoman Emirate",
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},
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
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"description": ""
},
{
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},
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"tag": "TRS",
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
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"description": ""
},
{
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},
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"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
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},
{
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"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_3",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire III",
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},
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
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"description": ""
},
{
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"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy",
"long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period",
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},
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"tag": "TRS",
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"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
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"description": ""
},
{
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"id": 542,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy",
"long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period",
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},
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
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"description": ""
},
{
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"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV",
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},
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"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
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"description": ""
},
{
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"name": "sy_umayyad_cal",
"long_name": "Umayyad Caliphate",
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
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"name": "ir_ak_koyunlu",
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},
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
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"description": ""
},
{
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},
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
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},
{
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"name": "ir_qajar_dyn",
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},
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
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"description": ""
},
{
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"name": "om_busaidi_imamate_1",
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},
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
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"description": ""
},
{
"id": 30,
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"id": 541,
"name": "ye_qasimid_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1637,
"end_year": 1805
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 31,
"polity": {
"id": 372,
"name": "ye_tahirid_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1454,
"end_year": 1517
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 32,
"polity": {
"id": 368,
"name": "ye_rasulid_dyn",
"long_name": "Rasulid Dynasty",
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"end_year": 1453
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
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"polity": {
"id": 365,
"name": "ye_warlords",
"long_name": "Yemen - Era of Warlords",
"start_year": 1038,
"end_year": 1174
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 34,
"polity": {
"id": 359,
"name": "ye_ziyad_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen Ziyadid Dynasty",
"start_year": 822,
"end_year": 1037
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 35,
"polity": {
"id": 639,
"name": "so_ajuran_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ajuran Sultanate",
"start_year": 1250,
"end_year": 1700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“At the top of the Ajuran hierarchy was the imam, a title used only by Shi’ite Islamic administrations.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5U3NQRMR\">[Mukhtar 2016]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 36,
"polity": {
"id": 646,
"name": "so_ifat_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ifat Sultanate",
"start_year": 1280,
"end_year": 1375
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 37,
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"id": 444,
"name": "mn_zungharian_emp",
"long_name": "Zungharian Empire",
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"end_year": 1757
},
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"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"merit making and avoidance of bad karma continued to be highly salient in most Mahayana societies\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 113]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 38,
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"id": 286,
"name": "mn_uygur_khaganate",
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},
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"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"However, there is no evidence or reason to believe that conversion ever advanced far beyond the Uygur ruler and segments of his family, clan, entourage, and administration during the steppe empire.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/87DD7HPT\">[Clark 2009, p. 71]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 39,
"polity": {
"id": 286,
"name": "mn_uygur_khaganate",
"long_name": "Uigur Khaganate",
"start_year": 745,
"end_year": 840
},
"year_from": 745,
"year_to": 761,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 40,
"polity": {
"id": 130,
"name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2",
"long_name": "Sasanid Empire II",
"start_year": 488,
"end_year": 642
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“[T]here is no doubt that Zoroastrianism, with its major sanctuaries and its elaborate rites and observances, remained as the dominant religious force throughout the Sasanid period, commanding the allegiance of hundreds of thousands of adherents.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TSXN78UE\">[Nigosian 1993, p. 41]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 41,
"polity": {
"id": 128,
"name": "ir_sassanid_emp_1",
"long_name": "Sasanid Empire I",
"start_year": 205,
"end_year": 487
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“[T]here is no doubt that Zoroastrianism, with its major sanctuaries and its elaborate rites and observances, remained as the dominant religious force throughout the Sasanid period, commanding the allegiance of hundreds of thousands of adherents.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TSXN78UE\">[Nigosian 1993, p. 41]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 42,
"polity": {
"id": 125,
"name": "ir_parthian_emp_1",
"long_name": "Parthian Empire I",
"start_year": -247,
"end_year": 40
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The Arsacids themselves were probably Zoroastrians[...].\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GEH35732\">[Hauser 2012, p. 1016]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 43,
"polity": {
"id": 483,
"name": "iq_parthian_emp_2",
"long_name": "Parthian Empire II",
"start_year": 41,
"end_year": 226
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The Arsacids themselves were probably Zoroastrians[...]\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GEH35732\">[Hauser 2012, p. 1016]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 44,
"polity": {
"id": 436,
"name": "co_tairona",
"long_name": "Tairona",
"start_year": 1050,
"end_year": 1524
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": true,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "No directevidence could be found for the belief that the Tairona gods or other supernatural forces dispensed moralistic punishmentor reward. \r\n\r\nAccording to some scholars, similarities between the material culture left behind by the Tairona and that of the modern-day Kogi indigenous people suggests that Kogi beliefsmay provide clues regarding beliefs among the Tairona. Reichel Dolmatoff describes the Universal Mother as demanding adherence to behaviors and conduct including “collaboration, reciprocity, honesty, and an utterly no-materialistic attitude towards life …Signs of ‘disorder’ such as hermaphroditism, left handedness, seven-month babies, twins, cause consternation and are attributedto the Mother Sun’s displeasure with mankind’s behavior”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IJGBEW43\">[Reichel-Dolmatoff 1990, p. 12]</a> Witte however, writes that the Mother did not punish those who broke these procedures, but rather that, when these laws were broken, they caused a cosmic imbalance which could lead to natural disasters. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHATK9CJ\">[Witte 2017, p. 155]</a> Finally, scholars such as Giraldo argue that we cannot assume this cultural continuity as it is posited. These scholars observe that the polities now known as \"Tairona\" collapsed during the 16th century, and at most 3-4 thousand people survived by 1600 or so. Moreover, they point out that the indigenous people who survivedwere subjected to missionization, Spanish and then Colombian rule and interaction with non-indigenous populations. Therefore, they say, it is simply not possible to argue that their beliefs remain unchanged 500 years later. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W4X45Z62\">[Giraldo_et_al 2020]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 45,
"polity": {
"id": 196,
"name": "ec_shuar_1",
"long_name": "Shuar - Colonial",
"start_year": 1534,
"end_year": 1830
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Ethnographies consulted describe the presence of avenging spirits that may punish those who do not fulfill their ritual obligations and elders with the power to curse others. These sources do not suggest a moralizing interpretation for these beliefs. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S34XJRJ7\">[Karsten 1935]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CRIJIVUC\">[Harner 1973]</a> \"There are spirits but they are more capricious than moralizing. Revenge is a key notion in Shuar society but even there, it feels more like setting things straight interpersonally rather than moralistic per se. Spirits help warriors gain power but supernatural punishment isn't a key idea. Sorcerers can inflict harm but it's viewed more as warfare than moral sanctioning per se.” (Clark Bennett, pers. comm. to H. Whitehouse, Dec 14, 2020) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6FPKWD5Z\">[Bennett 2020]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 46,
"polity": {
"id": 197,
"name": "ec_shuar_2",
"long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian",
"start_year": 1831,
"end_year": 1931
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Ethnographies consulted describe the presence of avenging spirits that may punish those who do not fulfill their ritual obligations and elders with the power to curse others. These sources do not suggest a moralizing interpretation for these beliefs. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S34XJRJ7\">[Karsten 1935]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CRIJIVUC\">[Harner 1973]</a> \"There are spirits but they are more capricious than moralizing. Revenge is a key notion in Shuar society but even there, it feels more like setting things straight interpersonally rather than moralistic per se. Spirits help warriors gain power but supernatural punishment isn't a key idea. Sorcerers can inflict harm but it's viewed more as warfare than moral sanctioning per se.” (Clark Bennett, pers. comm. to H. Whitehouse, Dec 14, 2020) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6FPKWD5Z\">[Bennett 2020]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 47,
"polity": {
"id": 101,
"name": "us_haudenosaunee_1",
"long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early",
"start_year": 1566,
"end_year": 1713
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Haudenosaunee cosmology as well as the beliefs and oral traditions of individual member nations are foundational in the cultures of the Six Nations. Ethnographers note that social class in the Western understanding was absent in Haudenosaunee society. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SAHWDA7C\">[Reid 1996]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 48,
"polity": {
"id": 102,
"name": "us_haudenosaunee_2",
"long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late",
"start_year": 1714,
"end_year": 1848
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Haudenosaunee cosmology as well as the beliefs and oral traditions of individual member nations are foundational in the cultures of the Six Nations. Ethnographers note that social class in the Western understanding was absent in Haudenosaunee society. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SAHWDA7C\">[Reid 1996]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 49,
"polity": {
"id": 57,
"name": "fm_truk_1",
"long_name": "Chuuk - Early Truk",
"start_year": 1775,
"end_year": 1886
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "The following quote appears to refer to the Chuukese generally, regardless of social status: \"Chuuk’s people placed great emphasis on observing the obligations people had in their various social identity relationships. They put great stress on the importance of moral (formally correct) behavior and the unpleasant consequences that could follow from breaches of morality.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RKAPJESV\">[Goodenough 2002, p. 14]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 50,
"polity": {
"id": 58,
"name": "fm_truk_2",
"long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk",
"start_year": 1886,
"end_year": 1948
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "The following quote appears to refer to the Chuukese generally, regardless of social status: \"Chuuk’s people placed great emphasis on observing the obligations people had in their various social identity relationships. They put great stress on the importance of moral (formally correct) behavior and the unpleasant consequences that could follow from breaches of morality.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RKAPJESV\">[Goodenough 2002, p. 14]</a>",
"description": ""
}
]
}