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"results": [
{
"id": 206,
"polity": {
"id": 69,
"name": "gr_crete_hellenistic",
"long_name": "Hellenistic Crete",
"start_year": -323,
"end_year": -69
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Polybius suggests elites did not believe in moralizing supernatural enforcement.\r\n\r\n“In the fourth century BCE, thinkers increasingly questioned traditional mythopoetic depictions of the gods and their likelihood of intervening in daily life to punish or reward. […] Polybius (c. 200–118 BCE) drew a distinction between the Greeks and Romans of his own day, stating that Greek civic officials had lost their fear of the gods (deisidaimonia) and did not scruple to break their oaths\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 29]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 207,
"polity": {
"id": 510,
"name": "eg_badarian",
"long_name": "Badarian",
"start_year": -4400,
"end_year": -3800
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 208,
"polity": {
"id": 473,
"name": "iq_ubaid",
"long_name": "Ubaid",
"start_year": -5500,
"end_year": -4000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Iconographic and archaeological data from the Ubaid period strongly suggests belief that gods primarily rewarded those who provided them with correct ritual worship and suitable offerings. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9TDGABWZ\">[Hole_Carter_Philip 2010, pp. 228-238]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7SJIX8HS\">[Peasnall_Peregrine_Ember 2002, p. 381]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 209,
"polity": {
"id": 474,
"name": "iq_uruk",
"long_name": "Uruk",
"start_year": -4000,
"end_year": -2900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Evidence from the Uruk period strongly suggests belief that gods primarily rewarded those who provided them with correct ritual worship and suitable offerings. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/U43PKNTU\">[Cunningham 2013, pp. 41-48]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 210,
"polity": {
"id": 515,
"name": "eg_dynasty_2",
"long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty II",
"start_year": -2900,
"end_year": -2687
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "A~P",
"comment": "Earliest written attestations of elites claiming to have followed ma'at in life date to the late Fifth and Sixth Dynasties. Therefore, we infer that this period saw a long, gradual transition from religious beliefs that did not include this trait, to ones that did. It may also be that, as inscriptions grew longer, it became more possible to include more ethical content. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VSUGDZVB\">[Lichtheim 1992, pp. 10-11]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WXMQC4UD\">[Strudwick 2005]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 212,
"polity": {
"id": 516,
"name": "eg_old_k_1",
"long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom",
"start_year": -2650,
"end_year": -2350
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "A~P",
"comment": "Earliest written attestations of elites claiming to have followed ma'at in life date to the late Fifth and Sixth Dynasties. Therefore, we infer that this period saw a long, gradual transition from religious beliefs that did not include this trait, to ones that did. It may also be that, as inscriptions grew longer, it became more possible to include more ethical content. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VSUGDZVB\">[Lichtheim 1992, pp. 10-11]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WXMQC4UD\">[Strudwick 2005]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 213,
"polity": {
"id": 517,
"name": "eg_old_k_2",
"long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom",
"start_year": -2350,
"end_year": -2150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Earliest written attestations of elites claiming to have followed ma'at in life date to the late Fifth and Sixth Dynasties. Therefore, we infer that this period saw a long, gradual transition from religious beliefs that did not include this trait, to ones that did. It may also be that, as inscriptions grew longer, it became more possible to include more ethical content. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VSUGDZVB\">[Lichtheim 1992, pp. 10-11]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WXMQC4UD\">[Strudwick 2005]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 214,
"polity": {
"id": 165,
"name": "tr_neo_hittite_k",
"long_name": "Neo-Hittite Kingdoms",
"start_year": -1180,
"end_year": -900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The small polities that occupied the south and southeast of the peninsula during the Early and Middle Iron Age are known as “Neo-Hittite” because they preserved certain aspects of the older Hittite culture, especially the iconography and rhetoric of kingship, but the degree of religious continuity after 1200 BCE remains unclear in many cases.” Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to infer a degree of continuity in this case. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 215,
"polity": {
"id": 344,
"name": "tr_urartu_k",
"long_name": "Urartu Kingdom",
"start_year": -1200,
"end_year": -710
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Overall, iconography and epigraphy suggest that Urartian religion primarily served to bolster royal legitimacy rather than promote proper moral conduct (Smith 2000). The king occupied a divinely legitimated position like the monarchs of both Ḫatti and Mesopotamia (Kravitz 2003: 90–92; Zimansky 1995: 1144). Haldi, the supreme god, was a warlike deity who supported the king’s conquests; both he and the lesser gods required regular animal sacrifices and festivities in their honor (Taffet and Yakar 1998; Zimansky 1995). However, as in the Hittite case, it should be kept in mind that the surviving sources are heavily biased toward elite ideologies.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 137]</a> Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to infer some continuity with Hittite religion, which was lightly moralizing; in particular, it seems reasonable to infer the persistence of the belief in supernatural punishment for oath-breakers.",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 216,
"polity": {
"id": 167,
"name": "tr_tabal_k",
"long_name": "Tabal Kingdoms",
"start_year": -900,
"end_year": -730
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Phrygian religion is even less well understood than Urartian religion because of the very small corpus of textual evidence.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 137]</a> Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to infer some continuity with Hittite religion, which was lightly moralizing; in particular, it seems reasonable to infer the persistence of the belief in supernatural punishment for oath-breakers, widespread in the region at the time.",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 217,
"polity": {
"id": 168,
"name": "tr_lydia_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Lydia",
"start_year": -670,
"end_year": -546
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Though current impressions of Lydia are colored by Greek authors’ stereotypes of Eastern decadence and tyranny, it must be admitted that, again, there is little evidence of any belief in [supernatural moralizing enforcement].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 137]</a> Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to infer some continuity with Hittite religion, which was lightly moralizing; in particular, it seems reasonable to infer the persistence of the belief in supernatural punishment for oath-breakers.",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 218,
"polity": {
"id": 115,
"name": "is_icelandic_commonwealth",
"long_name": "Icelandic Commonwealth",
"start_year": 930,
"end_year": 1262
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Mythical allusions in West Norse skaldic poetry and religious iconography from across Scandinavia suggests that Norse mythical traditions were well known among both commoners and elites. Moreover, there were a number of different contexts where elites and commoners gathered for collective worship. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S952K9VS\">[Nordberg 2018]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3IB8ZQUZ\">[Nordberg 2019, p. 364]</a> And though supernatural moralising enforcement was not a primary concern for Norse gods, they still promoted certain prosocial behaviours and punished certain antisocial ones. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/59F97HHW\">[Raffield_Price_Collard 2019]</a> Conversion to Christianity in 1000 CE. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SRW2NM9E\">[Durrenberger 1988, p. 239]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 219,
"polity": {
"id": 243,
"name": "cn_late_shang_dyn",
"long_name": "Late Shang",
"start_year": -1250,
"end_year": -1045
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "“Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 220,
"polity": {
"id": 244,
"name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn",
"long_name": "Western Zhou",
"start_year": -1122,
"end_year": -771
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": true,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Tian and the Mandate of Heaven may mark the earliest known appearance of belief in supernatural moralizing enforcement in China. However, there is some scholarly debate and question on the nature of Tian. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5RG5R4P7\">[Clark_Winslett 2011]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/25FF647C\">[Nichols_et_al 2017, pp. 165-166]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/62ZUUPPT\">[Nichols_et_al 2021]</a> Robert Eno points to a 998 BCE Western Zhou bronze inscription that quotes a ruler named King Kang claiming the Shang had lost the Mandate of Tian because of its king’s acceptance of poor behavior like drunkenness and overall bad governance; based on this inscription, Eno infers that Tian had “taken onthe role of ethical guardian” and was concerned with moral standards and correct rule. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 101]</a> However, the inscription could also be interpreted ascritiquing drunkenness at sacrificial rituals involving wine and the inscriptioncould be referringto correct rites and rituals rather than moral behavior. The first Zhou king received de (merit) from Tian, which was earned by subsequent kings through “military and ritual performances as well as through prescribed sacrifices to the earlier Zhou kings.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B2ZKMSYY\">[Cook_Childs-Johnson 2020, p. 443]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 221,
"polity": {
"id": 432,
"name": "ma_saadi_sultanate",
"long_name": "Saadi Sultanate",
"start_year": 1554,
"end_year": 1659
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 222,
"polity": {
"id": 132,
"name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1",
"long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I",
"start_year": 750,
"end_year": 946
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 223,
"polity": {
"id": 358,
"name": "sa_rashidun_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen Hijaz",
"start_year": 632,
"end_year": 661
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 224,
"polity": {
"id": 358,
"name": "sa_rashidun_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen Hijaz",
"start_year": 632,
"end_year": 661
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 225,
"polity": {
"id": 370,
"name": "uz_timurid_emp",
"long_name": "Timurid Empire",
"start_year": 1370,
"end_year": 1526
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 226,
"polity": {
"id": 469,
"name": "uz_janid_dyn",
"long_name": "Khanate of Bukhara",
"start_year": 1599,
"end_year": 1747
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 227,
"polity": {
"id": 134,
"name": "af_ghur_principality",
"long_name": "Ghur Principality",
"start_year": 1025,
"end_year": 1215
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 228,
"polity": {
"id": 137,
"name": "af_durrani_emp",
"long_name": "Durrani Empire",
"start_year": 1747,
"end_year": 1826
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 229,
"polity": {
"id": 653,
"name": "et_aussa_sultanate",
"long_name": "Early Sultanate of Aussa",
"start_year": 1734,
"end_year": 1895
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Nearly all Hareri are Sunni Muslim.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/29MS79PA\">[Shinn_Ofcansky 2013, p. 208]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 230,
"polity": {
"id": 652,
"name": "et_harar_emirate",
"long_name": "Emirate of Harar",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1875
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Nearly all Hareri are Sunni Muslim.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/29MS79PA\">[Shinn_Ofcansky 2013, p. 208]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 231,
"polity": {
"id": 642,
"name": "so_geledi_sultanate",
"long_name": "Sultanate of Geledi",
"start_year": 1750,
"end_year": 1911
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 232,
"polity": {
"id": 648,
"name": "so_majeerteen_sultanate",
"long_name": "Majeerteen Sultanate",
"start_year": 1750,
"end_year": 1926
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 233,
"polity": {
"id": 638,
"name": "so_tunni_sultanate",
"long_name": "Tunni Sultanate",
"start_year": 800,
"end_year": 1200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 234,
"polity": {
"id": 643,
"name": "et_showa_sultanate",
"long_name": "Shoa Sultanate",
"start_year": 1108,
"end_year": 1285
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 235,
"polity": {
"id": 645,
"name": "et_hadiya_sultanate",
"long_name": "Hadiya Sultanate",
"start_year": 1300,
"end_year": 1680
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 236,
"polity": {
"id": 654,
"name": "so_isaaq_sultanate",
"long_name": "Isaaq Sultanate",
"start_year": 1300,
"end_year": 1886
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 237,
"polity": {
"id": 640,
"name": "so_habr_yunis",
"long_name": "Habr Yunis",
"start_year": 1300,
"end_year": 1886
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 238,
"polity": {
"id": 637,
"name": "so_adal_sultanate",
"long_name": "Adal Sultanate",
"start_year": 1375,
"end_year": 1543
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 239,
"polity": {
"id": 649,
"name": "et_funj_sultanate",
"long_name": "Funj Sultanate",
"start_year": 1504,
"end_year": 1820
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 240,
"polity": {
"id": 710,
"name": "tz_tana",
"long_name": "Classic Tana",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1498
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"A tenth-century first-hand account by al-Mas’udi (Freeman-Grenville 1962) described the place ‘Qanbalu’, with a Muslim ruling family (probably on Pemba; LaViolette, this volume).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UTT8K4EQ\">[Zhao_et_al 2018, p. 433]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 241,
"polity": {
"id": 223,
"name": "ma_almoravid_dyn",
"long_name": "Almoravids",
"start_year": 1035,
"end_year": 1150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 242,
"polity": {
"id": 610,
"name": "gu_futa_jallon",
"long_name": "Futa Jallon",
"start_year": 1725,
"end_year": 1896
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Furthermore, the Islamic religious cause had triumphed with Fulbe political ascendancy.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UUUAZKKE\">[Sanneh 1981, p. 46]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 243,
"polity": {
"id": 680,
"name": "se_futa_toro_imamate",
"long_name": "Imamate of Futa Toro",
"start_year": 1776,
"end_year": 1860
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"By the time of the death of Abdul Qadir in 1806 the small Muslim party had become a ruling class acces sible only to, the women married by toorodbe men, to some noble Fulbe families, and to an occasional stranger favored by a large entourage or possessing impressive credentials of Islami\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CMRM3RTG\">[Robinson 1973, p. 289]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 244,
"polity": {
"id": 669,
"name": "ni_hausa_k",
"long_name": "Hausa bakwai",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1808
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Islam first appeared between the 11th and 14th centuries, while Christianity arrived in the 19th century. Initially, Islam attracted only the elite desirous of power and trade. The emergence of the Sokoto Caliphate in the 19th century spurred the spread of Islam from royalty to the common people.” (pp. xxxiii) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SJAIVKDW\">[Falola_Genova 2009]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 245,
"polity": {
"id": 666,
"name": "ni_sokoto_cal",
"long_name": "Sokoto Caliphate",
"start_year": 1804,
"end_year": 1904
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Islam first appeared between the 11th and 14th centuries, while Christianity arrived in the 19th century. Initially, Islam attracted only the elite desirous of power and trade. The emergence of the Sokoto Caliphate in the 19th century spurred the spread of Islam from royalty to the common people.” (p. xxxiii) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SJAIVKDW\">[Falola_Genova 2009]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 246,
"polity": {
"id": 454,
"name": "fr_la_tene_b2_c1",
"long_name": "La Tene B2-C1",
"start_year": -325,
"end_year": -175
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Much historical evidence from adjacent cultures points to the ancient use of oaths in treaties, and thus by elites. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVX6DWD6\">[Torrance_Sommerstein 2014]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 247,
"polity": {
"id": 455,
"name": "fr_la_tene_c2_d",
"long_name": "La Tene C2-D",
"start_year": -175,
"end_year": -27
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Much historical evidence from adjacent cultures points to the ancient use of oaths in treaties, and thus by elites. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVX6DWD6\">[Torrance_Sommerstein 2014]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 248,
"polity": {
"id": 49,
"name": "id_kediri_k",
"long_name": "Kediri Kingdom",
"start_year": 1049,
"end_year": 1222
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The Kediri kingdom was ruled by a series of monarchs who considered themselves the incarnation of Hindu gods.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/G3DBGKF9\">[Levenda 2011, p. 336]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 249,
"polity": {
"id": 51,
"name": "id_mataram_k",
"long_name": "Mataram Sultanate",
"start_year": 1568,
"end_year": 1755
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Agung ’s Islamizing of Javanese court culture and identity did not take place in a vacuum, for elsewhere in Java and more widely in the Indonesian archipelago, Islam was making forward strides at court level.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JKGH84GW\">[Ricklefs 2006, p. 50]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 250,
"polity": {
"id": 651,
"name": "et_gumma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Gumma",
"start_year": 1800,
"end_year": 1897
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“There, between 1800 and 1830, at the terminus of many trade routes from the coast, five Muslim Oromo states emerged: Jimma, Gumma, Limmu Enarya, Gomma, and Geru. Influence by Muslim merchants and Sufi teachers, the first to embrace Islam were Kings, and nobility, legitimizing their rule in its name, but by the 1860s, Islam had also become part of the lives of the common people.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UB7CXC7\">[Kapteijns 2000, p. 232]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 251,
"polity": {
"id": 641,
"name": "et_gomma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Gomma",
"start_year": 1780,
"end_year": 1886
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“There, between 1800 and 1830, at the terminus of many trade routes from the coast, five Muslim Oromo states emerged: Jimma, Gumma, Limmu Enarya, Gomma, and Geru. Influence by Muslim merchants and Sufi teachers, the first to embrace Islam were Kings, and nobility, legitimizing their rule in its name, but by the 1860s, Islam had also become part of the lives of the common people.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UB7CXC7\">[Kapteijns 2000, p. 232]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 252,
"polity": {
"id": 216,
"name": "mr_wagadu_2",
"long_name": "Middle Wagadu Empire",
"start_year": 700,
"end_year": 1077
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 253,
"polity": {
"id": 110,
"name": "il_judea",
"long_name": "Yehuda",
"start_year": -141,
"end_year": -63
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 254,
"polity": {
"id": 647,
"name": "er_medri_bahri",
"long_name": "Medri Bahri",
"start_year": 1310,
"end_year": 1889
},
"year_from": 1310,
"year_to": 1750,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 255,
"polity": {
"id": 103,
"name": "il_canaan",
"long_name": "Canaan",
"start_year": -2000,
"end_year": -1175
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The following summary—based on admittedly meagre evidence—suggests a belief system that did not feature moralizing supernatural enforcement. “Syro-Canaanite religion can be best summed up as a belief in a group of deities or supernatural beings that were immanent in the natural world, although generally hidden from human view. Their powers were manifested through natural phenomena and in political and military acts of the rulers or kings whom they chose and supported. The gods and humans related in a master-servant relationship. The gods provided blessing and support to the people, and the people were expected to serve the deities, with various gifts and lavish praise. Offending the deities could anger them and bring catastrophe to humans.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A3BCAWIE\">[Wright_Iles-Johnson 2004, p. 179]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 256,
"polity": {
"id": 104,
"name": "lb_phoenician_emp",
"long_name": "Phoenician Empire",
"start_year": -1200,
"end_year": -332
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The following summary—based on admittedly meagre evidence—suggests a belief system that did not feature moralizing supernatural enforcement. “Syro-Canaanite religion can be best summed up as a belief in a group of deities or supernatural beings that were immanent in the natural world, although generally hidden from human view. Their powers were manifested through natural phenomena and in political and military acts of the rulers or kings whom they chose and supported. The gods and humans related in a master-servant relationship. The gods provided blessing and support to the people, and the people were expected to serve the deities, with various gifts and lavish praise. Offending the deities could anger them and bring catastrophe to humans.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A3BCAWIE\">[Wright_Iles-Johnson 2004, p. 179]</a>",
"description": ""
}
]
}