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{
"id": 153,
"polity": {
"id": 501,
"name": "ir_elam_7",
"long_name": "Elam - Shutrukid Period",
"start_year": -1199,
"end_year": -1100
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"As in Mesopotamia, the gods were used in oaths, and breaking oaths invited punishment by the gods.\" NB Oath documents would have been produced by elites. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 154,
"polity": {
"id": 445,
"name": "pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial",
"long_name": "Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial",
"start_year": 1734,
"end_year": 1883
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "“The Orokaiva interacted with demigods and ancestor spirits through ritual exchanges and an elaborate system of initiation (Iteanu 1990; Schwimmer 1973), and it may have been these reciprocal exchanges that formed the primary dimension of the ritual system. Indigenous explanations for misfortune in Melanesia typically invoke sorcery or offences against nonhuman agents, such as failure to perform appropriate rituals (Whitehouse 1996a). […] [T]he available evidence suggests that moralistic elements were present in the indigenous system, but broad-scope moralizing punishment by a supreme being, as a primary feature of the religious system, was introduced and then elaborated on in the colonial period.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/97J9GDE3\">[Brandl_et_al 2024, p. 305]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 155,
"polity": {
"id": 147,
"name": "jp_heian",
"long_name": "Heian",
"start_year": 794,
"end_year": 1185
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Around this time, possibly as a result of Buddhist teachings, criminal punishments became milder, while the state sponsored ponds where fish and other aquatic animals could be set free in order to gain merit. That is, it seems karmic benefits could be derived from charity and other moral behavior, not only from ritual performance. Nevertheless, the emphasis remained on immediate karmic effects within this lifetime rather than benefits in future lifetimes (Morris 2013: 136–40).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 237]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 156,
"polity": {
"id": 150,
"name": "jp_sengoku_jidai",
"long_name": "Warring States Japan",
"start_year": 1467,
"end_year": 1568
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "There are appears no reason to doubt continuity with previous period. \"Overall, medieval Japan saw the popularization of Buddhism throughout multiple strata of society, as well as the birth and development of multiple strands of thought and practice.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 241]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 157,
"polity": {
"id": 59,
"name": "gr_crete_nl",
"long_name": "Neolithic Crete",
"start_year": -7000,
"end_year": -3000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 159,
"polity": {
"id": 60,
"name": "gr_crete_pre_palace",
"long_name": "Prepalatial Crete",
"start_year": -3000,
"end_year": -1900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "\"Some aspects of Early Minoan burials, such as the inclusion of food offerings, model houses, and amulets in tombs, reflect Egyptian practices (Watrous 2021: 45–8). It is probable that these burial customs point to some form of afterlife belief, but they provide no clear evidence of moralizing supernatural punishment and reward (MSP).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 19]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 160,
"polity": {
"id": 447,
"name": "fr_beaker_eba",
"long_name": "Beaker Culture",
"start_year": -3200,
"end_year": -2000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a> Much historical evidence from adjacent cultures points to the ancient use of oaths in treaties, and thus by elites. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVX6DWD6\">[Torrance_Sommerstein 2014]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 161,
"polity": {
"id": 449,
"name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1",
"long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1",
"start_year": -1000,
"end_year": -900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Much historical evidence from adjacent cultures points to the ancient use of oaths in treaties, and thus by elites. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVX6DWD6\">[Torrance_Sommerstein 2014]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 162,
"polity": {
"id": 452,
"name": "fr_hallstatt_d",
"long_name": "Hallstatt D",
"start_year": -600,
"end_year": -475
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Much historical evidence from adjacent cultures points to the ancient use of oaths in treaties, and thus by elites. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVX6DWD6\">[Torrance_Sommerstein 2014]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 163,
"polity": {
"id": 450,
"name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3",
"long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3",
"start_year": -900,
"end_year": -700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Much historical evidence from adjacent cultures points to the ancient use of oaths in treaties, and thus by elites. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVX6DWD6\">[Torrance_Sommerstein 2014]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 164,
"polity": {
"id": 448,
"name": "fr_atlantic_complex",
"long_name": "Atlantic Complex",
"start_year": -2200,
"end_year": -1000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Much historical evidence from adjacent cultures points to the ancient use of oaths in treaties, and thus by elites. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVX6DWD6\">[Torrance_Sommerstein 2014]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 165,
"polity": {
"id": 451,
"name": "fr_hallstatt_c",
"long_name": "Hallstatt C",
"start_year": -700,
"end_year": -600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Much historical evidence from adjacent cultures points to the ancient use of oaths in treaties, and thus by elites. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVX6DWD6\">[Torrance_Sommerstein 2014]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 166,
"polity": {
"id": 453,
"name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1",
"long_name": "La Tene A-B1",
"start_year": -475,
"end_year": -325
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Much historical evidence from adjacent cultures points to the ancient use of oaths in treaties, and thus by elites. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVX6DWD6\">[Torrance_Sommerstein 2014]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 167,
"polity": {
"id": 439,
"name": "mn_shiwei",
"long_name": "Shiwei",
"start_year": 600,
"end_year": 1000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 168,
"polity": {
"id": 274,
"name": "mn_hunnu_late",
"long_name": "Late Xiongnu",
"start_year": -60,
"end_year": 100
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 169,
"polity": {
"id": 438,
"name": "mn_xianbei",
"long_name": "Xianbei Confederation",
"start_year": 100,
"end_year": 250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 170,
"polity": {
"id": 437,
"name": "mn_hunnu_early",
"long_name": "Early Xiongnu",
"start_year": -1400,
"end_year": -300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 171,
"polity": {
"id": 278,
"name": "mn_rouran_khaganate",
"long_name": "Rouran Khaganate",
"start_year": 300,
"end_year": 555
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 172,
"polity": {
"id": 272,
"name": "mn_hunnu_emp",
"long_name": "Xiongnu Imperial Confederation",
"start_year": -209,
"end_year": -60
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 175,
"polity": {
"id": 77,
"name": "pe_cuzco_1",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Late Formative",
"start_year": -500,
"end_year": 200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 176,
"polity": {
"id": 81,
"name": "pe_cuzco_5",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate I",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 177,
"polity": {
"id": 78,
"name": "pe_cuzco_2",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate I",
"start_year": 200,
"end_year": 499
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 178,
"polity": {
"id": 82,
"name": "pe_cuzco_6",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate II",
"start_year": 1250,
"end_year": 1400
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 179,
"polity": {
"id": 83,
"name": "pe_inca_emp",
"long_name": "Inca Empire",
"start_year": 1375,
"end_year": 1532
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 180,
"polity": {
"id": 80,
"name": "pe_wari_emp",
"long_name": "Wari Empire",
"start_year": 650,
"end_year": 999
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 181,
"polity": {
"id": 79,
"name": "pe_cuzco_3",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate II",
"start_year": 500,
"end_year": 649
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 182,
"polity": {
"id": 22,
"name": "us_woodland_1",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Early Woodland",
"start_year": -600,
"end_year": -150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 183,
"polity": {
"id": 34,
"name": "us_emergent_mississippian_2",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1049
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 184,
"polity": {
"id": 27,
"name": "us_emergent_mississippian_1",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I",
"start_year": 750,
"end_year": 900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 185,
"polity": {
"id": 25,
"name": "us_woodland_4",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland II",
"start_year": 450,
"end_year": 600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 186,
"polity": {
"id": 24,
"name": "us_woodland_3",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland I",
"start_year": 300,
"end_year": 450
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 187,
"polity": {
"id": 23,
"name": "us_woodland_2",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Middle Woodland",
"start_year": -150,
"end_year": 300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 188,
"polity": {
"id": 26,
"name": "us_woodland_5",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland III",
"start_year": 600,
"end_year": 750
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 189,
"polity": {
"id": 144,
"name": "jp_yayoi",
"long_name": "Kansai - Yayoi Period",
"start_year": -300,
"end_year": 250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"While these gods were not morally concerned in the sense of explicitly caring for human welfare, they were clearly offended by certain moral violations and willing to inflict disaster upon society in response. It was the duty of clan leaders and the emperor to perform the correct rites in order to placate the kami; if they failed in this duty to society, collective punishment would result.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 235]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 190,
"polity": {
"id": 145,
"name": "jp_kofun",
"long_name": "Kansai - Kofun Period",
"start_year": 250,
"end_year": 537
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"While these gods were not morally concerned in the sense of explicitly caring for human welfare, they were clearly offended by certain moral violations and willing to inflict disaster upon society in response. It was the duty of clan leaders and the emperor to perform the correct rites in order to placate the kami; if they failed in this duty to society, collective punishment would result.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 235]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 191,
"polity": {
"id": 151,
"name": "jp_azuchi_momoyama",
"long_name": "Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama",
"start_year": 1568,
"end_year": 1603
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"From the sixteenth century onward, neo-Confucian ideas were diffused among a large proportion of the populace for the first time, aided by the publication of large numbers of texts in the vernacular and the founding of Confucian academies throughout Japan (Paramore 2016: 44–5). The concept of Heaven and the Way of Heaven—known in Japanese as tendo—became widespread, including the idea that improper conduct not in accord with tendo would result in negative consequences either for oneself or for one’s descendants.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, pp. 241-242]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 192,
"polity": {
"id": 152,
"name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate",
"long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate",
"start_year": 1603,
"end_year": 1868
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"From the sixteenth century onward, neo-Confucian ideas were diffused among a large proportion of the populace for the first time, aided by the publication of large numbers of texts in the vernacular and the founding of Confucian academies throughout Japan (Paramore 2016: 44–5). The concept of Heaven and the Way of Heaven—known in Japanese as tendo—became widespread, including the idea that improper conduct not in accord with tendo would result in negative consequences either for oneself or for one’s descendants.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, pp. 241-242]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 193,
"polity": {
"id": 139,
"name": "jp_jomon_2",
"long_name": "Japan - Initial Jomon",
"start_year": -9200,
"end_year": -5300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 194,
"polity": {
"id": 140,
"name": "jp_jomon_3",
"long_name": "Japan - Early Jomon",
"start_year": -5300,
"end_year": -3500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 195,
"polity": {
"id": 138,
"name": "jp_jomon_1",
"long_name": "Japan - Incipient Jomon",
"start_year": -13600,
"end_year": -9200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 196,
"polity": {
"id": 141,
"name": "jp_jomon_4",
"long_name": "Japan - Middle Jomon",
"start_year": -3500,
"end_year": -2500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 197,
"polity": {
"id": 142,
"name": "jp_jomon_5",
"long_name": "Japan - Late Jomon",
"start_year": -2500,
"end_year": -1200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 198,
"polity": {
"id": 143,
"name": "jp_jomon_6",
"long_name": "Japan - Final Jomon",
"start_year": -1200,
"end_year": -300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 199,
"polity": {
"id": 148,
"name": "jp_kamakura",
"long_name": "Kamakura Shogunate",
"start_year": 1185,
"end_year": 1333
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Especially noteworthy is the swearing of oaths to kami and Buddhist divinities, a practice widespread among the population (Hardacre 2017: 154–6). Such oaths were sworn for a wide variety of reasons, including affirming the truth of a testimony and making interpersonal commitments. Both the kami and the Buddhist divinities were seen as capable of enforcing them. They were believed to know the truth of people’s actions and motives and to display a wrathful readiness to punish wrongdoing. In this period, these beings came to be seen as rewarding good behavior and punishing transgressions generally; this was now referred to as shobatsu, “reward and punishment,” as opposed to the older, but still current, term tatari, that is, causing misfortune as a result of pollution.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 200,
"polity": {
"id": 149,
"name": "jp_ashikaga",
"long_name": "Ashikaga Shogunate",
"start_year": 1336,
"end_year": 1467
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Especially noteworthy is the swearing of oaths to kami and Buddhist divinities, a practice widespread among the population (Hardacre 2017: 154–6). Such oaths were sworn for a wide variety of reasons, including affirming the truth of a testimony and making interpersonal commitments. Both the kami and the Buddhist divinities were seen as capable of enforcing them. They were believed to know the truth of people’s actions and motives and to display a wrathful readiness to punish wrongdoing. In this period, these beings came to be seen as rewarding good behavior and punishing transgressions generally; this was now referred to as shobatsu, “reward and punishment,” as opposed to the older, but still current, term tatari, that is, causing misfortune as a result of pollution.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 201,
"polity": {
"id": 263,
"name": "jp_nara",
"long_name": "Nara Kingdom",
"start_year": 710,
"end_year": 794
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"In the early part of this period, Buddhism was dominated by a number of aristocratic clans, who placed emphasis on practice rather than doctrine, building temples apparently largely as a symbol of clan dominance. Religious practice largely revolved around practical concerns—chanting sutras and performing other Buddhist rituals in the hope of curing diseases, protecting one’s family, or averting natural disasters (Deal and Ruppert 2015: 31). Abstract concerns of enlightenment do not appear to have been given particular emphasis. This continued after the mid-seventh century CE, when Buddhism was adopted as a state religion.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 236]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 202,
"polity": {
"id": 146,
"name": "jp_asuka",
"long_name": "Asuka",
"start_year": 538,
"end_year": 710
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"In the early part of this period, Buddhism was dominated by a number of aristocratic clans, who placed emphasis on practice rather than doctrine, building temples apparently largely as a symbol of clan dominance. Religious practice largely revolved around practical concerns—chanting sutras and performing other Buddhist rituals in the hope of curing diseases, protecting one’s family, or averting natural disasters (Deal and Ruppert 2015: 31). Abstract concerns of enlightenment do not appear to have been given particular emphasis. This continued after the mid-seventh century CE, when Buddhism was adopted as a state religion.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 236]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 203,
"polity": {
"id": 68,
"name": "gr_crete_classical",
"long_name": "Classical Crete",
"start_year": -500,
"end_year": -323
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "The following excerpt suggests a decrease in belief in moralizing enforcement among elites, but not necessarily its disappearance. \"[...] increasing rationalism of educated elites in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE and their skepticism about the traditional gods [...]\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 28]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 204,
"polity": {
"id": 66,
"name": "gr_crete_geometric",
"long_name": "Geometric Crete",
"start_year": -1000,
"end_year": -710
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Homer’s Iliad represents the viewpoint of the aristocratic chieftain, who rules over a group of settlements in a warrior culture. In the world of the Iliad, the gods rarely pay attention to the behavior of lowly people. Zeus’s moral concern is usually limited to enforcement of the warrior code and the norms of behavior between elite males in three domains: guest friendship, oaths, and supplication. While violations of these norms reliably draw his attention, the ways of Zeus are difficult to know, and he does not always punish those who deserve it. Where moral transgressions lie outside Zeus’s specific domains of moral interest, a wronged person must pray for justice and persuade Zeus or other gods to get involved (Saunders 1996: 38).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 22]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 205,
"polity": {
"id": 67,
"name": "gr_crete_archaic",
"long_name": "Archaic Crete",
"start_year": -710,
"end_year": -500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Homer’s Iliad represents the viewpoint of the aristocratic chieftain, who rules over a group of settlements in a warrior culture. In the world of the Iliad, the gods rarely pay attention to the behavior of lowly people. Zeus’s moral concern is usually limited to enforcement of the warrior code and the norms of behavior between elite males in three domains: guest friendship, oaths, and supplication. While violations of these norms reliably draw his attention, the ways of Zeus are difficult to know, and he does not always punish those who deserve it. Where moral transgressions lie outside Zeus’s specific domains of moral interest, a wronged person must pray for justice and persuade Zeus or other gods to get involved (Saunders 1996: 38).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 22]</a> \"Most Greek literature of the Archaic period is fragmentary, but emergent genres of poetry clearly recapitulate ideas found in Homer and Hesiod.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 25]</a>",
"description": ""
}
]
}