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"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
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"comment": "After the third millennium BCE, Mesopotamian sources describe rulers being punished by gods, e.g. when Sargon committed a great evil and Marduk punished him and his lands. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8AC8U9H8\">[Botsforth 1912]</a>",
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{
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},
{
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{
"id": 385,
"polity": {
"id": 789,
"name": "et_ethiopian_k_2",
"long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom II",
"start_year": 1621,
"end_year": 1768
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Although the Orthodox do not adhere to a belief in inherited guilt for Adam’s sin like Western Christians (the concept of ‘oruginal sin’), they do maintain that the unity of humanity is such that what happened to Adam and Eve somehow affects us all. As a result of this first sin all humanity became subject to sickness and death, consumed by a self-love that separates us both from God and from one another.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BKXCW9SQ\">[Siecienski 2019, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 386,
"polity": {
"id": 600,
"name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1",
"long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I",
"start_year": 1614,
"end_year": 1775
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Although the Orthodox do not adhere to a belief in inherited guilt for Adam’s sin like Western Christians (the concept of ‘oruginal sin’), they do maintain that the unity of humanity is such that what happened to Adam and Eve somehow affects us all. As a result of this first sin all humanity became subject to sickness and death, consumed by a self-love that separates us both from God and from one another.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BKXCW9SQ\">[Siecienski 2019, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 387,
"polity": {
"id": 72,
"name": "tr_east_roman_emp",
"long_name": "East Roman Empire",
"start_year": 395,
"end_year": 631
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Although the Orthodox do not adhere to a belief in inherited guilt for Adam’s sin like Western Christians (the concept of ‘oruginal sin’), they do maintain that the unity of humanity is such that what happened to Adam and Eve somehow affects us all. As a result of this first sin all humanity became subject to sickness and death, consumed by a self-love that separates us both from God and from one another.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BKXCW9SQ\">[Siecienski 2019, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 388,
"polity": {
"id": 421,
"name": "cn_erlitou",
"long_name": "Erlitou",
"start_year": -1850,
"end_year": -1600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 389,
"polity": {
"id": 419,
"name": "cn_yangshao",
"long_name": "Yangshao",
"start_year": -5000,
"end_year": -3000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 390,
"polity": {
"id": 420,
"name": "cn_longshan",
"long_name": "Longshan",
"start_year": -3000,
"end_year": -1900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 391,
"polity": {
"id": 422,
"name": "cn_erligang",
"long_name": "Erligang",
"start_year": -1650,
"end_year": -1250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 392,
"polity": {
"id": 64,
"name": "gr_crete_post_palace_1",
"long_name": "Postpalatial Crete",
"start_year": -1300,
"end_year": -1200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"One potentially fruitful approach, given the scant sources, is to understand the Mycenaeans as part of a common Late Bronze Age culture of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Near East, which emphasized gift-exchange, reciprocity, and diplomatic guest friendship. The Amarna Letters (1–5), for example, speak of the “brotherhood” of kings and mention diplomatic marriage and gift exchange (Westbrook 2000). The Treaty of Kadesh between Egypt and the Hittites (1258 BCE) includes curses and divine punishment for either “brother” who breaks it. Since the Mycenaeans were part of these Late Bronze Age interactions, they may have shared in such beliefs (Blackwell 2021).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 20]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 393,
"polity": {
"id": 63,
"name": "gr_crete_mono_palace",
"long_name": "Monopalatial Crete",
"start_year": -1450,
"end_year": -1300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"One potentially fruitful approach, given the scant sources, is to understand the Mycenaeans as part of a common Late Bronze Age culture of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Near East, which emphasized gift-exchange, reciprocity, and diplomatic guest friendship. The Amarna Letters (1–5), for example, speak of the “brotherhood” of kings and mention diplomatic marriage and gift exchange (Westbrook 2000). The Treaty of Kadesh between Egypt and the Hittites (1258 BCE) includes curses and divine punishment for either “brother” who breaks it. Since the Mycenaeans were part of these Late Bronze Age interactions, they may have shared in such beliefs (Blackwell 2021).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 20]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 394,
"polity": {
"id": 65,
"name": "gr_crete_post_palace_2",
"long_name": "Final Postpalatial Crete",
"start_year": -1200,
"end_year": -1000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"One potentially fruitful approach, given the scant sources, is to understand the Mycenaeans as part of a common Late Bronze Age culture of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Near East, which emphasized gift-exchange, reciprocity, and diplomatic guest friendship. The Amarna Letters (1–5), for example, speak of the “brotherhood” of kings and mention diplomatic marriage and gift exchange (Westbrook 2000). The Treaty of Kadesh between Egypt and the Hittites (1258 BCE) includes curses and divine punishment for either “brother” who breaks it. Since the Mycenaeans were part of these Late Bronze Age interactions, they may have shared in such beliefs (Blackwell 2021).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 20]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 395,
"polity": {
"id": 62,
"name": "gr_crete_new_palace",
"long_name": "New Palace Crete",
"start_year": -1700,
"end_year": -1450
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 396,
"polity": {
"id": 61,
"name": "gr_crete_old_palace",
"long_name": "Old Palace Crete",
"start_year": -1900,
"end_year": -1700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 397,
"polity": {
"id": 443,
"name": "mn_mongol_late",
"long_name": "Late Mongols",
"start_year": 1368,
"end_year": 1690
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The continued patronage of monastic institutions throughout the Mahayana world serves as further evidence that merit making was highly salient (Ch’en 1972: 295; Deal and Ruppert 2015: 50).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 115]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 400,
"polity": {
"id": 267,
"name": "mn_mongol_emp",
"long_name": "Mongol Empire",
"start_year": 1206,
"end_year": 1270
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Tengrism appears to include belief in moralizing enforcement. \"Erleg Khan, ruler of the lower world, is responsible for the disposition of the suns, and determines when and where it reincarnates. If a soul was extremely evil during its life on earth he may send it to Ela Guren, a part of the lower world where souls are extinguished forever.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S4CBUW7I\">[Odigan_Stewart 1997]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 401,
"polity": {
"id": 442,
"name": "mn_mongol_early",
"long_name": "Early Mongols",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1206
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Erleg Khan, ruler of the lower world, is responsible for the disposition of the suns, and determines when and where it reincarnates. If a soul was extremely evil during its life on earth he may send it to Ela Guren, a part of the lower world where souls are extinguished forever.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S4CBUW7I\">[Odigan_Stewart 1997]</a> \"As Marlene Laurelle has noted ‘[tengrism] is individualistic, does not have a holy text, and the religion is without a clergy, without dogma and interdictions’ (Laurelle 2006). Moreover, the concept of prayer is also unknown (Laurelle 2006).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/E2Q8EKKQ\">[Isaacs 2021, p. 452]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 402,
"polity": {
"id": 50,
"name": "id_majapahit_k",
"long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom",
"start_year": 1292,
"end_year": 1518
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The continued patronage of monastic institutions throughout the Mahayana world serves as further evidence that merit making was highly salient (Ch’en 1972: 295; Deal and Ruppert 2015: 50).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 115]</a> \"Irrespective of your varṇa—the fourfold social division of Brahmin (priests), Kṣatriyaḥ (kings and warriors), Vaisya (people engaging in various trades), and Ṣudra (those employed as servants or in other occupations that were considered to be lower in the socioeconomic hierarchy) cited in the Ṛgveda—your dharma is one, and it is the same for everyone (Rig-Veda I [RV] 1876: 10.90.12). One’s dharma is also not affected by one’s āśrama (religious forms of life that individuals choose voluntarily as a permanent state, i.e., student, householder, hermit, or wandering ascetic), jāti (the social group, community, or clan one is born into), class, or any other social divisions. […] Transgressing the rules of dharma (the eternal moral law) or going against one’s dharma (duty) may destabilize the dharma (cosmic order) of the universe, invite the wrath of a supernatural deity or the Parama Brahman (Supreme Spirit, God, or Deity) themselves, or make one the subject of the fruits of one’s karma.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EBDJ2WB5\">[Das_et_al 2024, p. 48]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 403,
"polity": {
"id": 48,
"name": "id_medang_k",
"long_name": "Medang Kingdom",
"start_year": 732,
"end_year": 1019
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The continued patronage of monastic institutions throughout the Mahayana world serves as further evidence that merit making was highly salient (Ch’en 1972: 295; Deal and Ruppert 2015: 50).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 115]</a> \"Irrespective of your varṇa—the fourfold social division of Brahmin (priests), Kṣatriyaḥ (kings and warriors), Vaisya (people engaging in various trades), and Ṣudra (those employed as servants or in other occupations that were considered to be lower in the socioeconomic hierarchy) cited in the Ṛgveda—your dharma is one, and it is the same for everyone (Rig-Veda I [RV] 1876: 10.90.12). One’s dharma is also not affected by one’s āśrama (religious forms of life that individuals choose voluntarily as a permanent state, i.e., student, householder, hermit, or wandering ascetic), jāti (the social group, community, or clan one is born into), class, or any other social divisions. […] Transgressing the rules of dharma (the eternal moral law) or going against one’s dharma (duty) may destabilize the dharma (cosmic order) of the universe, invite the wrath of a supernatural deity or the Parama Brahman (Supreme Spirit, God, or Deity) themselves, or make one the subject of the fruits of one’s karma.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EBDJ2WB5\">[Das_et_al 2024, p. 48]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 404,
"polity": {
"id": 282,
"name": "kg_western_turk_khaganate",
"long_name": "Western Turk Khaganate",
"start_year": 582,
"end_year": 630
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Erleg Khan, ruler of the lower world, is responsible for the disposition of the suns, and determines when and where it reincarnates. If a soul was extremely evil during its life on earth he may send it to Ela Guren, a part of the lower world where souls are extinguished forever.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S4CBUW7I\">[Odigan_Stewart 1997]</a> \"As Marlene Laurelle has noted ‘[tengrism] is individualistic, does not have a holy text, and the religion is without a clergy, without dogma and interdictions’ (Laurelle 2006). Moreover, the concept of prayer is also unknown (Laurelle 2006).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/E2Q8EKKQ\">[Isaacs 2021, p. 452]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 405,
"polity": {
"id": 468,
"name": "uz_sogdiana_city_states",
"long_name": "Sogdiana - City-States Period",
"start_year": 604,
"end_year": 711
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The duty of each individual is to side with the good so that the evil will be ultimately vanquished and the good will triumph to reign supreme.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TSXN78UE\">[Nigosian 1993, p. 91]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 406,
"polity": {
"id": 623,
"name": "zi_toutswe",
"long_name": "Toutswe",
"start_year": 700,
"end_year": 1250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 407,
"polity": {
"id": 440,
"name": "mn_turk_khaganate_2",
"long_name": "Second Turk Khaganate",
"start_year": 682,
"end_year": 744
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Erleg Khan, ruler of the lower world, is responsible for the disposition of the suns, and determines when and where it reincarnates. If a soul was extremely evil during its life on earth he may send it to Ela Guren, a part of the lower world where souls are extinguished forever.\" [Odigan_Stewart 1997] \"As Marlene Laurelle has noted ‘[tengrism] is individualistic, does not have a holy text, and the religion is without a clergy, without dogma and interdictions’ (Laurelle 2006). Moreover, the concept of prayer is also unknown (Laurelle 2006).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/E2Q8EKKQ\">[Isaacs 2021, p. 452]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 408,
"polity": {
"id": 283,
"name": "mn_turk_khaganate_1",
"long_name": "Eastern Turk Khaganate",
"start_year": 583,
"end_year": 630
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Erleg Khan, ruler of the lower world, is responsible for the disposition of the suns, and determines when and where it reincarnates. If a soul was extremely evil during its life on earth he may send it to Ela Guren, a part of the lower world where souls are extinguished forever.\" [Odigan_Stewart 1997] \"As Marlene Laurelle has noted ‘[tengrism] is individualistic, does not have a holy text, and the religion is without a clergy, without dogma and interdictions’ (Laurelle 2006). Moreover, the concept of prayer is also unknown (Laurelle 2006).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/E2Q8EKKQ\">[Isaacs 2021, p. 452]</a>",
"description": ""
}
]
}