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{
"id": 1,
"polity": {
"id": 673,
"name": "ni_wukari_fed",
"long_name": "Wukari Federation",
"start_year": 1820,
"end_year": 1899
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "uncoded",
"comment": "The following extract suggests that human agents were expected to punish transgressing rulers, but this does not exclude the possibility of belief that these rulers then received further punishment in the afterlife. “The very religious doctrine which granted the Jukun king theoretically absolute powers also prescribed his death when it became apparent that he was no longer worthy of them. Regarded as a check on the king's powers, institutionalized regicide is validated by the dogma of the mystical relation between the ruler and his people’s welfare. […] At Wukari the king was said traditionally to have been killed after reigning for seven years. He was also supposed to have been killed if he fell off his horse, if he broke any of the royal taboos, or if he fell seriously ill. He was killed, not during, but after, a famine or serious drought.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZAACAP8P\">[Young 1966, p. 141]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 2,
"polity": {
"id": 675,
"name": "se_saloum_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Saloum",
"start_year": 1490,
"end_year": 1863
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 3,
"polity": {
"id": 676,
"name": "se_baol_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Baol",
"start_year": 1550,
"end_year": 1890
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "“Regarding the traditional religion of the Wolofs, we have very little documentation that would have allowed us to identify an organized institution or precise religious theology.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9KV5MEKN\">[Barry 2012, p. 35]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 4,
"polity": {
"id": 682,
"name": "se_jolof_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jolof",
"start_year": 1549,
"end_year": 1865
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "“Regarding the traditional religion of the Wolofs, we have very little documentation that would have allowed us to identify an organized institution or precise religious theology.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9KV5MEKN\">[Barry 2012, p. 35]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 5,
"polity": {
"id": 679,
"name": "se_jolof_emp",
"long_name": "Jolof Empire",
"start_year": 1360,
"end_year": 1549
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "“Regarding the traditional religion of the Wolofs, we have very little documentation that would have allowed us to identify an organized institution or precise religious theology.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9KV5MEKN\">[Barry 2012, p. 35]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 6,
"polity": {
"id": 671,
"name": "ni_dahomey_k",
"long_name": "Foys",
"start_year": 1715,
"end_year": 1894
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "uncoded",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 7,
"polity": {
"id": 314,
"name": "ua_kievan_rus",
"long_name": "Kievan Rus",
"start_year": 880,
"end_year": 1242
},
"year_from": 880,
"year_to": 898,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Inferring that rulers also took oaths and could be punished for breaking them. “From the scarce written records we know that at the official signing of the treaty with the Byzantines in 907 the whole Kievan army swore by Perun and Veles, and also, in the 971 treaty, the warriors swore by Perun and ‘the rest of Rus’ by Veles. […] In reference to punishment for breaking the oath, the offenders would be killed by their own weapons and […] become yellow as gold[…]. So, this suggests that Veles was able to inflict disease as a punishment.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZGZ78TAM\">[Zaroff 1999, p. 60]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 8,
"polity": {
"id": 484,
"name": "iq_abbasid_cal_2",
"long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate II",
"start_year": 1191,
"end_year": 1258
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. [...] He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 9,
"polity": {
"id": 367,
"name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate",
"start_year": 1171,
"end_year": 1250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 10,
"polity": {
"id": 221,
"name": "tn_fatimid_cal",
"long_name": "Fatimid Caliphate",
"start_year": 909,
"end_year": 1171
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 11,
"polity": {
"id": 171,
"name": "tr_rum_sultanate",
"long_name": "Rum Sultanate",
"start_year": 1077,
"end_year": 1307
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 12,
"polity": {
"id": 364,
"name": "ir_seljuk_sultanate",
"long_name": "Seljuk Sultanate",
"start_year": 1037,
"end_year": 1157
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 13,
"polity": {
"id": 362,
"name": "ir_buyid_confederation",
"long_name": "Buyid Confederation",
"start_year": 932,
"end_year": 1062
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 14,
"polity": {
"id": 360,
"name": "ir_saffarid_emp",
"long_name": "Saffarid Caliphate",
"start_year": 861,
"end_year": 1003
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 15,
"polity": {
"id": 361,
"name": "eg_thulunid_ikhshidid",
"long_name": "Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period",
"start_year": 868,
"end_year": 969
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 16,
"polity": {
"id": 232,
"name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1",
"long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I",
"start_year": 1260,
"end_year": 1348
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 17,
"polity": {
"id": 236,
"name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2",
"long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II",
"start_year": 1348,
"end_year": 1412
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 18,
"polity": {
"id": 239,
"name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3",
"long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III",
"start_year": 1412,
"end_year": 1517
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 19,
"polity": {
"id": 173,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emirate",
"long_name": "Ottoman Emirate",
"start_year": 1299,
"end_year": 1402
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 20,
"polity": {
"id": 174,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_1",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire I",
"start_year": 1402,
"end_year": 1517
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 21,
"polity": {
"id": 175,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire II",
"start_year": 1517,
"end_year": 1683
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 22,
"polity": {
"id": 176,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_3",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire III",
"start_year": 1683,
"end_year": 1839
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 23,
"polity": {
"id": 177,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV",
"start_year": 1839,
"end_year": 1922
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 24,
"polity": {
"id": 542,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy",
"long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period",
"start_year": 1873,
"end_year": 1920
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 25,
"polity": {
"id": 131,
"name": "sy_umayyad_cal",
"long_name": "Umayyad Caliphate",
"start_year": 661,
"end_year": 750
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 26,
"polity": {
"id": 508,
"name": "ir_ak_koyunlu",
"long_name": "Ak Koyunlu",
"start_year": 1339,
"end_year": 1501
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 27,
"polity": {
"id": 374,
"name": "ir_safavid_emp",
"long_name": "Safavid Empire",
"start_year": 1501,
"end_year": 1722
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 28,
"polity": {
"id": 509,
"name": "ir_qajar_dyn",
"long_name": "Qajar Dynasty",
"start_year": 1794,
"end_year": 1925
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 29,
"polity": {
"id": 359,
"name": "ye_ziyad_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen Ziyadid Dynasty",
"start_year": 822,
"end_year": 1037
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 30,
"polity": {
"id": 365,
"name": "ye_warlords",
"long_name": "Yemen - Era of Warlords",
"start_year": 1038,
"end_year": 1174
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 31,
"polity": {
"id": 368,
"name": "ye_rasulid_dyn",
"long_name": "Rasulid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1229,
"end_year": 1453
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 32,
"polity": {
"id": 372,
"name": "ye_tahirid_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1454,
"end_year": 1517
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 33,
"polity": {
"id": 541,
"name": "ye_qasimid_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1637,
"end_year": 1805
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 34,
"polity": {
"id": 711,
"name": "om_busaidi_imamate_1",
"long_name": "Imamate of Oman and Muscat",
"start_year": 1749,
"end_year": 1895
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 35,
"polity": {
"id": 639,
"name": "so_ajuran_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ajuran Sultanate",
"start_year": 1250,
"end_year": 1700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 36,
"polity": {
"id": 646,
"name": "so_ifat_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ifat Sultanate",
"start_year": 1280,
"end_year": 1375
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. Since He knows everything, He can keep track of every moral and immoral act, no matter how small. His unlimited power ensures that He can dispense proper rewards and punishments for these acts. For instance, He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 37,
"polity": {
"id": 444,
"name": "mn_zungharian_emp",
"long_name": "Zungharian Empire",
"start_year": 1670,
"end_year": 1757
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The continued patronage of monastic institutions throughout the Mahayana world serves as further evidence that merit making was highly salient (Ch’en 1972: 295; Deal and Ruppert 2015: 50).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 115]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 38,
"polity": {
"id": 286,
"name": "mn_uygur_khaganate",
"long_name": "Uigur Khaganate",
"start_year": 745,
"end_year": 840
},
"year_from": 762,
"year_to": 840,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "The key societal division was between catechumens and elect, not commoners and rulers (or similar), and both catechumens and elect were subject to MSP. \"The most salient feature of the Manichaean community’s structure was the division of adherents into two major classes: the auditors, known as “catechumens” in Greek and Coptic texts, and the elect.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BHP8TJWM\">[Dilley_et_al 2024, p. 124]</a> \"According to an-Nadim, The Shaburagan, Mani’s writing in Middle Persian dedicated to the Sasanian emperor Shapur I, described the three forms of postmortem judgment: 'These are the three paths apportioned for the souls of humans. One of them leads to paradise (lit. “the gardens”) and they (who travel on it) are the elect. The second leads (back) to the world and (its) terrors, and they (who travel on it) observe the religion and provide assistance to the elect. The third leads to jahannam (i.e. hell) and they (who travel on it) are the wicked people.' (an-Nadim in Kitāb Fihrist, trans. Reeves 2011: 101)\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BHP8TJWM\">[Dilley_et_al 2024, p. 125]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 39,
"polity": {
"id": 286,
"name": "mn_uygur_khaganate",
"long_name": "Uigur Khaganate",
"start_year": 745,
"end_year": 840
},
"year_from": 745,
"year_to": 761,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 40,
"polity": {
"id": 130,
"name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2",
"long_name": "Sasanid Empire II",
"start_year": 488,
"end_year": 642
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The duty of each individual is to side with the good so that the evil will be ultimately vanquished and the good will triumph to reign supreme.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TSXN78UE\">[Nigosian 1993, p. 91]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 41,
"polity": {
"id": 128,
"name": "ir_sassanid_emp_1",
"long_name": "Sasanid Empire I",
"start_year": 205,
"end_year": 487
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The duty of each individual is to side with the good so that the evil will be ultimately vanquished and the good will triumph to reign supreme.\"9 <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TSXN78UE\">[Nigosian 1993, p. 91]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 42,
"polity": {
"id": 125,
"name": "ir_parthian_emp_1",
"long_name": "Parthian Empire I",
"start_year": -247,
"end_year": 40
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The duty of each individual is to side with the good so that the evil will be ultimately vanquished and the good will triumph to reign supreme.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TSXN78UE\">[Nigosian 1993, p. 91]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 43,
"polity": {
"id": 483,
"name": "iq_parthian_emp_2",
"long_name": "Parthian Empire II",
"start_year": 41,
"end_year": 226
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The duty of each individual is to side with the good so that the evil will be ultimately vanquished and the good will triumph to reign supreme.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TSXN78UE\">[Nigosian 1993, p. 91]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 44,
"polity": {
"id": 309,
"name": "fr_carolingian_emp_1",
"long_name": "Carolingian Empire I",
"start_year": 752,
"end_year": 840
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Politics, however, was for the Carolingian kings and emperors inextricably intertwined with religious issues. The king was responsible for the moral conduct of himself, his family, and his people in order to retain the Lord’s protection.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TACDKGK9\">[Meens_Arnold 2014, p. 257]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 45,
"polity": {
"id": 311,
"name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2",
"long_name": "Carolingian Empire II",
"start_year": 840,
"end_year": 987
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Politics, however, was for the Carolingian kings and emperors inextricably intertwined with religious issues. The king was responsible for the moral conduct of himself, his family, and his people in order to retain the Lord’s protection.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TACDKGK9\">[Meens_Arnold 2014, p. 257]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 46,
"polity": {
"id": 436,
"name": "co_tairona",
"long_name": "Tairona",
"start_year": 1050,
"end_year": 1524
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": true,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "No directevidence could be found for the belief that the Tairona gods or other supernatural forces dispensed moralistic punishmentor reward. \r\n\r\nAccording to some scholars, similarities between the material culture left behind by the Tairona and that of the modern-day Kogi indigenous people suggests that Kogi beliefsmay provide clues regarding beliefs among the Tairona. Reichel Dolmatoff describes the Universal Mother as demanding adherence to behaviors and conduct including “collaboration, reciprocity, honesty, and an utterly no-materialistic attitude towards life …Signs of ‘disorder’ such as hermaphroditism, left handedness, seven-month babies, twins, cause consternation and are attributedto the Mother Sun’s displeasure with mankind’s behavior”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IJGBEW43\">[Reichel-Dolmatoff 1990, p. 12]</a> Witte however, writes that the Mother did not punish those who broke these procedures, but rather that, when these laws were broken, they caused a cosmic imbalance which could lead to natural disasters. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHATK9CJ\">[Witte 2017, p. 155]</a> Finally, scholars such as Giraldo argue that we cannot assume this cultural continuity as it is posited. These scholars observe that the polities now known as \"Tairona\" collapsed during the 16th century, and at most 3-4 thousand people survived by 1600 or so. Moreover, they point out that the indigenous people who survivedwere subjected to missionization, Spanish and then Colombian rule and interaction with non-indigenous populations. Therefore, they say, it is simply not possible to argue that their beliefs remain unchanged 500 years later. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W4X45Z62\">[Giraldo_et_al 2020]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 47,
"polity": {
"id": 196,
"name": "ec_shuar_1",
"long_name": "Shuar - Colonial",
"start_year": 1534,
"end_year": 1830
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Ethnographies consulted describe the presence of avenging spirits that may punish those who do not fulfill their ritual obligations and elders with the power to curse others. These sources do not suggest a moralizing interpretation for these beliefs. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S34XJRJ7\">[Karsten 1935]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CRIJIVUC\">[Harner 1973]</a> \"There are spirits but they are more capricious than moralizing. Revenge is a key notion in Shuar society but even there, it feels more like setting things straight interpersonally rather than moralistic per se. Spirits help warriors gain power but supernatural punishment isn't a key idea. Sorcerers can inflict harm but it's viewed more as warfare than moral sanctioning per se.” (Clark Bennett, pers. comm. to H. Whitehouse, Dec 14, 2020) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6FPKWD5Z\">[Bennett 2020]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 48,
"polity": {
"id": 197,
"name": "ec_shuar_2",
"long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian",
"start_year": 1831,
"end_year": 1931
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Ethnographies consulted describe the presence of avenging spirits that may punish those who do not fulfill their ritual obligations and elders with the power to curse others. These sources do not suggest a moralizing interpretation for these beliefs. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S34XJRJ7\">[Karsten 1935]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CRIJIVUC\">[Harner 1973]</a> \"There are spirits but they are more capricious than moralizing. Revenge is a key notion in Shuar society but even there, it feels more like setting things straight interpersonally rather than moralistic per se. Spirits help warriors gain power but supernatural punishment isn't a key idea. Sorcerers can inflict harm but it's viewed more as warfare than moral sanctioning per se.” (Clark Bennett, pers. comm. to H. Whitehouse, Dec 14, 2020) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6FPKWD5Z\">[Bennett 2020]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 49,
"polity": {
"id": 101,
"name": "us_haudenosaunee_1",
"long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early",
"start_year": 1566,
"end_year": 1713
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Haudenosaunee cosmology as well as the beliefs and oral traditions of individual member nations are foundational in the cultures of the Six Nations and therefore apply to all in society. However, while Haudenosaunee oral traditions potentially include examples of individual lesson-learning and restorative justice, there does not seem to be direct moralizing enforcement. Instead, Haudenosaunee cosmology mainly focuses on holistic interconnectedness, natural cause and effect, and the relationship between humans and nature. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A43ZSPMP\">[Foley 1975, p. 46]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S9B7K8TW\">[ST._JOHN 1981, p. 50]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 50,
"polity": {
"id": 102,
"name": "us_haudenosaunee_2",
"long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late",
"start_year": 1714,
"end_year": 1848
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Haudenosaunee cosmology as well as the beliefs and oral traditions of individual member nations are foundational in the cultures of the Six Nations and therefore apply to all in society. However, while Haudenosaunee oral traditions potentially include examples of individual lesson-learning and restorative justice, there does not seem to be direct moralizing enforcement. Instead, Haudenosaunee cosmology mainly focuses on holistic interconnectedness, natural cause and effect, and the relationship between humans and nature. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A43ZSPMP\">[Foley 1975, p. 46]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S9B7K8TW\">[ST._JOHN 1981, p. 50]</a>",
"description": ""
}
]
}