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"long_name": "Durrani Empire",
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},
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"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
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"comment": "\"The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. [...] He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
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"id": 74,
"name": "gr_crete_emirate",
"long_name": "The Emirate of Crete",
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},
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. [...] He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
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{
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"id": 637,
"name": "so_adal_sultanate",
"long_name": "Adal Sultanate",
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"end_year": 1543
},
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. [...] He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
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{
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"id": 666,
"name": "ni_sokoto_cal",
"long_name": "Sokoto Caliphate",
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. [...] He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 207,
"polity": {
"id": 652,
"name": "et_harar_emirate",
"long_name": "Emirate of Harar",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1875
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. [...] He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 208,
"polity": {
"id": 135,
"name": "in_delhi_sultanate",
"long_name": "Delhi Sultanate",
"start_year": 1206,
"end_year": 1526
},
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"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. [...] He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 209,
"polity": {
"id": 651,
"name": "et_gumma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Gumma",
"start_year": 1800,
"end_year": 1897
},
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"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The fact that Allāh is omniscient and omnipotent makes Him a very effective agent for implementing MSP. [...] He is capable of imposing deserved punishment on the mightiest individuals and communities (e.g., Pharaoh, the people of Thamūd, the Quraysh) (see Qurʾān 7:73–9, 79:24).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": null
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{
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"polity": {
"id": 498,
"name": "ir_elam_4",
"long_name": "Elam - Late Sukkalmah",
"start_year": -1700,
"end_year": -1500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Kingship was an important intermediate position between the gods and humans, and was protected by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
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{
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"polity": {
"id": 502,
"name": "ir_elam_8",
"long_name": "Elam - Crisis Period",
"start_year": -1100,
"end_year": -900
},
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"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Kingship was an important intermediate position between the gods and humans, and was protected by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
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"id": 504,
"name": "ir_neo_elam_2",
"long_name": "Elam II",
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},
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"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Kingship was an important intermediate position between the gods and humans, and was protected by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 213,
"polity": {
"id": 500,
"name": "ir_elam_6",
"long_name": "Elam - Igihalkid Period",
"start_year": -1399,
"end_year": -1200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Kingship was an important intermediate position between the gods and humans, and was protected by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
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{
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"polity": {
"id": 496,
"name": "ir_elam_2",
"long_name": "Elam - Shimashki Period",
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"end_year": -1940
},
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Kingship was an important intermediate position between the gods and humans, and was protected by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
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"polity": {
"id": 497,
"name": "ir_elam_3",
"long_name": "Elam - Early Sukkalmah",
"start_year": -1900,
"end_year": -1701
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Kingship was an important intermediate position between the gods and humans, and was protected by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 216,
"polity": {
"id": 499,
"name": "ir_elam_5",
"long_name": "Elam - Kidinuid Period",
"start_year": -1500,
"end_year": -1400
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Kingship was an important intermediate position between the gods and humans, and was protected by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 217,
"polity": {
"id": 503,
"name": "ir_neo_elam_1",
"long_name": "Elam I",
"start_year": -900,
"end_year": -744
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Kingship was an important intermediate position between the gods and humans, and was protected by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 218,
"polity": {
"id": 505,
"name": "ir_neo_elam_3",
"long_name": "Elam III",
"start_year": -612,
"end_year": -539
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Kingship was an important intermediate position between the gods and humans, and was protected by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 219,
"polity": {
"id": 501,
"name": "ir_elam_7",
"long_name": "Elam - Shutrukid Period",
"start_year": -1199,
"end_year": -1100
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Kingship was an important intermediate position between the gods and humans, and was protected by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 220,
"polity": {
"id": 445,
"name": "pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial",
"long_name": "Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial",
"start_year": 1734,
"end_year": 1883
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "“The Orokaiva interacted with demigods and ancestor spirits through ritual exchanges and an elaborate system of initiation (Iteanu 1990; Schwimmer 1973), and it may have been these reciprocal exchanges that formed the primary dimension of the ritual system. Indigenous explanations for misfortune in Melanesia typically invoke sorcery or offences against nonhuman agents, such as failure to perform appropriate rituals (Whitehouse 1996a). […] [T]he available evidence suggests that moralistic elements were present in the indigenous system, but broad-scope moralizing punishment by a supreme being, as a primary feature of the religious system, was introduced and then elaborated on in the colonial period.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/97J9GDE3\">[Brandl_et_al 2024, p. 305]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 221,
"polity": {
"id": 147,
"name": "jp_heian",
"long_name": "Heian",
"start_year": 794,
"end_year": 1185
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Around this time, possibly as a result of Buddhist teachings, criminal punishments became milder, while the state sponsored ponds where fish and other aquatic animals could be set free in order to gain merit. That is, it seems karmic benefits could be derived from charity and other moral behavior, not only from ritual performance. Nevertheless, the emphasis remained on immediate karmic effects within this lifetime rather than benefits in future lifetimes (Morris 2013: 136–40).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 237]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 222,
"polity": {
"id": 150,
"name": "jp_sengoku_jidai",
"long_name": "Warring States Japan",
"start_year": 1467,
"end_year": 1568
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "There appears to be no reason to doubt continuity with the previous period. \"Overall, medieval Japan saw the popularization of Buddhism throughout multiple strata of society, as well as the birth and development of multiple strands of thought and practice.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 241]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 223,
"polity": {
"id": 59,
"name": "gr_crete_nl",
"long_name": "Neolithic Crete",
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"end_year": -3000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 225,
"polity": {
"id": 60,
"name": "gr_crete_pre_palace",
"long_name": "Prepalatial Crete",
"start_year": -3000,
"end_year": -1900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "\"Some aspects of Early Minoan burials, such as the inclusion of food offerings, model houses, and amulets in tombs, reflect Egyptian practices (Watrous 2021: 45–8). It is probable that these burial customs point to some form of afterlife belief, but they provide no clear evidence of moralizing supernatural punishment and reward (MSP).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 19]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 226,
"polity": {
"id": 447,
"name": "fr_beaker_eba",
"long_name": "Beaker Culture",
"start_year": -3200,
"end_year": -2000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a> Much historical evidence from adjacent cultures points to the ancient use of oaths in treaties, and thus by rulers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVX6DWD6\">[Torrance_Sommerstein 2014]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 227,
"polity": {
"id": 449,
"name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1",
"long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1",
"start_year": -1000,
"end_year": -900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Much historical evidence from adjacent cultures points to the ancient use of oaths in treaties, and thus by rulers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVX6DWD6\">[Torrance_Sommerstein 2014]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 228,
"polity": {
"id": 452,
"name": "fr_hallstatt_d",
"long_name": "Hallstatt D",
"start_year": -600,
"end_year": -475
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Much historical evidence from adjacent cultures points to the ancient use of oaths in treaties, and thus by rulers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVX6DWD6\">[Torrance_Sommerstein 2014]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 229,
"polity": {
"id": 450,
"name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3",
"long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3",
"start_year": -900,
"end_year": -700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Much historical evidence from adjacent cultures points to the ancient use of oaths in treaties, and thus by rulers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVX6DWD6\">[Torrance_Sommerstein 2014]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 230,
"polity": {
"id": 448,
"name": "fr_atlantic_complex",
"long_name": "Atlantic Complex",
"start_year": -2200,
"end_year": -1000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Much historical evidence from adjacent cultures points to the ancient use of oaths in treaties, and thus by rulers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVX6DWD6\">[Torrance_Sommerstein 2014]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 231,
"polity": {
"id": 451,
"name": "fr_hallstatt_c",
"long_name": "Hallstatt C",
"start_year": -700,
"end_year": -600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Much historical evidence from adjacent cultures points to the ancient use of oaths in treaties, and thus by rulers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVX6DWD6\">[Torrance_Sommerstein 2014]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 232,
"polity": {
"id": 453,
"name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1",
"long_name": "La Tene A-B1",
"start_year": -475,
"end_year": -325
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Much historical evidence from adjacent cultures points to the ancient use of oaths in treaties, and thus by rulers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVX6DWD6\">[Torrance_Sommerstein 2014]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 233,
"polity": {
"id": 439,
"name": "mn_shiwei",
"long_name": "Shiwei",
"start_year": 600,
"end_year": 1000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 234,
"polity": {
"id": 274,
"name": "mn_hunnu_late",
"long_name": "Late Xiongnu",
"start_year": -60,
"end_year": 100
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 235,
"polity": {
"id": 438,
"name": "mn_xianbei",
"long_name": "Xianbei Confederation",
"start_year": 100,
"end_year": 250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 236,
"polity": {
"id": 437,
"name": "mn_hunnu_early",
"long_name": "Early Xiongnu",
"start_year": -1400,
"end_year": -300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 237,
"polity": {
"id": 278,
"name": "mn_rouran_khaganate",
"long_name": "Rouran Khaganate",
"start_year": 300,
"end_year": 555
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 238,
"polity": {
"id": 272,
"name": "mn_hunnu_emp",
"long_name": "Xiongnu Imperial Confederation",
"start_year": -209,
"end_year": -60
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 241,
"polity": {
"id": 77,
"name": "pe_cuzco_1",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Late Formative",
"start_year": -500,
"end_year": 200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 242,
"polity": {
"id": 81,
"name": "pe_cuzco_5",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate I",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 243,
"polity": {
"id": 78,
"name": "pe_cuzco_2",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate I",
"start_year": 200,
"end_year": 499
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 244,
"polity": {
"id": 82,
"name": "pe_cuzco_6",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate II",
"start_year": 1250,
"end_year": 1400
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 245,
"polity": {
"id": 83,
"name": "pe_inca_emp",
"long_name": "Inca Empire",
"start_year": 1375,
"end_year": 1532
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 246,
"polity": {
"id": 80,
"name": "pe_wari_emp",
"long_name": "Wari Empire",
"start_year": 650,
"end_year": 999
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 247,
"polity": {
"id": 79,
"name": "pe_cuzco_3",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate II",
"start_year": 500,
"end_year": 649
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 248,
"polity": {
"id": 22,
"name": "us_woodland_1",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Early Woodland",
"start_year": -600,
"end_year": -150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 249,
"polity": {
"id": 34,
"name": "us_emergent_mississippian_2",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1049
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 250,
"polity": {
"id": 27,
"name": "us_emergent_mississippian_1",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I",
"start_year": 750,
"end_year": 900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 251,
"polity": {
"id": 25,
"name": "us_woodland_4",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland II",
"start_year": 450,
"end_year": 600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 252,
"polity": {
"id": 24,
"name": "us_woodland_3",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland I",
"start_year": 300,
"end_year": 450
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 253,
"polity": {
"id": 23,
"name": "us_woodland_2",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Middle Woodland",
"start_year": -150,
"end_year": 300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 254,
"polity": {
"id": 26,
"name": "us_woodland_5",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland III",
"start_year": 600,
"end_year": 750
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 255,
"polity": {
"id": 144,
"name": "jp_yayoi",
"long_name": "Kansai - Yayoi Period",
"start_year": -300,
"end_year": 250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"While these gods were not morally concerned in the sense of explicitly caring for human welfare, they were clearly offended by certain moral violations and willing to inflict disaster upon society in response. It was the duty of clan leaders and the emperor to perform the correct rites in order to placate the kami; if they failed in this duty to society, collective punishment would result.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 235]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}