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{
"id": 461,
"polity": {
"id": 587,
"name": "gb_british_emp_1",
"long_name": "British Empire I",
"start_year": 1690,
"end_year": 1849
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Each individual receives judgement. “The creeds did nothing else than repeat Jesus’ announcement that he would come in glory at the end to judge all people—the Final Judgement on both humankind as a whole and each individual. What we said above about the particular judgement applies even more to the Final Judgement. Rather than God the judge passing sentence on each and every individual at the general judgement, the whole of humanity and all creation will definitively experience the truth about themselves in the presence of God.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WVP9QISX\">[O'Collins_Farrugia 2015, p. 245]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 462,
"polity": {
"id": 609,
"name": "si_freetown_1",
"long_name": "Freetown",
"start_year": 1787,
"end_year": 1808
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Each individual receives judgement. “The creeds did nothing else than repeat Jesus’ announcement that he would come in glory at the end to judge all people—the Final Judgement on both humankind as a whole and each individual. What we said above about the particular judgement applies even more to the Final Judgement. Rather than God the judge passing sentence on each and every individual at the general judgement, the whole of humanity and all creation will definitively experience the truth about themselves in the presence of God.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WVP9QISX\">[O'Collins_Farrugia 2015, p. 245]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 464,
"polity": {
"id": 667,
"name": "ni_igala_k",
"long_name": "Igala",
"start_year": 1600,
"end_year": 1900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"The Attah, who was the central head of the kingdom, was believed to have a direct link with the ancestors. As such, the Attah was looked upon as a divine being or a quasi-god.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/74KTP9Z5\">[Achoba 2017, p. 37]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 465,
"polity": {
"id": 636,
"name": "et_jimma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jimma",
"start_year": 1790,
"end_year": 1932
},
"year_from": 1790,
"year_to": 1829,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Nothing in the literature consulted to suggest the following did not apply to rulers. “But for the Oromo, Waaqa does not commit evil against His creation. He withdraws from human beings when they breach saffuu and disturb the cosmic and social order. Failure to act in accordance with Waaqa’s order will lead to punishment. Various types of misfortunes ranging from illness, mishaps, and other bad things can happen to the guilty person and his/her relatives. Some people believe that there are spiritual causes for natural disasters, serious illness, conflict, and so on. When human beings sin, Waaqa would deny them rain and other important requirements for life. […] It has been stated that Waaqa is patient with his creations. If they correct their mistakes through rituals and acceptable practices, He will forgive them. When Waaqa withdraws from them, the concerned people ought to pray to Waaqa and try to correct and learn from their mistakes. So, when individuals failed to observe the laws of Waaqa and were punished as a result, they would ask Waaqa for forgiveness. Human beings are required to respect the laws of God and maintain the social order through rituals. ‘Oromo rituals recreate, enact, and maintain the social order. This social order symbolically expresses the cosmological order. Prayers link the earthly part of the cosmological order with the divine one” (AGUILAR 2005, 58).’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JP3BMSXD\">[Kelbessa 2022, pp. 79-80]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 466,
"polity": {
"id": 636,
"name": "et_jimma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jimma",
"start_year": 1790,
"end_year": 1932
},
"year_from": 1830,
"year_to": 1932,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "After conversion to Islam. \"Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 467,
"polity": {
"id": 647,
"name": "er_medri_bahri",
"long_name": "Medri Bahri",
"start_year": 1310,
"end_year": 1889
},
"year_from": 1751,
"year_to": 1889,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "After conversion to Islam. \"Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 468,
"polity": {
"id": 546,
"name": "cn_five_dyn",
"long_name": "Five Dynasties Period",
"start_year": 906,
"end_year": 970
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Because all people in their essence are made up of the qi of Heaven and Earth, their actions and thoughts—including their hidden fantasies and secret intentions—have a direct impact on the functioning of the world.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PG935ZIK\">[Kohn 2009, p. 98]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 470,
"polity": {
"id": 87,
"name": "in_mauryan_emp",
"long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire",
"start_year": -324,
"end_year": -187
},
"year_from": -297,
"year_to": -187,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Ashoka converted to Buddhism, became a vegetarian, and dedicated the rest of his reign to spreading Buddhism, although he honored all religions. He also discouraged hunting and encouraged people to go on pilgrimages instead. A son and daughter became Buddhist missionaries, spreading the faith to Ceylon. He also convened the Third Buddhist Council around 240 BCE at Pataliputra to deal with differences within the monastic order and to finish compiling the Buddhist canons. He denounced immoral behavior and appointed morality officers to enforce his rules. He also renounced war, stating his intention to change people through moral persuasion; but importantly, he did not disband the army.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJDSSQGP\">[Upshur_et_al 2016]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 471,
"polity": {
"id": 87,
"name": "in_mauryan_emp",
"long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire",
"start_year": -324,
"end_year": -187
},
"year_from": -324,
"year_to": -298,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers",
"coded_value": "uncoded",
"comment": "Unclear. \"Although Vedic religion was not founded on moralistic principles, it included [moralistic] elements. Ṛta (truth) was the principle governing the natural, social, religious, and moral order (Bilimoria 2007: 33–4). In various passages of the Ṛg Veda (e.g., RV 1.25, 5.83, 7.86), Varuṇa, who personifies a divine authority and is associated with ṛta, justice, and social relations, is an ethical, all-knowing god who foresees all destiny and punishes those who violate the moral order (Bhattacharji 1970: 25–31). He can be approached with requests for forgiveness. Invoked along with Varuṇa is the god Mitra, who stands for the judicial side of their joint governance over morality; the two sometimes appear as two aspects of one god (Parpola 2015: 108). However, hymns to Varuṇa and Mitra in the Ṛg Veda are far outnumbered by those to the fierce war god Indra, asking for victory, fame, and wealth (Parpola 2015: 107–108). Over time, Varuṇa’s ethical authority gradually diminished—from the omniscient sky god in the Ṛg Veda to a sinister deity of the night who punishes wrongdoing in the Brāhmaṇas, to one water god among many others in the Sanskrit epics (Bhattacharji 1970: 23–40).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UXVR689F\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, pp. -324--298]</a>",
"description": ""
}
]
}