HTTP 200 OK
Allow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS
Content-Type: application/json
Vary: Accept
{
"count": 452,
"next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/rt/moralizing-enforcement-in-this-life/?format=api&page=10",
"previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/rt/moralizing-enforcement-in-this-life/?format=api&page=8",
"results": [
{
"id": 418,
"polity": {
"id": 586,
"name": "gb_england_norman",
"long_name": "Norman England",
"start_year": 1066,
"end_year": 1153
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The success of the First Crusade reinforced the belief that the pope’s proclamation had been divinely inspired. Those who took part and those who remained at home became convinced that the only explanation for the victorious progress of an army so short of provisions and material, and so weighed down by noncombatants, was that God had intervened.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MTTQ3Q6U\">[Riley-Smith 2011, p. 17]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 419,
"polity": {
"id": 457,
"name": "fr_capetian_k_1",
"long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom",
"start_year": 987,
"end_year": 1150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The success of the First Crusade reinforced the belief that the pope’s proclamation had been divinely inspired. Those who took part and those who remained at home became convinced that the only explanation for the victorious progress of an army so short of provisions and material, and so weighed down by noncombatants, was that God had intervened.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MTTQ3Q6U\">[Riley-Smith 2011, p. 17]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 420,
"polity": {
"id": 189,
"name": "it_st_peter_rep_2",
"long_name": "Rome - Republic of St Peter II",
"start_year": 904,
"end_year": 1198
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The success of the First Crusade reinforced the belief that the pope’s proclamation had been divinely inspired. Those who took part and those who remained at home became convinced that the only explanation for the victorious progress of an army so short of provisions and material, and so weighed down by noncombatants, was that God had intervened.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MTTQ3Q6U\">[Riley-Smith 2011, p. 17]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 421,
"polity": {
"id": 709,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern",
"start_year": 1640,
"end_year": 1806
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"There was a general consensus among believers that the earthquake was a manifestation of God’s wrath and had been visited on Lisbon to punish its inhabitants for their sins. A holy man, Father Malagrida, a Jesuit, wrote a pamphlet entitled: 'Judgment on the true cause of the earthquake that happened in Lisbon on the 1st of November 1755'. In it, he declared that the earthquake had not been caused by any natural phenomenon such as stars, comets, vapours or exhalations, but only by the intolerable sins of the inhabitants of Lisbon. One problem lay in specifically identifying the sins that had caused God’s displeasure. The populace of Lisbon, excited by fanatic preachers, believed that the tolerance manifested toward the heretics living in town was one of the causes of their misfortunes. Conversely, in protestant countries, it was generally held that the existence of the infamous Inquisition was amply sufficient to account for the divine retribution.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X3DAGIMP\">[Poirier 2006, p. 175]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 422,
"polity": {
"id": 587,
"name": "gb_british_emp_1",
"long_name": "British Empire I",
"start_year": 1690,
"end_year": 1849
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"In England, London had been slightly shaken, in February and March 1750, by an earthquake that had caused more emotion than real damage. The memory of this event was still fresh when the news of the Lisbon disaster arrived. The King decreed that Friday, 6 February 1756, would be a Fast-day. Fast-day sermons were delivered all over the British Isles, inviting the faithful to repent and mend their ways.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X3DAGIMP\">[Poirier 2006, p. 176]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 423,
"polity": {
"id": 304,
"name": "fr_merovingian_emp_1",
"long_name": "Early Merovingian",
"start_year": 481,
"end_year": 543
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Such tales reinforced the message which Gregory of Tours and other early medieval churchmen were attempting to convey: that God and the saints were preprared to intervene to bring to earth some measure of the justice and peace which reigned in Heaven.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JW2V2E8P\">[James_Bossy 1983, p. 33]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 424,
"polity": {
"id": 306,
"name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2",
"long_name": "Middle Merovingian",
"start_year": 543,
"end_year": 687
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Such tales reinforced the message which Gregory of Tours and other early medieval churchmen were attempting to convey: that God and the saints were preprared to intervene to bring to earth some measure of the justice and peace which reigned in Heaven.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JW2V2E8P\">[James_Bossy 1983, p. 33]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 425,
"polity": {
"id": 116,
"name": "no_norway_k_2",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II",
"start_year": 1262,
"end_year": 1396
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment, They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 426,
"polity": {
"id": 579,
"name": "gb_england_plantagenet",
"long_name": "Plantagenet England",
"start_year": 1154,
"end_year": 1485
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment, They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 427,
"polity": {
"id": 333,
"name": "fr_valois_k_1",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois",
"start_year": 1328,
"end_year": 1450
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.”",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 428,
"polity": {
"id": 459,
"name": "fr_valois_k_2",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Valois",
"start_year": 1450,
"end_year": 1589
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 429,
"polity": {
"id": 302,
"name": "gb_tudor_stuart",
"long_name": "England Tudor-Stuart",
"start_year": 1486,
"end_year": 1689
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 430,
"polity": {
"id": 460,
"name": "fr_bourbon_k_1",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon",
"start_year": 1589,
"end_year": 1660
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 431,
"polity": {
"id": 461,
"name": "fr_bourbon_k_2",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon",
"start_year": 1660,
"end_year": 1815
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 432,
"polity": {
"id": 190,
"name": "it_papal_state_1",
"long_name": "Papal States - High Medieval Period",
"start_year": 1198,
"end_year": 1309
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 433,
"polity": {
"id": 544,
"name": "it_venetian_rep_3",
"long_name": "Republic of Venice III",
"start_year": 1204,
"end_year": 1563
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 434,
"polity": {
"id": 191,
"name": "it_papal_state_2",
"long_name": "Papal States - Renaissance Period",
"start_year": 1378,
"end_year": 1527
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 435,
"polity": {
"id": 708,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period",
"start_year": 1495,
"end_year": 1579
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 436,
"polity": {
"id": 84,
"name": "es_spanish_emp_1",
"long_name": "Spanish Empire I",
"start_year": 1516,
"end_year": 1715
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 437,
"polity": {
"id": 192,
"name": "it_papal_state_3",
"long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period I",
"start_year": 1527,
"end_year": 1648
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 438,
"polity": {
"id": 545,
"name": "it_venetian_rep_4",
"long_name": "Republic of Venice IV",
"start_year": 1564,
"end_year": 1797
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 439,
"polity": {
"id": 193,
"name": "it_papal_state_4",
"long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period II",
"start_year": 1648,
"end_year": 1809
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 440,
"polity": {
"id": 809,
"name": "pl_piast_dyn_2",
"long_name": "Polish Kingdom - Piast Dynasty Fragmented Period",
"start_year": 1139,
"end_year": 1382
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 441,
"polity": {
"id": 598,
"name": "cz_bohemian_k_1",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Bohemia - Přemyslid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1198,
"end_year": 1309
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 442,
"polity": {
"id": 800,
"name": "de_empire_3",
"long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Fragmented Period",
"start_year": 1255,
"end_year": 1453
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 443,
"polity": {
"id": 330,
"name": "pl_teutonic_order",
"long_name": "State of the Teutonic Order",
"start_year": 1300,
"end_year": 1400
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 444,
"polity": {
"id": 811,
"name": "hu_later_dyn",
"long_name": "Hungary Kingdom - Anjou and Later Dynasties",
"start_year": 1302,
"end_year": 1526
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 445,
"polity": {
"id": 568,
"name": "cz_bohemian_k_2",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty",
"start_year": 1310,
"end_year": 1526
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 446,
"polity": {
"id": 334,
"name": "pl_jagiellonian_dyn",
"long_name": "Poland-Lithuania Kingdom",
"start_year": 1386,
"end_year": 1569
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 447,
"polity": {
"id": 565,
"name": "at_habsburg_1",
"long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I",
"start_year": 1454,
"end_year": 1648
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 448,
"polity": {
"id": 808,
"name": "pl_poland_lithuania_commonwealth",
"long_name": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth",
"start_year": 1570,
"end_year": 1791
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 449,
"polity": {
"id": 803,
"name": "de_bavaria_1",
"long_name": "Electorate of Bavaria",
"start_year": 1623,
"end_year": 1806
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 450,
"polity": {
"id": 567,
"name": "at_habsburg_2",
"long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II",
"start_year": 1649,
"end_year": 1918
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Throughout the Christian West, there was an unquestioning acceptance of the view that plague epidemics were a manifestation of divine punishment. They were seen as a form of retribution for the sins of the community, or at least, for the transgressions of some members of the community. This perception grew in the wake of the Black Death and succeeding epidemics, and ‘sins of the flesh’, particularly those of a sexual nature, were viewed as the transgressions most likely to provoke divine wrath and cause the plague to be visited upon the whole community.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SCZBDBQ\">[Hatty_Hatty 1999, pp. 101-102]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 451,
"polity": {
"id": 185,
"name": "it_western_roman_emp",
"long_name": "Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity",
"start_year": 395,
"end_year": 476
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Many Christian writers attributed the fifth- and sixth-century calamities to the immorality of the whole contemporary society. The most illustrative examples are Orosius and Salvian of Marseille. Orosius explains the history of humankind as a series of divine punishments inflicted for human wrongdoings, for instance, attributing the sack of Rome to the anger of God with the sinful Romans.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H6ZAIVKA\">[Kahlos_Harich-Schwarzbauer_Pollmann 2013, p. 188]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 452,
"polity": {
"id": 548,
"name": "it_italy_k",
"long_name": "Italian Kingdom Late Antiquity",
"start_year": 476,
"end_year": 489
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Many Christian writers attributed the fifth- and sixth-century calamities to the immorality of the whole contemporary society. The most illustrative examples are Orosius and Salvian of Marseille. Orosius explains the history of humankind as a series of divine punishments inflicted for human wrongdoings, for instance, attributing the sack of Rome to the anger of God with the sinful Romans.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H6ZAIVKA\">[Kahlos_Harich-Schwarzbauer_Pollmann 2013, p. 188]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 453,
"polity": {
"id": 186,
"name": "it_ostrogoth_k",
"long_name": "Ostrogothic Kingdom",
"start_year": 489,
"end_year": 554
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Many Christian writers attributed the fifth- and sixth-century calamities to the immorality of the whole contemporary society. The most illustrative examples are Orosius and Salvian of Marseille. Orosius explains the history of humankind as a series of divine punishments inflicted for human wrongdoings, for instance, attributing the sack of Rome to the anger of God with the sinful Romans.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H6ZAIVKA\">[Kahlos_Harich-Schwarzbauer_Pollmann 2013, p. 188]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 454,
"polity": {
"id": 187,
"name": "it_ravenna_exarchate",
"long_name": "Exarchate of Ravenna",
"start_year": 568,
"end_year": 751
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Many Christian writers attributed the fifth- and sixth-century calamities to the immorality of the whole contemporary society. The most illustrative examples are Orosius and Salvian of Marseille. Orosius explains the history of humankind as a series of divine punishments inflicted for human wrongdoings, for instance, attributing the sack of Rome to the anger of God with the sinful Romans.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H6ZAIVKA\">[Kahlos_Harich-Schwarzbauer_Pollmann 2013, p. 188]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 455,
"polity": {
"id": 661,
"name": "ni_oyo_emp_2",
"long_name": "Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́",
"start_year": 1601,
"end_year": 1835
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"However, in Yoruba thought, sin can have a variety of consequences depending on the gravity of the sin. These can include fines, illness, and expulsion from community, poverty or even death.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R8D4SCQ7\">[Onayemi 2006, p. 43]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 456,
"polity": {
"id": 663,
"name": "ni_oyo_emp_1",
"long_name": "Oyo",
"start_year": 1300,
"end_year": 1535
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"However, in Yoruba thought, sin can have a variety of consequences depending on the gravity of the sin. These can include fines, illness, and expulsion from community, poverty or even death.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R8D4SCQ7\">[Onayemi 2006, p. 43]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 457,
"polity": {
"id": 656,
"name": "ni_yoruba_classic",
"long_name": "Classical Ife",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1400
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"However, in Yoruba thought, sin can have a variety of consequences depending on the gravity of the sin. These can include fines, illness, and expulsion from community, poverty or even death.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R8D4SCQ7\">[Onayemi 2006, p. 43]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 458,
"polity": {
"id": 681,
"name": "se_great_fulo_emp",
"long_name": "Denyanke Kingdom",
"start_year": 1490,
"end_year": 1776
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "NB The following extract derives from recent ethnography, but the author suggests that the core notions here precede the advent of Islam among the Fulani. “The Futanke or Pullo (plural Fulbhe), as the Fulani call themselves, firmly believe that the lawful acquisition of wealth and the decent enjoyment of sustained prosperity is the physical manifestation of the metaphysical process of divine compensation for selfless services rendered to others. Conversely, chronic misfortune is believed to be the outcome of a wasteful existence, a sign of retribution from God for intolerable misdeeds.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T4VFCD2W\">[Camara 2008, p. 48]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 459,
"polity": {
"id": 609,
"name": "si_freetown_1",
"long_name": "Freetown",
"start_year": 1787,
"end_year": 1808
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 461,
"polity": {
"id": 535,
"name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2",
"long_name": "Bito Dynasty",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1894
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Inferring continuity with early 20th-century beliefs as recorded by ethnographer J. H. M. Beattie. “When a Nyoro suffers illness, childlessness, or other misfortune, [...] it may be due to the activity of a ghost. [...] A ghost (muzimu, plural mizimu) is the disembodied spirit of someone who has died. When a man is alive this vital principle is called mwoyo (plural myoyo), which may be rather loosely translated as \"soul,\" and it is believed to dwell in the breast or diaphragm. But a ghost is not just a person who has died; it is a being of quite a different order from the living. Though it possesses human attributes it is not human. A Nyoro who wishes to threaten another with posthumous vengeance for some injury does not say, \"I shall haunt you when I die\"; he says, \"I shall leave you a ghost\" (ndikulekera muzimu). Ghosts are left by people, but they are not people. […] Like sorcerers, ghosts generally attack people against whom they have a grudge. So when ghostly activity is diagnosed, the ghost is usually that of someone who was injured or offended before he died--or in certain cases of someone whose ghost was neglected after he died.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4IPHIG7P\">[Beattie 1964, pp. 126-128]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 462,
"polity": {
"id": 667,
"name": "ni_igala_k",
"long_name": "Igala",
"start_year": 1600,
"end_year": 1900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The god of thunder naturally killed the evil doers in society in the pre-Christianity and Islamic period. Thus, during rain evil doers were usually afraid of being in the open air for fear of being struck by a thunder storm. To a great extent, it was a cleansing god, except that in some cases it could be manipulated.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/74KTP9Z5\">[Achoba 2017, p. 48]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 463,
"polity": {
"id": 626,
"name": "zi_mutapa",
"long_name": "Mutapa",
"start_year": 1450,
"end_year": 1880
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Inferring continuity with Shona beliefs as described in more recent ethnography. According to the Shona, ancestors may withdraw their protection in response to disharmonious behaviour. \"Harmonious existence among human beings and everything that exists is the basis of the teleology of morality. Disequilibrium or disharmony in existence is the reason for all the ills that are common in human society as well as environmental disequilibrium and chaos. The spirit of Mwari is a spirit that enjoys peace and serenity in the generality of existence. For this reason, human acts such as murder, cruelty, rape and pollution of the environment, just to mention a few, are regarded as offensive and repulsive to the spirit of Mwari. A morally perverted individual is thus described as someone who is endowed with Mweya wakaipa (a Shona phrase which literally means she or he has an evil spirit).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9SJQDM9Z\">[Murove 2023, p. 41]</a> \"Ancestral spirits who are renown for protecting the progenitors in the present life can refrain from doing so if there is disharmony in the community. Misfortunes and bad luck are signs of severed relationships between ancestors and their descendants. Harmonious relationships are a precursor to communal harmony and a prosperous future.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9SJQDM9Z\">[Murove 2023, p. 46]</a> Moreover, the spirits of those who have been wronged may seek revenge on the living. \"[A]mong the Shona people of Zimbabwe, the spirit(s) of those who have been wronged in the past have been wronged in the past usually supervene on the lives of the present in the form of Ngozi. The concept of Ngozi is based on the belief that a human being is essentially a spiritual being and it is the reality of the spirit which makes him or her to survive death. A person who has been wronged through human atrocious acts such as murder is mostly likely to exist in the realm of immortality as an angry spirit. The anthropologist who studied Shona people, Michael Bourdillon (1987: 233) observed that, 'An angry spirit is terrifying. Such a spirit attacks suddenly and very harshly. It usually usually attacks an individual through his family causing a succession of deaths, or death followed by serious illness in other members of the family'. Bourdillon went on to say that among the Shona people of Zimbabwe, the spirit of a person who has been killed unfairly cannot be appeased easily. He states that the Shona people 'believe that an angry spirit can also cause serious quarrels within a family, loss of property and wealth, or any devastating misfortune. In practice, the tensions and fears following death believed to be caused by such a spirit, and the difficulty in appeasing it do on occasion lead to the breakup of a family group'.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9SJQDM9Z\">[Murove 2023, pp. 67-68]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 464,
"polity": {
"id": 625,
"name": "zi_torwa_rozvi",
"long_name": "Torwa-Rozvi",
"start_year": 1494,
"end_year": 1850
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Inferring continuity with Shona beliefs as described in more recent ethnography. According to the Shona, ancestors may withdraw their protection in response to disharmonious behaviour. \"Harmonious existence among human beings and everything that exists is the basis of the teleology of morality. Disequilibrium or disharmony in existence is the reason for all the ills that are common in human society as well as environmental disequilibrium and chaos. The spirit of Mwari is a spirit that enjoys peace and serenity in the generality of existence. For this reason, human acts such as murder, cruelty, rape and pollution of the environment, just to mention a few, are regarded as offensive and repulsive to the spirit of Mwari. A morally perverted individual is thus described as someone who is endowed with Mweya wakaipa (a Shona phrase which literally means she or he has an evil spirit).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9SJQDM9Z\">[Murove 2023, p. 41]</a> \"Ancestral spirits who are renown for protecting the progenitors in the present life can refrain from doing so if there is disharmony in the community. Misfortunes and bad luck are signs of severed relationships between ancestors and their descendants. Harmonious relationships are a precursor to communal harmony and a prosperous future.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9SJQDM9Z\">[Murove 2023, p. 46]</a> Moreover, the spirits of those who have been wronged may seek revenge on the living. \"[A]mong the Shona people of Zimbabwe, the spirit(s) of those who have been wronged in the past have been wronged in the past usually supervene on the lives of the present in the form of Ngozi. The concept of Ngozi is based on the belief that a human being is essentially a spiritual being and it is the reality of the spirit which makes him or her to survive death. A person who has been wronged through human atrocious acts such as murder is mostly likely to exist in the realm of immortality as an angry spirit. The anthropologist who studied Shona people, Michael Bourdillon (1987: 233) observed that, 'An angry spirit is terrifying. Such a spirit attacks suddenly and very harshly. It usually usually attacks an individual through his family causing a succession of deaths, or death followed by serious illness in other members of the family'. Bourdillon went on to say that among the Shona people of Zimbabwe, the spirit of a person who has been killed unfairly cannot be appeased easily. He states that the Shona people 'believe that an angry spirit can also cause serious quarrels within a family, loss of property and wealth, or any devastating misfortune. In practice, the tensions and fears following death believed to be caused by such a spirit, and the difficulty in appeasing it do on occasion lead to the breakup of a family group'.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9SJQDM9Z\">[Murove 2023, pp. 67-68]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 465,
"polity": {
"id": 636,
"name": "et_jimma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jimma",
"start_year": 1790,
"end_year": 1932
},
"year_from": 1790,
"year_to": 1829,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“But for the Oromo, Waaqa does not commit evil against His creation. He withdraws from human beings when they breach saffuu and disturb the cosmic and social order. Failure to act in accordance with Waaqa’s order will lead to punishment. Various types of misfortunes ranging from illness, mishaps, and other bad things can happen to the guilty person and his/her relatives. Some people believe that there are spiritual causes for natural disasters, serious illness, conflict, and so on. When human beings sin, Waaqa would deny them rain and other important requirements for life. […] It has been stated that Waaqa is patient with his creations. If they correct their mistakes through rituals and acceptable practices, He will forgive them. When Waaqa withdraws from them, the concerned people ought to pray to Waaqa and try to correct and learn from their mistakes. So, when individuals failed to observe the laws of Waaqa and were punished as a result, they would ask Waaqa for forgiveness. Human beings are required to respect the laws of God and maintain the social order through rituals. ‘Oromo rituals recreate, enact, and maintain the social order. This social order symbolically expresses the cosmological order. Prayers link the earthly part of the cosmological order with the divine one” (AGUILAR 2005, 58).’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JP3BMSXD\">[Kelbessa 2022, pp. 79-80]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 466,
"polity": {
"id": 636,
"name": "et_jimma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jimma",
"start_year": 1790,
"end_year": 1932
},
"year_from": 1830,
"year_to": 1932,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "After conversion to Islam. \"Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 467,
"polity": {
"id": 647,
"name": "er_medri_bahri",
"long_name": "Medri Bahri",
"start_year": 1310,
"end_year": 1889
},
"year_from": 1751,
"year_to": 1889,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "After conversion to Islam. \"Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 468,
"polity": {
"id": 546,
"name": "cn_five_dyn",
"long_name": "Five Dynasties Period",
"start_year": 906,
"end_year": 970
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "In Daoism, for example: “In the medieval schools, […] the Daoist otherworld became an elaborate construction of manifold offices. […] In each case, the celestial administrators keep a detailed record of every individual ‘s deeds and intentions, for each sin subtracting an appropriate number of days from his or her life expectancy. They control a huge staff of divine guards, bailiffs, and local agents; they receive regular reports from the stove god installed in each family’s hearth and from three divine agents that live within the person and are known as the Three Worms or Three Corpses. […] If sins prevail, they receive orders to make the person sick, morally impure, or prone to misfortunes, leading eventually to disgrace, ailments, and death.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PG935ZIK\">[Kohn 2009, pp. 99-100]</a>",
"description": ""
}
]
}