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"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
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"comment": "“Achu Nyande, the god of thunder and lightning, was another prominent deity. Erring members of the community such as thieves received judgement from this god in the form of their being struck dead or their property set ablaze by lightning. Meek noted that: ‘A man whose house has been struck by lightning will sometimes confess that he had at some time stolen some property, and he will seek to have matters put right by a libation to Achu nyande. But it is not assumed that in all cases in which a man's house has been struck he is ipso facto a culprit. (Meek 1931: 286—7)’.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4IDFBD4T\">[Elawa 0, p. 216]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "A~P",
"comment": "Inferring that Jukun beliefs regarding the moralistic supernatural punishment/reward emerged over time. “Achu Nyande, the god of thunder and lightning, was another prominent deity. Erring members of the community such as thieves received judgement from this god in the form of their being struck dead or their property set ablaze by lightning. Meek noted that: ‘A man whose house has been struck by lightning will sometimes confess that he had at some time stolen some property, and he will seek to have matters put right by a libation to Achu nyande. But it is not assumed that in all cases in which a man's house has been struck he is ipso facto a culprit. (Meek 1931: 286—7)’.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4IDFBD4T\">[Elawa 0, p. 216]</a>",
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{
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},
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"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Inferring that Jukun beliefs regarding the moralistic supernatural punishment/reward had emerged by this time. “Achu Nyande, the god of thunder and lightning, was another prominent deity. Erring members of the community such as thieves received judgement from this god in the form of their being struck dead or their property set ablaze by lightning. Meek noted that: ‘A man whose house has been struck by lightning will sometimes confess that he had at some time stolen some property, and he will seek to have matters put right by a libation to Achu nyande. But it is not assumed that in all cases in which a man's house has been struck he is ipso facto a culprit. (Meek 1931: 286—7)’.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4IDFBD4T\">[Elawa 0, p. 216]</a>",
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"name": "se_saloum_k",
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"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
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"description": ""
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{
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"polity": {
"id": 676,
"name": "se_baol_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Baol",
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},
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"tag": "SSP",
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"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "“Regarding the traditional religion of the Wolofs, we have very little documentation that would have allowed us to identify an organized institution or precise religious theology.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9KV5MEKN\">[Barry 2012, p. 35]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
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"polity": {
"id": 682,
"name": "se_jolof_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jolof",
"start_year": 1549,
"end_year": 1865
},
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"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "“Regarding the traditional religion of the Wolofs, we have very little documentation that would have allowed us to identify an organized institution or precise religious theology.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9KV5MEKN\">[Barry 2012, p. 35]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 7,
"polity": {
"id": 679,
"name": "se_jolof_emp",
"long_name": "Jolof Empire",
"start_year": 1360,
"end_year": 1549
},
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"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "“Regarding the traditional religion of the Wolofs, we have very little documentation that would have allowed us to identify an organized institution or precise religious theology.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9KV5MEKN\">[Barry 2012, p. 35]</a>",
"description": ""
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{
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"id": 671,
"name": "ni_dahomey_k",
"long_name": "Foys",
"start_year": 1715,
"end_year": 1894
},
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"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "The following information suggests belief in divine punishment and reward in this life, but it remains unclear to what extent this was informed by moral principles.\r\n\r\nThe supreme Earth god and “supreme judge on Earth”, Sagbata, could punish “misdeeds”, including those of kings, with smallpox, and rewards people he favours with plentiful harvests. A god Agbogbodji “drowns those guilty of wrong-doing”. A god named Adewa “brings famine, if those who have been guilty of crime go unpunished”. Magba “may punish [women] by withholding children”. Tchenu's \"special duty [is] to punish incest.” As for the many-handed Alegbwe, “With a third hand he gives riches to the deserving, with another he opens the door for illnesses to come out, and with a fifth he arrests those who must be stopped.” The “principal functions” of the Thunder gods “are to fertilize the earth with rain, and to punish mankind with lightning and thunder”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PHZX8URJ\">[Herskovits_Herskovits 1964, pp. 17-21]</a>",
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"id": 314,
"name": "ua_kievan_rus",
"long_name": "Kievan Rus",
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"end_year": 1242
},
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"tag": "TRS",
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"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Punishment of oath-breaking in this life. “From the scarce written records we know that at the official signing of the treaty with the Byzantines in 907 the whole Kievan army swore by Perun and Veles, and also, in the 971 treaty, the warriors swore by Perun and ‘the rest of Rus’ by Veles. […] In reference to punishment for breaking the oath, the offenders would be killed by their own weapons and […] become yellow as gold[…]. So, this suggests that Veles was able to inflict disease as a punishment.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZGZ78TAM\">[Zaroff 1999, p. 60]</a>",
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{
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"polity": {
"id": 484,
"name": "iq_abbasid_cal_2",
"long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate II",
"start_year": 1191,
"end_year": 1258
},
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"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
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"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
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{
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"polity": {
"id": 367,
"name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate",
"start_year": 1171,
"end_year": 1250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
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"polity": {
"id": 221,
"name": "tn_fatimid_cal",
"long_name": "Fatimid Caliphate",
"start_year": 909,
"end_year": 1171
},
"year_from": null,
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 13,
"polity": {
"id": 171,
"name": "tr_rum_sultanate",
"long_name": "Rum Sultanate",
"start_year": 1077,
"end_year": 1307
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
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"polity": {
"id": 364,
"name": "ir_seljuk_sultanate",
"long_name": "Seljuk Sultanate",
"start_year": 1037,
"end_year": 1157
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
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{
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"polity": {
"id": 362,
"name": "ir_buyid_confederation",
"long_name": "Buyid Confederation",
"start_year": 932,
"end_year": 1062
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 16,
"polity": {
"id": 360,
"name": "ir_saffarid_emp",
"long_name": "Saffarid Caliphate",
"start_year": 861,
"end_year": 1003
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 17,
"polity": {
"id": 361,
"name": "eg_thulunid_ikhshidid",
"long_name": "Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period",
"start_year": 868,
"end_year": 969
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 18,
"polity": {
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"name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1",
"long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I",
"start_year": 1260,
"end_year": 1348
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 19,
"polity": {
"id": 236,
"name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2",
"long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II",
"start_year": 1348,
"end_year": 1412
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 20,
"polity": {
"id": 239,
"name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3",
"long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III",
"start_year": 1412,
"end_year": 1517
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 21,
"polity": {
"id": 173,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emirate",
"long_name": "Ottoman Emirate",
"start_year": 1299,
"end_year": 1402
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 22,
"polity": {
"id": 542,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy",
"long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period",
"start_year": 1873,
"end_year": 1920
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 23,
"polity": {
"id": 177,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV",
"start_year": 1839,
"end_year": 1922
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 24,
"polity": {
"id": 176,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_3",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire III",
"start_year": 1683,
"end_year": 1839
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 25,
"polity": {
"id": 175,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire II",
"start_year": 1517,
"end_year": 1683
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 26,
"polity": {
"id": 174,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_1",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire I",
"start_year": 1402,
"end_year": 1517
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 32,
"polity": {
"id": 131,
"name": "sy_umayyad_cal",
"long_name": "Umayyad Caliphate",
"start_year": 661,
"end_year": 750
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 33,
"polity": {
"id": 508,
"name": "ir_ak_koyunlu",
"long_name": "Ak Koyunlu",
"start_year": 1339,
"end_year": 1501
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 34,
"polity": {
"id": 374,
"name": "ir_safavid_emp",
"long_name": "Safavid Empire",
"start_year": 1501,
"end_year": 1722
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 35,
"polity": {
"id": 509,
"name": "ir_qajar_dyn",
"long_name": "Qajar Dynasty",
"start_year": 1794,
"end_year": 1925
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 36,
"polity": {
"id": 359,
"name": "ye_ziyad_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen Ziyadid Dynasty",
"start_year": 822,
"end_year": 1037
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 37,
"polity": {
"id": 365,
"name": "ye_warlords",
"long_name": "Yemen - Era of Warlords",
"start_year": 1038,
"end_year": 1174
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 38,
"polity": {
"id": 368,
"name": "ye_rasulid_dyn",
"long_name": "Rasulid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1229,
"end_year": 1453
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 39,
"polity": {
"id": 372,
"name": "ye_tahirid_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1454,
"end_year": 1517
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 40,
"polity": {
"id": 541,
"name": "ye_qasimid_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1637,
"end_year": 1805
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 41,
"polity": {
"id": 711,
"name": "om_busaidi_imamate_1",
"long_name": "Imamate of Oman and Muscat",
"start_year": 1749,
"end_year": 1895
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 42,
"polity": {
"id": 639,
"name": "so_ajuran_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ajuran Sultanate",
"start_year": 1250,
"end_year": 1700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 43,
"polity": {
"id": 646,
"name": "so_ifat_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ifat Sultanate",
"start_year": 1280,
"end_year": 1375
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010). In this world, Allāh dispenses rewards like health, fertility, and material goods. He dispenses punishments like plagues, military losses, and natural disasters (Nakissa 2020: 1109–111).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 44,
"polity": {
"id": 43,
"name": "kh_khmer_k",
"long_name": "Khmer Kingdom",
"start_year": 1432,
"end_year": 1594
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 45,
"polity": {
"id": 43,
"name": "kh_khmer_k",
"long_name": "Khmer Kingdom",
"start_year": 1432,
"end_year": 1594
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "“Indeed, karma is the principle on which most moralizing supernatural punishment and reward (MSP) in Buddhism is based. According to doctrine, intentional actions plant a “seed” that bears their moral valence. At some future time, whether in this life or the following one or more reincarnations, this seed bears karmic “fruit,” bringing about outcomes that are good or bad to the extent the action was good or bad. The moral valence of actions may be judged by their conformity with Buddhist ethics, which includes the five precepts (prohibitions on killing, theft, “sexual misconduct,” lying, and intoxication); a set of special rules for monks and nuns (the Vinaya); and injunctions such as making charitable donations (dana).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 106]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 46,
"polity": {
"id": 115,
"name": "is_icelandic_commonwealth",
"long_name": "Icelandic Commonwealth",
"start_year": 930,
"end_year": 1262
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"In the Eddic poem “Grímnismál,” the god Odin withdraws his protection from King Geirrödr, who was known for being unkind to guests and confirmed his reputation by torturing the god himself when he appeared at his court disguised as a traveler. The withdrawal of Odin’s protection causes the king’s accidental death by his own sword (Raffield, Price, and Collard 2019: 11).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2HE5UMUT\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 65]</a> Conversion to Christianity in 1000 CE. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SRW2NM9E\">[Durrenberger 1988, p. 239]</a> Conversion to Christianity in 1000 CE. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SRW2NM9E\">[Durrenberger 1988, p. 239]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 47,
"polity": {
"id": 444,
"name": "mn_zungharian_emp",
"long_name": "Zungharian Empire",
"start_year": 1670,
"end_year": 1757
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Indeed, karma is the principle on which most moralizing supernatural punishment and reward (MSP) in Buddhism is based. According to doctrine, intentional actions plant a “seed” that bears their moral valence. At some future time, whether in this life or the following one or more reincarnations, this seed bears karmic “fruit,” bringing about outcomes that are good or bad to the extent the action was good or bad.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 106]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 48,
"polity": {
"id": 286,
"name": "mn_uygur_khaganate",
"long_name": "Uigur Khaganate",
"start_year": 745,
"end_year": 840
},
"year_from": 762,
"year_to": 840,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Manichaeans considered two separate scenarios for individual judgment: (1) that which would occur immediately after death and (2) the complicated apocalyptic drama that would occur at the end of time.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BHP8TJWM\">[Dilley_et_al 2024, p. 125]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 49,
"polity": {
"id": 286,
"name": "mn_uygur_khaganate",
"long_name": "Uigur Khaganate",
"start_year": 745,
"end_year": 840
},
"year_from": 745,
"year_to": 761,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 50,
"polity": {
"id": 130,
"name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2",
"long_name": "Sasanid Empire II",
"start_year": 488,
"end_year": 642
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Ahura Mazda is the eternal source of all blessings and benefactions. To those who turn to him in joy and sorrow, and who trust in his infinite goodness, he is all merciful.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TSXN78UE\">[Nigosian 1993, p. 73]</a> \"Ahriman prompts all human beings to perform evil deeds and in- stigates discord, violence, and licentiousness (Bundahishn 3.17; Dadastan i Dinig 37.8; Menog i Xrad 45.8). He deceives human beings and obstructs them from hearing and accepting the message of Ahura Mazda (Bundahishn 1.8, 1.10, 28.1-6). He is a father of lies, a murderer from the beginning, and the source of death (Bunda- hishn 3.17; Dadastan i Dinig 37.46, 37.72, 37.81-82). He is an op- pressor of mankind's happiness as well as the inveterate enemy of Ahura Mazda (Bundahishn 3.15, 3.24; Zadspram 4.3, 4.10).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TSXN78UE\">[Nigosian 1993, p. 84]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 51,
"polity": {
"id": 128,
"name": "ir_sassanid_emp_1",
"long_name": "Sasanid Empire I",
"start_year": 205,
"end_year": 487
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Ahura Mazda is the eternal source of all blessings and benefactions. To those who turn to him in joy and sorrow, and who trust in his infinite goodness, he is all merciful.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TSXN78UE\">[Nigosian 1993, p. 73]</a> \"Ahriman prompts all human beings to perform evil deeds and instigates discord, violence, and licentiousness (Bundahishn 3.17; Dadastan i Dinig 37.8; Menog i Xrad 45.8). He deceives human beings and obstructs them from hearing and accepting the message of Ahura Mazda (Bundahishn 1.8, 1.10, 28.1-6). He is a father of lies, a murderer from the beginning, and the source of death (Bundahishn 3.17; Dadastan i Dinig 37.46, 37.72, 37.81-82). He is an oppressor of mankind's happiness as well as the inveterate enemy of Ahura Mazda (Bundahishn 3.15, 3.24; Zadspram 4.3, 4.10).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TSXN78UE\">[Nigosian 1993, p. 84]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 52,
"polity": {
"id": 125,
"name": "ir_parthian_emp_1",
"long_name": "Parthian Empire I",
"start_year": -247,
"end_year": 40
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Ahura Mazda is the eternal source of all blessings and benefactions. To those who turn to him in joy and sorrow, and who trust in his infinite goodness, he is all merciful.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TSXN78UE\">[Nigosian 1993, p. 73]</a> \"Ahriman prompts all human beings to perform evil deeds and instigates discord, violence, and licentiousness (Bundahishn 3.17; Dadastan i Dinig 37.8; Menog i Xrad 45.8). He deceives human beings and obstructs them from hearing and accepting the message of Ahura Mazda (Bundahishn 1.8, 1.10, 28.1-6). He is a father of lies, a murderer from the beginning, and the source of death (Bundahishn 3.17; Dadastan i Dinig 37.46, 37.72, 37.81-82). He is an oppressor of mankind's happiness as well as the inveterate enemy of Ahura Mazda (Bundahishn 3.15, 3.24; Zadspram 4.3, 4.10).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TSXN78UE\">[Nigosian 1993, p. 84]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 53,
"polity": {
"id": 483,
"name": "iq_parthian_emp_2",
"long_name": "Parthian Empire II",
"start_year": 41,
"end_year": 226
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Ahura Mazda is the eternal source of all blessings and benefactions. To those who turn to him in joy and sorrow, and who trust in his infinite goodness, he is all merciful.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TSXN78UE\">[Nigosian 1993, p. 73]</a> \"Ahriman prompts all human beings to perform evil deeds and instigates discord, violence, and licentiousness (Bundahishn 3.17; Dadastan i Dinig 37.8; Menog i Xrad 45.8). He deceives human beings and obstructs them from hearing and accepting the message of Ahura Mazda (Bundahishn 1.8, 1.10, 28.1-6). He is a father of lies, a murderer from the beginning, and the source of death (Bundahishn 3.17; Dadastan i Dinig 37.46, 37.72, 37.81-82). He is an oppressor of mankind's happiness as well as the inveterate enemy of Ahura Mazda (Bundahishn 3.15, 3.24; Zadspram 4.3, 4.10).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TSXN78UE\">[Nigosian 1993, p. 84]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 54,
"polity": {
"id": 436,
"name": "co_tairona",
"long_name": "Tairona",
"start_year": 1050,
"end_year": 1524
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "No directevidence could be found for the belief that the Tairona gods or other supernatural forces dispensed moralistic punishmentor reward. \r\n\r\nAccording to some scholars, similarities between the material culture left behind by the Tairona and that of the modern-day Kogi indigenous people suggests that Kogi beliefsmay provide clues regarding beliefs among the Tairona. Reichel Dolmatoff describes the Universal Mother as demanding adherence to behaviors and conduct including “collaboration, reciprocity, honesty, and an utterly no-materialistic attitude towards life …Signs of ‘disorder’ such as hermaphroditism, left handedness, seven-month babies, twins, cause consternation and are attributedto the Mother Sun’s displeasure with mankind’s behavior”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IJGBEW43\">[Reichel-Dolmatoff 1990, p. 12]</a> Witte however, writes that the Mother did not punish those who broke these procedures, but rather that, when these laws were broken, they caused a cosmic imbalance which could lead to natural disasters. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHATK9CJ\">[Witte 2017, p. 155]</a> Finally, scholars such as Giraldo argue that we cannot assume this cultural continuity as it is posited. These scholars observe that the polities now known as \"Tairona\" collapsed during the 16th century, and at most 3-4 thousand people survived by 1600 or so. Moreover, they point out that the indigenous people who survivedwere subjected to missionization, Spanish and then Colombian rule and interaction with non-indigenous populations. Therefore, they say, it is simply not possible to argue that their beliefs remain unchanged 500 years later. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W4X45Z62\">[Giraldo_et_al 2020]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 55,
"polity": {
"id": 196,
"name": "ec_shuar_1",
"long_name": "Shuar - Colonial",
"start_year": 1534,
"end_year": 1830
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Ethnographies consulted describe the presence of avenging spirits that may punish those who do not fulfill their ritual obligations and elders with the power to curse others. These sources do not suggest a moralizing interpretation for these beliefs. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S34XJRJ7\">[Karsten 1935]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CRIJIVUC\">[Harner 1973]</a> \"There are spirits but they are more capricious than moralizing. Revenge is a key notion in Shuar society but even there, it feels more like setting things straight interpersonally rather than moralistic per se. Spirits help warriors gain power but supernatural punishment isn't a key idea. Sorcerers can inflict harm but it's viewed more as warfare than moral sanctioning per se.” (Clark Bennett, pers. comm. to H. Whitehouse, Dec 14, 2020) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6FPKWD5Z\">[Bennett 2020]</a>",
"description": ""
}
]
}