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{
"id": 313,
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"id": 18,
"name": "us_hawaii_2",
"long_name": "Hawaii II",
"start_year": 1200,
"end_year": 1580
},
"year_from": null,
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"tag": "TRS",
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"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "A~P",
"comment": "“[T]he most important ancestral deities, the ‘aumakua, had been transformed by late precontact times into enforcers of “moral law” (Valeri 1985: 24). They were concerned not only with being nourished by offerings but also with their descendants’ adherence to a broader system of norms, which included both ritual and ethical obligations—a distinction between the two was not emic for the Hawaiians. […] What we can say is that Hawaiian religion of the earliest periods represented an intermediate stage between the concepts, deities, and rites inherited from central-eastern Polynesia and the more intricate and formalized system in place by the late eighteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9MDFMQ73\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 274]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 314,
"polity": {
"id": 17,
"name": "us_hawaii_1",
"long_name": "Hawaii I",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "A~P",
"comment": "“[T]he most important ancestral deities, the ‘aumakua, had been transformed by late precontact times into enforcers of “moral law” (Valeri 1985: 24). They were concerned not only with being nourished by offerings but also with their descendants’ adherence to a broader system of norms, which included both ritual and ethical obligations—a distinction between the two was not emic for the Hawaiians. […] What we can say is that Hawaiian religion of the earliest periods represented an intermediate stage between the concepts, deities, and rites inherited from central-eastern Polynesia and the more intricate and formalized system in place by the late eighteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9MDFMQ73\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 274]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 315,
"polity": {
"id": 21,
"name": "us_hawaii_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period",
"start_year": 1820,
"end_year": 1898
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Transition from traditional Hawaiian beliefs to Christianity, both of which feature moralizing supernatural enforcement. “Illness was often thought to be punishment sent from an offended ‘aumakua. Breaking the food kapus (taboos), bathing in pools that were kapu, violating the kapus of the menstrual period—all could bring reprimands, in the form of physical discomfort. So could behavior that impaired interpersonal relationships—greed, dishonesty, theft. Often these were “diagnostic clues.” A swollen hand pained a thief until he made restitution.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TNICV9KB\">[Pukui_Haertig_Lee 1972, p. 38]</a>",
"description": ""
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{
"id": 316,
"polity": {
"id": 538,
"name": "ye_sabaean_commonwealth",
"long_name": "Sabaean Commonwealth",
"start_year": -800,
"end_year": -451
},
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"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "A single known inscription (MB 2002 I-28) describes an instance of divine punishment that may be interpreted as moralistic. The transgression had been selling food to neighbouring communities during bad harvest years, and selling enslaved people from one’s own community to other communities. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F54SC2DB\">[Multhoff_et_al 2008]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IR3ESBXZ\">[Maraqten 2006]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 317,
"polity": {
"id": 539,
"name": "ye_qatabanian_commonwealth",
"long_name": "Qatabanian Commonwealth",
"start_year": -450,
"end_year": -111
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "A single known inscription (MB 2002 I-28) describes an instance of divine punishment that may be interpreted as moralistic. The transgression had been selling food to neighbouring communities during bad harvest years, and selling enslaved people from one’s own community to other communities. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F54SC2DB\">[Multhoff_et_al 2008]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IR3ESBXZ\">[Maraqten 2006]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 318,
"polity": {
"id": 540,
"name": "ye_saba_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Saba and Dhu Raydan",
"start_year": -110,
"end_year": 149
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "A single known inscription (MB 2002 I-28) describes an instance of divine punishment that may be interpreted as moralistic. The transgression had been selling food to neighbouring communities during bad harvest years, and selling enslaved people from one’s own community to other communities. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F54SC2DB\">[Multhoff_et_al 2008]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IR3ESBXZ\">[Maraqten 2006]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 319,
"polity": {
"id": 353,
"name": "ye_himyar_1",
"long_name": "Himyar I",
"start_year": 270,
"end_year": 340
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "A single known inscription (MB 2002 I-28) describes an instance of divine punishment that may be interpreted as moralistic. The transgression had been selling food to neighbouring communities during bad harvest years, and selling enslaved people from one’s own community to other communities. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F54SC2DB\">[Multhoff_et_al 2008]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IR3ESBXZ\">[Maraqten 2006]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 320,
"polity": {
"id": 208,
"name": "et_aksum_emp_1",
"long_name": "Axum I",
"start_year": -149,
"end_year": 349
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"For hundreds of years prior to the local advent of Christianity, it seems that a form or forms of polytheistic belief-system analogous – but by no means identical – to that known to have been established in southern Arabia prevailed also in the northern Horn. Although the deities’ names indicated by the known inscriptions are – with one exception – different, use of the crescent-and-disc symbol – known in earlier times on altars and incense-burners in both southern Arabia and the northern Horn (cf. Chapter 3) – was continued in pre-Christian Aksumite times on coins and on the Anza and Matara stelae (Chapter 6 and 7 respectively), which have been dated to the third century on palaeographic grounds.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3CGX9GMX\">[Phillipson 2012, p. 91]</a> A single known inscription (MB 2002 I-28) describes an instance of divine punishment that may be interpreted as moralistic. The transgression had been selling food to neighbouring communities during bad harvest years, and selling enslaved people from one’s own community to other communities. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F54SC2DB\">[Multhoff_et_al 2008]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IR3ESBXZ\">[Maraqten 2006]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 321,
"polity": {
"id": 179,
"name": "it_latium_ba",
"long_name": "Latium - Bronze Age",
"start_year": -1800,
"end_year": -900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"A variety of sources indicate that one form of MSP, supernatural enforcement of reciprocity—including keeping oaths, fulfilling promises, and the proscription of patrons cheating clients—was widespread in Iron Age Italy. Commonalities in Indo-European concepts and language suggest that supernatural enforcement of oaths was already present in Indo-European religion, making it possible to infer its presence in Bronze Age Italy as well (since there is no evidence that this cultural element was first lost and then regained in historic periods); this remains speculative, though, until more direct evidence for the beliefs of early Italians can be found. \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6N4XAUD7\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 322,
"polity": {
"id": 181,
"name": "it_roman_k",
"long_name": "Roman Kingdom",
"start_year": -716,
"end_year": -509
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"A variety of sources indicate that one form of MSP, supernatural enforcement of reciprocity—including keeping oaths, fulfilling promises, and the proscription of patrons cheating clients—was widespread in Iron Age Italy. Commonalities in Indo-European concepts and language suggest that supernatural enforcement of oaths was already present in Indo-European religion, making it possible to infer its presence in Bronze Age Italy as well (since there is no evidence that this cultural element was first lost and then regained in historic periods); this remains speculative, though, until more direct evidence for the beliefs of early Italians can be found. \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6N4XAUD7\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 323,
"polity": {
"id": 180,
"name": "it_latium_ia",
"long_name": "Latium - Iron Age",
"start_year": -1000,
"end_year": -580
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"A variety of sources indicate that one form of MSP, supernatural enforcement of reciprocity—including keeping oaths, fulfilling promises, and the proscription of patrons cheating clients—was widespread in Iron Age Italy. Commonalities in Indo-European concepts and language suggest that supernatural enforcement of oaths was already present in Indo-European religion, making it possible to infer its presence in Bronze Age Italy as well (since there is no evidence that this cultural element was first lost and then regained in historic periods); this remains speculative, though, until more direct evidence for the beliefs of early Italians can be found. \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6N4XAUD7\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 324,
"polity": {
"id": 513,
"name": "eg_naqada_3",
"long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0",
"start_year": -3300,
"end_year": -3100
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 325,
"polity": {
"id": 514,
"name": "eg_dynasty_1",
"long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty I",
"start_year": -3100,
"end_year": -2900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 326,
"polity": {
"id": 203,
"name": "eg_saite",
"long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period",
"start_year": -664,
"end_year": -525
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The concept of ma’at remained central in New Kingdom religious thought, as well as in the ideology of kingship, but the emphasis was slightly different: individuals were to live in accordance with the principles of ma’at not only because this would lead to prosperity both before and after death but also because it was the will of the gods (e.g., Assmann 1989: 72–5).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, pp. 78-79]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 327,
"polity": {
"id": 521,
"name": "eg_kushite",
"long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period",
"start_year": -747,
"end_year": -656
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The concept of ma’at remained central in New Kingdom religious thought, as well as in the ideology of kingship, but the emphasis was slightly different: individuals were to live in accordance with the principles of ma’at not only because this would lead to prosperity both before and after death but also because it was the will of the gods (e.g., Assmann 1989: 72–5).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, pp. 78-79]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 328,
"polity": {
"id": 199,
"name": "eg_new_k_2",
"long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period",
"start_year": -1293,
"end_year": -1070
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The concept of ma’at remained central in New Kingdom religious thought, as well as in the ideology of kingship, but the emphasis was slightly different: individuals were to live in accordance with the principles of ma’at not only because this would lead to prosperity both before and after death but also because it was the will of the gods (e.g., Assmann 1989: 72–5).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, pp. 78-79]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 329,
"polity": {
"id": 200,
"name": "eg_thebes_libyan",
"long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period",
"start_year": -1069,
"end_year": -747
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The concept of ma’at remained central in New Kingdom religious thought, as well as in the ideology of kingship, but the emphasis was slightly different: individuals were to live in accordance with the principles of ma’at not only because this would lead to prosperity both before and after death but also because it was the will of the gods (e.g., Assmann 1989: 72–5).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, pp. 78-79]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 330,
"polity": {
"id": 198,
"name": "eg_new_k_1",
"long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period",
"start_year": -1550,
"end_year": -1293
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The concept of ma’at remained central in New Kingdom religious thought, as well as in the ideology of kingship, but the emphasis was slightly different: individuals were to live in accordance with the principles of ma’at not only because this would lead to prosperity both before and after death but also because it was the will of the gods (e.g., Assmann 1989: 72–5).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, pp. 78-79]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 331,
"polity": {
"id": 520,
"name": "eg_thebes_hyksos",
"long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period",
"start_year": -1720,
"end_year": -1567
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Middle Kingdom literary texts take various approaches to these issues. The Teaching for King Merikare—which some scholars date to the early New Kingdom—frames death, illness, and catastrophes as righteous punishments by the creator god. “He has killed His enemies and He has destroyed His children / for thinking to make rebellion” (Parkinson 1997: 226). Spell 1130 in the Coffin Texts (a corpus inscribed on coffins mainly in the Middle Kingdom) speaks in the voice of the creator god, who claims to have ordered the world through his good deeds: “I made every man equal to his fellow, and I forbade them to do wrong, but their hearts disobeyed what I had said” (Faulkner 1978: 167). In this formulation, misfortune in this life, and by implication retribution in the afterlife, are the consequences of human wrongdoing.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, pp. 75-76]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 332,
"polity": {
"id": 519,
"name": "eg_middle_k",
"long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom",
"start_year": -2016,
"end_year": -1700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Middle Kingdom literary texts take various approaches to these issues. The Teaching for King Merikare—which some scholars date to the early New Kingdom—frames death, illness, and catastrophes as righteous punishments by the creator god. “He has killed His enemies and He has destroyed His children / for thinking to make rebellion” (Parkinson 1997: 226). Spell 1130 in the Coffin Texts (a corpus inscribed on coffins mainly in the Middle Kingdom) speaks in the voice of the creator god, who claims to have ordered the world through his good deeds: “I made every man equal to his fellow, and I forbade them to do wrong, but their hearts disobeyed what I had said” (Faulkner 1978: 167). In this formulation, misfortune in this life, and by implication retribution in the afterlife, are the consequences of human wrongdoing.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, pp. 75-76]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 333,
"polity": {
"id": 518,
"name": "eg_regions",
"long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions",
"start_year": -2150,
"end_year": -2016
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Middle Kingdom literary texts take various approaches to these issues. The Teaching for King Merikare—which some scholars date to the early New Kingdom—frames death, illness, and catastrophes as righteous punishments by the creator god. “He has killed His enemies and He has destroyed His children / for thinking to make rebellion” (Parkinson 1997: 226). Spell 1130 in the Coffin Texts (a corpus inscribed on coffins mainly in the Middle Kingdom) speaks in the voice of the creator god, who claims to have ordered the world through his good deeds: “I made every man equal to his fellow, and I forbade them to do wrong, but their hearts disobeyed what I had said” (Faulkner 1978: 167). In this formulation, misfortune in this life, and by implication retribution in the afterlife, are the consequences of human wrongdoing.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, pp. 75-76]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 334,
"polity": {
"id": 164,
"name": "tr_hatti_new_k",
"long_name": "Hatti - New Kingdom",
"start_year": -1400,
"end_year": -1180
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"During the Hittite New Kingdom (1344–1180 BCE), sins such as theft, murder (particularly the murder of family members), and oath violation (as well as a number of ritual transgressions) were all thought to result in divine punishment through earthly misfortune (Bryce 2002: 139–40; Collins 2007: 91, 178–9).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 135]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 335,
"polity": {
"id": 163,
"name": "tr_konya_lba",
"long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II",
"start_year": -1500,
"end_year": -1400
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"During the Hittite New Kingdom (1344–1180 BCE), sins such as theft, murder (particularly the murder of family members), and oath violation (as well as a number of ritual transgressions) were all thought to result in divine punishment through earthly misfortune (Bryce 2002: 139–40; Collins 2007: 91, 178–9).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 135]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 336,
"polity": {
"id": 162,
"name": "tr_hatti_old_k",
"long_name": "Hatti - Old Kingdom",
"start_year": -1650,
"end_year": -1500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"During the Hittite New Kingdom (1344–1180 BCE), sins such as theft, murder (particularly the murder of family members), and oath violation (as well as a number of ritual transgressions) were all thought to result in divine punishment through earthly misfortune (Bryce 2002: 139–40; Collins 2007: 91, 178–9).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 135]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 337,
"polity": {
"id": 476,
"name": "iq_akkad_emp",
"long_name": "Akkadian Empire",
"start_year": -2270,
"end_year": -2083
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written oaths from c. 2700 BCE onwards invoking the gods suggets the belief that they punished individual oath-breakers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 338,
"polity": {
"id": 346,
"name": "iq_neo_babylonian_emp",
"long_name": "Neo-Babylonian Empire",
"start_year": -626,
"end_year": -539
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written oaths from c. 2700 BCE onwards invoking the gods suggets the belief that they punished individual oath-breakers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 339,
"polity": {
"id": 477,
"name": "iq_ur_dyn_3",
"long_name": "Ur - Dynasty III",
"start_year": -2112,
"end_year": -2004
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written oaths from c. 2700 BCE onwards invoking the gods suggets the belief that they punished individual oath-breakers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 340,
"polity": {
"id": 478,
"name": "iq_isin_larsa",
"long_name": "Isin-Larsa",
"start_year": -2004,
"end_year": -1763
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written oaths from c. 2700 BCE onwards invoking the gods suggets the belief that they punished individual oath-breakers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 341,
"polity": {
"id": 475,
"name": "iq_early_dynastic",
"long_name": "Early Dynastic",
"start_year": -2900,
"end_year": -2500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written oaths from c. 2700 BCE onwards invoking the gods suggets the belief that they punished individual oath-breakers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 342,
"polity": {
"id": 482,
"name": "iq_dynasty_e",
"long_name": "Dynasty of E",
"start_year": -979,
"end_year": -732
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written oaths from c. 2700 BCE onwards invoking the gods suggets the belief that they punished individual oath-breakers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 343,
"polity": {
"id": 481,
"name": "iq_bazi_dyn",
"long_name": "Bazi Dynasty",
"start_year": -1005,
"end_year": -986
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written oaths from c. 2700 BCE onwards invoking the gods suggets the belief that they punished individual oath-breakers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 344,
"polity": {
"id": 106,
"name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp",
"long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire",
"start_year": -911,
"end_year": -612
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written oaths from c. 2700 BCE onwards invoking the gods suggets the belief that they punished individual oath-breakers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 345,
"polity": {
"id": 479,
"name": "iq_babylonia_1",
"long_name": "Amorite Babylonia",
"start_year": -2000,
"end_year": -1600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written oaths from c. 2700 BCE onwards invoking the gods suggets the belief that they punished individual oath-breakers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 346,
"polity": {
"id": 480,
"name": "iq_isin_dynasty2",
"long_name": "Second Dynasty of Isin",
"start_year": -1153,
"end_year": -1027
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written oaths from c. 2700 BCE onwards invoking the gods suggets the belief that they punished individual oath-breakers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 347,
"polity": {
"id": 909,
"name": "iq_middle_assyrian_emp",
"long_name": "Middle Assyrian Empire",
"start_year": -1365,
"end_year": -912
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written oaths from c. 2700 BCE onwards invoking the gods suggets the belief that they punished individual oath-breakers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 348,
"polity": {
"id": 342,
"name": "iq_babylonia_2",
"long_name": "Kassite Babylonia",
"start_year": -1595,
"end_year": -1150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written oaths from c. 2700 BCE onwards invoking the gods suggets the belief that they punished individual oath-breakers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 349,
"polity": {
"id": 512,
"name": "eg_naqada_2",
"long_name": "Naqada II",
"start_year": -3550,
"end_year": -3300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 350,
"polity": {
"id": 511,
"name": "eg_naqada_1",
"long_name": "Naqada I",
"start_year": -3800,
"end_year": -3550
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 351,
"polity": {
"id": 788,
"name": "et_ethiopian_k_3",
"long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom III",
"start_year": 1769,
"end_year": 1854
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“First, deification is not something reserved for a few select initiates, but something intended for all alike. The Orthodox Church believes that it is the normal goal for every Christian without exception. Certainly, we shall only be fully deified at the Last Day; but for each of us the process of divination must begin here and now in this present life. It is true that in this present life very few indeed attain full mystical union with God. But every true Christian tries to love God and to fulfil His commandments; and so long as a man sincerely seeks to do that, then however weak his attempts may be and however often he may fall, he is already in some degree deified.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 352,
"polity": {
"id": 73,
"name": "tr_byzantine_emp_1",
"long_name": "Byzantine Empire I",
"start_year": 632,
"end_year": 866
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“First, deification is not something reserved for a few select initiates, but something intended for all alike. The Orthodox Church believes that it is the normal goal for every Christian without exception. Certainly, we shall only be fully deified at the Last Day; but for each of us the process of divination must begin here and now in this present life. It is true that in this present life very few indeed attain full mystical union with God. But every true Christian tries to love God and to fulfil His commandments; and so long as a man sincerely seeks to do that, then however weak his attempts may be and however often he may fall, he is already in some degree deified.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 353,
"polity": {
"id": 76,
"name": "tr_byzantine_emp_3",
"long_name": "Byzantine Empire III",
"start_year": 1073,
"end_year": 1204
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“First, deification is not something reserved for a few select initiates, but something intended for all alike. The Orthodox Church believes that it is the normal goal for every Christian without exception. Certainly, we shall only be fully deified at the Last Day; but for each of us the process of divination must begin here and now in this present life. It is true that in this present life very few indeed attain full mystical union with God. But every true Christian tries to love God and to fulfil His commandments; and so long as a man sincerely seeks to do that, then however weak his attempts may be and however often he may fall, he is already in some degree deified.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 354,
"polity": {
"id": 571,
"name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2",
"long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II",
"start_year": 1776,
"end_year": 1917
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“First, deification is not something reserved for a few select initiates, but something intended for all alike. The Orthodox Church believes that it is the normal goal for every Christian without exception. Certainly, we shall only be fully deified at the Last Day; but for each of us the process of divination must begin here and now in this present life. It is true that in this present life very few indeed attain full mystical union with God. But every true Christian tries to love God and to fulfil His commandments; and so long as a man sincerely seeks to do that, then however weak his attempts may be and however often he may fall, he is already in some degree deified.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 355,
"polity": {
"id": 75,
"name": "tr_byzantine_emp_2",
"long_name": "Byzantine Empire II",
"start_year": 867,
"end_year": 1072
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“First, deification is not something reserved for a few select initiates, but something intended for all alike. The Orthodox Church believes that it is the normal goal for every Christian without exception. Certainly, we shall only be fully deified at the Last Day; but for each of us the process of divination must begin here and now in this present life. It is true that in this present life very few indeed attain full mystical union with God. But every true Christian tries to love God and to fulfil His commandments; and so long as a man sincerely seeks to do that, then however weak his attempts may be and however often he may fall, he is already in some degree deified.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 356,
"polity": {
"id": 337,
"name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn",
"long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1480,
"end_year": 1613
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“First, deification is not something reserved for a few select initiates, but something intended for all alike. The Orthodox Church believes that it is the normal goal for every Christian without exception. Certainly, we shall only be fully deified at the Last Day; but for each of us the process of divination must begin here and now in this present life. It is true that in this present life very few indeed attain full mystical union with God. But every true Christian tries to love God and to fulfil His commandments; and so long as a man sincerely seeks to do that, then however weak his attempts may be and however often he may fall, he is already in some degree deified.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 357,
"polity": {
"id": 234,
"name": "et_ethiopian_k",
"long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom",
"start_year": 1270,
"end_year": 1620
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“First, deification is not something reserved for a few select initiates, but something intended for all alike. The Orthodox Church believes that it is the normal goal for every Christian without exception. Certainly, we shall only be fully deified at the Last Day; but for each of us the process of divination must begin here and now in this present life. It is true that in this present life very few indeed attain full mystical union with God. But every true Christian tries to love God and to fulfil His commandments; and so long as a man sincerely seeks to do that, then however weak his attempts may be and however often he may fall, he is already in some degree deified.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 358,
"polity": {
"id": 789,
"name": "et_ethiopian_k_2",
"long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom II",
"start_year": 1621,
"end_year": 1768
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“First, deification is not something reserved for a few select initiates, but something intended for all alike. The Orthodox Church believes that it is the normal goal for every Christian without exception. Certainly, we shall only be fully deified at the Last Day; but for each of us the process of divination must begin here and now in this present life. It is true that in this present life very few indeed attain full mystical union with God. But every true Christian tries to love God and to fulfil His commandments; and so long as a man sincerely seeks to do that, then however weak his attempts may be and however often he may fall, he is already in some degree deified.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 359,
"polity": {
"id": 600,
"name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1",
"long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I",
"start_year": 1614,
"end_year": 1775
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“First, deification is not something reserved for a few select initiates, but something intended for all alike. The Orthodox Church believes that it is the normal goal for every Christian without exception. Certainly, we shall only be fully deified at the Last Day; but for each of us the process of divination must begin here and now in this present life. It is true that in this present life very few indeed attain full mystical union with God. But every true Christian tries to love God and to fulfil His commandments; and so long as a man sincerely seeks to do that, then however weak his attempts may be and however often he may fall, he is already in some degree deified.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 360,
"polity": {
"id": 72,
"name": "tr_east_roman_emp",
"long_name": "East Roman Empire",
"start_year": 395,
"end_year": 631
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“First, deification is not something reserved for a few select initiates, but something intended for all alike. The Orthodox Church believes that it is the normal goal for every Christian without exception. Certainly, we shall only be fully deified at the Last Day; but for each of us the process of divination must begin here and now in this present life. It is true that in this present life very few indeed attain full mystical union with God. But every true Christian tries to love God and to fulfil His commandments; and so long as a man sincerely seeks to do that, then however weak his attempts may be and however often he may fall, he is already in some degree deified.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 361,
"polity": {
"id": 421,
"name": "cn_erlitou",
"long_name": "Erlitou",
"start_year": -1850,
"end_year": -1600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 362,
"polity": {
"id": 419,
"name": "cn_yangshao",
"long_name": "Yangshao",
"start_year": -5000,
"end_year": -3000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}