Polity Scale Of Supracultural Interaction List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Scales of Supracultural Interaction.
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{ "count": 132, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-scale-of-supracultural-interactions/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-scale-of-supracultural-interactions/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 112, "name": "in_achik_2", "long_name": "Late A'chik", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1956 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 4771577, "scale_to": 4771577, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. The A’chik are usually classed with the Bodo Peoples: ‘The Garo are a Tibeto-Burman-speaking matrilineal people, the bulk of whose population - some 240,000 - is to be found in the Garo Hills in the western part of India’s Meghalaya state. But there is also a much smaller Garo population - about 80,000 - living in Bangladesh territory, most of it in the far north of Mymensingh district on the Indo-Bangladesh border.’ §REF§Khaleque, Kibriaul 1988. “Garo Of Bangladesh: Religion, Ritual And World View”, 129§REF§ Since the inception of colonial rule, the Bodo populations of Northern India (see above) haven been subject to intensified cross-cultural interactions with newcomers of various origin: ‘It is again to be noted that hordes of outsiders have been pouring into the province of Assam since the coming of the English; many undesirable elements entered into her soil during the last great war and after independence of the country the current of the outsiders has become wider and it is still continuing unchecked. Some of these people have identified with the settlers of the soil and have even contributed much to the prosperity of the province but the only purpose of many of these outsiders is to create differences and mistrusts among her own people and thus exploit them fully. For the best interest of this small and backward state with many complicated problems, the entry of outsiders requires some regulation.’ §REF§Choudhury, Bhupendranath 1958. “Some Cultural And Linguistic Aspects Of The Garos”, iv§REF§ The state of Meghalaya covers an area of roughly '8,660 square miles (22,429 square km)' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Meghalaya\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Meghalaya</a>§REF§, whereas Assam, which Meghalaya was formerly part of, now covers an area of '30,285 square miles (78,438 square km).' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Assam\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Assam</a>§REF§ We have followed eHRAF in the grouping of Bodo Peoples with South Asia §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/ehrafe/browseCultures.do?context=main#region=1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/ehrafe/browseCultures.do?context=main#region=1</a>§REF§. We have used the figures provided in this non-academic source §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.tradingeconomics.com/south-asia/land-area-sq-km-wb-data.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.tradingeconomics.com/south-asia/land-area-sq-km-wb-data.html</a>§REF§." }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 87, "name": "in_mauryan_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire", "start_year": -324, "end_year": -187 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 1700000, "scale_to": 1700000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. A bit beyond the area of the Ganges valley." }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 11000000, "scale_to": 11000000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 484, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_2", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate II", "start_year": 1191, "end_year": 1258 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 3500000, "scale_to": 3500000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. Region of Iraq, Iran, Central Asia, and Afghanistan." }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 342, "name": "iq_babylonia_2", "long_name": "Kassite Babylonia", "start_year": -1595, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 500000, "scale_to": 600000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 107, "name": "ir_achaemenid_emp", "long_name": "Achaemenid Empire", "start_year": -550, "end_year": -331 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 2500000, "scale_to": 3000000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. Area that includes parts of modern day Turkey, Levant, Iraq, Iran, Caucasus, Transoxania and Afghanistan." }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 362, "name": "ir_buyid_confederation", "long_name": "Buyid Confederation", "start_year": 932, "end_year": 1062 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 3000000, "scale_to": 3500000, "comment": null, "description": " km squared. Perso-Islamic: \"the synthesis that had been developed since the early Abbasid period, bringing ancient Iranian, pre-Islamic ideas of kingship into an Islamic context. The tenth century had witnessed the heyday of this synthesis, as under ethnically Iranian dynasties like the Buyids ancient titles like shahanshah (king of kings) were revived.\"§REF§(Peacock 2015, 134-135) Peacock, A C S. 2015. The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 172, "name": "ir_il_khanate", "long_name": "Ilkhanate", "start_year": 1256, "end_year": 1339 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 25000000, "scale_to": 25000000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. The area of the Mongolian Empire when it was split into its subdivisions of the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate , Great Yuan and the Ilkhanate (purple), c. 1300. Calculated with Google Maps Area Calculator and map (below)." }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 3500000, "scale_to": 4000000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 483, "name": "iq_parthian_emp_2", "long_name": "Parthian Empire II", "start_year": 41, "end_year": 226 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 3500000, "scale_to": 4000000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 374, "name": "ir_safavid_emp", "long_name": "Safavid Empire", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 2700000, "scale_to": 2700000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 128, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_1", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire I", "start_year": 205, "end_year": 487 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 3000000, "scale_to": 3500000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 130, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire II", "start_year": 488, "end_year": 642 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 3000000, "scale_to": 3500000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 108, "name": "ir_seleucid_emp", "long_name": "Seleucid Empire", "start_year": -312, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 4500000, "scale_to": 5000000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 364, "name": "ir_seljuk_sultanate", "long_name": "Seljuk Sultanate", "start_year": 1037, "end_year": 1157 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 3000000, "scale_to": 3500000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. Perso-Islamic: \"\"Steppe traditions explain aspects of the internal functioning of the Seljuk state: the status of the Seljuk family; the bipartite division of the empire; the nature of the succession arrangements. However, with the exception of tughra, much of the public symbolism that the Seljuk rulers drew on was not Turkic, but rather derived from the Perso-Islamic tradition of rule ... For most of the Seljuk's subjects, this Perso-Islamic tradition would have been a more meaningful sign of their rulers' legitimacy than any steppe tradition.\"§REF§(Peacock 2015, 134-135) Peacock, A C S. 2015. The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 115, "name": "is_icelandic_commonwealth", "long_name": "Icelandic Commonwealth", "start_year": 930, "end_year": 1262 }, "year_from": 930, "year_to": 1050, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 3400000, "scale_to": 3400000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. The settlers maintained cultural ties with Scandinavia and the British Isles: 'Iceland was a new society, however Icelandic culture perpetuated many of the cultural standards from Scandinavia, especially Norway. While both Norse and Celtic peoples contributed to the founding population they had unequal impacts on the culture of Iceland. Celts appear to have been incorporated into Norse households and appear to have little lasting impact on the cultural and institutional developments that were predominantly Scandinavian in origin. The first settlers claimed lands and established dispersed farmsteads. Many of the economic practices were unsuitable to the fragile Icelandic environment and resulted in deforestation and land erosion, especially in the uplands. As population grew, settlement expanded, and new farmsteads were divided from previous land claims. In 930 A.D. the General Assembly (ALÞINGI) was founded, providing an institution integrating the entire island. The same assembly accepted Christianity as the religion of the land in 1000 A.D. The thirteenth century was a period of escalating conflict (STURLUNGAÖLD) chieftains attempted to exert control beyond their local regions. The system of autonomous chieftains ended after 1262 A.D. when Iceland came under Norwegian rule. The Viking Age expansion into the North Atlantic did not end at Iceland. In the late tenth century Eirík the Red led a major venture to colonize Greenland and his son, Leifur Eiríksson, has been credited with the European discovery of North America. Early Icelanders maintained close ties with Scandinavia and the British Isles. Continental trading and raiding expeditions were common activities for those with the means to take a share in a boat. Their travels sometimes took them as far as Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean.' §REF§Bolender, Douglas James and Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for Early Icelanders§REF§ Icelanders also maintained trading relations with Europe: 'The early Icelanders maintained commercial contacts with Europe and obtained goods from Scandinavia, England, the Norse Orkneys, and the Netherlands. The majority of trade, however, was with Norway, both for Norwegian goods and for foreign goods obtained by Norwegian merchants. The limited resources, especially in terms of raw materials for manufactured goods, made Iceland highly dependent on imported goods. Even before the decline and cessation of grain production in Iceland it is unlikely that Iceland ever produced enough cereals to meet its own needs. Of special significance in a feasting economy, grain and malt were essential to ale production. After Christianization imported wine also become essential for the celebration of communion. Many higher quality iron products, for example weapons and armor, could not be produced from local sources and were imported, mostly in finished forms. Other metals - brass, tin, lead, gold, silver, and bronze - were unavailable locally as well as steatite for utensils and stone suitable for making whetstones. Iceland had a limited number of exportable resources and goods. Homespun woolen cloth was the principal export and was a common standard of value in local exchanges. Sulfur, unavailable from any continental source, was a valuable commodity. Falcons and various animal skins - sheep, fox, and cat - were marketable as were cheese and possibly butter. Fish, the current mainstay of the Icelandic economy was not a significant export item in early Iceland.' §REF§Bolender, Douglas James and Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for Early Icelanders§REF§ Wikipedia gives the total geographical extent of the Scandinavian countries (including both Northern Europe and the North Atlantic, i.e. Iceland and Greenland) as 3,425,804 km squared, rounded to 3,400,000 km squared §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries</a>§REF§. This number is rather high due to the inclusion of Greenland. We have imported this number provisionally, but remain open to diverging geographical demarkations. After the conversion to Christianity, Iceland and Scandinavia became part of the greater cultural sphere of Latin Christendom. §REF§Árni Daniel Júlíusson and Axel Kristissen 2017, pers. comm. to E. Brandl and D. Mullins§REF§ We have estimated the geographical extent of Latin Christendom to be around 5,600,000 km squared, including Northern, Western, and Central Europe as well as parts of Southern Europe. This figure is only an approximation and therefore open to re-evaluation." }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 115, "name": "is_icelandic_commonwealth", "long_name": "Icelandic Commonwealth", "start_year": 930, "end_year": 1262 }, "year_from": 1051, "year_to": 1262, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 5600000, "scale_to": 5600000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. The settlers maintained cultural ties with Scandinavia and the British Isles: 'Iceland was a new society, however Icelandic culture perpetuated many of the cultural standards from Scandinavia, especially Norway. While both Norse and Celtic peoples contributed to the founding population they had unequal impacts on the culture of Iceland. Celts appear to have been incorporated into Norse households and appear to have little lasting impact on the cultural and institutional developments that were predominantly Scandinavian in origin. The first settlers claimed lands and established dispersed farmsteads. Many of the economic practices were unsuitable to the fragile Icelandic environment and resulted in deforestation and land erosion, especially in the uplands. As population grew, settlement expanded, and new farmsteads were divided from previous land claims. In 930 A.D. the General Assembly (ALÞINGI) was founded, providing an institution integrating the entire island. The same assembly accepted Christianity as the religion of the land in 1000 A.D. The thirteenth century was a period of escalating conflict (STURLUNGAÖLD) chieftains attempted to exert control beyond their local regions. The system of autonomous chieftains ended after 1262 A.D. when Iceland came under Norwegian rule. The Viking Age expansion into the North Atlantic did not end at Iceland. In the late tenth century Eirík the Red led a major venture to colonize Greenland and his son, Leifur Eiríksson, has been credited with the European discovery of North America. Early Icelanders maintained close ties with Scandinavia and the British Isles. Continental trading and raiding expeditions were common activities for those with the means to take a share in a boat. Their travels sometimes took them as far as Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean.' §REF§Bolender, Douglas James and Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for Early Icelanders§REF§ Icelanders also maintained trading relations with Europe: 'The early Icelanders maintained commercial contacts with Europe and obtained goods from Scandinavia, England, the Norse Orkneys, and the Netherlands. The majority of trade, however, was with Norway, both for Norwegian goods and for foreign goods obtained by Norwegian merchants. The limited resources, especially in terms of raw materials for manufactured goods, made Iceland highly dependent on imported goods. Even before the decline and cessation of grain production in Iceland it is unlikely that Iceland ever produced enough cereals to meet its own needs. Of special significance in a feasting economy, grain and malt were essential to ale production. After Christianization imported wine also become essential for the celebration of communion. Many higher quality iron products, for example weapons and armor, could not be produced from local sources and were imported, mostly in finished forms. Other metals - brass, tin, lead, gold, silver, and bronze - were unavailable locally as well as steatite for utensils and stone suitable for making whetstones. Iceland had a limited number of exportable resources and goods. Homespun woolen cloth was the principal export and was a common standard of value in local exchanges. Sulfur, unavailable from any continental source, was a valuable commodity. Falcons and various animal skins - sheep, fox, and cat - were marketable as were cheese and possibly butter. Fish, the current mainstay of the Icelandic economy was not a significant export item in early Iceland.' §REF§Bolender, Douglas James and Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for Early Icelanders§REF§ Wikipedia gives the total geographical extent of the Scandinavian countries (including both Northern Europe and the North Atlantic, i.e. Iceland and Greenland) as 3,425,804 km squared, rounded to 3,400,000 km squared §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries</a>§REF§. This number is rather high due to the inclusion of Greenland. We have imported this number provisionally, but remain open to diverging geographical demarkations. After the conversion to Christianity, Iceland and Scandinavia became part of the greater cultural sphere of Latin Christendom. §REF§Árni Daniel Júlíusson and Axel Kristissen 2017, pers. comm. to E. Brandl and D. Mullins§REF§ We have estimated the geographical extent of Latin Christendom to be around 5,600,000 km squared, including Northern, Western, and Central Europe as well as parts of Southern Europe. This figure is only an approximation and therefore open to re-evaluation." }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 189, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_2", "long_name": "Rome - Republic of St Peter II", "start_year": 904, "end_year": 1198 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 17000000, "scale_to": 17000000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 182, "name": "it_roman_rep_1", "long_name": "Early Roman Republic", "start_year": -509, "end_year": -264 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 50000, "scale_to": 75000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 70, "name": "it_roman_principate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate", "start_year": -31, "end_year": 284 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 17000000, "scale_to": 17000000, "comment": null, "description": "km^2 very rough area of Roman Empire, plus extra territory where Roman 'cultural influence' felt" }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 181, "name": "it_roman_k", "long_name": "Roman Kingdom", "start_year": -716, "end_year": -509 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 1000000, "scale_to": 1500000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 185, "name": "it_western_roman_emp", "long_name": "Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 476 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 5500000, "scale_to": 6500000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 188, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_1", "long_name": "Republic of St Peter I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 904 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 17000000, "scale_to": 17000000, "comment": null, "description": " km squared. Latin Christendom was roughly equivalent to the maximum extent of the former Roman Empire? The rough limits of Christianity in this period: the area that is now northeastern Germany would be converted by force under Charlemagne, while the area south of Rome, in particular Calabria, Puglia, and Basilicata, was as much part of the Eastern Orthodox world as that of Latin Christendom, although these distinctions did not exist then." }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 149, "name": "jp_ashikaga", "long_name": "Ashikaga Shogunate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1467 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 3900000, "scale_to": 3900000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 146, "name": "jp_asuka", "long_name": "Asuka", "start_year": 538, "end_year": 710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 5400000, "scale_to": 5400000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared for T'ang China.§REF§Turchin, Peter, Adams, Jonathan M. and Hall, Thomas D. 2006. \"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires\". Journal of World-Systems Research 12 (2). p.222.§REF§'the literature and music of Japan during the two centuries between the acceptance of Buddhism in 587 and the abandonment of the Nara capital in 784. These were years of vast and fundamental change in the island kingdom, of cultural forced feeding and vigorous new growth. In particular, they were the years when Japan became fully and for all time a participant in the high civilization of East Asia. Participation meant religious and philosophical orientations, an ideal of imperial rule, legal and administrative structures, techniques and styles of architecture, city planning, sculpture, painting, and music - all derived directly or indirectly from China and shared in one degree or another by the peoples on its periphery.'§REF§Brown, Delmer M. 1993. The Cambridge History of Japan Volume 1: Ancient Japan. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press.p.453§REF§" }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 147, "name": "jp_heian", "long_name": "Heian", "start_year": 794, "end_year": 1185 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 3243000, "scale_to": 3243000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 148, "name": "jp_kamakura", "long_name": "Kamakura Shogunate", "start_year": 1185, "end_year": 1333 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 0, "scale_to": 0, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 145, "name": "jp_kofun", "long_name": "Kansai - Kofun Period", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 537 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 90000, "scale_to": 90000, "comment": null, "description": " km squared" }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 263, "name": "jp_nara", "long_name": "Nara Kingdom", "start_year": 710, "end_year": 794 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 5400000, "scale_to": 5400000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared for T'ang China. §REF§Turchin, Peter, Adams, Jonathan M. and Hall, Thomas D. 2006. \"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires\". Journal of World-Systems Research 12 (2). p.222.§REF§'the literature and music of Japan during the two centuries between the acceptance of Buddhism in 587 and the abandonment of the Nara capital in 784. These were years of vast and fundamental change in the island kingdom, of cultural forced feeding and vigorous new growth. In particular, they were the years when Japan became fully and for all time a participant in the high civilization of East Asia. Participation meant religious and philosophical orientations, an ideal of imperial rule, legal and administrative structures, techniques and styles of architecture, city planning, sculpture, painting, and music - all derived directly or indirectly from China and shared in one degree or another by the peoples on its periphery.' §REF§Brown, Delmer M. 1993. The Cambridge History of Japan Volume 1: Ancient Japan. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press.p.453§REF§" }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 144, "name": "jp_yayoi", "long_name": "Kansai - Yayoi Period", "start_year": -300, "end_year": 250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 78000, "scale_to": 78000, "comment": null, "description": " km squared" }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 289, "name": "kg_kara_khanid_dyn", "long_name": "Kara-Khanids", "start_year": 950, "end_year": 1212 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 3000000, "scale_to": 3500000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 41, "name": "kh_angkor_2", "long_name": "Classical Angkor", "start_year": 1100, "end_year": 1220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 2175000, "scale_to": 2175000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. Estimated by using Google Earth Pro to trace the boundaries of modern Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia." }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 40, "name": "kh_angkor_1", "long_name": "Early Angkor", "start_year": 802, "end_year": 1100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 2175000, "scale_to": 2175000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. Estimated by using Google Earth Pro to trace the boundaries of modern Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia." }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 42, "name": "kh_angkor_3", "long_name": "Late Angkor", "start_year": 1220, "end_year": 1432 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 2175000, "scale_to": 2175000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. Estimated by using Google Earth Pro to trace the boundaries of modern Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia." }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 43, "name": "kh_khmer_k", "long_name": "Khmer Kingdom", "start_year": 1432, "end_year": 1594 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 2175000, "scale_to": 2175000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. Estimated by using Google Earth Pro to trace the boundaries of modern Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia." }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 39, "name": "kh_chenla", "long_name": "Chenla", "start_year": 550, "end_year": 825 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 2175000, "scale_to": 2175000, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 463, "name": "kz_andronovo", "long_name": "Andronovo", "start_year": -1800, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 2200000, "scale_to": 2300000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. 2.2 - 2.3 million km2." }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 104, "name": "lb_phoenician_emp", "long_name": "Phoenician Empire", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -332 }, "year_from": -1200, "year_to": -801, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 8000, "scale_to": 10000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. Around 800 BCE with the Assyrian conquest, the Phoenicians began their extensive campaign of colonizing the Mediterranean." }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 104, "name": "lb_phoenician_emp", "long_name": "Phoenician Empire", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -332 }, "year_from": -800, "year_to": -332, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 20000, "scale_to": 40000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. Around 800 BCE with the Assyrian conquest, the Phoenicians began their extensive campaign of colonizing the Mediterranean." }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 432, "name": "ma_saadi_sultanate", "long_name": "Saadi Sultanate", "start_year": 1554, "end_year": 1659 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 4500000, "scale_to": 5000000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 427, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_1", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno I", "start_year": -250, "end_year": 49 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 1500000, "scale_to": 2500000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. \"Permanent settlement in the delta, resulting in the formation of tells (large mounds consisting of the accumulated remains of ancient settlements), was initiated by people who entered the region during the last 500 years BC. They made pottery similar to that found at earlier sites along the southern fringe of the Sahara, suggesting that the immigrants were part of a southward movement of herders, fishermen, and cultivators that began with the accelerating desiccation of the Sahara and Sahel regions around 2000 BC.\"§REF§(Reader 1998, 226)§REF§" }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 428, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_2", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno II", "start_year": 50, "end_year": 399 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 1500000, "scale_to": 2500000, "comment": null, "description": " km squared. \"Permanent settlement in the delta, resulting in the formation of tells (large mounds consisting of the accumulated remains of ancient settlements), was initiated by people who entered the region during the last 500 years BC. They made pottery similar to that found at earlier sites along the southern fringe of the Sahara, suggesting that the immigrants were part of a southward movement of herders, fishermen, and cultivators that began with the accelerating desiccation of the Sahara and Sahel regions around 2000 BC.\"§REF§(Reader 1998, 226)§REF§" }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 430, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_3", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno III", "start_year": 400, "end_year": 899 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 25000, "scale_to": 25000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. Al Sa'di's describes the territory of Jenne as \"from Lake Debo in the north to the Volta Bend in the south, and borders on the Bandiagara highlands to the east. It is not clear whether Jenne's territory was defined by political suzerainty, economic domination, or some other means entirely.\"§REF§(McIntosh and McIntosh 1981, 6)§REF§ With Google area calculator this works out at about 25,000 km2." }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 431, "name": "ml_jenne_jeno_4", "long_name": "Jenne-jeno IV", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 25000, "scale_to": 25000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. Al Sa'di's describes the territory of Jenne as \"from Lake Debo in the north to the Volta Bend in the south, and borders on the Bandiagara highlands to the east. It is not clear whether Jenne's territory was defined by political suzerainty, economic domination, or some other means entirely.\"§REF§(McIntosh and McIntosh 1981, 6)§REF§ With Google area calculator this works out at about 25,000 km2. \"In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the first unambiguous evidence of North African or Islamic influences appears at Jenne-jeno in the form of brass, spindle whorls, and rectilinear houses. This occurs within a century of the traditional date of 1180 C.E. for the conversion of Jenne's king (Koi) Konboro to Islam, according to the Tarikh es-Sudan.\" §REF§(Susan Keech McIntosh and Roderick J. McIntosh \"Jenne-jeno, an ancient African city\" <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://anthropology.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=500\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://anthropology.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=500</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 229, "name": "ml_mali_emp", "long_name": "Mali Empire", "start_year": 1230, "end_year": 1410 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 1700000, "scale_to": 1900000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared. For this estimate I have used the approximate territorial extent of the Mali Empire at its largest." }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 242, "name": "ml_songhai_2", "long_name": "Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty", "start_year": 1493, "end_year": 1591 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 1700000, "scale_to": 1900000, "comment": null, "description": " km squared. For this estimate I have used the approximate territorial extent of the Mali Empire at its largest." }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 8, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_3", "long_name": "Early Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -801 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 40000, "scale_to": 40000, "comment": null, "description": " km squared." }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 10, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_5", "long_name": "Late Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -400, "end_year": -101 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 40000, "scale_to": 40000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 9, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_4", "long_name": "Middle Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -800, "end_year": -401 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 40000, "scale_to": 40000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 11, "name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_6", "long_name": "Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 99 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "scale_from": 40000, "scale_to": 40000, "comment": null, "description": "km squared." } ] }