Polity Peak Years List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Peak Years.
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{ "count": 302, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-peak-years/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1761, "peak_year_to": 1761, "comment": null, "description": " Durrani power reached its peak in the aftermath of the Third Battle of Panipat during the reign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (1722 CE-1772 CE)§REF§Barfield, Thomas. Afghanistan: a cultural and political history. Princeton University Press, 2010. pp. 97-109§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1200, "peak_year_to": 1200, "comment": null, "description": "Under two brothers, one based in Firuzukh, the other in Gazna (c1163-1203 CE) \"the Ghurid empire reached its greatest territorial extent and apogee of power\".§REF§(Bosworth 2012) Bosworth, Edmund C. 2012. GHURIDS. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids</a>§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -180, "peak_year_to": -180, "comment": null, "description": " 210-180 BCE greatest territorial extent. Apogee 180 BCE Bactrian invasion of India.§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 509, "peak_year_to": 522, "comment": null, "description": "509 CE. The apex of Hephthalite power. Over forty countries paid tribute, and the authority of the tribal confederacy extended over a vast territorial area from central Asia into northern India. §REF§Litvinsky B.A.,Guang-da Zhang , and Shabani Samghabadi R. (eds)<i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750</i> Vol. 3, 1999 p. 144§REF§<br>\"522 The height of Hephthalite power.\"§REF§(West 2009, 276) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§<br>Reign of King Toramana. When Toramana \"died sometime between 515 and 520 and was succeeded by his son, crown prince Mihirakula, the nature of the empire changed.\"§REF§(Bauer 2010, 181) Bauer, S W. 2010. The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. W. W. Norton & Company.§REF§" }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 420, "peak_year_to": 440, "comment": null, "description": " Greatest territorial extent first half of 5th century.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 127) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>During the reign of king Kidara \"the Kidarite kingdom occupied vast territories to the north and south of the Hindu Kush.\"§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 126) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>Scholars believe that the information about king Kidara's reign in the Pei-shih \"was based on the report of Tung Wan sent to the West in 437.\"§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 126) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>\"Kidara's rise to power, the founding of his state and the annexation of the territories to the south of the Hindu Kush ... should be dated to an earlier period ... some time between 390 and 430, but probably before 410.\"§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 127) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>Further territories may have been taken in India in the mid-5th century when \"a considerable portion of central and western Panjab was under Kidarite rule\" during the reign of the Gupta king Kumaragupta I (413-455 CE).§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 127) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>Indian inscriptians that refer to reign of Skandagupta (455-467 CE) mention Huna invaders.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 127) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>the Sassanians \"laid waste territories subject to the Kidarites and took fortresses\" during Yazdgird II's eastern campaigns and that by 449 CE they had the advantage. however, sometimes the Kidarites got the best of it and in 456 CE they refused to pay tribute.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 129-130) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>Capital captured by Sassanids 467 CE which forced Kidarites to retreat south of Hindu Kush to Gandhara.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 130) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 229, "peak_year_to": 229, "comment": null, "description": " Before the Sassanid invasion in 230 CE. \"The deterioration of Gandhara's economy after 230 CE is indicated by the fact that the last eight rulers of the Kushan Dynasty issued copper coins only.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 86) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Many authors repeat that the peak was under Kanishka (they might be repeating each other without thinking) and this was true in territorial extent. However, considering the core region remained at peace a while thereafter, the economy strengthened and building construction increased a later date may actually be more appropriate.<br>Vima Kadphises (101-127 CE) \"marks the period of increasing affluence (of which the gold coins were one manifestation)\" §REF§(Samad 2011, 82) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Kanishka I (128-150 CE) was \"immensely successful\" in his military campaigns.§REF§(Samad 2011, 83) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Huvishka (155-190 CE): \"The foundations of a prosperous Gandhara laid by Kanishka, especially through active participation in the Silk Route trade, continued to be strengthened during Huvishka's reign. This continuous prosperity is reflected in the large number of Buddhist monuments constructed in Huvishka's reign and the large number of gold and copper coins belonging to his period found from all regions of Gandhara.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 84) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Vasudeva (190-220 CE): \"the Buddhist establishment continued to prosper, and so did the economy. There was an accelleration of the activities of the Buddhist missionaries and a large number of Buddhist monks moved to Bactria and western China.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 85) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Kanishka II (221-230 CE): \"The Sassanians under Shahpur-I invaded Western Gandhara during the rule of Kanishka II and caused large-scale destruction to Buddhist monuments, and left the Kushans highly demoralized.\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 85) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Shortly before the Sasanid invasion of 230 CE \"The Wei Lio (History of the Wei Dynasty) informs us that the Kingdom of Kabul (Kao-fu) and the Kingdom of India (T'ien-chou) were both dependencies of the Ta-Yueh-chih.\"§REF§(Litvinsky, Shah and Samghabadi 1994, 470) Litvinsky, B. A. Shah, Hussain, M. Samghabadi, R. Shabani. The Rise of Sasanian Iran. in Harmatta, Janos. Puri, B. N. Etemadi, G. F. eds. 1994. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. UNESCO Publishing.§REF§ These are either two parts of the Kushan state or two Kushan states.§REF§(Litvinsky, Shah and Samghabadi 1994, 470) Litvinsky, B. A. Shah, Hussain, M. Samghabadi, R. Shabani. The Rise of Sasanian Iran. in Harmatta, Janos. Puri, B. N. Etemadi, G. F. eds. 1994. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. UNESCO Publishing.§REF§<br>2nd and 3rd CE in Bactria: art and architecture reach high stage of development.§REF§(Litvinsky, Shah and Samghabadi 1994, 475) Litvinsky, B. A. Shah, Hussain, M. Samghabadi, R. Shabani. The Rise of Sasanian Iran. in Harmatta, Janos. Puri, B. N. Etemadi, G. F. eds. 1994. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. UNESCO Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 88, "peak_year_to": 88, "comment": null, "description": "\"The first three reigns of the Eastern Han, from about 25 to 88, were a time of domestic stability and foreign expansion.\"§REF§(Knechtges 2010, 116) Knechtges, David R. in Chang, Kang-i Sun. Ownen, Stephen. 2010. The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>Prosperity and security during reigns of Mingdi and Zhangdi. §REF§(Roberts 2003, 56-60)§REF§ Peak territorial extent 100 CE.<br>\"only in the three decades after Han Guang Wudi (so AD 58-88) was the dynasty spared major regional or \"religious\" revolts lead by would-be emperors.\" In the second century CE, emperors \"instead of managing their support, were more often being managed by it. ... the bureaucracy... senior posts were treated as sinecure, given as rewards, and by the late second century AD openly sold to the highest bidder.\" §REF§(Keay 2009, 177)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 280, "peak_year_to": 300, "comment": null, "description": "\"apogee of its power\" 280 CE. §REF§(Graff 2002, 35)§REF§<br>Quote from 7th century History of the Jin Dynasty: \"Supplies flowed into granaries and treasuries. Palaces had additional adornments; dresses and playthings sparkled brightly. [The richest people] vied with one another in display. Their carriages, dresses, and food utensils were comparable in elegance to those of the imperial family.\"§REF§(Graff 2002, 37)§REF§<br>\"Although its days of peace and stability were short, the Western Jin, at least before 300, was a period of remarkable intellectual, scholarly, and literary activity.\"§REF§(Knechtges 2010, 183) Knechtges, David R. in Chang, Kang-i Sun. Ownen, Stephen. 2010. The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -1500, "peak_year_to": -1450, "comment": null, "description": "Phase III<br>\"Phase III (the first phase of the upper Erligang period) is Zhengzhou’s apogee. Bronzes from this period increase in both numbers and type, and the foundry at Zijingshan North went into production. The foundry site at Nanguangwai continued to produce as well, meaning that in phase III, Zhengzhou had at least two major bronze workshops in simultaneous operation.\" §REF§(Campbell 2014, 71)§REF§<br>1500-1450 BCE<br>\"the political power of the Erligang state, as expressed through the early growth of the Shang dynasty, reached its peak during the middle of the second millennium BC (Sun, H. 2009).\"§REF§(Liu and Chen 2012, 290) Liu, Li. Chen, Xingcan. 2012. The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>\"The Erligang expansion ceased around 1400 BC, when Zhengzhou and many of its regional centers in the core and periphery were abandoned, marking the end of this highly centralized system of political economy.\"§REF§(Liu and Chen 2012, 290) Liu, Li. Chen, Xingcan. 2012. The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -1700, "peak_year_to": -1530, "comment": null, "description": " \"The Erlitou site itself occupied an area of about 100 ha during phase I of the Erlitou site. This initial stage is traditionally dated to c. 1900-1800 BC (Liu and Xu 2007), although others now place it at c. 1750-1700 BC (Zhang et al. 2007). Erlitou reached the zenith of its expansion, to around 300 ha, during Erlitou phases II-IV, traditionally dated to c. 1800-1550 BC but recently ascribed to c. 1700-1530 BC (Liu and Xu 2007; Zhang et al. 2007) (Fig. 3).\" §REF§(Shelach and Jaffe 2014, 344)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1790, "peak_year_to": 1790, "comment": null, "description": " This quasi-polity was weakened significantly in the aftermath of the 1795 Hmong Rebellion and fell into an increasingly subordinate relationship to Qing Dynastic power after the end of the rebellion in 1806.<br>" }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1207, "peak_year_to": 1207, "comment": null, "description": " The largest population in 1207 CE according to History of Jin (金史/Jin Shi)" }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1450, "peak_year_to": 1480, "comment": null, "description": "1479 CE greatest population<br>c1420s CE greatest territorial extent\"The Ming dynasty's retreat from Vietnam brought Ming territorial expansion to a close. Ming power generally declined until 1565, before briefly reviving from 1570 until 1610.\" §REF§(Lorge 2005, 119)§REF§<br>1449 CE 500,000 fielded army<br>1450 CE political stabilityMongols return captured Emperor Zhengtong \"having gained almost nothing\" because the minister's in Beijing had elected a new emperor. §REF§(Lorge 2005, 123)§REF§<br>1471 CE Great Wallplans submitted by Yu Zijun \"to build a wall between Yansui and Qingyang to aid in defense.\" First two walls finished 1474 CE, 129 miles and 566 miles long. §REF§(Lorge 2005, 124)§REF§<br>\"Kenneth Swope has asserted that from 1580 to 1600 the Ming was as powerful as it had been since Yongle's reign, and the course of the Three Great Campaigns bears him out.§REF§(Lorge 2005, 128)§REF§<br>however: two of the campaigns were against a troop mutiny and tribal rebellion. the other campaign was a defensive war vs Japan (rather than expansionist). while all the campaigns may have been successful, and may demonstrate effective government, the reasons for these campaigns do not necessarily suggest a polity at its peak state.<br>\"Certainly by the 1570s, the government could afford the massive military expenditures necessary to prosecute the wars that would come to be called the Three Great Campaigns.\"§REF§(Lorge 2005, 128)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1050, "peak_year_to": 1050, "comment": null, "description": "11th Century<br>\"Eleventh-century China was one of the high points of Chinese and world culture in almost every human endeavor, whether artistic, intellectual, or technological, and this grand century of achievement was founded on the long peace that the Chanyuan Covenant created.\"§REF§(Lorge 2005, 35)§REF§<br>11th Century China has been compared to the Renaissance in Europe.§REF§(Hartman 2015, 19)§REF§<br>Before 1060s CE<br>Factional conflict in the central government bureaucracy began in the 1060s CE.§REF§(Levine 2008, 1) Levine, Ari Daniel. 2008. Divided by a Common Language: Factional Conflict in Late Northern Song China. University of Hawai'i Press. Honolulu.§REF§<br>990-1010 CE<br>\"Between the last decade of the tenth century and the first decade of the eleventh, annual revenues of the Sung government doubled, and its yearly budgets moved from deficit to surplus financing.\"§REF§(Hartman 2015, 23)§REF§<br>1000 CE<br>After 960 CE the Song state \"would take some 45 years to reach territorial stability and peaceful relations with its close neighbours.\"§REF§(Lorge 2005, 30)§REF§<br>960-979 CE \"two-decade-long expansion\"<br>979-1005 CE conflict/relations with the Khitans<br>1005 CE Chanyaun Covenant. \"Few peace treaties in world history have ever been so successful, creating 120 years of peace, yet so disliked by at least one of the signatories, the Song.\"§REF§(Lorge 2005, 35)§REF§<br>\"T'ai-tsu and T'ai-tsung bequeathed to their successors a prosperous empire in which taxes were light and the government treasuries full.\" §REF§(Golas 2015, 147)§REF§<br>Under Chen-tsung \"the austerity of the earlier emperors went out of fashion.\" §REF§(Golas 2015, 147)§REF§<br>After Wang An-shih's financial reform program \"the government's yearly revenues increase spectacularly, providing far more than was needed to meet expenditure, but the financing of local administration was also put on a sounder basis than at any time since the beginning of the dynasty.\"§REF§(Golas 2015, 152)§REF§" }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 439, "peak_year_to": 439, "comment": null, "description": " Tuoba Tao 430s CE campaigns against independent states in North China. E.g. Xiongnu kingdom of Xia and Xiongnu Northern Liang. Xia defeated in 431 CE. Northern Yan defeated 436 CE. Northern Liang defeated 439 CE. \"With the conquest of Northern Liang in 439 CE, Tuoba Tao finally succeeded in uniting all of China north of the Yellow River for the first time since the collapse of Fu Jian's empire more than half a century before.\"§REF§(Graff 2002, 72)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1796, "peak_year_to": 1796, "comment": null, "description": "1. Population of 1794 CE: About [313,281,795 ; 313,281,295] people2. The peak of Early Qing dynasty is generally defined as the period between regime of Kangxi to Qinglong<br>\"Even during the Kangxi reign period the Manchus' military prowess was declining rapidly. As they settled into a peaceful empire, the skills of riding and shooting were hard to maintain.\"§REF§(Lorge 2005, 159)§REF§<br>\"China at the end of the eighteenth century was a vast, wealthy empire led by an assured and generally competent ruler. It was not well-integrated, however, making its whole actually less than the sum of its parts.\"§REF§(Lorge 2005, 163)§REF§<br>\"Conquest was primarily about the Qianlong emperor's personal power, not the state's, and so the heights of power he attained did not continue for long after he died. With the retrospective decline of Qing power from the Qianlong emperor's peak,it seems as if the longest-ruling emperor in Chinese history took his power with him to the grave.\"§REF§(Lorge 2005, 173)§REF§<br>Temporal bounds" }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1850, "peak_year_to": 1850, "comment": null, "description": " CE (period of greatest population) The peak date of Qing dynasty is generally defined as the period between regime of Kangxi to QinglongTemporal bounds" }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -1200, "peak_year_to": -1200, "comment": null, "description": "According to Chinese historians, last King very corrupt, decadent. Empire extent had by this time reduced from its maximum 1200 BCE. It is unclear, though, if the polity extent actually shrank between Wu Ding and the last Kings, Di Yi and Di Xin, or if the reports of later historians are exaggerated for political effect." }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 260, "name": "cn_sui_dyn", "long_name": "Sui Dynasty", "start_year": 581, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 609, "peak_year_to": 609, "comment": null, "description": " \"The Sui empire reached the pinnacle of its power in 609 when its population peaked. Thereafter as signs of social and economic stress became increasingly manifest, the empire began to unravel.\"§REF§(Xiong 2006, 54)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 740, "peak_year_to": 740, "comment": null, "description": "Xuanzong (712-756 CE): \"longest reigning of all the T'ang monarchs ... restored his dynasty to a new peak of power after decades of usurpation, weakened authority and corruption. Through the Chinese living through the troubled and disturbed decades which followed his abdication, his reign represented a golden age of departed glories, an era of good government, peace and prosperity, equally successful at home and abroad.\"§REF§(Twitchett 1979, 333)§REF§<br>Reign of Li Shimin (Taizong) 627-649 CE was \"the zenith of the T'ang dynasty... More than a century of internal peace followed Tai-tsung's reign...\" §REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 118)§REF§ However the zenith of the T'ang dynasty might not mean the same thing as the zenith of the T'ang dynasty's polity.<br>During reign of Xuanzong (712-756 CE) \"the Empire seemed - at least outwardly - to be more prosperous and stable than ever before. The increase in population was steady ... The wealth of the country was obvious ... and 'one could undertake a voyage within the empire for a distance of 10,000 li without being armed'. Thus, it seemed that the T'ang had reached a new pinnacle of glory. This is especially true if the period were to be regarded from the point of view of the arts, for it was precisely in this era that the greatest flourishing of T'ang culture took place.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 129)§REF§<br>Xuanzong (712-756 CE): \"it was not he who ruled during the latter period from about 740 but his Chancellor Li Lin fu (in office 736-752), who established himself an unchallenged master of the Empire.\"§REF§(Rodzinski 1979, 129)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 820, "peak_year_to": 820, "comment": null, "description": " Early 9th century?<br>" }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -353, "peak_year_to": -353, "comment": null, "description": "\"In 353 BC, Qi defeated Wei, the then-hegemonic power. In 341 BC, Qi further annihilated Wei's core forces and seized the hegemonic status.\" §REF§(Tin-bor Hui 2005, 85) Tin-bor Hui, Victoria. 2005. War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>reforms of Chancellor Li Kui under Marquis Wen §REF§(Tin-bor Hui 2005)§REF§<br>\"Around 445 BC, Wei started the new wave of self-strengthening reforms by systematizing preexisting practices and introducing innovative institutions.\"§REF§(Tin-bor Hui 2005, 85) Tin-bor Hui, Victoria. 2005. War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>\"... the expansionist Wei lost hegemony in 341 BC and then great-power status in 293 BC.\"§REF§(Tin-bor Hui 2005, 88) Tin-bor Hui, Victoria. 2005. War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -100, "peak_year_to": -100, "comment": null, "description": " Reign of Wudi (141-87 BCE)§REF§(Kerr 2013, 36)§REF§ \"longest and most glorious.\" §REF§(Roberts 2003, 50)§REF§ c120 BCE armies reached Ferghana and Parnics. Colonisation of Gnsu panhandle. Trade along silk road. §REF§(Roberts 2003, 51)§REF§<br>Peak territorial extent 90 BCE. §REF§(Keay 2009, 143)§REF§<br>99 BCE banditry in eastern China. 91 BCE dynastic crisis at end Wudi's reign. 81 BCE population hardships. Power struggle c66 BCE virtually eliminated descendants of influential politician Huo Guang. §REF§(Roberts 2003, 51)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -950, "peak_year_to": -925, "comment": null, "description": "957 BCE<br>In the 10th Century King Mu made expeditions into Central Asia. After Mu, authority over vassals declined. §REF§(Roberts 2003, 15)§REF§ There also was a widespread insurrection against Mu.§REF§(Cotterell 1995, 35)§REF§<br>The reign of Mu's predecesser, Zhao, \"occurred at a point when the Zhou Dynasty had expanded across the central plains of China and turned its attention to South China.\" He established \"the limit of direct control of the south during the Western Zhou Dynasty.\" This quote is from wikipedia.<br>However, bureaucratization of government after 957 BCE in response to defeat. Perhaps 950-925 BCE period?<br>827 or 825 - 782 BCE. \"King Xuan's lengthy reign of forty-six years is traditionally regarded as something of a restoration.\"§REF§(Shaughnessy 1999, 346) Shaughnessy \"Western Zhou History\" in Loewe, Michael. Shaughnessy, Edward L. 2009. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1310, "peak_year_to": 1310, "comment": null, "description": " greatest territory: west to Turpan, southwest to northern Tibet, Yunnan and Myanmar, north to North Sea, the Ob River, east to the Sea of Japan" }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1193, "peak_year_to": 1193, "comment": null, "description": " Saladin reunified Nur al-Din's Zangi Kingdom and seized territory from Crusader states. §REF§(Stearns 2001, 128-9)§REF§<br>There was a peaceful and prosperous period under Sultan al-Kamil (1218-1240 CE). §REF§(Oliver 1977, 35)§REF§<br>Severe famine and cannibalism in 1200 CE. §REF§(Raymond 2000, 92-93)§REF§" }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 510, "name": "eg_badarian", "long_name": "Badarian", "start_year": -4400, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -4400, "peak_year_to": -4000, "comment": null, "description": " Date indicated by Ian. Shown as the most clear evidence of Badarian culture. He also points to the ongoing debate around the Badarian chronology§REF§Shaw, I. 2003. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. New York: Oxford University Press. Pg.36.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1341, "peak_year_to": 1341, "comment": null, "description": "After \"the splendor of the Fatimids\" there was \"a new climax\" under the reign of Sultan Nasiri. §REF§(Raymond 2000, 137)§REF§ End of reign: 1341 CE.<br>Before the plague which arrived in Alexandria 1347 CE §REF§(Oliver 1977, 39-67)§REF§<br>Zenith was reached during the 14th Century.<br>In the 14th century the state's annual revenue was 9.5 million dinars \"higher than at almost any other time since the Arab conquest.\" §REF§(Raymond 2000, 116)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1425, "peak_year_to": 1425, "comment": null, "description": " End of the Ottoman-Mamluk war (1485-1491 CE). Sultan Qaitbay (1468-1496 CE) commissioned a great amount of architecture and conducted 16 military campaigns.<br>For Cairo this period \"is considered a period of decline, interrupted only by remissions during the reigns of Barsbay and Qaytbay.\" §REF§(Raymond 2000, 165)§REF§<br>Cairo experienced an \"urban and economic revitalization\" in its \"ancient center in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries.\"§REF§(Raymond 2000, 175)§REF§" }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1495, "peak_year_to": 1495, "comment": null, "description": " End of the Ottoman-Mamluk war (1485-1491 CE). Sultan Qaitbay (1468-1496 CE) commissioned a great amount of architecture and conducted 16 military campaigns.<br>For Cairo this period \"is considered a period of decline, interrupted only by remissions during the reigns of Barsbay and Qaytbay.\" §REF§(Raymond 2000, 165)§REF§<br>Cairo experienced an \"urban and economic revitalization\" in its \"ancient center in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries.\"§REF§(Raymond 2000, 175)§REF§" }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1348, "peak_year_to": 1348, "comment": null, "description": " Just prior to the arrival of the plague and the \"Great Crisis\".§REF§(Raymond 2000, 137-138)§REF§ \"Barquq's reign (1382-1399) was relatively prosperous.\"§REF§(Raymond 2000, 141)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -1850, "peak_year_to": -1850, "comment": null, "description": " Golden Age of the Middle Kingdom began with Amenemhet I (c1991-1962 BCE) and ended around 1800 BCE. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/egypt02-04enl.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/egypt02-04enl.html</a>)§REF§§REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/history12-17.htm#amenemheti\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/history12-17.htm#amenemheti</a>)§REF§Middle Kingdom was “classical age of Egyptian civilization with a flowering of art and literature in a time of peace and prosperity.” §REF§(Wawro 2008, 42)§REF§<br>Amenemhat III (c.1831-1786 BCE) was \"the cultural climax of the Middle Kingdom.\"§REF§(Callender 1983, 156) Callender, Gae. \"The Middle Kingdom Renaissance\" in Shaw, Ian. ed. 2003. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -3300, "peak_year_to": -3200, "comment": null, "description": " Time when Upper Egyptian Naqada II culture was settled also in Nile Delta (the process of subjugation of Northern lands started in the IIC stage). Some of the Lower Egyptian Culture settlements assimilated with the Upper Egyptian Naqada culture and new Naqada-sites appeared in the North§REF§Andelkovic, B. 2011. \"Political Organisation of Egypt in the Predynastic Period\". [in:] Teeter, E. [ed.]. Before the Pyramids: The Origin of the Egyptian Cyvilization. Chichago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pg: 29-30.§REF§. That is also a time of inner development and flourishing of interregional contacts.<br>" }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -1250, "peak_year_to": -1250, "comment": null, "description": " Ramses II (c1278-1237 BCE)<br>" }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 198, "name": "eg_new_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period", "start_year": -1550, "end_year": -1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -1300, "peak_year_to": -1300, "comment": null, "description": "c1300 BCE zenith. §REF§(Modelski 2003, 162)§REF§<br>Amenhotep III (c1417-1379 BCE)<br>" }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -2400, "peak_year_to": -2400, "comment": null, "description": " The fifth Dynasty was the high-point for the centralization of government i.e. development of complex granary administration.<br>" }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -2300, "peak_year_to": -2300, "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -300, "peak_year_to": -300, "comment": null, "description": " State reached maximum territorial size 300 BCE. §REF§(Manning 2015, Personal Communication)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -2063, "peak_year_to": -2063, "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 203, "name": "eg_saite", "long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period", "start_year": -664, "end_year": -525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -550, "peak_year_to": -550, "comment": null, "description": " By the rule of Amasis (Ahmose II) Upper Egypt was secured, monarchy centralised, administration and finance administration was developed. Revenues able to support building of a fleet to pursue Mediterranean policy and conquer Cyprus. However, this came at a hefty financial cost. §REF§(Agut-Labordere 2013)§REF§ Herodotus (II, 177, 1): \"It is said that it was during the reign of Ahmose II that Egypt attained its highest level of prosperity both in respect of what the river gave the land and in respect of what the land yielded to men and that the number of inhabited cities at that time reached in total 20,000.\"" }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 520, "name": "eg_thebes_hyksos", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period", "start_year": -1720, "end_year": -1567 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -1555, "peak_year_to": -1555, "comment": null, "description": " Zenith of the Hyksos period: reign of Aauserra Apepi c.1555 BCE. §REF§(Bourriau 2003, 181)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 200, "name": "eg_thebes_libyan", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period", "start_year": -1069, "end_year": -747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": -924, "peak_year_to": -924, "comment": null, "description": "Reign of Seshong I was the \"high point in the Third Intermediate Period.\"§REF§(Taylor 2000, 329)§REF§<br>\"expansionist foreign policy\"§REF§(Taylor 2000, 329)§REF§<br>\"ambitious royal building programme\" §REF§(Taylor 2000, 329)§REF§<br>\"attempt to exert direct control over the whole of Egypt involved curtailling the virtually independent status of Thebes.\"§REF§(Taylor 2000, 329)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 361, "name": "eg_thulunid_ikhshidid", "long_name": "Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period", "start_year": 868, "end_year": 969 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 895, "peak_year_to": 895, "comment": null, "description": " The twelve-year rule of Khumarawayh \"saw peace and prosperity in Egypt, but the extravagance of his lifestyle and his lavish patronage of building projects, along with the expense of paying for a large standing army, overtaxed the state's resources. When Khumarawayh was murdered by one of his slaves in 896, the treasury was reportedly empty.\" §REF§(Sundelin 2013, 430-431) Shillington, K. 2013. Encyclopedia of African History: Volume 3. Routledge.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 84, "name": "es_spanish_emp_1", "long_name": "Spanish Empire I", "start_year": 1516, "end_year": 1715 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1556, "peak_year_to": 1598, "comment": null, "description": " Rule of Philip II<br>\"To Spaniards, he has been the great ruler who guided the empire at the height of its power, the sword arm of Catholicism, defender of the faith and unity of Europe. He has also been called el prudente-\"the wise\" or \"prudent.\" §REF§(Payne 1973, 256-7) Payne, Stanley G. 1973. <i>A History of Spain and Portugal, Volume 1</i>, Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm</a> <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/6MIH95XP\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/6MIH95XP</a>§REF§<br>\"With the passing of Felipe II, the Spanish politico-military hegemony did not by any means come to an end but would last half a century more. The Spanish sense of providential mission, however, of being the sword arm of Catholic Christendom, of expanding a divinely guided empire, was indeed beginning to wane.\" §REF§(Payne 1973, 263) Payne, Stanley G. 1973. <i>A History of Spain and Portugal, Volume 1</i>, Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm</a> <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/6MIH95XP\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/6MIH95XP</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 208, "name": "et_aksum_emp_1", "long_name": "Axum I", "start_year": -149, "end_year": 349 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 250, "peak_year_to": 250, "comment": null, "description": "<i>Aksum's power and influence was rising throughout this period, being at its maximum probably when the kings had direct? control over south Arabia (until 269 CE?).</i><br>The city of Aksum and the kingdom \"enjoyed a great reputation in the third century of our era\".§REF§(Anfray 1981, 364) F Anfray. The civilization of Aksum from the first to the seventh century. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1981. UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume II. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§<br>183-213 CE Aksumite king Gadara and his son \"seem to have been the most powerful rulers in southern Arabia and the real leaders of the anti-Sabaean coalition.\"§REF§(Kobishanov 1981, 381) Y M. Kobishanov. Aksum: political system, economics and culture, first to fourth century. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1981. UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume II. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§<br>King Azbah fought a war in southern Arabia end 3rd, early 4th CE. Then Aksumite kings claimed to be sovereign over the Himarites.§REF§(Kobishanov 1981, 381) Y M. Kobishanov. Aksum: political system, economics and culture, first to fourth century. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1981. UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume II. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§<br>\"The 'Kephalaia' of the prophet Mani (216-76) calls Aksum one of the four greatest empires of the world.\"§REF§(Kobishanov 1981, 383) Y M. Kobishanov. Aksum: political system, economics and culture, first to fourth century. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1981. UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume II. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§<br>\"All ancient sources indicate that maritime trade increased in the Red Sea in the course of the first two centuries.\"§REF§(Anfray 1981, 376) F Anfray. The civilization of Aksum from the first to the seventh century. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1981. UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume II. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 460, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "start_year": 1589, "end_year": 1660 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1611, "peak_year_to": 1611, "comment": null, "description": " Before Sully, superintendant of finances, was fired? §REF§(Briggs 1998, 65)§REF§ Or Richelieu? - however, wars lead to \"ruinous state of the finances\" c1630 CE. §REF§(Briggs 1998, 95)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1723, "peak_year_to": 1743, "comment": null, "description": " First 20 years reign of Louis XV (1723-1743 CE) peaceful, king received nickname Le bien aime. §REF§(Chartrand 1996)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 457, "name": "fr_capetian_k_1", "long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom", "start_year": 987, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1150, "peak_year_to": 1150, "comment": null, "description": "\"The peace and prosperity resulting from the efforts of Louis VI led to an increase inthe number of monks at Saint-Germain-des-Prés.\" §REF§(Clark and Henneman 1995, 1318)§REF§ Louis VI (reign 1108-1137 CE)<br>Louis VI: \"vigorous measures made the existing domain far more profitable, as did a favorable economy.\" §REF§(Henneman 1995, 1561-1562)§REF§<br>\"Urban revival and the growth of a merchant class in the late 10th and 11th centuries\" linked by some scholars to better international trade in Europe.§REF§(Reyerson 1995, 1156)§REF§" }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 458, "name": "fr_capetian_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1328 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 1285, "peak_year_to": 1314, "comment": null, "description": " Early 1200s increasing state revenues relative to inflation. Expansion in urbanised population after 1250 CE. Stagflation from about 1250 CE. §REF§(Turchin and Nefedov 2009, 111, 117-118)§REF§ On metrics associated with strength of state peak occurred a bit later, during the reign of Philip IV.<br>" }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 309, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_peak_years", "peak_year_from": 811, "peak_year_to": 811, "comment": null, "description": "811 CE was the year of the death of Charlemagne. After 811 CE the Carolingian Empire stopped expanding. 811 CE was also the start date of a gradual rise in sociopolitical instability which resulted ultimately in a complete split of the kingdom.<br>" } ] }