Polity Capital List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Capitals.
GET /api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=5
{ "count": 629, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=6", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=4", "results": [ { "id": 206, "polity": { "id": 479, "name": "iq_babylonia_1", "long_name": "Amorite Babylonia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Babylon", "polity_cap": { "id": 221, "name": "Babylon", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iraq", "latitude": "32.54546410", "longitude": "44.42423500", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ancient+Babylon/@32.5454641,44.424235,13.33z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x1558fd3e4f9f55dd:0x41a15044dc4b1760!8m2!3d32.5422787!4d44.4208893?hl=en", "is_verified": true, "note": "Originally shown as Kar-Maduk. Although the capital city was Babylon, it was the city of Kar-Marduk where the king resided, potentially as this was located in a less vulnerable area. (Liverani 2014: 364-370) Therefore have changed to Babylon." }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 207, "polity": { "id": 342, "name": "iq_babylonia_2", "long_name": "Kassite Babylonia", "start_year": -1595, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Babylon", "polity_cap": { "id": 221, "name": "Babylon", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iraq", "latitude": "32.54546410", "longitude": "44.42423500", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ancient+Babylon/@32.5454641,44.424235,13.33z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x1558fd3e4f9f55dd:0x41a15044dc4b1760!8m2!3d32.5422787!4d44.4208893?hl=en", "is_verified": true, "note": "Originally shown as Kar-Maduk. Although the capital city was Babylon, it was the city of Kar-Marduk where the king resided, potentially as this was located in a less vulnerable area. (Liverani 2014: 364-370) Therefore have changed to Babylon." }, "comment": null, "description": "<br><b>Language</b>" }, { "id": 208, "polity": { "id": 481, "name": "iq_bazi_dyn", "long_name": "Bazi Dynasty", "start_year": -1005, "end_year": -986 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kar-Marduk", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " \"Eulmash-shakin-shumi (1004-988), founder of the dynasty, came to the throne during this turbulent period characterized by famine and Aramaean invasions. Several direct or veiled references in later chronicles or historical narratives point to unsettled conditions in the north-western section of the country. It may have been at this time that the residential city of the king was established in a less vulnerable area, at Kar-Marduk rather than at Babylon.\"§REF§(Brinkman, 297) Brinkman, J.A. 1982. “Babylonia.” In <i>The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries B.C.</i>, edited by John Boardman, I.E.S. Edwards, N.G.L. Hammond, and E. Sollberger, 282-312. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/IWUWJEQ3\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/IWUWJEQ3</a>.§REF§<br><b>Language</b>" }, { "id": 210, "polity": { "id": 475, "name": "iq_early_dynastic", "long_name": "Early Dynastic", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "There was no single capital as the Sumer in Early Dynastic Period consisted of many various \"city-state' organism. However, the special significance had city of Kish and the title- \"lugal of Kish\" (\"king\") was very prestige title. On the other hand, the city of Nippur played a role of religious capital of whole Sumer.§REF§Hamblin 2006, 44§REF§" }, { "id": 211, "polity": { "id": 480, "name": "iq_isin_dynasty2", "long_name": "Second Dynasty of Isin", "start_year": -1153, "end_year": -1027 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Babylon", "polity_cap": { "id": 221, "name": "Babylon", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iraq", "latitude": "32.54546410", "longitude": "44.42423500", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ancient+Babylon/@32.5454641,44.424235,13.33z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x1558fd3e4f9f55dd:0x41a15044dc4b1760!8m2!3d32.5422787!4d44.4208893?hl=en", "is_verified": true, "note": "Originally shown as Kar-Maduk. Although the capital city was Babylon, it was the city of Kar-Marduk where the king resided, potentially as this was located in a less vulnerable area. (Liverani 2014: 364-370) Therefore have changed to Babylon." }, "comment": null, "description": " \"The first kings of the new dynasty of Isin had to face the Elamite pressures of Kutir-Nahhunte and Shilhak-Inshushinak. They were also affected by some incursion west of the Tigris. However, they managed to establish their authority, moving the capital to Babylon and acquiring control over the entire area west of the Tigris.\"§REF§(Liverani 2014, 462) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. <i>The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy</i>. London: Routledge. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7DRZQS5Q/q/liverani\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7DRZQS5Q/q/liverani</a>.§REF§<br><b>Language</b>" }, { "id": 212, "polity": { "id": 478, "name": "iq_isin_larsa", "long_name": "Isin-Larsa", "start_year": -2004, "end_year": -1763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"During Ibbi-Sin’s reign, imperial control over the surrounding regions broke down. As a result, an increasing number of autonomous centres began to appear. This facilitated the rise of about a dozen of independent States competing with each other. While Isin took over a large portion of the inheritance of the Third Dynasty of Ur, further south Larsa and Uruk remained independent.\"§REF§(Liverani 2014, 187) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. <i>The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy</i>. London: Routledge. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7DRZQS5Q/q/liverani\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7DRZQS5Q/q/liverani</a>.§REF§<br><b>Language</b>" }, { "id": 213, "polity": { "id": 106, "name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "start_year": -911, "end_year": -612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Ashur", "polity_cap": { "id": 63, "name": "Ashur", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iraq", "latitude": "34.98494480", "longitude": "42.00699720", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ashur/@34.9849448,42.0069972,7.67z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1sAshur!3m5!1s0x1553a979c7f6a995:0xa08d3d7eff4bdb4e!8m2!3d35.4564071!4d43.2594174!15sCgVBc2h1cpIBE2hpc3RvcmljYWxf", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Ashur: 911-859 BCE; Kalhu: 859-681 BCE; Due-Sharrukin: 707-705 BCE; Ninevah: 681-612 BCE Kalhu was purpose-built to replace Ashur, the ancient capital. Ashur declined in importance 883-859 BCE. §REF§(The Iraq Museum 2011, <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.theiraqmuseum.com/pages/exhibitions-and-publications/\" rel=\"nofollow\">[1]</a>)§REF§Kalhu (Nimrud) under Ashurnasipal II. Ninevah under Sennacherib (704-681 BCE) §REF§(Davidson 2012, 27)§REF§ remained capital for rest of empire §REF§(Stearns 2001, 28)§REF§<br>Due-Sharrukin (707-705 BCE). §REF§(Haywood 2000, 1.13)§REF§" }, { "id": 214, "polity": { "id": 106, "name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "start_year": -911, "end_year": -612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kalhu", "polity_cap": { "id": 64, "name": "Kalhu", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iraq", "latitude": "32.40953290", "longitude": "44.25107950", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/%D8%B2%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%E2%80%AD/@32.4095329,44.2510795,11.72z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1snimrud!3m5!1s0x155921966a9a97e7:0", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also called Nimrud. 859-681 BCE." }, "comment": null, "description": " Ashur: 911-859 BCE; Kalhu: 859-681 BCE; Due-Sharrukin: 707-705 BCE; Ninevah: 681-612 BCE Kalhu was purpose-built to replace Ashur, the ancient capital. Ashur declined in importance 883-859 BCE. §REF§(The Iraq Museum 2011, <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.theiraqmuseum.com/pages/exhibitions-and-publications/\" rel=\"nofollow\">[1]</a>)§REF§Kalhu (Nimrud) under Ashurnasipal II. Ninevah under Sennacherib (704-681 BCE) §REF§(Davidson 2012, 27)§REF§ remained capital for rest of empire §REF§(Stearns 2001, 28)§REF§<br>Due-Sharrukin (707-705 BCE). §REF§(Haywood 2000, 1.13)§REF§" }, { "id": 215, "polity": { "id": 106, "name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "start_year": -911, "end_year": -612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Due-Sharrukin", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " Ashur: 911-859 BCE; Kalhu: 859-681 BCE; Due-Sharrukin: 707-705 BCE; Ninevah: 681-612 BCE Kalhu was purpose-built to replace Ashur, the ancient capital. Ashur declined in importance 883-859 BCE. §REF§(The Iraq Museum 2011, <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.theiraqmuseum.com/pages/exhibitions-and-publications/\" rel=\"nofollow\">[1]</a>)§REF§Kalhu (Nimrud) under Ashurnasipal II. Ninevah under Sennacherib (704-681 BCE) §REF§(Davidson 2012, 27)§REF§ remained capital for rest of empire §REF§(Stearns 2001, 28)§REF§<br>Due-Sharrukin (707-705 BCE). §REF§(Haywood 2000, 1.13)§REF§" }, { "id": 216, "polity": { "id": 106, "name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "start_year": -911, "end_year": -612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Ninevah", "polity_cap": { "id": 66, "name": "Ninevah", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iraq", "latitude": "35.89732110", "longitude": "38.42211070", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nineveh+Governorate,+Iraq/@35.8973211,38.4221107,7z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m9!1m2!2m1!1sNinevah!3m5!1s0x154d64a0e85095bf:0x48de7ec9c3a33efc!8m2!3d36.2298735!4d42.2355652!15sC", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Ashur: 911-859 BCE; Kalhu: 859-681 BCE; Due-Sharrukin: 707-705 BCE; Ninevah: 681-612 BCE Kalhu was purpose-built to replace Ashur, the ancient capital. Ashur declined in importance 883-859 BCE. §REF§(The Iraq Museum 2011, <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.theiraqmuseum.com/pages/exhibitions-and-publications/\" rel=\"nofollow\">[1]</a>)§REF§Kalhu (Nimrud) under Ashurnasipal II. Ninevah under Sennacherib (704-681 BCE) §REF§(Davidson 2012, 27)§REF§ remained capital for rest of empire §REF§(Stearns 2001, 28)§REF§<br>Due-Sharrukin (707-705 BCE). §REF§(Haywood 2000, 1.13)§REF§" }, { "id": 217, "polity": { "id": 346, "name": "iq_neo_babylonian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "start_year": -626, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Babylon", "polity_cap": { "id": 221, "name": "Babylon", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iraq", "latitude": "32.54546410", "longitude": "44.42423500", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ancient+Babylon/@32.5454641,44.424235,13.33z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x1558fd3e4f9f55dd:0x41a15044dc4b1760!8m2!3d32.5422787!4d44.4208893?hl=en", "is_verified": true, "note": "Originally shown as Kar-Maduk. Although the capital city was Babylon, it was the city of Kar-Marduk where the king resided, potentially as this was located in a less vulnerable area. (Liverani 2014: 364-370) Therefore have changed to Babylon." }, "comment": null, "description": " Although Nabonidus left Babylon for 10 years and established the city of Taima in Northwest Arabia §REF§Oates, J. 1986. Babylon. London: Thames & Hudson.§REF§<br><b>Language</b>" }, { "id": 219, "polity": { "id": 473, "name": "iq_ubaid", "long_name": "Ubaid", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "suspected unknown", "polity_cap": { "id": 224, "name": "Unknown", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Pakistan", "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 220, "polity": { "id": 477, "name": "iq_ur_dyn_3", "long_name": "Ur - Dynasty III", "start_year": -2112, "end_year": -2004 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Ur", "polity_cap": { "id": 222, "name": "Ur", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iraq", "latitude": "48.20790930", "longitude": "16.33812480", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/Ur/@48.2079093,16.3381248,14z/data=!3m1!4b1", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Roux 1998, 149§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 221, "polity": { "id": 474, "name": "iq_uruk", "long_name": "Uruk", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Probably there was no single capital seen as main and dominant city gathering whole power, but instead of it, there were many centres - big cities and associated with them smaller towns, villages etc. Therefore there is impossible to pinpoint which city was the most important. However, according to Steinkeller, the city of Uruk might have played a role of religious capital since Uruk and Jemdet Nasr Period. He based his assumption of the tables from Jemdet Nasr Period saying that individual cities and towns were sending some resources and foodstuff to Temple of Inanna in Uruk as some kind of ritual offering.§REF§Algaze 2001, 32§REF§§REF§Steinkeller 1999, 1-22§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 222, "polity": { "id": 107, "name": "ir_achaemenid_emp", "long_name": "Achaemenid Empire", "start_year": -550, "end_year": -331 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Pasargadae", "polity_cap": { "id": 67, "name": "Pasargadae", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "30.20020590", "longitude": "53.17560450", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pasargadae/@30.2002059,53.1756045,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3fae7145ed3f8b91:0x1cb16745a13a1fe1!8m2!3d30.2002013!4d53.1777932", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " [Pasargadae: 550-521 BCE; Susa: 521-330 BCE]<br>Susa was the administrative capital. Persepolis was the ceremonial and religious center. Ecbatanna were commercial, strategic and provincial centers.§REF§(Farazmand 2001, 57) Farazmand, Ali in Farazmand, Ali ed. 2001. Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration. CRC Press.§REF§<br>Susa was the administrative capital, probably from Darius I. §REF§(Schmitt 1983<a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-dynasty#pt2\" rel=\"nofollow\">[2]</a>)§REF§<br>Pasargade was the capital under Cyrus the Great. Thereafter it was used as a ceremonial centre for the coronation of the Achaemenid king. §REF§(Nylander 1971, 50-54)§REF§ 135 km to northeast of Shiraz.§REF§(Shahbazi 2012, 125) Shahbazi, A Shapour. The Archaemenid Persian Empire (550-330 BCE) Daryaee, Touraj. ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>Persepolis never played an important role in the governments of the empire. It was a ritual centre.§REF§(Nylander 1971, 50-54)§REF§§REF§(Farazmand 2002)§REF§<br>Ecbatana and Babylon were strategic and commercial cities. §REF§(Farazmand 2002)§REF§<br>The actual residence of the king varied between the seasons. Ecbatana was a summer resort, Persepolis was typical for the autumn season, and either at Susa or Babylon over the winter.§REF§(Schmitt 1983<a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-dynasty#pt2\" rel=\"nofollow\">[3]</a>)§REF§<br>Cyrus II moved the capital to Susa after he unified Elam in 559 BCE. §REF§(Scaruffi 1999, <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/persians.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">[4]</a>)§REF§<br>Susa was the main capital. §REF§(Nylander 1971, 50-54)§REF§" }, { "id": 223, "polity": { "id": 107, "name": "ir_achaemenid_emp", "long_name": "Achaemenid Empire", "start_year": -550, "end_year": -331 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Susa", "polity_cap": { "id": 68, "name": "Susa", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "32.19055600", "longitude": "48.25777800", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Susa/@32.190556,48.257778,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3fe9c548ff60ca9d:0xcfc31d88cb57dda4!8m2!3d32.1909482!4d48.2556441?hl=en", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " [Pasargadae: 550-521 BCE; Susa: 521-330 BCE]<br>Susa was the administrative capital. Persepolis was the ceremonial and religious center. Ecbatanna were commercial, strategic and provincial centers.§REF§(Farazmand 2001, 57) Farazmand, Ali in Farazmand, Ali ed. 2001. Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration. CRC Press.§REF§<br>Susa was the administrative capital, probably from Darius I. §REF§(Schmitt 1983<a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-dynasty#pt2\" rel=\"nofollow\">[2]</a>)§REF§<br>Pasargade was the capital under Cyrus the Great. Thereafter it was used as a ceremonial centre for the coronation of the Achaemenid king. §REF§(Nylander 1971, 50-54)§REF§ 135 km to northeast of Shiraz.§REF§(Shahbazi 2012, 125) Shahbazi, A Shapour. The Archaemenid Persian Empire (550-330 BCE) Daryaee, Touraj. ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>Persepolis never played an important role in the governments of the empire. It was a ritual centre.§REF§(Nylander 1971, 50-54)§REF§§REF§(Farazmand 2002)§REF§<br>Ecbatana and Babylon were strategic and commercial cities. §REF§(Farazmand 2002)§REF§<br>The actual residence of the king varied between the seasons. Ecbatana was a summer resort, Persepolis was typical for the autumn season, and either at Susa or Babylon over the winter.§REF§(Schmitt 1983<a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-dynasty#pt2\" rel=\"nofollow\">[3]</a>)§REF§<br>Cyrus II moved the capital to Susa after he unified Elam in 559 BCE. §REF§(Scaruffi 1999, <a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/persians.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">[4]</a>)§REF§<br>Susa was the main capital. §REF§(Nylander 1971, 50-54)§REF§" }, { "id": 224, "polity": { "id": 508, "name": "ir_ak_koyunlu", "long_name": "Ak Koyunlu", "start_year": 1339, "end_year": 1501 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Amed", "polity_cap": { "id": 69, "name": "Amed", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Turkey", "latitude": "37.92290710", "longitude": "40.09263780", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Diyarbak%C4%B1r,+T%C3%BCrkei/@37.9229071,40.0926378,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x40751fa80abac46b:0x53070c279310852c!8m2!3d37.9249733!4d40.2109826", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also called Diyarbakır." }, "comment": null, "description": " Timur gave the city of Amed to the Ak Koyunlu \"which was to be their capital for almost seventy years.\"§REF§(Quiring-Zoche 2011) Quiring-Zoche, R. 2011. Aq Qoyunlu. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation</a>§REF§ \"At Aleppo, the Aqquyunlu so distinguished themselves in battle that Timur allegedly rewarded Ibrahim, Qara 'Usman's eldest son, with the city of Amid, held by Timur since its capture from al-Zahir 'Isa~Artuqi in 1394/796. This is the first reference to Aqquyunlu control of that city, which remained capital of the Principality until Uzun Hasan's conquests of 1467-69/872-74, when it was replaced by Tabriz.\" §REF§(Woods 1998, 41)§REF§ \"summer pastures (yeylāq) in Armenia around Sinir, east of Bayburt, and winter pastures (qešlāq) around Kiḡi, Palu, and Ergani in Dīār Bakr.\"§REF§(Quiring-Zoche 2011) Quiring-Zoche, R. 2011. Aq Qoyunlu. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 225, "polity": { "id": 508, "name": "ir_ak_koyunlu", "long_name": "Ak Koyunlu", "start_year": 1339, "end_year": 1501 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Tabriz", "polity_cap": { "id": 70, "name": "Tabriz", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "38.07770970", "longitude": "46.23198840", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/T%C3%A4bris,+Ost-Aserbaidschan,+Iran/@38.0777097,46.2319884,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x401a05175b8429e1:0x59cb1dc6f21233fb!8m2!3d38.0791831!4d46.2886732", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Timur gave the city of Amed to the Ak Koyunlu \"which was to be their capital for almost seventy years.\"§REF§(Quiring-Zoche 2011) Quiring-Zoche, R. 2011. Aq Qoyunlu. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation</a>§REF§ \"At Aleppo, the Aqquyunlu so distinguished themselves in battle that Timur allegedly rewarded Ibrahim, Qara 'Usman's eldest son, with the city of Amid, held by Timur since its capture from al-Zahir 'Isa~Artuqi in 1394/796. This is the first reference to Aqquyunlu control of that city, which remained capital of the Principality until Uzun Hasan's conquests of 1467-69/872-74, when it was replaced by Tabriz.\" §REF§(Woods 1998, 41)§REF§ \"summer pastures (yeylāq) in Armenia around Sinir, east of Bayburt, and winter pastures (qešlāq) around Kiḡi, Palu, and Ergani in Dīār Bakr.\"§REF§(Quiring-Zoche 2011) Quiring-Zoche, R. 2011. Aq Qoyunlu. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 226, "polity": { "id": 495, "name": "ir_elam_1", "long_name": "Elam - Awan Dynasty I", "start_year": -2675, "end_year": -2100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Awan", "polity_cap": { "id": 223, "name": "Awan", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "32.39575850", "longitude": "48.36236810", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Dezful,+Khuzestan+Province,+Iran/@32.3957585,48.3623681,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3fe9c0026ffde9d7:0x5f778849aa5c2962!8m2!3d32.3840206!4d48.3995819", "is_verified": true, "note": "\"Unfortunately, the centre of the Elamite confederation, the Awan region, from which the Elamite royal family took its name, has not yet been located... other Elamite centres, such as Susa (Which was in close contact with Mesopotamia) and Anshan (Tall-i Malyan), have been located.\" (Leverani 2014: 142) \"Awan was a city-state or possibly a region of Elam whose precise location is not certain, but it has been variously conjectured to be north of Susa, in south Luristan, close to Dezful, or Godin Tepe.\" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awan_dynasty) I have marked as Dezful." }, "comment": null, "description": " \"Unfortunately, the centre of the Elamite confederation, the Awan region, from which the Elamite royal family took its name, has not yet been located. ... other Elamite centres, such as Susa (Which was in close contact with Mesopotamia) and Anshan (Tall-i Malyan), have been located.\"§REF§(Leverani 2014, 142) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 227, "polity": { "id": 362, "name": "ir_buyid_confederation", "long_name": "Buyid Confederation", "start_year": 932, "end_year": 1062 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Baghdad", "polity_cap": { "id": 59, "name": "Baghdad", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iraq", "latitude": "33.31189440", "longitude": "44.21581980", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bagdad,+Irak/@33.3118944,44.2158198,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x15577f67a0a74193:0x9deda9d2a3b16f2c!8m2!3d33.315241!4d44.3660671", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Baghdad (Iraq); Shiraz (Fars); Isfahan (Khuzestan). These three cities were the capitals of the three areas of kingship of the Buyid brothers. When 'Adud al-Duala took over Mesopotamia, Shiraz became the capital, although 'Adud al-Duala never returned there and remained in Baghdad alongside the calliph. Fars continued to be the heartland of the empire, with all civil servants being drawn from there. §REF§Busse, H. 1975. Iran under the Būyids. In Frye, R. N. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 4. The period from the Arab Invasion to the Saljuq's. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.271§REF§" }, { "id": 228, "polity": { "id": 362, "name": "ir_buyid_confederation", "long_name": "Buyid Confederation", "start_year": 932, "end_year": 1062 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Shiraz", "polity_cap": { "id": 71, "name": "Shiraz", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "29.66579990", "longitude": "52.39293060", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Schiras,+Fars,+Iran/@29.6657999,52.3929306,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3fb20d0c8c85f2e3:0x6d0c5b8aef6b4cf6!8m2!3d29.5926119!4d52.5835646", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Baghdad (Iraq); Shiraz (Fars); Isfahan (Khuzestan). These three cities were the capitals of the three areas of kingship of the Buyid brothers. When 'Adud al-Duala took over Mesopotamia, Shiraz became the capital, although 'Adud al-Duala never returned there and remained in Baghdad alongside the calliph. Fars continued to be the heartland of the empire, with all civil servants being drawn from there. §REF§Busse, H. 1975. Iran under the Būyids. In Frye, R. N. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 4. The period from the Arab Invasion to the Saljuq's. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.271§REF§" }, { "id": 229, "polity": { "id": 362, "name": "ir_buyid_confederation", "long_name": "Buyid Confederation", "start_year": 932, "end_year": 1062 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Isfahan", "polity_cap": { "id": 72, "name": "Isfahan", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "32.65852590", "longitude": "51.56142010", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Isfahan,+Isfahan+Province,+Iran/@32.6585259,51.5614201,11.28z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x3fbc35fe8c326799:0x7ab57816ef5837f5!2sIsfahan,+Isfahan+Province,+Iran!3b1!8m2!3d3", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Baghdad (Iraq); Shiraz (Fars); Isfahan (Khuzestan). These three cities were the capitals of the three areas of kingship of the Buyid brothers. When 'Adud al-Duala took over Mesopotamia, Shiraz became the capital, although 'Adud al-Duala never returned there and remained in Baghdad alongside the calliph. Fars continued to be the heartland of the empire, with all civil servants being drawn from there. §REF§Busse, H. 1975. Iran under the Būyids. In Frye, R. N. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 4. The period from the Arab Invasion to the Saljuq's. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.271§REF§" }, { "id": 230, "polity": { "id": 502, "name": "ir_elam_8", "long_name": "Elam - Crisis Period", "start_year": -1100, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "unknown", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " Evidence is very scarce for the period - if it was a quasi-polity, this means there was no single capital. If a unified state, the capital could have been Susa, which was probably still an important centre. The site was still occupied between 1000 and 725/700 BCE. §REF§(Carter and Stolper 1984, 184)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 231, "polity": { "id": 507, "name": "ir_elymais_2", "long_name": "Elymais II", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Susa", "polity_cap": { "id": 68, "name": "Susa", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "32.19055600", "longitude": "48.25777800", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Susa/@32.190556,48.257778,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3fe9c548ff60ca9d:0xcfc31d88cb57dda4!8m2!3d32.1909482!4d48.2556441?hl=en", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"Alexander had apparently hellenized Susa to the extent that the language of administration was Greek, the form of city-state government was Greek, and even the ethnic composition of the area was partially Greek.\"§REF§(Wenke 1981, 306) Wenke, Robert J. 1981. Elymeans, Parthians, and the Evolution of Empires in Southwestern Iran. Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol. 101. No. 3. Jul-Sep. American Oriental Society. pp. 303-315. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/602592\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.jstor.org/stable/602592</a>§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 232, "polity": { "id": 172, "name": "ir_il_khanate", "long_name": "Ilkhanate", "start_year": 1256, "end_year": 1339 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Maragha", "polity_cap": { "id": 73, "name": "Maragha", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "37.38286630", "longitude": "46.20403660", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Maragha,+Ost-Aserbaidschan,+Iran/@37.3828663,46.2040366,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x401b11340ec59fb9:0x3d715741f9df8e51!8m2!3d37.389162!4d46.2376099", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Hulegu made Maragha the capital. This location, in Azarbaijan, had the best pastureland. The Ilkhans lived under tents.§REF§(Morgan 2015, 63) Morgan, David. 2015. Medieval Persia 1040-1797. Routledge.§REF§§REF§(Morgan 2015, 69) Morgan, David. 2015. Medieval Persia 1040-1797. Routledge.§REF§ Tabriz became the the capital 1281 CE.§REF§(Houtsma et al. 1993, 586) Houtsma, M Th. Wensinck, A J. Gibb, H A R. Heffening, W. Levi-Provencal, E. 1993. First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. E.J. Brill. Leiden.§REF§ Capital moved to Sultaniya 1313 CE: \"Founded in about 1285 by Arghun, the sixth Ilkhanid ruler of Persia, who was attracted by its abundant pastures and used it as his summer capital, Sultaniya became the seat of empire under his son Mohammed Oljeytu Khudabanda in 1313.\"§REF§(Marozzi 2004, 133) Marozzi, J. 2004. Tamerlane. HarperCollinsPublishers. London.§REF§ Tabriz \"developed into a great metropolis\" but was not a capital.§REF§(Morgan 2015, 69) Morgan, David. 2015. Medieval Persia 1040-1797. Routledge.§REF§" }, { "id": 233, "polity": { "id": 172, "name": "ir_il_khanate", "long_name": "Ilkhanate", "start_year": 1256, "end_year": 1339 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Tabriz", "polity_cap": { "id": 70, "name": "Tabriz", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "38.07770970", "longitude": "46.23198840", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/T%C3%A4bris,+Ost-Aserbaidschan,+Iran/@38.0777097,46.2319884,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x401a05175b8429e1:0x59cb1dc6f21233fb!8m2!3d38.0791831!4d46.2886732", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Hulegu made Maragha the capital. This location, in Azarbaijan, had the best pastureland. The Ilkhans lived under tents.§REF§(Morgan 2015, 63) Morgan, David. 2015. Medieval Persia 1040-1797. Routledge.§REF§§REF§(Morgan 2015, 69) Morgan, David. 2015. Medieval Persia 1040-1797. Routledge.§REF§ Tabriz became the the capital 1281 CE.§REF§(Houtsma et al. 1993, 586) Houtsma, M Th. Wensinck, A J. Gibb, H A R. Heffening, W. Levi-Provencal, E. 1993. First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. E.J. Brill. Leiden.§REF§ Capital moved to Sultaniya 1313 CE: \"Founded in about 1285 by Arghun, the sixth Ilkhanid ruler of Persia, who was attracted by its abundant pastures and used it as his summer capital, Sultaniya became the seat of empire under his son Mohammed Oljeytu Khudabanda in 1313.\"§REF§(Marozzi 2004, 133) Marozzi, J. 2004. Tamerlane. HarperCollinsPublishers. London.§REF§ Tabriz \"developed into a great metropolis\" but was not a capital.§REF§(Morgan 2015, 69) Morgan, David. 2015. Medieval Persia 1040-1797. Routledge.§REF§" }, { "id": 234, "polity": { "id": 172, "name": "ir_il_khanate", "long_name": "Ilkhanate", "start_year": 1256, "end_year": 1339 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Sultaniya", "polity_cap": { "id": 74, "name": "Sultaniya", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "36.43304720", "longitude": "48.78439450", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Soltaniye,+Zandschan,+Iran/@36.4330472,48.7843945,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3ff42d5a25b0b507:0x52a3c88d16290053!8m2!3d36.4339881!4d48.7946419", "is_verified": true, "note": "Soltaniyeh" }, "comment": null, "description": " Hulegu made Maragha the capital. This location, in Azarbaijan, had the best pastureland. The Ilkhans lived under tents.§REF§(Morgan 2015, 63) Morgan, David. 2015. Medieval Persia 1040-1797. Routledge.§REF§§REF§(Morgan 2015, 69) Morgan, David. 2015. Medieval Persia 1040-1797. Routledge.§REF§ Tabriz became the the capital 1281 CE.§REF§(Houtsma et al. 1993, 586) Houtsma, M Th. Wensinck, A J. Gibb, H A R. Heffening, W. Levi-Provencal, E. 1993. First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. E.J. Brill. Leiden.§REF§ Capital moved to Sultaniya 1313 CE: \"Founded in about 1285 by Arghun, the sixth Ilkhanid ruler of Persia, who was attracted by its abundant pastures and used it as his summer capital, Sultaniya became the seat of empire under his son Mohammed Oljeytu Khudabanda in 1313.\"§REF§(Marozzi 2004, 133) Marozzi, J. 2004. Tamerlane. HarperCollinsPublishers. London.§REF§ Tabriz \"developed into a great metropolis\" but was not a capital.§REF§(Morgan 2015, 69) Morgan, David. 2015. Medieval Persia 1040-1797. Routledge.§REF§" }, { "id": 235, "polity": { "id": 490, "name": "ir_susiana_ubaid_1", "long_name": "Susiana - Early Ubaid", "start_year": -5100, "end_year": -4700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Choga Mish", "polity_cap": { "id": 225, "name": "Choga Mish", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "32.20931080", "longitude": "48.54120170", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tschogha+Misch,+Chuzestan,+Iran/@32.2093108,48.5412017,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3fe9e345b182c04f:0x7c4837b10a2faea6!8m2!3d32.2090263!4d48.545323", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "\"Choga Mish, the largest site (15 ha) on the Susiana plain in the mid-fifth millennium, featured a non-residential building at least 10 x 15 m in size, perhaps on a terrace, with plastered walls up to 1.5 m wide (Kantor 1976: 27-28, fig. 11).\"§REF§(Hole 2006, 231) Hole, Frank in Carter, Robert A. Philip, Graham. eds. 2006. Beyond The Ubaid. Transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Illinois.§REF§ No site of equivalent size at Susa until hundreds of years later.§REF§(Hole 2006, 231) Hole, Frank in Carter, Robert A. Philip, Graham. eds. 2006. Beyond The Ubaid. Transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Illinois.§REF§" }, { "id": 236, "polity": { "id": 499, "name": "ir_elam_5", "long_name": "Elam - Kidinuid Period", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Susa", "polity_cap": { "id": 68, "name": "Susa", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "32.19055600", "longitude": "48.25777800", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Susa/@32.190556,48.257778,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3fe9c548ff60ca9d:0xcfc31d88cb57dda4!8m2!3d32.1909482!4d48.2556441?hl=en", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Which period does this quote refer to?: \"The kings used two capitals: one in the lowland city of present Dizful and the other in Susa\"§REF§(Farazmand 2009, 22) Farazmand, Ali. 2009. Bureaucracy and Administration. CRC Press. Boca Raton.§REF§" }, { "id": 237, "polity": { "id": 500, "name": "ir_elam_6", "long_name": "Elam - Igihalkid Period", "start_year": -1399, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Anshan", "polity_cap": { "id": 227, "name": "Anshan", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "30.00791360", "longitude": "52.40944970", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Malyan,+Fars+Province,+Iran/@30.0079136,52.4094497,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3fb1f27130af5287:0x3cdc4ea604877464!8m2!3d30.0078958!4d52.4182045", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also called Anzan or Ansan, in modern day Tall-e Malyan." }, "comment": null, "description": " \"Shortly after [mid-14th BCE], when Middle Elamite sources reappear, we find a completely different situation from the period of the sukkal-mah. Susa ceased to be the political centre of Elam. The seat of power moved further inland, beyond the mountains, in Anshan (modern Fars). Consequently, Middle Elamite kings began to use the title of 'king of Anshan and Susa.'\"§REF§(Leverani 2014, 376) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§ Which period does this quote refer to?: \"The kings used two capitals: one in the lowland city of present Dizful and the other in Susa\"§REF§(Farazmand 2009, 22) Farazmand, Ali. 2009. Bureaucracy and Administration. CRC Press. Boca Raton.§REF§<br>\"Reacting against Mesopotamian cultural influence, an Elamite dynasty of the fourteenth century restored Anshan (henceforth called Anzan in inscriptions) to a kind of theoretical preeminence. Around 1340, with a view to assuring the cohesion of his empire, Untash-Napirisha, the fifth king of the dynasty, founded a new royal center that later bore his name, Al Untash-Napirisha (modern Chogha Zanbil), twenty-five miles southeast of Susa ... This new foundation ... was built around a great national temple complex called the siyan-kuk, or 'holy place.' Originally the complex, dedicated solely to the patron god of Susa, Inshushinak, consisted essentially of a building resembling a secular caravanserai, with an open court surrounded by rooms, and containing two small sanctuaries. Cult ceremonies probably took place in the courtyard in the open air, as had been the custom in the high places of the mountain peoples outside the great urban centers.\"§REF§(Amiet, Chevalier and Carter 1992, 9) Amiet, Pierre. Chevalier, Nicole. Carter, Elizabeth. in Harper, Prudence O. Aruz, Joan. Tallon, Francoise. eds. 1992. The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 238, "polity": { "id": 500, "name": "ir_elam_6", "long_name": "Elam - Igihalkid Period", "start_year": -1399, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Al Untash Napirisha", "polity_cap": { "id": 226, "name": "Al Untash Napirisha", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "48.20785480", "longitude": "16.33812480", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/Al+Untash+Napirisha/@48.2078548,16.3381248,14z", "is_verified": true, "note": "Now called Chogha Zanbil and built by the king, Untash-Napirish." }, "comment": null, "description": " \"Shortly after [mid-14th BCE], when Middle Elamite sources reappear, we find a completely different situation from the period of the sukkal-mah. Susa ceased to be the political centre of Elam. The seat of power moved further inland, beyond the mountains, in Anshan (modern Fars). Consequently, Middle Elamite kings began to use the title of 'king of Anshan and Susa.'\"§REF§(Leverani 2014, 376) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§ Which period does this quote refer to?: \"The kings used two capitals: one in the lowland city of present Dizful and the other in Susa\"§REF§(Farazmand 2009, 22) Farazmand, Ali. 2009. Bureaucracy and Administration. CRC Press. Boca Raton.§REF§<br>\"Reacting against Mesopotamian cultural influence, an Elamite dynasty of the fourteenth century restored Anshan (henceforth called Anzan in inscriptions) to a kind of theoretical preeminence. Around 1340, with a view to assuring the cohesion of his empire, Untash-Napirisha, the fifth king of the dynasty, founded a new royal center that later bore his name, Al Untash-Napirisha (modern Chogha Zanbil), twenty-five miles southeast of Susa ... This new foundation ... was built around a great national temple complex called the siyan-kuk, or 'holy place.' Originally the complex, dedicated solely to the patron god of Susa, Inshushinak, consisted essentially of a building resembling a secular caravanserai, with an open court surrounded by rooms, and containing two small sanctuaries. Cult ceremonies probably took place in the courtyard in the open air, as had been the custom in the high places of the mountain peoples outside the great urban centers.\"§REF§(Amiet, Chevalier and Carter 1992, 9) Amiet, Pierre. Chevalier, Nicole. Carter, Elizabeth. in Harper, Prudence O. Aruz, Joan. Tallon, Francoise. eds. 1992. The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 239, "polity": { "id": 501, "name": "ir_elam_7", "long_name": "Elam - Shutrukid Period", "start_year": -1199, "end_year": -1100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Susa", "polity_cap": { "id": 68, "name": "Susa", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "32.19055600", "longitude": "48.25777800", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Susa/@32.190556,48.257778,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3fe9c548ff60ca9d:0xcfc31d88cb57dda4!8m2!3d32.1909482!4d48.2556441?hl=en", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "\"In Elam, a new dynasty made Susa the centre of its kingdom, and chose the god of Susa, Inshushinak, as its main deity. Shutruk-Nahhunte managed to considerably strengthen his entire kingdom, which now extended from the coast of the Persian Gulf (Liyan) and Anshan to the Mesopotamian border. Shutruk-Nahhunte brought to Susa the monuments of the previous Elamite kings, and constantly emphasised the dynastic (and inter-dynastic) continuity and unity of Elam.\"§REF§(Leverani 2014, 458) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 240, "polity": { "id": 503, "name": "ir_neo_elam_1", "long_name": "Elam I", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -744 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Susa", "polity_cap": { "id": 68, "name": "Susa", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "32.19055600", "longitude": "48.25777800", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Susa/@32.190556,48.257778,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3fe9c548ff60ca9d:0xcfc31d88cb57dda4!8m2!3d32.1909482!4d48.2556441?hl=en", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Probably Susa. The site was still occupied between 1000 and 725/700 BCE. §REF§(Carter and Stopler 1984, 184)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 241, "polity": { "id": 504, "name": "ir_neo_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam II", "start_year": -743, "end_year": -647 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Susa", "polity_cap": { "id": 68, "name": "Susa", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "32.19055600", "longitude": "48.25777800", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Susa/@32.190556,48.257778,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3fe9c548ff60ca9d:0xcfc31d88cb57dda4!8m2!3d32.1909482!4d48.2556441?hl=en", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Susa was the capital of the early kings. Kudur Nahhunte moved his capital to Madaktu and later, upon the advance of the Assyrians, to Hidalu (Haidala) in the mountains. §REF§Carter, E. and Stopler, M.W. 1984. Elam: Surveys of Political History and Archaeology. London: University of California Press. p.47§REF§§REF§Potts, D.T. 1999. The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 271§REF§" }, { "id": 242, "polity": { "id": 504, "name": "ir_neo_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam II", "start_year": -743, "end_year": -647 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Madaktu", "polity_cap": { "id": 229, "name": "Madaktu", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "33.30886770", "longitude": "47.58334310", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/Madaktu/@33.3088677,47.5833431,10z/data=!3m1!4b1", "is_verified": true, "note": "Known now as Seymareh." }, "comment": null, "description": " Susa was the capital of the early kings. Kudur Nahhunte moved his capital to Madaktu and later, upon the advance of the Assyrians, to Hidalu (Haidala) in the mountains. §REF§Carter, E. and Stopler, M.W. 1984. Elam: Surveys of Political History and Archaeology. London: University of California Press. p.47§REF§§REF§Potts, D.T. 1999. The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 271§REF§" }, { "id": 243, "polity": { "id": 504, "name": "ir_neo_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam II", "start_year": -743, "end_year": -647 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Hidalu", "polity_cap": { "id": 228, "name": "Hidalu", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "30.59226130", "longitude": "50.19021750", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Behbahan,+Khuzestan+Province,+Iran/@30.5922613,50.1902175,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3fb813dc65ec19e5:0x4c2483ae1368daae!8m2!3d30.5981511!4d50.2380914", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also known as Hidali or Hidala. Exact location unknown. \"According to Assyrian annals, Hidali was in a mountainous region, and, according to Achaemenid Elamite administrative texts, it was a little more than halfway along the road from Persepolis to Susa. Proposed locations include Behbahān, Kuhgiluya, and the region between Rām-Hormuz and Behbahān.\" (https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hidali) Have marked as Behbahān." }, "comment": null, "description": " Susa was the capital of the early kings. Kudur Nahhunte moved his capital to Madaktu and later, upon the advance of the Assyrians, to Hidalu (Haidala) in the mountains. §REF§Carter, E. and Stopler, M.W. 1984. Elam: Surveys of Political History and Archaeology. London: University of California Press. p.47§REF§§REF§Potts, D.T. 1999. The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 271§REF§" }, { "id": 244, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Nisa", "polity_cap": { "id": 75, "name": "Nisa", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Turkmenistan", "latitude": "37.93748360", "longitude": "58.13084060", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/New+Nisa,+Ashgabat,+Turkmenistan/@37.9374836,58.1308406,13.06z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x0:0xc7f9814c0559e24e!2zMzfCsDU4JzAwLjAiTiA1OMKwMTEnNDIuMCJF!3b1!8m2!3d37.966667!", "is_verified": true, "note": "Nisa or Parthaunisa, and was later renamed Mithradātkert." }, "comment": null, "description": " Asaak (Astauene) established by Arsaces I. New Nisa up to first century BCE. \"At later stages, the functions of a capital city were also served by Hecatompylos, Ecbatana, Rhagae, Babylon, and Ctesiphon.\"§REF§(Dabrowa 2012, 180) Dabrowa, Edward. The Arcasid Empire. in Daryaee, Touraj ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>near Ashkhabad. §REF§Neil Asher Silberman (ed.), ‘The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods’, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, 2nd ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)§REF§<br>Parthian capital referred to as Hekatompylos in Chinese records. \"The first capital of the Parthians was Nisa in the province of Parthia. In about 217 BCE, the Parthian capital was moved to Hekatompylos, which remained as the main capital of the Parthian empire till c. 50 BCE ... During that period, Rhagae (Rayy), Ecbatana, and Ctesiphon near the river Tigris were also selected as capitals.\"§REF§(Tao 2007) Tao, Wang in Josef in Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Stewart, Sarah eds. 2007. The Age of the Parthians. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 245, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Hekatompylos", "polity_cap": { "id": 76, "name": "Hekatompylos", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "35.94790660", "longitude": "53.92656860", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Qumis,+Iran/@35.9479066,53.9265686,12.22z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x3f9b811f6ecc21ed:0xb6cf3468e13cbe60!2sQumis,+Iran!3b1!8m2!3d35.951056!4d54.0375!3m4!1s0x3f9b811f6ecc2", "is_verified": true, "note": "Referred to as Hekatompylos in Chinese sources but is also knows as Qumis or Hecatompylos." }, "comment": null, "description": " Asaak (Astauene) established by Arsaces I. New Nisa up to first century BCE. \"At later stages, the functions of a capital city were also served by Hecatompylos, Ecbatana, Rhagae, Babylon, and Ctesiphon.\"§REF§(Dabrowa 2012, 180) Dabrowa, Edward. The Arcasid Empire. in Daryaee, Touraj ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>near Ashkhabad. §REF§Neil Asher Silberman (ed.), ‘The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods’, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, 2nd ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)§REF§<br>Parthian capital referred to as Hekatompylos in Chinese records. \"The first capital of the Parthians was Nisa in the province of Parthia. In about 217 BCE, the Parthian capital was moved to Hekatompylos, which remained as the main capital of the Parthian empire till c. 50 BCE ... During that period, Rhagae (Rayy), Ecbatana, and Ctesiphon near the river Tigris were also selected as capitals.\"§REF§(Tao 2007) Tao, Wang in Josef in Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Stewart, Sarah eds. 2007. The Age of the Parthians. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 246, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Rhagae", "polity_cap": { "id": 77, "name": "Rhagae", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "35.57258630", "longitude": "51.45838430", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Shahr-e-Rey,+Tehran,+Tehran+Province,+Iran/@35.5725863,51.4583843,14z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x3f91fbf9965dd3b9:0x5eee56e52f6416c2!2sShahr-e-Rey,+Tehran,+Tehran+Provinc", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also Shahr-e Ray or Ray." }, "comment": null, "description": " Asaak (Astauene) established by Arsaces I. New Nisa up to first century BCE. \"At later stages, the functions of a capital city were also served by Hecatompylos, Ecbatana, Rhagae, Babylon, and Ctesiphon.\"§REF§(Dabrowa 2012, 180) Dabrowa, Edward. The Arcasid Empire. in Daryaee, Touraj ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>near Ashkhabad. §REF§Neil Asher Silberman (ed.), ‘The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods’, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, 2nd ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)§REF§<br>Parthian capital referred to as Hekatompylos in Chinese records. \"The first capital of the Parthians was Nisa in the province of Parthia. In about 217 BCE, the Parthian capital was moved to Hekatompylos, which remained as the main capital of the Parthian empire till c. 50 BCE ... During that period, Rhagae (Rayy), Ecbatana, and Ctesiphon near the river Tigris were also selected as capitals.\"§REF§(Tao 2007) Tao, Wang in Josef in Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Stewart, Sarah eds. 2007. The Age of the Parthians. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 247, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Ectatana", "polity_cap": { "id": 78, "name": "Ectatana", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "34.80840730", "longitude": "48.49079510", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Hamedan,+Hamadan+Province,+Iran/@34.8084073,48.4907951,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3ff1ecc4b3aab593:0x7b0b82ddf4074b5b!8m2!3d34.7983275!4d48.5148102", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also Ecbatana. Thought to be Hagmatana Hill (Tappe-ye Hagmatāna) in Hamadan Province of Iran. (Brown 1997: 80–84)" }, "comment": null, "description": " Asaak (Astauene) established by Arsaces I. New Nisa up to first century BCE. \"At later stages, the functions of a capital city were also served by Hecatompylos, Ecbatana, Rhagae, Babylon, and Ctesiphon.\"§REF§(Dabrowa 2012, 180) Dabrowa, Edward. The Arcasid Empire. in Daryaee, Touraj ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>near Ashkhabad. §REF§Neil Asher Silberman (ed.), ‘The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods’, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, 2nd ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)§REF§<br>Parthian capital referred to as Hekatompylos in Chinese records. \"The first capital of the Parthians was Nisa in the province of Parthia. In about 217 BCE, the Parthian capital was moved to Hekatompylos, which remained as the main capital of the Parthian empire till c. 50 BCE ... During that period, Rhagae (Rayy), Ecbatana, and Ctesiphon near the river Tigris were also selected as capitals.\"§REF§(Tao 2007) Tao, Wang in Josef in Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Stewart, Sarah eds. 2007. The Age of the Parthians. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 248, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Ctesiphon", "polity_cap": { "id": 79, "name": "Ctesiphon", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iraq", "latitude": "33.10167310", "longitude": "44.57567420", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Madain,+Iraq/@33.1016731,44.5756742,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x155825cf1b7481ed:0x196e98bdf5e10a81!2sTaq+Kasra!8m2!3d33.0936291!4d44.5805887!3m4!1s0x155825d5e", "is_verified": true, "note": "The site of is Ctesiphon approximately in the location of modern day Al-Mada'in." }, "comment": null, "description": " Asaak (Astauene) established by Arsaces I. New Nisa up to first century BCE. \"At later stages, the functions of a capital city were also served by Hecatompylos, Ecbatana, Rhagae, Babylon, and Ctesiphon.\"§REF§(Dabrowa 2012, 180) Dabrowa, Edward. The Arcasid Empire. in Daryaee, Touraj ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>near Ashkhabad. §REF§Neil Asher Silberman (ed.), ‘The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods’, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, 2nd ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)§REF§<br>Parthian capital referred to as Hekatompylos in Chinese records. \"The first capital of the Parthians was Nisa in the province of Parthia. In about 217 BCE, the Parthian capital was moved to Hekatompylos, which remained as the main capital of the Parthian empire till c. 50 BCE ... During that period, Rhagae (Rayy), Ecbatana, and Ctesiphon near the river Tigris were also selected as capitals.\"§REF§(Tao 2007) Tao, Wang in Josef in Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Stewart, Sarah eds. 2007. The Age of the Parthians. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 249, "polity": { "id": 483, "name": "iq_parthian_emp_2", "long_name": "Parthian Empire II", "start_year": 41, "end_year": 226 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Nisa", "polity_cap": { "id": 75, "name": "Nisa", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Turkmenistan", "latitude": "37.93748360", "longitude": "58.13084060", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/New+Nisa,+Ashgabat,+Turkmenistan/@37.9374836,58.1308406,13.06z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x0:0xc7f9814c0559e24e!2zMzfCsDU4JzAwLjAiTiA1OMKwMTEnNDIuMCJF!3b1!8m2!3d37.966667!", "is_verified": true, "note": "Nisa or Parthaunisa, and was later renamed Mithradātkert." }, "comment": null, "description": " Asaak (Astauene) established by Arsaces I. New Nisa up to first century BCE. \"At later stages, the functions of a capital city were also served by Hecatompylos, Ecbatana, Rhagae, Babylon, and Ctesiphon.\"§REF§(Dabrowa 2012, 180) Dabrowa, Edward. The Arcasid Empire. in Daryaee, Touraj ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>near Ashkhabad. §REF§Neil Asher Silberman (ed.), ‘The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods’, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, 2nd ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)§REF§<br>Parthian capital referred to as Hekatompylos in Chinese records. \"The first capital of the Parthians was Nisa in the province of Parthia. In about 217 BCE, the Parthian capital was moved to Hekatompylos, which remained as the main capital of the Parthian empire till c. 50 BCE ... During that period, Rhagae (Rayy), Ecbatana, and Ctesiphon near the river Tigris were also selected as capitals.\"§REF§(Tao 2007) Tao, Wang in Josef in Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Stewart, Sarah eds. 2007. The Age of the Parthians. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 250, "polity": { "id": 483, "name": "iq_parthian_emp_2", "long_name": "Parthian Empire II", "start_year": 41, "end_year": 226 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Hekatompylos", "polity_cap": { "id": 76, "name": "Hekatompylos", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "35.94790660", "longitude": "53.92656860", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Qumis,+Iran/@35.9479066,53.9265686,12.22z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x3f9b811f6ecc21ed:0xb6cf3468e13cbe60!2sQumis,+Iran!3b1!8m2!3d35.951056!4d54.0375!3m4!1s0x3f9b811f6ecc2", "is_verified": true, "note": "Referred to as Hekatompylos in Chinese sources but is also knows as Qumis or Hecatompylos." }, "comment": null, "description": " Asaak (Astauene) established by Arsaces I. New Nisa up to first century BCE. \"At later stages, the functions of a capital city were also served by Hecatompylos, Ecbatana, Rhagae, Babylon, and Ctesiphon.\"§REF§(Dabrowa 2012, 180) Dabrowa, Edward. The Arcasid Empire. in Daryaee, Touraj ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>near Ashkhabad. §REF§Neil Asher Silberman (ed.), ‘The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods’, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, 2nd ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)§REF§<br>Parthian capital referred to as Hekatompylos in Chinese records. \"The first capital of the Parthians was Nisa in the province of Parthia. In about 217 BCE, the Parthian capital was moved to Hekatompylos, which remained as the main capital of the Parthian empire till c. 50 BCE ... During that period, Rhagae (Rayy), Ecbatana, and Ctesiphon near the river Tigris were also selected as capitals.\"§REF§(Tao 2007) Tao, Wang in Josef in Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Stewart, Sarah eds. 2007. The Age of the Parthians. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 251, "polity": { "id": 483, "name": "iq_parthian_emp_2", "long_name": "Parthian Empire II", "start_year": 41, "end_year": 226 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Rhagae", "polity_cap": { "id": 77, "name": "Rhagae", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "35.57258630", "longitude": "51.45838430", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Shahr-e-Rey,+Tehran,+Tehran+Province,+Iran/@35.5725863,51.4583843,14z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x3f91fbf9965dd3b9:0x5eee56e52f6416c2!2sShahr-e-Rey,+Tehran,+Tehran+Provinc", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also Shahr-e Ray or Ray." }, "comment": null, "description": " Asaak (Astauene) established by Arsaces I. New Nisa up to first century BCE. \"At later stages, the functions of a capital city were also served by Hecatompylos, Ecbatana, Rhagae, Babylon, and Ctesiphon.\"§REF§(Dabrowa 2012, 180) Dabrowa, Edward. The Arcasid Empire. in Daryaee, Touraj ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>near Ashkhabad. §REF§Neil Asher Silberman (ed.), ‘The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods’, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, 2nd ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)§REF§<br>Parthian capital referred to as Hekatompylos in Chinese records. \"The first capital of the Parthians was Nisa in the province of Parthia. In about 217 BCE, the Parthian capital was moved to Hekatompylos, which remained as the main capital of the Parthian empire till c. 50 BCE ... During that period, Rhagae (Rayy), Ecbatana, and Ctesiphon near the river Tigris were also selected as capitals.\"§REF§(Tao 2007) Tao, Wang in Josef in Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Stewart, Sarah eds. 2007. The Age of the Parthians. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 252, "polity": { "id": 483, "name": "iq_parthian_emp_2", "long_name": "Parthian Empire II", "start_year": 41, "end_year": 226 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Ectatana", "polity_cap": { "id": 78, "name": "Ectatana", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "34.80840730", "longitude": "48.49079510", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Hamedan,+Hamadan+Province,+Iran/@34.8084073,48.4907951,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3ff1ecc4b3aab593:0x7b0b82ddf4074b5b!8m2!3d34.7983275!4d48.5148102", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also Ecbatana. Thought to be Hagmatana Hill (Tappe-ye Hagmatāna) in Hamadan Province of Iran. (Brown 1997: 80–84)" }, "comment": null, "description": " Asaak (Astauene) established by Arsaces I. New Nisa up to first century BCE. \"At later stages, the functions of a capital city were also served by Hecatompylos, Ecbatana, Rhagae, Babylon, and Ctesiphon.\"§REF§(Dabrowa 2012, 180) Dabrowa, Edward. The Arcasid Empire. in Daryaee, Touraj ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>near Ashkhabad. §REF§Neil Asher Silberman (ed.), ‘The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods’, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, 2nd ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)§REF§<br>Parthian capital referred to as Hekatompylos in Chinese records. \"The first capital of the Parthians was Nisa in the province of Parthia. In about 217 BCE, the Parthian capital was moved to Hekatompylos, which remained as the main capital of the Parthian empire till c. 50 BCE ... During that period, Rhagae (Rayy), Ecbatana, and Ctesiphon near the river Tigris were also selected as capitals.\"§REF§(Tao 2007) Tao, Wang in Josef in Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Stewart, Sarah eds. 2007. The Age of the Parthians. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 253, "polity": { "id": 483, "name": "iq_parthian_emp_2", "long_name": "Parthian Empire II", "start_year": 41, "end_year": 226 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Ctesiphon", "polity_cap": { "id": 79, "name": "Ctesiphon", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iraq", "latitude": "33.10167310", "longitude": "44.57567420", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Madain,+Iraq/@33.1016731,44.5756742,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x155825cf1b7481ed:0x196e98bdf5e10a81!2sTaq+Kasra!8m2!3d33.0936291!4d44.5805887!3m4!1s0x155825d5e", "is_verified": true, "note": "The site of is Ctesiphon approximately in the location of modern day Al-Mada'in." }, "comment": null, "description": " Asaak (Astauene) established by Arsaces I. New Nisa up to first century BCE. \"At later stages, the functions of a capital city were also served by Hecatompylos, Ecbatana, Rhagae, Babylon, and Ctesiphon.\"§REF§(Dabrowa 2012, 180) Dabrowa, Edward. The Arcasid Empire. in Daryaee, Touraj ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>near Ashkhabad. §REF§Neil Asher Silberman (ed.), ‘The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods’, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, 2nd ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012)§REF§<br>Parthian capital referred to as Hekatompylos in Chinese records. \"The first capital of the Parthians was Nisa in the province of Parthia. In about 217 BCE, the Parthian capital was moved to Hekatompylos, which remained as the main capital of the Parthian empire till c. 50 BCE ... During that period, Rhagae (Rayy), Ecbatana, and Ctesiphon near the river Tigris were also selected as capitals.\"§REF§(Tao 2007) Tao, Wang in Josef in Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Stewart, Sarah eds. 2007. The Age of the Parthians. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 254, "polity": { "id": 509, "name": "ir_qajar_dyn", "long_name": "Qajar Dynasty", "start_year": 1794, "end_year": 1925 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Tehran", "polity_cap": { "id": 230, "name": "Tehran", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "35.70777140", "longitude": "51.20757030", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Teheran,+Iran/@35.7077714,51.2075703,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3f8e00491ff3dcd9:0xf0b3697c567024bc!8m2!3d35.7218583!4d51.3346954", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "Tehran became the capital in 1786 CE.§REF§(Bosworth ed. 2007, 506) ???. Tehran. C Edmund Bosworth. ed. 2007. Historic Cities of the Islamic World. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 255, "polity": { "id": 374, "name": "ir_safavid_emp", "long_name": "Safavid Empire", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Tabriz", "polity_cap": { "id": 70, "name": "Tabriz", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "38.07770970", "longitude": "46.23198840", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/T%C3%A4bris,+Ost-Aserbaidschan,+Iran/@38.0777097,46.2319884,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x401a05175b8429e1:0x59cb1dc6f21233fb!8m2!3d38.0791831!4d46.2886732", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Tabriz was the first capital of the Safavids; Qazvin was a later capital. Isfahan under Shah Abbas. §REF§Rudi Matthee ‘SAFAVID DYNASTY’ <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids</a>.§REF§ \"In view of the vulnerability of Tabriz to Ottoman attacks, Shah Tahmasp [(1524-76)] decided to transfer the capital from Tabriz to Qazvin.\" §REF§E Eshraghi, ‘PERSIA DURING THE PERIOD OF THE SAFAVIDS, THE AFSHARS AND THE EARLY QAJARS’, in Chahryar Adle and Irfan Habib (eds), History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. V The Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Centuries (Paris: Unesco, 1992), p.254; Masashi Haneda and Rudi Matthee, 'ISFAHAN vii. SAFAVID PERIOD' <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/isfahan-vii-safavid-period\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/isfahan-vii-safavid-period</a>§REF§ Relocated from Tabriz to Qazvin under Tahmasp, and moved to Isfahan by Abbas I.§REF§(Newman 2009) Newman, Andrew J. 2009. Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B. Tauris. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 256, "polity": { "id": 374, "name": "ir_safavid_emp", "long_name": "Safavid Empire", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Qazvin", "polity_cap": { "id": 80, "name": "Qazvin", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "36.28505270", "longitude": "49.97208330", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Qazvin,+Iran/@36.2850527,49.9720833,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3ff355249e1ae59f:0x9b4276368ecb03b6!8m2!3d36.2795045!4d50.0045669", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Tabriz was the first capital of the Safavids; Qazvin was a later capital. Isfahan under Shah Abbas. §REF§Rudi Matthee ‘SAFAVID DYNASTY’ <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids</a>.§REF§ \"In view of the vulnerability of Tabriz to Ottoman attacks, Shah Tahmasp [(1524-76)] decided to transfer the capital from Tabriz to Qazvin.\" §REF§E Eshraghi, ‘PERSIA DURING THE PERIOD OF THE SAFAVIDS, THE AFSHARS AND THE EARLY QAJARS’, in Chahryar Adle and Irfan Habib (eds), History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. V The Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Centuries (Paris: Unesco, 1992), p.254; Masashi Haneda and Rudi Matthee, 'ISFAHAN vii. SAFAVID PERIOD' <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/isfahan-vii-safavid-period\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/isfahan-vii-safavid-period</a>§REF§ Relocated from Tabriz to Qazvin under Tahmasp, and moved to Isfahan by Abbas I.§REF§(Newman 2009) Newman, Andrew J. 2009. Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B. Tauris. New York.§REF§" }, { "id": 257, "polity": { "id": 374, "name": "ir_safavid_emp", "long_name": "Safavid Empire", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Isfahan", "polity_cap": { "id": 72, "name": "Isfahan", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "32.65852590", "longitude": "51.56142010", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Isfahan,+Isfahan+Province,+Iran/@32.6585259,51.5614201,11.28z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x3fbc35fe8c326799:0x7ab57816ef5837f5!2sIsfahan,+Isfahan+Province,+Iran!3b1!8m2!3d3", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Tabriz was the first capital of the Safavids; Qazvin was a later capital. Isfahan under Shah Abbas. §REF§Rudi Matthee ‘SAFAVID DYNASTY’ <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids</a>.§REF§ \"In view of the vulnerability of Tabriz to Ottoman attacks, Shah Tahmasp [(1524-76)] decided to transfer the capital from Tabriz to Qazvin.\" §REF§E Eshraghi, ‘PERSIA DURING THE PERIOD OF THE SAFAVIDS, THE AFSHARS AND THE EARLY QAJARS’, in Chahryar Adle and Irfan Habib (eds), History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. V The Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Centuries (Paris: Unesco, 1992), p.254; Masashi Haneda and Rudi Matthee, 'ISFAHAN vii. SAFAVID PERIOD' <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/isfahan-vii-safavid-period\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/isfahan-vii-safavid-period</a>§REF§ Relocated from Tabriz to Qazvin under Tahmasp, and moved to Isfahan by Abbas I.§REF§(Newman 2009) Newman, Andrew J. 2009. Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B. Tauris. New York.§REF§" } ] }