Polity Capital List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Capitals.
GET /api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api
{ "count": 629, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kabul", "polity_cap": { "id": 150, "name": "Kabul", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Afghanistan", "latitude": "34.55390970", "longitude": "69.05764590", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kabul,+Afghanistan/@34.5539097,69.0576459,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x38d1694c3c1e6d49:0xebdf473578214429!8m2!3d34.5553494!4d69.207486", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Kabul: 1747-1776 CE; Peshwar 1776-1818 CE; Herat 1818-1826 CE§REF§Barfield, Thomas. Afghanistan: a cultural and political history. Princeton University Press, 2010. pp. 97-109§REF§ §REF§Runion, Meredith L. <i>The history of Afghanistan</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007.pp. 69-73§REF§" }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Peshwar", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " Kabul: 1747-1776 CE; Peshwar 1776-1818 CE; Herat 1818-1826 CE§REF§Barfield, Thomas. Afghanistan: a cultural and political history. Princeton University Press, 2010. pp. 97-109§REF§ §REF§Runion, Meredith L. <i>The history of Afghanistan</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007.pp. 69-73§REF§" }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Herat", "polity_cap": { "id": 145, "name": "Herat", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Afghanistan", "latitude": "34.35352190", "longitude": "62.17605050", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Herat,+Afghanistan/@34.3535219,62.1760505,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3f3ce6a894be6cf7:0x9db9f81752d677c4!8m2!3d34.352865!4d62.2040287", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Kabul: 1747-1776 CE; Peshwar 1776-1818 CE; Herat 1818-1826 CE§REF§Barfield, Thomas. Afghanistan: a cultural and political history. Princeton University Press, 2010. pp. 97-109§REF§ §REF§Runion, Meredith L. <i>The history of Afghanistan</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007.pp. 69-73§REF§" }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Firuzkuh", "polity_cap": { "id": 1, "name": "Firuzkuh", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iran", "latitude": "35.75744030", "longitude": "52.77474500", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Fir%C5%ABzkuh,+Teheran,+Iran/@35.7574403,52.774745,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3f9a9c65673b8b45:0x47b6ae813707cc15!8m2!3d35.7593945!4d52.7755029", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"Firuzkuh was originally founded by Qotb-al-Din Mohammad as the seat of his appendage of Warsada, continued as the capital of ʿAlaʾ-al-Din Hosayn.\"§REF§(Bosworth 2012) Bosworth, Edmund C. 2012. GHURIDS. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids</a>§REF§ Firuzkuh described as \"summer capital\". Single period of occupation of 75 years. Destroyed by Mongols 1223 CE, so origin c1148 CE.§REF§Thomas, David. Firuzkuh: the summer capital of the Ghurids <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.academia.edu/188837/Firuzkuh_the_summer_capital_of_the_Ghurids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.academia.edu/188837/Firuzkuh_the_summer_capital_of_the_Ghurids</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Bactra", "polity_cap": { "id": 5, "name": "Bactra", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Afghanistan", "latitude": "36.75715760", "longitude": "66.87714810", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Balch,+Afghanistan/@36.7571576,66.8771481,14z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3f34eeaa00c6a8e7:0x7fc3ab84bd7a9fa8!8m2!3d36.7550603!4d66.8975372", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"\"The capital of Bactria, Bactra, was located on the Bactru River; the city exists today as Balkh, the oldest city in Afghanistan.\" §REF§West, Barbara. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania.( Infobase Publishing, 2009) p.74.§REF§" }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Balkh", "polity_cap": { "id": 152, "name": "Balkh", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Afghanistan", "latitude": "36.75714130", "longitude": "66.88590290", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Balkh,+Afghanistan/@36.7571413,66.8859029,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!1m7!3m6!1s0x3f34eeaa00c6a8e7:0x7fc3ab84bd7a9fa8!2sBalkh,+Afghanistan!3b1!8m2!3d36.7550603!4d66.897537", "is_verified": true, "note": "The capital was Balkh (Bactria), which the Chinese referred to as Chien-shih. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkh) Although the seshat wiki has coded Chien-shih as the capital,I have changed it here to Balkh to keep in line with the known names. (http://seshatdatabank.info/browser/AfTochr)" }, "comment": null, "description": " attested as the capital by Chinese sources from the period, although how centralized the state was is largely unknown. Some limited excavation has taken place. §REF§Denis Sinor, \"The establishment and dissolution of the Türk empire\" in Denis Sinor, \"The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, Volume 1\", Cambridge University Press, 1990. p. 300; Litvinsky B.A.,Guang-da Zhang , and Shabani Samghabadi R. (eds)<i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia, p. 152</i>§REF§<br>\"473-79 Hephthalites conquer Sogdiana and establish a capital city at Pendjikent.\"§REF§(West 2009, 276) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§<br>Toramana, who made conquests in India \"established his capital city at Salaka\" §REF§(Bauer 2010, 180) Bauer, S W. 2010. The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. W. W. Norton & Company.§REF§" }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Pendjikent", "polity_cap": { "id": 7, "name": "Pendjikent", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Tajikistan", "latitude": "39.49213970", "longitude": "67.58342190", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pandschakent,+Tadschikistan/@39.4921397,67.5834219,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x38b33a751b160567:0x71d94cecd4c991ac!8m2!3d39.4917373!4d67.6066164", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " attested as the capital by Chinese sources from the period, although how centralized the state was is largely unknown. Some limited excavation has taken place. §REF§Denis Sinor, \"The establishment and dissolution of the Türk empire\" in Denis Sinor, \"The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, Volume 1\", Cambridge University Press, 1990. p. 300; Litvinsky B.A.,Guang-da Zhang , and Shabani Samghabadi R. (eds)<i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia, p. 152</i>§REF§<br>\"473-79 Hephthalites conquer Sogdiana and establish a capital city at Pendjikent.\"§REF§(West 2009, 276) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§<br>Toramana, who made conquests in India \"established his capital city at Salaka\" §REF§(Bauer 2010, 180) Bauer, S W. 2010. The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. W. W. Norton & Company.§REF§" }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Sakala", "polity_cap": { "id": 8, "name": "Sakala", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Pakistan", "latitude": "32.48352440", "longitude": "74.47235880", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sialkot,+Punjab,+Pakistan/@32.4835244,74.4723588,12z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x391eea5674db6cfd:0xa8d03983946d4744!2sSialkot,+Punjab,+Pakistan!3b1!8m2!3d32.4944991!4d74.", "is_verified": true, "note": "Likely to be the northern Pakistan town of Sialkot which was once called Sagala or Sangala. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagala)" }, "comment": null, "description": " attested as the capital by Chinese sources from the period, although how centralized the state was is largely unknown. Some limited excavation has taken place. §REF§Denis Sinor, \"The establishment and dissolution of the Türk empire\" in Denis Sinor, \"The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, Volume 1\", Cambridge University Press, 1990. p. 300; Litvinsky B.A.,Guang-da Zhang , and Shabani Samghabadi R. (eds)<i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia, p. 152</i>§REF§<br>\"473-79 Hephthalites conquer Sogdiana and establish a capital city at Pendjikent.\"§REF§(West 2009, 276) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§<br>Toramana, who made conquests in India \"established his capital city at Salaka\" §REF§(Bauer 2010, 180) Bauer, S W. 2010. The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. W. W. Norton & Company.§REF§" }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Balkh", "polity_cap": { "id": 152, "name": "Balkh", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Afghanistan", "latitude": "36.75714130", "longitude": "66.88590290", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Balkh,+Afghanistan/@36.7571413,66.8859029,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!1m7!3m6!1s0x3f34eeaa00c6a8e7:0x7fc3ab84bd7a9fa8!2sBalkh,+Afghanistan!3b1!8m2!3d36.7550603!4d66.897537", "is_verified": true, "note": "The capital was Balkh (Bactria), which the Chinese referred to as Chien-shih. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkh) Although the seshat wiki has coded Chien-shih as the capital,I have changed it here to Balkh to keep in line with the known names. (http://seshatdatabank.info/browser/AfTochr)" }, "comment": null, "description": " Accordng to the Chinese chronicle, the Pei-shih (Annals of the Wei Dynasty) the capital was Ying-chien-shih, which \"was probably located at the ancient capital of Bactria, near Balkh.\"§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 126) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ Another Chinese source the Wei-shu mistakenly claimed that the capital was transferred to another city.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 126) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ Capital captured by Sassanids 467 CE which forced Kidarites to retreat south of Hindu Kush to Gandhara.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 130) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§" }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Gandhara", "polity_cap": { "id": 9, "name": "Gandhara", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Afghanistan", "latitude": "31.63508720", "longitude": "65.68012880", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kandahar,+Afghanistan/@31.6350872,65.6801288,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3ed6", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also called Kandahar." }, "comment": null, "description": " Accordng to the Chinese chronicle, the Pei-shih (Annals of the Wei Dynasty) the capital was Ying-chien-shih, which \"was probably located at the ancient capital of Bactria, near Balkh.\"§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 126) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ Another Chinese source the Wei-shu mistakenly claimed that the capital was transferred to another city.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 126) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ Capital captured by Sassanids 467 CE which forced Kidarites to retreat south of Hindu Kush to Gandhara.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 130) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§" }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Takshasila-Sirkap", "polity_cap": { "id": 10, "name": "Takshasila-Sirkap", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Pakistan", "latitude": "33.75767810", "longitude": "72.82714010", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sirkap+Remains/@33.7576781,72.8271401,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x38dfa46aa5ebff3f:0xd4295cf8d235174c!8m2!3d33.7576737!4d72.8293341", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "Kujula Kadphrises (60-80 CE) ruled from Taxila. Capital called Takshasila-Sirkap.§REF§(Samad 2011, 80) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Vima Kadphises (101-127 CE) began a new capital at Takshasila-Sirsukh.§REF§(Samad 2011, 82) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Kanishka I (128-150 CE) moved the capital to Purushapura.§REF§(Samad 2011, 83) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§ He had regional capitals at Taxila, Begram and Mathura.§REF§(Murugan 2013, 27) Murugan, Suresh. 2013. Introduction To Social Work. Social Work Department. PSG College of Arts and Science.§REF§<br>Administrative: Peshawar; Mathura {Bagram; Taxila} §REF§Avari, Burjor. India: the ancient past: a history of the Indian sub-continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200. 2007, p.132; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kushan-dynasty-i-history\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kushan-dynasty-i-history</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Takshasila-Sirsukh", "polity_cap": { "id": 11, "name": "Takshasila-Sirsukh", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Pakistan", "latitude": "33.77213460", "longitude": "72.84726570", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Excavations+of+Sirsukh/@33.7721346,72.8472657,17z/data=!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x38dfa45695658e4f:0x8cb96fcc64e16c45!2sExcavations+of+Sirsukh!8m2!3d33.7721302!4d72.8494597!3m", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "Kujula Kadphrises (60-80 CE) ruled from Taxila. Capital called Takshasila-Sirkap.§REF§(Samad 2011, 80) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Vima Kadphises (101-127 CE) began a new capital at Takshasila-Sirsukh.§REF§(Samad 2011, 82) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Kanishka I (128-150 CE) moved the capital to Purushapura.§REF§(Samad 2011, 83) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§ He had regional capitals at Taxila, Begram and Mathura.§REF§(Murugan 2013, 27) Murugan, Suresh. 2013. Introduction To Social Work. Social Work Department. PSG College of Arts and Science.§REF§<br>Administrative: Peshawar; Mathura {Bagram; Taxila} §REF§Avari, Burjor. India: the ancient past: a history of the Indian sub-continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200. 2007, p.132; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kushan-dynasty-i-history\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kushan-dynasty-i-history</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Purushapura", "polity_cap": { "id": 12, "name": "Purushapura", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Pakistan", "latitude": "33.97668100", "longitude": "71.02493820", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Peshawar,+Khyber+Pakhtunkhwa,+Pakistan/@33.976681,71.0249382,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x38d917b90f0e79cf:0xa816b2637558a412!8m2!3d34.0151366!4d71.5249154", "is_verified": true, "note": "The area of modern-day Peshawar." }, "comment": null, "description": "Kujula Kadphrises (60-80 CE) ruled from Taxila. Capital called Takshasila-Sirkap.§REF§(Samad 2011, 80) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Vima Kadphises (101-127 CE) began a new capital at Takshasila-Sirsukh.§REF§(Samad 2011, 82) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§<br>Kanishka I (128-150 CE) moved the capital to Purushapura.§REF§(Samad 2011, 83) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§ He had regional capitals at Taxila, Begram and Mathura.§REF§(Murugan 2013, 27) Murugan, Suresh. 2013. Introduction To Social Work. Social Work Department. PSG College of Arts and Science.§REF§<br>Administrative: Peshawar; Mathura {Bagram; Taxila} §REF§Avari, Burjor. India: the ancient past: a history of the Indian sub-continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200. 2007, p.132; <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kushan-dynasty-i-history\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kushan-dynasty-i-history</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Chien-shih", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " Chinese sources called the Yueh-chih capital 'Chien-shih'. §REF§(Adboullaev 2001, 197)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Chang'an", "polity_cap": { "id": 24, "name": "Chang'an", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "34.25962760", "longitude": "108.68634960", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Xi'An,+Shaanxi,+China/@34.2596276,108.6863496,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x366379e922ac17b9:0x85d466fda794582e!8m2!3d34.2658138!4d108.9540936", "is_verified": true, "note": "Chang'an is the traditional name for what is now called Xi'an." }, "comment": null, "description": " <i>removed apostrophes and dates to make code machine readable.</i> Precise dates vary.<br>Han capitals: Chang 'an 206 BCE - 23 CE; Luoyang 23-220 CE. §REF§(Davidson 2012, 72-73)§REF§<br>Luoyang chosen as capital 25 CE. §REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 262)§REF§<br>Chang 'an: 25 - 36 CE; Luoyang: 36 - 190 CE; Chang 'an: 190-220 CE" }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Luoyang", "polity_cap": { "id": 14, "name": "Luoyang", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "34.65595390", "longitude": "112.30807320", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Luoyang,+Henan,+China/@34.6559539,112.3080732,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x36786f68f2d04437:0x61f85ae8c6c72215!8m2!3d34.6181299!4d112.45402", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " <i>removed apostrophes and dates to make code machine readable.</i> Precise dates vary.<br>Han capitals: Chang 'an 206 BCE - 23 CE; Luoyang 23-220 CE. §REF§(Davidson 2012, 72-73)§REF§<br>Luoyang chosen as capital 25 CE. §REF§(Bielenstein 1986, 262)§REF§<br>Chang 'an: 25 - 36 CE; Luoyang: 36 - 190 CE; Chang 'an: 190-220 CE" }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Luoyang", "polity_cap": { "id": 14, "name": "Luoyang", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "34.65595390", "longitude": "112.30807320", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Luoyang,+Henan,+China/@34.6559539,112.3080732,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x36786f68f2d04437:0x61f85ae8c6c72215!8m2!3d34.6181299!4d112.45402", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Luoyang. Then Chang'an after Luoyang sacked by the Xiongnu in 311 CE. §REF§(Xiong 2009, 546)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Changan", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " Luoyang. Then Chang'an after Luoyang sacked by the Xiongnu in 311 CE. §REF§(Xiong 2009, 546)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Zhengzhou", "polity_cap": { "id": 154, "name": "Zhengzhou", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "34.74281370", "longitude": "113.52309240", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Zhengzhou,+Henan,+China/@34.7428137,113.5230924,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x35d76594f09b6a9d:0x7932ee19f4cced2c!8m2!3d34.7472499!4d113.62493", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"The Zhengzhou site is very large. Remains are spread over an area of 25 sq. km, and northwest of this area a palace or ritual complex has recently been discovered 20km away. Unfortunately the ancient city lies beneath the modern one and cannot be systematically explored. Nevertheless its main feature, a hangtu city wall nearly 7 km in circumference, is by itself enough to show that Zhengzhou was no ordinary place.\" §REF§(Bagley 1999, 165)§REF§<br>\"Huanbei probably arose in the middle or end of the 14th century BC, and lasted for less than one century; this period is now conveniently labeled the middle Shang.\"§REF§(Jing et al 2013, 346)§REF§ \"On the basis of new radiocarbon data, early Shang culture dates from around 1600 to 1300 BC (Expert Team 2000: 63-64). Because of the continuous cultural development from the first stage represented by the early Shang city of Zhengzhou to the later stage represented by the Xiaoshuang- qiao 小双桥 site about 20 km from Zhengzhou, the consensus is that they belong to the same culture. But we still have a short chronological gap between the early Shang remains at Xiaoshuangqiao and the later early Shang remains at Anyang in northern Henan represented by the Huayuanzhuang 花园庄 site, more commonly referred to as Huanbei 洹北 (Guangming Daily 2000). Given the similarities in artifacts and the chronological information so far, I tentatively conclude that Huanbei should be considered an early Shang site (see Chapter 17).\" §REF§(Yuan 2013, 326)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Huanbei", "polity_cap": { "id": 153, "name": "Huanbei", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "36.13119230", "longitude": "114.32035140", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Huanbei+Residential+District,+Beiguan+District,+Anyang,+Henan,+China,+455006/@36.1311923,114.3203514,14z/data=!4m10!1m2!2m1!1shuanbei!3m6!1s0x35dc0892de0a3d9b:0x2f698", "is_verified": true, "note": "In Huanbei District on the outskirts of what is now Anyang." }, "comment": null, "description": " \"The Zhengzhou site is very large. Remains are spread over an area of 25 sq. km, and northwest of this area a palace or ritual complex has recently been discovered 20km away. Unfortunately the ancient city lies beneath the modern one and cannot be systematically explored. Nevertheless its main feature, a hangtu city wall nearly 7 km in circumference, is by itself enough to show that Zhengzhou was no ordinary place.\" §REF§(Bagley 1999, 165)§REF§<br>\"Huanbei probably arose in the middle or end of the 14th century BC, and lasted for less than one century; this period is now conveniently labeled the middle Shang.\"§REF§(Jing et al 2013, 346)§REF§ \"On the basis of new radiocarbon data, early Shang culture dates from around 1600 to 1300 BC (Expert Team 2000: 63-64). Because of the continuous cultural development from the first stage represented by the early Shang city of Zhengzhou to the later stage represented by the Xiaoshuang- qiao 小双桥 site about 20 km from Zhengzhou, the consensus is that they belong to the same culture. But we still have a short chronological gap between the early Shang remains at Xiaoshuangqiao and the later early Shang remains at Anyang in northern Henan represented by the Huayuanzhuang 花园庄 site, more commonly referred to as Huanbei 洹北 (Guangming Daily 2000). Given the similarities in artifacts and the chronological information so far, I tentatively conclude that Huanbei should be considered an early Shang site (see Chapter 17).\" §REF§(Yuan 2013, 326)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Erlitou", "polity_cap": { "id": 155, "name": "Erlitou", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "34.69686540", "longitude": "112.69384030", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Erlitou/@34.6968654,112.6938403,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x35d7debe602ac7ff:0x4b3ae7eaeedb5f77!8m2!3d34.696861!4d112.696029", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"Erlitou is a very large site, covering approximately 300 ha and having an estimated population of 18,000-30,000 inhabitants at the height of its occupation (phases II and III; Liu 2006, p. 183).\" §REF§(Shelach and Jaffe 2014, 330)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Nanjing", "polity_cap": { "id": 156, "name": "Nanjing", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "32.09954250", "longitude": "118.45756050", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nanjing,+Jiangsu,+China/@32.0995425,118.4575605,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x35b58c9b668dcd83:0x8ffbb60b79df1b06!8m2!3d32.0583799!4d118.79647", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Given the dispersed settlement pattern of the Hmong population, different sub-groups were governed from their respective provincial capitals and district towns rather than from a common administrative centre: 'KWEICHOW is a part of the Southwestern Tableland which, as a spar of the great Tibetan plateau, slopes to the south and east away from Tibet (fig. 1, frontispiece). It is bounded on the north by Szechuan, on the east by Hunan, on the south by Kwangsi, and on the west by Yünnan. The structural trend in Kweichow is east and west, with drainage to the south into the West River and to the north and east into the Yangtze River. The province slopes from a height of over 6000 feet in the west to less than 2000 feet in the east. Some valleys lie as high as 4000 feet, and mountain summits reach 9000. S. R. Clarke estimated that most of Kweichow is at least 3000 feet above sea level, the altitude constantly decreasing as one goes east. Wei-ning Lake, in the western part of the province is, he says, 7000 feet above sea level. The altitude of Kweiyang, the capital, is given by G. B. Cressey as 3468.56 feet. There are certainly high mountains in the western part of the province. The traveler going by motor road from Kunming to Kweiyang repeatedly has the feeling of being “on top of the world.”' §REF§Mickey, Margaret Portia 1947. “Cowrie Shell Miao Of Kweichow”, 3a§REF§ 'In 1932 I was transferred to Chengtu □, the capital of the province, and was made curator of the West China Union University Museum of Archaeology, Art, and Ethnology. From this time on I made more determined efforts to learn about the Ch'uan Miao. I spent several summers with them, and on one of these expeditions I was accompanied by W. R. Morse, M.D., and Gordon Agnew, D.D.S.' §REF§Graham, David Crockett 1954. “Songs And Stories Of The Ch’Uan Miao”, iii§REF§ During the turbulent republican period, China was intermittently governed from the city of Nanjing, although competing forces periodically operated from different urban centres: 'Nanjing, Wade-Giles romanization Nan-ching, conventional Nanking, city, capital of Jiangsu sheng (province), east-central China. It is a port on the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) and a major industrial and communications centre. Rich in history, it served seven times as the capital of regional empires, twice as the seat of revolutionary government, once (during the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-45) as the site of a puppet regime, and twice as the capital of a united China (the second time ending with the Japanese conquest of the city in 1937). The name Nanjing (“Southern Capital”) was introduced in 1403, during the Ming dynasty. Area mun., 2,547 square miles (6,598 square km). Pop. (2005 est.) urban districts, 2,363,844; urban and suburban districts, 5,133,771; mun., 5,957,992.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Nanjing-China\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Nanjing-China</a>§REF§ The district capital most relevant to the A-Hmao still has to be identified.<br>" }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "suspected unknown", "polity_cap": { "id": 224, "name": "Unknown", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Pakistan", "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "Given the dispersed settlement pattern of the Hmong population, different sub-groups were governed from their respective provincial capitals and district towns rather than from a common administrative centre: 'KWEICHOW is a part of the Southwestern Tableland which, as a spar of the great Tibetan plateau, slopes to the south and east away from Tibet (fig. 1, frontispiece). It is bounded on the north by Szechuan, on the east by Hunan, on the south by Kwangsi, and on the west by Yünnan. The structural trend in Kweichow is east and west, with drainage to the south into the West River and to the north and east into the Yangtze River. The province slopes from a height of over 6000 feet in the west to less than 2000 feet in the east. Some valleys lie as high as 4000 feet, and mountain summits reach 9000. S. R. Clarke estimated that most of Kweichow is at least 3000 feet above sea level, the altitude constantly decreasing as one goes east. Wei-ning Lake, in the western part of the province is, he says, 7000 feet above sea level. The altitude of Kweiyang, the capital, is given by G. B. Cressey as 3468.56 feet. There are certainly high mountains in the western part of the province. The traveler going by motor road from Kunming to Kweiyang repeatedly has the feeling of being “on top of the world.”' §REF§Mickey, Margaret Portia 1947. “Cowrie Shell Miao Of Kweichow”, 3a§REF§ 'In 1932 I was transferred to Chengtu □, the capital of the province, and was made curator of the West China Union University Museum of Archaeology, Art, and Ethnology. From this time on I made more determined efforts to learn about the Ch'uan Miao. I spent several summers with them, and on one of these expeditions I was accompanied by W. R. Morse, M.D., and Gordon Agnew, D.D.S.' §REF§Graham, David Crockett 1954. “Songs And Stories Of The Ch’Uan Miao”, iii§REF§ During the turbulent republican period, China was intermittently governed from the city of Nanjing, although competing forces periodically operated from different urban centres: 'Nanjing, Wade-Giles romanization Nan-ching, conventional Nanking, city, capital of Jiangsu sheng (province), east-central China. It is a port on the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) and a major industrial and communications centre. Rich in history, it served seven times as the capital of regional empires, twice as the seat of revolutionary government, once (during the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-45) as the site of a puppet regime, and twice as the capital of a united China (the second time ending with the Japanese conquest of the city in 1937). The name Nanjing (“Southern Capital”) was introduced in 1403, during the Ming dynasty. Area mun., 2,547 square miles (6,598 square km). Pop. (2005 est.) urban districts, 2,363,844; urban and suburban districts, 5,133,771; mun., 5,957,992.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Nanjing-China\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Nanjing-China</a>§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Jiang", "polity_cap": { "id": 16, "name": "Jiang", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "32.02639790", "longitude": "118.67668490", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Jianye+District,+Nanjing,+Jiangsu,+China/@32.0263979,118.6766849,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x35b58a37e0343e7b:0x87790d634dd249e8!8m2!3d32.0033499!4d118.73145", "is_verified": true, "note": "Jiankang, originally called Jianye. It's name was changed to Nanjing during the Ming dynasty. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiankang)" }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Taosi", "polity_cap": { "id": 159, "name": "Taosi", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "35.89292830", "longitude": "111.48743530", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Taosi/@35.8929283,111.4874353,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x367718bd0e55115f:0x694ec7da976516cc!8m2!3d35.892924!4d111.489624", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"Other evidence, such as the association of fortified sites with prestigious buildings and artifacts and specialized production activities, also supports this hypothesis (Liu 2004, pp. 104- 105; Underhill et al. 2008). Of these fortified sites, Taosi (陶寺) in Shanxi is the most impressive (Fig. 1).\" §REF§(Shelach and Jaffe 2014, 339)§REF§<br>\"A preliminary report on a recently discovered site named Shimao (石峁) in Shenmu County, Shaanxi Province, suggests that it covered an area of 400 ha, was surrounded by a wall made of stone, and had an inner area divided into three enclosures. Such parameters would make it the largest and most labor-intensive site of the late third millennium BC in China, but because data on this site are currently found only in journalistic sources (including its inclusion in the list of the “Top 10 archaeological finds in China” for 2012), those reports cannot yet be corroborated. Especially worrisome is the dating of the site to the Longshan and Xia dynasties without any supporting radiocarbon data that would convincingly locate it in this period.\" §REF§(Shelach and Jaffe 2014, 341)§REF§" }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Huining", "polity_cap": { "id": 17, "name": "Huining", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "45.48013260", "longitude": "126.08771850", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Acheng+District,+Harbin,+Heilongjiang,+China/@45.4801326,126.0877185,9z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x5e445cce86eceed5:0x1034aba3a58aefb4!2sJinshangjing+Huiningfu+Re", "is_verified": true, "note": "1122-1153CE. Also Huiningfu or Shangjing Huiningfu, in what is now Acheng District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huiningfu)" }, "comment": null, "description": " Huining: 1122-1153CE; Zhongdu: 1153-1214 CE; Kaifeng: 1214-1233; Caizhou: 1233-1234" }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Zhongdu", "polity_cap": { "id": 18, "name": "Zhongdu", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "39.91510150", "longitude": "116.31706340", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Xicheng+District,+Beijing,+China/@39.9151015,116.3170634,13z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1szhongdu+xicheng+district!3m5!1s0x35f0525303f10153:0x6b772a2a053ba4a0!8m2!3d39.9071027", "is_verified": true, "note": "Zhongdu was located in what is now the southwestern part of Beijing's Xicheng District. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongdu)" }, "comment": null, "description": " Huining: 1122-1153CE; Zhongdu: 1153-1214 CE; Kaifeng: 1214-1233; Caizhou: 1233-1234" }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kaifeng", "polity_cap": { "id": 19, "name": "Kaifeng", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "34.78471290", "longitude": "114.28458930", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kaifeng,+Henan,+China/@34.7847129,114.2845893,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x35d0992038b6f237:0x6defd67fbb81498c!8m2!3d34.7972599!4d114.30731", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Huining: 1122-1153CE; Zhongdu: 1153-1214 CE; Kaifeng: 1214-1233; Caizhou: 1233-1234" }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Caizhou", "polity_cap": { "id": 20, "name": "Caizhou", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "32.89163320", "longitude": "114.09885590", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Runan+County,+Zhumadian,+Henan,+China/@32.8916332,114.0988559,10.17z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x35d38f88129a1df7:0xdebaba0920b92011!8m2!3d33.0068499!4d114.36229", "is_verified": true, "note": "1233-1234 CE. In what is now called Runan County. Also previously called Ancheng County and Ruyang County." }, "comment": null, "description": " Huining: 1122-1153CE; Zhongdu: 1153-1214 CE; Kaifeng: 1214-1233; Caizhou: 1233-1234" }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Nanjing", "polity_cap": { "id": 156, "name": "Nanjing", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "32.09954250", "longitude": "118.45756050", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nanjing,+Jiangsu,+China/@32.0995425,118.4575605,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x35b58c9b668dcd83:0x8ffbb60b79df1b06!8m2!3d32.0583799!4d118.79647", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "<ol><li>1368- 1421 CE: Nanjing (Yingtian prefecture)</li><li>1421-1424 CE: Beijing (Shuntian prefecture)</li><li>1424-1441 CE: Nanjing (Yingtian prefecture)</li><li>1441-1644 CE: Beijing (Shuntian prefecture)</li></ol>\"the capital, which shifted from Nanjing to Beijing in 1420\"§REF§(Lorge 2005, 111)§REF§" }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Beijing", "polity_cap": { "id": 119, "name": "Beijing", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "39.93854660", "longitude": "116.11729010", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Beijing,+China/@39.9385466,116.1172901,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x35f05296e7142cb9:0xb9625620af0fa98a!8m2!3d39.904211!4d116.407395", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "<ol><li>1368- 1421 CE: Nanjing (Yingtian prefecture)</li><li>1421-1424 CE: Beijing (Shuntian prefecture)</li><li>1424-1441 CE: Nanjing (Yingtian prefecture)</li><li>1441-1644 CE: Beijing (Shuntian prefecture)</li></ol>\"the capital, which shifted from Nanjing to Beijing in 1420\"§REF§(Lorge 2005, 111)§REF§" }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kaifeng", "polity_cap": { "id": 19, "name": "Kaifeng", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "34.78471290", "longitude": "114.28458930", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kaifeng,+Henan,+China/@34.7847129,114.2845893,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x35d0992038b6f237:0x6defd67fbb81498c!8m2!3d34.7972599!4d114.30731", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Capital at K'aifeng. §REF§(Hartman 2015, 87)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Shengle", "polity_cap": { "id": 21, "name": "Shengle", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "40.44225980", "longitude": "111.76445210", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Shenglezhen,+Horinger,+Hohhot,+Inner+Mongolia,+China,+011517/@40.4422598,111.7644521,12.89z/data=!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sshengle!3m4!1s0x36062a6fcaa8fe7d:0x8345f24f7ab56522!", "is_verified": true, "note": "Shengle is located at present-day Xiyaozi and Tuchengzi village. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shengle)" }, "comment": null, "description": "First capital at Shengle under Gui. Gui \"declared himself Prince of Wei before he assumed the imperial mantle in the new capital Pingcheng in early 399 CE.\" §REF§(Xiong 2009, 21)§REF§<br>Pingcheng capital from 398 CE. §REF§(Xiong 2009, 393)§REF§<br>Pingcheng (or Datong, in Shanxi).§REF§(Graff 2002, 97)§REF§<br>In the decade after the move of the capital to Luoyang \"walls and palaces were built and populations transferred from Pingcheng and other centers in North China.\"§REF§(Graff 2002, 98)§REF§<br>Building of Luoyang began 493 CE and capital moved there by Xiaowendi 494 CE.§REF§(Xiong 2009, ci)§REF§<br>\"Having been in ruins from 311, Luoyang came back to life when Xiaowendi moved his capital there from Pingcheng in 494 as part of his overall strategy to sinify Tuoba institutions.\"§REF§(Xiong 2009, 347)§REF§" }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Pingcheng", "polity_cap": { "id": 22, "name": "Pingcheng", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "40.07936820", "longitude": "113.15378050", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pingcheng,+Datong,+Shanxi,+China/@40.0793682,113.1537805,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x35e2d4736f977fc7:0x61eae6b52184510b!8m2!3d40.0758299!4d113.29798", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "First capital at Shengle under Gui. Gui \"declared himself Prince of Wei before he assumed the imperial mantle in the new capital Pingcheng in early 399 CE.\" §REF§(Xiong 2009, 21)§REF§<br>Pingcheng capital from 398 CE. §REF§(Xiong 2009, 393)§REF§<br>Pingcheng (or Datong, in Shanxi).§REF§(Graff 2002, 97)§REF§<br>In the decade after the move of the capital to Luoyang \"walls and palaces were built and populations transferred from Pingcheng and other centers in North China.\"§REF§(Graff 2002, 98)§REF§<br>Building of Luoyang began 493 CE and capital moved there by Xiaowendi 494 CE.§REF§(Xiong 2009, ci)§REF§<br>\"Having been in ruins from 311, Luoyang came back to life when Xiaowendi moved his capital there from Pingcheng in 494 as part of his overall strategy to sinify Tuoba institutions.\"§REF§(Xiong 2009, 347)§REF§" }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Luoyang", "polity_cap": { "id": 14, "name": "Luoyang", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "34.65595390", "longitude": "112.30807320", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Luoyang,+Henan,+China/@34.6559539,112.3080732,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x36786f68f2d04437:0x61f85ae8c6c72215!8m2!3d34.6181299!4d112.45402", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "First capital at Shengle under Gui. Gui \"declared himself Prince of Wei before he assumed the imperial mantle in the new capital Pingcheng in early 399 CE.\" §REF§(Xiong 2009, 21)§REF§<br>Pingcheng capital from 398 CE. §REF§(Xiong 2009, 393)§REF§<br>Pingcheng (or Datong, in Shanxi).§REF§(Graff 2002, 97)§REF§<br>In the decade after the move of the capital to Luoyang \"walls and palaces were built and populations transferred from Pingcheng and other centers in North China.\"§REF§(Graff 2002, 98)§REF§<br>Building of Luoyang began 493 CE and capital moved there by Xiaowendi 494 CE.§REF§(Xiong 2009, ci)§REF§<br>\"Having been in ruins from 311, Luoyang came back to life when Xiaowendi moved his capital there from Pingcheng in 494 as part of his overall strategy to sinify Tuoba institutions.\"§REF§(Xiong 2009, 347)§REF§" }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Beijing", "polity_cap": { "id": 119, "name": "Beijing", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "39.93854660", "longitude": "116.11729010", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Beijing,+China/@39.9385466,116.1172901,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x35f05296e7142cb9:0xb9625620af0fa98a!8m2!3d39.904211!4d116.407395", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Beijing", "polity_cap": { "id": 119, "name": "Beijing", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "39.93854660", "longitude": "116.11729010", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Beijing,+China/@39.9385466,116.1172901,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x35f05296e7142cb9:0xb9625620af0fa98a!8m2!3d39.904211!4d116.407395", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Shang", "polity_cap": { "id": 160, "name": "Shang", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "34.74285520", "longitude": "113.38300510", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Zhengzhou,+Henan,+China/@34.7428552,113.3830051,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x35d76594f09b6a9d:0x7932ee19f4cced2c!8m2!3d34.7472547!4d113.624897", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also called Bo. In the area of modern-day Zhengzhou." }, "comment": null, "description": " Note: Yin = Anyang. \"While the king lived in and ruled from a capital city, it wasn't always the same city. Although historical records mention many different Shang capitals, only a few have actually been confirmed with archaeological evidence. No one knows exactly why a king would move the capital but some scholar think it had to do with internal power struggles within the royal family.\"§REF§(The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf</a>)§REF§ The first, Cheng Tang's capital, was at Shang (today near Zhengzhou).§REF§(The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf</a>)§REF§ The last was at Yin (today near Anyang).§REF§(The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf</a>)§REF§ Yin, also known as enclave at Xiaotun. This was a ceremonial and administrative centre§REF§(Roberts 2003)§REF§ and was occupied by last 11 Kings §REF§(Gernet 1996)§REF§ - or could be 12 kings; last king did not have burial pit.§REF§(Cotterell 1995, 24)§REF§ - from about c1400 BCE. §REF§(Cotterell 1995, 15)§REF§ The ancestral capital, as compared to the political capital above, never moved.§REF§(The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Yin", "polity_cap": { "id": 161, "name": "Yin", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "36.10032410", "longitude": "114.20609430", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Anyang,+Henan,+China/@36.1003241,114.2060943,11z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x35dbe7c7a9358a1b:0xadcc2a58d6bec8a0!2sAnyang,+Henan,+China!3b1!8m2!3d36.097524!4d114.3930629!3", "is_verified": true, "note": "Modern-day Anyang." }, "comment": null, "description": " Note: Yin = Anyang. \"While the king lived in and ruled from a capital city, it wasn't always the same city. Although historical records mention many different Shang capitals, only a few have actually been confirmed with archaeological evidence. No one knows exactly why a king would move the capital but some scholar think it had to do with internal power struggles within the royal family.\"§REF§(The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf</a>)§REF§ The first, Cheng Tang's capital, was at Shang (today near Zhengzhou).§REF§(The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf</a>)§REF§ The last was at Yin (today near Anyang).§REF§(The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf</a>)§REF§ Yin, also known as enclave at Xiaotun. This was a ceremonial and administrative centre§REF§(Roberts 2003)§REF§ and was occupied by last 11 Kings §REF§(Gernet 1996)§REF§ - or could be 12 kings; last king did not have burial pit.§REF§(Cotterell 1995, 24)§REF§ - from about c1400 BCE. §REF§(Cotterell 1995, 15)§REF§ The ancestral capital, as compared to the political capital above, never moved.§REF§(The Shang Dynasty, 1600 to 1050 BCE. Spice Digest, Fall 2007. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://iis-db.stanford.edu/docs/117/ShangDynasty.pdf</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 260, "name": "cn_sui_dyn", "long_name": "Sui Dynasty", "start_year": 581, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Daxingcheng", "polity_cap": { "id": 23, "name": "Daxingcheng", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "34.25962760", "longitude": "108.68634960", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Xi'An,+Shaanxi,+China/@34.2596276,108.6863496,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x366379e922ac17b9:0x85d466fda794582e!8m2!3d34.2658138!4d108.9540936", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also Chang'an and now called Xi'an." }, "comment": null, "description": " Newly built capital from 583 CE. §REF§(Xiong 2009, cvi)§REF§ Yang-ti ordered the reconstruction of the city of Luoyang to be the capital.§REF§(Wright 1979, 133)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 260, "name": "cn_sui_dyn", "long_name": "Sui Dynasty", "start_year": 581, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Luoyang", "polity_cap": { "id": 14, "name": "Luoyang", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "34.65595390", "longitude": "112.30807320", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Luoyang,+Henan,+China/@34.6559539,112.3080732,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x36786f68f2d04437:0x61f85ae8c6c72215!8m2!3d34.6181299!4d112.45402", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Newly built capital from 583 CE. §REF§(Xiong 2009, cvi)§REF§ Yang-ti ordered the reconstruction of the city of Luoyang to be the capital.§REF§(Wright 1979, 133)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Chang'an", "polity_cap": { "id": 24, "name": "Chang'an", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "34.25962760", "longitude": "108.68634960", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Xi'An,+Shaanxi,+China/@34.2596276,108.6863496,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x366379e922ac17b9:0x85d466fda794582e!8m2!3d34.2658138!4d108.9540936", "is_verified": true, "note": "Chang'an is the traditional name for what is now called Xi'an." }, "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Chang'an", "polity_cap": { "id": 24, "name": "Chang'an", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "34.25962760", "longitude": "108.68634960", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Xi'An,+Shaanxi,+China/@34.2596276,108.6863496,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x366379e922ac17b9:0x85d466fda794582e!8m2!3d34.2658138!4d108.9540936", "is_verified": true, "note": "Chang'an is the traditional name for what is now called Xi'an." }, "comment": null, "description": " 657 CE capital moved from Chang'an to Luoyang.§REF§(Roberts 1996, 93)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 264, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_2", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty II", "start_year": 763, "end_year": 907 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Luoyang", "polity_cap": { "id": 14, "name": "Luoyang", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "34.65595390", "longitude": "112.30807320", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Luoyang,+Henan,+China/@34.6559539,112.3080732,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x36786f68f2d04437:0x61f85ae8c6c72215!8m2!3d34.6181299!4d112.45402", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " 657 CE capital moved from Chang'an to Luoyang.§REF§(Roberts 1996, 93)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Daliang", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " However: \"Qin, Han, Zhao, and Wei moved their capital closer to their targets to facilitate expansionist campaigns.\"§REF§(Tin-bor Hui 2005, n100 88) Tin-bor Hui, Victoria. 2005. War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 251, "name": "cn_western_han_dyn", "long_name": "Western Han Empire", "start_year": -202, "end_year": 9 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Chang 'an", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Roberts 2003, 47)§REF§" }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Hao", "polity_cap": { "id": 25, "name": "Hao", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "China", "latitude": "34.20417130", "longitude": "108.72010790", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Xi'an+Fenghao+Relic+Site+Baoguansuo/@34.2041713,108.7201079,17.61z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x36639c0f485c3517:0xf27c298a59ed9676!8m2!3d34.203812!4d108.71915?hl=en", "is_verified": true, "note": "Administrative capital near Xi'an is Hao. \"Fenghao (simplified Chinese: 沣镐; traditional Chinese: 灃鎬; pinyin: Fēnghào) is the modern name of the twin city formed by the Western Zhou capitals of Feng and Hao..\" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenghao)" }, "comment": null, "description": " Capital Zhongzhou.§REF§(Shaughnessy 1999, 351) Shaughnessy \"Western Zhou History\" in Loewe, Michael. Shaughnessy, Edward L. 2009. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press.§REF§ \"For 275 years the Zhou royal court was able to sustain itself at a single capital, longer than any other dynasty would be able to do for the rest of Chinese history.\"§REF§(Shaughnessy 1999, 351) Shaughnessy \"Western Zhou History\" in Loewe, Michael. Shaughnessy, Edward L. 2009. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>was Hao capital before conquest of Shang?<br>Duke of Zhou established a new capital near Luoyang. The old Zhou capital near Xi'an remained the based for Zhou administration. §REF§(Roberts 2003, 15)§REF§ Administrative capital near Xi'an is Hao. Capital near Luoyang is Zhengzhou. Capital moved to Luoyang after 771 BCE (in period following Western Zhou) because Hao overrun by invaders. §REF§(Roberts 2003, 16)§REF§ Capital (Hao) in Zhou heartland, Wei river valley. During the Eastern Zhou the capital was moved to Luoyang. §REF§(Haywood 2000, 1.44)§REF§§REF§(Kerr 2013, 23)§REF§" }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 244, "name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn", "long_name": "Western Zhou", "start_year": -1122, "end_year": -771 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Zhongzhou", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " Capital Zhongzhou.§REF§(Shaughnessy 1999, 351) Shaughnessy \"Western Zhou History\" in Loewe, Michael. Shaughnessy, Edward L. 2009. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press.§REF§ \"For 275 years the Zhou royal court was able to sustain itself at a single capital, longer than any other dynasty would be able to do for the rest of Chinese history.\"§REF§(Shaughnessy 1999, 351) Shaughnessy \"Western Zhou History\" in Loewe, Michael. Shaughnessy, Edward L. 2009. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br>was Hao capital before conquest of Shang?<br>Duke of Zhou established a new capital near Luoyang. The old Zhou capital near Xi'an remained the based for Zhou administration. §REF§(Roberts 2003, 15)§REF§ Administrative capital near Xi'an is Hao. Capital near Luoyang is Zhengzhou. Capital moved to Luoyang after 771 BCE (in period following Western Zhou) because Hao overrun by invaders. §REF§(Roberts 2003, 16)§REF§ Capital (Hao) in Zhou heartland, Wei river valley. During the Eastern Zhou the capital was moved to Luoyang. §REF§(Haywood 2000, 1.44)§REF§§REF§(Kerr 2013, 23)§REF§" }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 419, "name": "cn_yangshao", "long_name": "Yangshao", "start_year": -5000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "absent", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " \"While Yan’s classic definition of the Big Yangshao model is still influential, more and more archaeologists are inclined to name the local archaeological remains as independent cultures, each having its own local cultural tradition and developmental sequence (Zhang Zhongpei and Qiao 1992; Henan Sheng 1994; Wang 2010).\" §REF§(Li 2013, 215)§REF§ This implies that each polity probably had its capital." }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Dadu", "polity_cap": { "id": 27, "name": "Dadu", "alternative_names": "Khanbaliq, Beijing", "current_country": "China", "latitude": "39.91001450", "longitude": "116.38867360", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/The+Palace+Museum/@39.9100145,116.3886736,15z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x35f05296e7142cb9:0xb9625620af0fa98a!2sBeijing,+China!3b1!8m2!3d39.904211!4d116.407395!3m4!1s0x35f", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also called Khanbaliq, in what is now modern-day central Beijing." }, "comment": null, "description": " Capital at Dadu (modern Beijing).§REF§(Lorge 2005, 79)§REF§ Shangdu was a summer capital.§REF§(Lorge 2005, 99)§REF§" } ] }