Polity Capital List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Capitals.
GET /api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=4
{ "count": 629, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=5", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=3", "results": [ { "id": 154, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Tamwlang", "polity_cap": { "id": 198, "name": "Tamwlang", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "East Java", "latitude": "-6.17577950", "longitude": "107.09431570", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tambelang,+Bekasi+Regency,+West+Java,+Indonesia/@-6.1757795,107.0943157,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x2e698648bd9faf21:0x898134c269785e7!8m2!3d-6.1954322!4d107.118212", "is_verified": true, "note": "Unsure of exact location for this capital. When Medang moved to East Java around 929, the capital was placed firstly at Tamwlang for a very short time, and then moved to Watu Galuh. (Brown 2004: 68) \"According to Turyan inscription (dated 929), Sindok moved the capital to Tamwlang and later moved it again to Watugaluh. Historians identify those names with the Tambelang and Megaluh area near modern Jombang, East Java.\" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom) Have marked location as Tambelang." }, "comment": null, "description": " The phrase \"Mdaŋ i Bhûmi Matarâm\" found in inscriptions means \"Medang in the land of Mataram\", which means the kingdom name is Medang with its capital in Mataram. §REF§(Muljana 2005, 84)§REF§ The capital was in the mid-ninth century moved to another site in Central Java, Mamrati, and then again around half a century later to Poh Pitu. §REF§(Poesponegoro and Notosusanto 2008, 159)§REF§ When Medang moved to East Java around 929, the capital was placed firstly at Tamwlang for a very short time, and then moved to Watu Galuh. §REF§(Brown 2004, 68)§REF§ It finally moved to Wwatan. §REF§(Boechari 1976, 14)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 155, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Watu Galuh", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " The phrase \"Mdaŋ i Bhûmi Matarâm\" found in inscriptions means \"Medang in the land of Mataram\", which means the kingdom name is Medang with its capital in Mataram. §REF§(Muljana 2005, 84)§REF§ The capital was in the mid-ninth century moved to another site in Central Java, Mamrati, and then again around half a century later to Poh Pitu. §REF§(Poesponegoro and Notosusanto 2008, 159)§REF§ When Medang moved to East Java around 929, the capital was placed firstly at Tamwlang for a very short time, and then moved to Watu Galuh. §REF§(Brown 2004, 68)§REF§ It finally moved to Wwatan. §REF§(Boechari 1976, 14)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 156, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Wwatan", "polity_cap": { "id": 202, "name": "Wwatan", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Java", "latitude": "-7.56364910", "longitude": "111.45581240", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Madiun,+Madiun+City,+East+Java,+Indonesia/@-7.5636491,111.4558124,11.78z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x2e79be537c813a33:0xafe2f173545a53ae!2sMadiun,+Madiun+City,+East+Java,+", "is_verified": true, "note": "Identified as the Wotun area of modern-day Madiun." }, "comment": null, "description": " The phrase \"Mdaŋ i Bhûmi Matarâm\" found in inscriptions means \"Medang in the land of Mataram\", which means the kingdom name is Medang with its capital in Mataram. §REF§(Muljana 2005, 84)§REF§ The capital was in the mid-ninth century moved to another site in Central Java, Mamrati, and then again around half a century later to Poh Pitu. §REF§(Poesponegoro and Notosusanto 2008, 159)§REF§ When Medang moved to East Java around 929, the capital was placed firstly at Tamwlang for a very short time, and then moved to Watu Galuh. §REF§(Brown 2004, 68)§REF§ It finally moved to Wwatan. §REF§(Boechari 1976, 14)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 157, "polity": { "id": 103, "name": "il_canaan", "long_name": "Canaan", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Hazor", "polity_cap": { "id": 203, "name": "Hazor", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Israel", "latitude": "33.01744200", "longitude": "35.56818000", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Canaanite+Ancient+City+of+Hazor/@33.017442,35.56818,15z/data=!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x0:0xd724a0cd1d68f6b5!2zVGVsIEhhem9yIE5hdGlvbmFsIFBhcmsgLSDXktefINec15DXldee15kg16rXnCDX", "is_verified": true, "note": "Tel-Hazor or Chatsôr." }, "comment": null, "description": " Repeatedly referenced in external writings as the most prominent of the Canaanite city-states, and sometimes described as the leader of the most powerful confederacy. Is the largest archaeological tel for Bronze Age Canaan. Described in the biblical Book of Joshua (11:10) as the \"head of all [the Canaanite] kingdoms.\" \"The textual evidence also implies that Hazor's prominence stemmed from its central inland position and its role as a point of articulation between the peoples of Egypt and Mesopotamia…. It is also the only Canaanite city mentioned in both the Egyptian 'Excration Texts' and the Mari texts.\"§REF§Golden (2004:87).§REF§" }, { "id": 158, "polity": { "id": 110, "name": "il_judea", "long_name": "Yehuda", "start_year": -141, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Jerusalem", "polity_cap": { "id": 204, "name": "Jerusalem", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Israel", "latitude": "31.79644530", "longitude": "35.10531870", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Jerusalem,+Israel/@31.7964453,35.1053187,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x1502d7d634c1fc4b:0xd96f623e456ee1cb!8m2!3d31.768319!4d35.21371", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 159, "polity": { "id": 105, "name": "il_yisrael", "long_name": "Yisrael", "start_year": -1030, "end_year": -722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Jerusalem", "polity_cap": { "id": 204, "name": "Jerusalem", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Israel", "latitude": "31.79644530", "longitude": "35.10531870", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Jerusalem,+Israel/@31.7964453,35.1053187,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x1502d7d634c1fc4b:0xd96f623e456ee1cb!8m2!3d31.768319!4d35.21371", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Jerusalem: 1030-951 BCE; Shechem: ??? Tirzah: 950-900 BCE; Samaria: 899-722 BCE Dates are approximate; the century-points are correct. \"The book of 1 Kings (12:25) says that Jeroboam I built Shechem, but it also hints (14:17) that he later moved to Tirzah; 1 Kings specifically mentions Tirzah as the capital of the northern kingdom in the days of Baasha (15:21, 33; 16:6), Elah (16:8-9), Zimri (16:15), and the first half of the reign of Omri (16:23). Assuming that Jeroboam ruled at least part of his reign from Tirzah, as did his son Nadab, as well as Tibni, Tirzah was the seat of the first six or seven northern kings, for a period of forty to fifty years. I see no reason to doubt the authenticity of the consistent and deeply rooted information on Tirzah as the capital of Israel. The authenticity of this memory is highlighted by the fact that Tirzah does not play an important role in the rest of the Deuteronomistic History.\"§REF§Finkelstein (2013:66)§REF§<br>\"Tirzah lost its importance in the early ninth century, when Omri (884-873 b.c.e.) moved the capital of the northern kingdom to Samaria, possibly in his desire to establish a link with the coastal plain and the port of Dor (de Vaux 1967, 382). Indeed, the beginning of the transformation of Israel into a more complex kingdom came with the construction of the first palace at Samaria, probably by Omri. A full-scale urban transformation of the capital and the kingdom characterizes the more advanced phase of the Omride dynasty, probably in the days of Ahab (873-852 b.c.e.).\"§REF§Finkelstein (2013:78)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 160, "polity": { "id": 105, "name": "il_yisrael", "long_name": "Yisrael", "start_year": -1030, "end_year": -722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Shechem", "polity_cap": { "id": 205, "name": "Shechem", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Israel", "latitude": "32.21929530", "longitude": "35.22957620", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tel+Balata+Archaeological+Park/@32.2192953,35.2295762,12.94z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1sTell+Balata!3m5!1s0x151ce1e7891d32dd:0x3d1a32d5f82f54!8m2!3d32.213643!4d35.2820543!15", "is_verified": true, "note": "Identified with the site of Tel-Balata." }, "comment": null, "description": " Jerusalem: 1030-951 BCE; Shechem: ??? Tirzah: 950-900 BCE; Samaria: 899-722 BCE Dates are approximate; the century-points are correct. \"The book of 1 Kings (12:25) says that Jeroboam I built Shechem, but it also hints (14:17) that he later moved to Tirzah; 1 Kings specifically mentions Tirzah as the capital of the northern kingdom in the days of Baasha (15:21, 33; 16:6), Elah (16:8-9), Zimri (16:15), and the first half of the reign of Omri (16:23). Assuming that Jeroboam ruled at least part of his reign from Tirzah, as did his son Nadab, as well as Tibni, Tirzah was the seat of the first six or seven northern kings, for a period of forty to fifty years. I see no reason to doubt the authenticity of the consistent and deeply rooted information on Tirzah as the capital of Israel. The authenticity of this memory is highlighted by the fact that Tirzah does not play an important role in the rest of the Deuteronomistic History.\"§REF§Finkelstein (2013:66)§REF§<br>\"Tirzah lost its importance in the early ninth century, when Omri (884-873 b.c.e.) moved the capital of the northern kingdom to Samaria, possibly in his desire to establish a link with the coastal plain and the port of Dor (de Vaux 1967, 382). Indeed, the beginning of the transformation of Israel into a more complex kingdom came with the construction of the first palace at Samaria, probably by Omri. A full-scale urban transformation of the capital and the kingdom characterizes the more advanced phase of the Omride dynasty, probably in the days of Ahab (873-852 b.c.e.).\"§REF§Finkelstein (2013:78)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 161, "polity": { "id": 105, "name": "il_yisrael", "long_name": "Yisrael", "start_year": -1030, "end_year": -722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Tirzah", "polity_cap": { "id": 206, "name": "Tirzah", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Israel", "latitude": "32.28735790", "longitude": "35.33785070", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tel+Fara/@32.2873579,35.3378507,16.18z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x0:0xda49e2c366d2bd17!2zMzLCsDE3JzE0LjYiTiAzNcKwMjAnMTYuMSJF!3b1!8m2!3d32.287387!4d35.337803!3m4!1s0x151c", "is_verified": true, "note": "Capital 950-900 BCE. Generally accepted to be at the site of Tel Fara but could also be where the nearby town of Tayasir is located." }, "comment": null, "description": " Jerusalem: 1030-951 BCE; Shechem: ??? Tirzah: 950-900 BCE; Samaria: 899-722 BCE Dates are approximate; the century-points are correct. \"The book of 1 Kings (12:25) says that Jeroboam I built Shechem, but it also hints (14:17) that he later moved to Tirzah; 1 Kings specifically mentions Tirzah as the capital of the northern kingdom in the days of Baasha (15:21, 33; 16:6), Elah (16:8-9), Zimri (16:15), and the first half of the reign of Omri (16:23). Assuming that Jeroboam ruled at least part of his reign from Tirzah, as did his son Nadab, as well as Tibni, Tirzah was the seat of the first six or seven northern kings, for a period of forty to fifty years. I see no reason to doubt the authenticity of the consistent and deeply rooted information on Tirzah as the capital of Israel. The authenticity of this memory is highlighted by the fact that Tirzah does not play an important role in the rest of the Deuteronomistic History.\"§REF§Finkelstein (2013:66)§REF§<br>\"Tirzah lost its importance in the early ninth century, when Omri (884-873 b.c.e.) moved the capital of the northern kingdom to Samaria, possibly in his desire to establish a link with the coastal plain and the port of Dor (de Vaux 1967, 382). Indeed, the beginning of the transformation of Israel into a more complex kingdom came with the construction of the first palace at Samaria, probably by Omri. A full-scale urban transformation of the capital and the kingdom characterizes the more advanced phase of the Omride dynasty, probably in the days of Ahab (873-852 b.c.e.).\"§REF§Finkelstein (2013:78)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 162, "polity": { "id": 105, "name": "il_yisrael", "long_name": "Yisrael", "start_year": -1030, "end_year": -722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Samaria", "polity_cap": { "id": 207, "name": "Samaria", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Israel", "latitude": "33.66616990", "longitude": "25.19420210", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/Samaria/@33.6661699,25.1942021,6z/data=!3m1!4b1", "is_verified": true, "note": "Capital 899-722 BCE." }, "comment": null, "description": " Jerusalem: 1030-951 BCE; Shechem: ??? Tirzah: 950-900 BCE; Samaria: 899-722 BCE Dates are approximate; the century-points are correct. \"The book of 1 Kings (12:25) says that Jeroboam I built Shechem, but it also hints (14:17) that he later moved to Tirzah; 1 Kings specifically mentions Tirzah as the capital of the northern kingdom in the days of Baasha (15:21, 33; 16:6), Elah (16:8-9), Zimri (16:15), and the first half of the reign of Omri (16:23). Assuming that Jeroboam ruled at least part of his reign from Tirzah, as did his son Nadab, as well as Tibni, Tirzah was the seat of the first six or seven northern kings, for a period of forty to fifty years. I see no reason to doubt the authenticity of the consistent and deeply rooted information on Tirzah as the capital of Israel. The authenticity of this memory is highlighted by the fact that Tirzah does not play an important role in the rest of the Deuteronomistic History.\"§REF§Finkelstein (2013:66)§REF§<br>\"Tirzah lost its importance in the early ninth century, when Omri (884-873 b.c.e.) moved the capital of the northern kingdom to Samaria, possibly in his desire to establish a link with the coastal plain and the port of Dor (de Vaux 1967, 382). Indeed, the beginning of the transformation of Israel into a more complex kingdom came with the construction of the first palace at Samaria, probably by Omri. A full-scale urban transformation of the capital and the kingdom characterizes the more advanced phase of the Omride dynasty, probably in the days of Ahab (873-852 b.c.e.).\"§REF§Finkelstein (2013:78)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 163, "polity": { "id": 92, "name": "in_badami_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Badami", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 753 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Badami", "polity_cap": { "id": 42, "name": "Badami", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "15.92113640", "longitude": "75.67033050", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Badami,+Karnataka+587201,+Indien/@15.9211364,75.6703305,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb887066f877b11:0x32471143677d16e4!8m2!3d15.918622!4d75.676082", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Known, at the time, as Vatapi §REF§H. Kadambi, Negotiated Pasts and Memorialized Present in Ancient India, in N. Yoffee (ed), Negotiating the Past in the Past (2008), p. 158§REF§.<br>" }, { "id": 164, "polity": { "id": 94, "name": "in_kalyani_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Kalyani", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1189 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Manyakheta", "polity_cap": { "id": 43, "name": "Manyakheta", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "17.18106390", "longitude": "77.13536550", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Malkhed+J,+Karnataka,+Indien/@17.1810639,77.1353655,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bc8e194c369d98f:0xcbe7d975defb0178!8m2!3d17.1793457!4d77.1772737", "is_verified": true, "note": "Malkhed." }, "comment": null, "description": " Manyakheta (or Malkhed) served as the empire's capital until the reign of Somesvara I: after that, Kalyana (or Kalyani, or Kalyanipura) was made the capital §REF§H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), p. 91§REF§.<br>" }, { "id": 165, "polity": { "id": 94, "name": "in_kalyani_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Kalyani", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1189 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kalyana", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " Manyakheta (or Malkhed) served as the empire's capital until the reign of Somesvara I: after that, Kalyana (or Kalyani, or Kalyanipura) was made the capital §REF§H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), p. 91§REF§.<br>" }, { "id": 166, "polity": { "id": 135, "name": "in_delhi_sultanate", "long_name": "Delhi Sultanate", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Delhi", "polity_cap": { "id": 45, "name": "Delhi", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "28.64439810", "longitude": "76.81303980", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Delhi,+Indien/@28.6443981,76.8130398,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x390cfd5b347eb62d:0x37205b715389640!8m2!3d28.7040592!4d77.1024902", "is_verified": true, "note": "[Shahjahanabad; Delhi]: 1648-1857 CE" }, "comment": null, "description": " In order to rule his vast empire from a more central capital, Muhammad Tughluq built a new one at Daulatabad, the old Yadava capital at Devairi. After shifting to Daulatabad Muhammad Tughluq lost his control over North India without being able to consolidate his hold on the South. When he finally returned to Delhi this was taken as a sign of weakness and independent states arose in the South. §REF§Kulke, H., & Rothermund, D. (1990). A History of India (Revised, Updated Edition), pp. 165-166§REF§. Sikander, the Lodi Sultan, built a new capital at Agra. §REF§Kulke, H., & Rothermund, D. (1990). A History of India (Revised, Updated Edition), pp. 167.§REF§<br>Sikandar (1489 CE -1517 CE) moved the capital down the Yamuna river, from Delhi to Agra, so that he could better watch his outlying dependencies. §REF§McLeod, J. (2002). The history of India (Vol. 1096, No. 2905). Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 39.§REF§" }, { "id": 167, "polity": { "id": 135, "name": "in_delhi_sultanate", "long_name": "Delhi Sultanate", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Devagiri", "polity_cap": { "id": 46, "name": "Devagiri", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "11.26551170", "longitude": "75.83144540", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Devagiri,+Kozhikode,+Kerala+673008,+Indien/@11.2655117,75.8314454,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3ba65b8ea0ecef37:0x1ff9565af30302cd!8m2!3d11.2656401!4d75.8366908", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " In order to rule his vast empire from a more central capital, Muhammad Tughluq built a new one at Daulatabad, the old Yadava capital at Devairi. After shifting to Daulatabad Muhammad Tughluq lost his control over North India without being able to consolidate his hold on the South. When he finally returned to Delhi this was taken as a sign of weakness and independent states arose in the South. §REF§Kulke, H., & Rothermund, D. (1990). A History of India (Revised, Updated Edition), pp. 165-166§REF§. Sikander, the Lodi Sultan, built a new capital at Agra. §REF§Kulke, H., & Rothermund, D. (1990). A History of India (Revised, Updated Edition), pp. 167.§REF§<br>Sikandar (1489 CE -1517 CE) moved the capital down the Yamuna river, from Delhi to Agra, so that he could better watch his outlying dependencies. §REF§McLeod, J. (2002). The history of India (Vol. 1096, No. 2905). Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 39.§REF§" }, { "id": 168, "polity": { "id": 135, "name": "in_delhi_sultanate", "long_name": "Delhi Sultanate", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Agra", "polity_cap": { "id": 47, "name": "Agra", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "27.17630980", "longitude": "77.90997260", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Agra,+Uttar+Pradesh,+Indien/@27.1763098,77.9099726,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x39740d857c2f41d9:0x784aef38a9523b42!8m2!3d27.1766701!4d78.0080745", "is_verified": true, "note": "Capital 1526-1571 and 1598-1648." }, "comment": null, "description": " In order to rule his vast empire from a more central capital, Muhammad Tughluq built a new one at Daulatabad, the old Yadava capital at Devairi. After shifting to Daulatabad Muhammad Tughluq lost his control over North India without being able to consolidate his hold on the South. When he finally returned to Delhi this was taken as a sign of weakness and independent states arose in the South. §REF§Kulke, H., & Rothermund, D. (1990). A History of India (Revised, Updated Edition), pp. 165-166§REF§. Sikander, the Lodi Sultan, built a new capital at Agra. §REF§Kulke, H., & Rothermund, D. (1990). A History of India (Revised, Updated Edition), pp. 167.§REF§<br>Sikandar (1489 CE -1517 CE) moved the capital down the Yamuna river, from Delhi to Agra, so that he could better watch his outlying dependencies. §REF§McLeod, J. (2002). The history of India (Vol. 1096, No. 2905). Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 39.§REF§" }, { "id": 171, "polity": { "id": 111, "name": "in_achik_1", "long_name": "Early A'chik", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1867 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Political organization was decentralized prior to the imposition of the British colonial administration. The precise role of the Zamindars remains to be confirmed (see above).<br>" }, { "id": 172, "polity": { "id": 112, "name": "in_achik_2", "long_name": "Late A'chik", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1956 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Tura", "polity_cap": { "id": 208, "name": "Tura", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "25.52543180", "longitude": "90.16213380", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tura,+Meghalaya,+India/@25.5254318,90.1621338,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3757f19939e6d7e3:0xfa4f2010043e8c41!8m2!3d25.5140712!4d90.2032141", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " ‘As the power of the British government of India increased in Assam, the problem of unadministered hill areas became ever more acute. There were periodic raids from the hills that could not be effectively controlled. For many years administration of the Garo Hills was delayed by the extremely serious malaria which was, and still is, characteristic of the district. Finally, however, in 1867, the district was occupied, permanent headquarters were established at Tura, and peace was rapidly achieved. The American Baptist Missionary Society sent missionaries to the Garo Hills almost immediately after the government was established, and these were followed, in this century, by Catholic missionaries, with the result that today between one-quarter and one-third of the Garos are Christians, the largest number of them Baptist.’ §REF§Burling, Robbins 1963. “Rengsanggri: Family And Kinship In A Garo Village”, 19§REF§ ‘Tura is the only town in the district. It is the administrative headquarters of the Garo Hills district. According to 1961 Census, it had a population of 8,888 out of which 4,370 were Garo. Tura is linked with the plains of Assam by three major roads; one enters the district near its north-eastern corner and traverses the district almost diagonally half-way; the other two roads enter the district through the north-western corner and one traverses the district south-eastwardly diagonally half-way, and the other follows the western border of the district, but from the middle of the western border line enters Tura from an westerly direction. All these three roads are all-weather roads meant for all types of vehicular traffic.’ §REF§Majumdar, Dhirendra Narayan 1978. “Culture Change In Two Garo Villages”, 16§REF§ Important provincial capitals include Cherrapunji and Shillong: ‘The history of Khasi, and Jaintia hills and its people can be found from the early part of the sixteenth century, as prior to this neither the records nor traditions reveal any substantial information. Moderately large changes were brought forth through development of the settlements and the formation of the Khasi and the Jaintia Hill district in the year 1835 and the Garo district in the year 1866. The capital of these provinces was Cherrapunji in 1827 which later on was shifted to Shillong in 1864. The prevailing groups in the State are the Khasi, Jaintia and Garo. In an amendment made recently in the provision of Scheduled Tribe in the Constitution of India, the Rabha, the Bodo-Kachari and the Koch have been given the status of Scheduled Tribe in the State.’ §REF§Marak, Kumie R. 1997. “Traditions And Modernity In Matrilineal Tribal Society”, 38§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 173, "polity": { "id": 388, "name": "in_gupta_emp", "long_name": "Gupta Empire", "start_year": 320, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Ujjain", "polity_cap": { "id": 48, "name": "Ujjain", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "23.16907370", "longitude": "75.76220090", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ujjain,+Madhya+Pradesh,+Indien/@23.1690737,75.7622009,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x39637469de00ff23:0x7f82abdf7899d412!8m2!3d23.1764665!4d75.7885163", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"[...] Pataliputra, which along with Ujjain seems to have served as the Gupta capital[...]\".§REF§(Keay 2010, 146) Keay, John. 2010. India: A History. New Updated Edition. London: HarperPress. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/HSHAKZ3X\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/HSHAKZ3X</a>.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 174, "polity": { "id": 388, "name": "in_gupta_emp", "long_name": "Gupta Empire", "start_year": 320, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Pataliputra", "polity_cap": { "id": 49, "name": "Pataliputra", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "25.46805260", "longitude": "84.80812970", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pataliputra,+Bihar/@25.4680526,84.8081297,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x39f2acb04be928d3:0x73e0eaf4e627cd87!8m2!3d25.4352863!4d84.981754", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"[...] Pataliputra, which along with Ujjain seems to have served as the Gupta capital[...]\".§REF§(Keay 2010, 146) Keay, John. 2010. India: A History. New Updated Edition. London: HarperPress. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/HSHAKZ3X\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/HSHAKZ3X</a>.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 175, "polity": { "id": 95, "name": "in_hoysala_k", "long_name": "Hoysala Kingdom", "start_year": 1108, "end_year": 1346 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Sosavur", "polity_cap": { "id": 209, "name": "Sosavur", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "9.39746610", "longitude": "76.75498570", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Angadi,+Kerala,+India/@9.3974661,76.7549857,14z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x3b06392198487cfb:0x86b0c4a2eb07169a!2sAngadi,+Kerala,+India!3b1!8m2!3d9.3994838!4d76.7740475!3m", "is_verified": true, "note": "Sosavur was located in now present-day Angadi in Kerala." }, "comment": null, "description": " Originally, the Hoysalas had their capital at Sosavur or the Sanskrit Shashakapura, and later it was transferred to Halebid or Dorasamudra §REF§H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), p. 113§REF§. Dvarasamudram (or Dorasamudra) was the capital until the late fourteenth century, established in the hill-bounded area of modern Halebid in Hassan district by an eleventh-century Hoysala chief. Dvarasamudram was over 35 miles from the major area of agricultural production and settlement of the kingdom, on the Hemavati River, and 42 miles north of the Kaveri, which formed the boundary with Gangavadi and its ancient Ganga kings to the south §REF§Burton Stein, The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara (1989), p. 16§REF§.<br>Ramanatha was expulsed from Kannanur - the loss of that capital city naturally increased Ramanatha’s interes in the plateau. From 1281 his administration on the plateau expanded, and almost certainly in the tear 1283-84, the seat of government was removed to a place called Kunadni. This was the new capital from which Ramanatha chose to survey the collapse of his riparian kingdom §REF§J. Duncan M. Derrett, The Hoysalas (1957), p. 140§REF§.<br>The later Hoysala capital Kannanur was established where the Kaveri delta began, between the centres of Chola and Pandya power in the south. Established in the uplands over the gateway to the Kaveri delta, the capital resembled the capitals of other masters of river valleys more than it did Dvarasamudram and thus reflected the now divided character of the Hoysala kingdom§REF§Burton Stein, The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara (1989), p. 16§REF§." }, { "id": 176, "polity": { "id": 95, "name": "in_hoysala_k", "long_name": "Hoysala Kingdom", "start_year": 1108, "end_year": 1346 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Dvarasamudram", "polity_cap": { "id": 210, "name": "Dvarasamudram", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "13.21310040", "longitude": "75.98895180", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Halebeedu,+Karnataka+573121,+India/@13.2131004,75.9889518,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bbacb89e4b932ed:0xc477034b6a8fb20d!8m2!3d13.2129844!4d75.9942162", "is_verified": true, "note": "Halebidu (or Halebeedu or Halebid) is the modern name for Dvarasamudram." }, "comment": null, "description": " Originally, the Hoysalas had their capital at Sosavur or the Sanskrit Shashakapura, and later it was transferred to Halebid or Dorasamudra §REF§H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), p. 113§REF§. Dvarasamudram (or Dorasamudra) was the capital until the late fourteenth century, established in the hill-bounded area of modern Halebid in Hassan district by an eleventh-century Hoysala chief. Dvarasamudram was over 35 miles from the major area of agricultural production and settlement of the kingdom, on the Hemavati River, and 42 miles north of the Kaveri, which formed the boundary with Gangavadi and its ancient Ganga kings to the south §REF§Burton Stein, The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara (1989), p. 16§REF§.<br>Ramanatha was expulsed from Kannanur - the loss of that capital city naturally increased Ramanatha’s interes in the plateau. From 1281 his administration on the plateau expanded, and almost certainly in the tear 1283-84, the seat of government was removed to a place called Kunadni. This was the new capital from which Ramanatha chose to survey the collapse of his riparian kingdom §REF§J. Duncan M. Derrett, The Hoysalas (1957), p. 140§REF§.<br>The later Hoysala capital Kannanur was established where the Kaveri delta began, between the centres of Chola and Pandya power in the south. Established in the uplands over the gateway to the Kaveri delta, the capital resembled the capitals of other masters of river valleys more than it did Dvarasamudram and thus reflected the now divided character of the Hoysala kingdom§REF§Burton Stein, The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara (1989), p. 16§REF§." }, { "id": 177, "polity": { "id": 95, "name": "in_hoysala_k", "long_name": "Hoysala Kingdom", "start_year": 1108, "end_year": 1346 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kannanur", "polity_cap": { "id": 211, "name": "Kannanur", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "11.08318890", "longitude": "78.53956780", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kannanur,+Tamil+Nadu+621206,+Indien/@11.0831889,78.5395678,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3baa5373444c46bb:0xb3e09bf878585f9f!8m2!3d11.0831682!4d78.5483226", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Originally, the Hoysalas had their capital at Sosavur or the Sanskrit Shashakapura, and later it was transferred to Halebid or Dorasamudra §REF§H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), p. 113§REF§. Dvarasamudram (or Dorasamudra) was the capital until the late fourteenth century, established in the hill-bounded area of modern Halebid in Hassan district by an eleventh-century Hoysala chief. Dvarasamudram was over 35 miles from the major area of agricultural production and settlement of the kingdom, on the Hemavati River, and 42 miles north of the Kaveri, which formed the boundary with Gangavadi and its ancient Ganga kings to the south §REF§Burton Stein, The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara (1989), p. 16§REF§.<br>Ramanatha was expulsed from Kannanur - the loss of that capital city naturally increased Ramanatha’s interes in the plateau. From 1281 his administration on the plateau expanded, and almost certainly in the tear 1283-84, the seat of government was removed to a place called Kunadni. This was the new capital from which Ramanatha chose to survey the collapse of his riparian kingdom §REF§J. Duncan M. Derrett, The Hoysalas (1957), p. 140§REF§.<br>The later Hoysala capital Kannanur was established where the Kaveri delta began, between the centres of Chola and Pandya power in the south. Established in the uplands over the gateway to the Kaveri delta, the capital resembled the capitals of other masters of river valleys more than it did Dvarasamudram and thus reflected the now divided character of the Hoysala kingdom§REF§Burton Stein, The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara (1989), p. 16§REF§." }, { "id": 178, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Banavasi", "polity_cap": { "id": 212, "name": "Banavasi", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "14.53383810", "longitude": "75.01161310", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Banavasi,+Karnataka+581318,+India/@14.5338381,75.0116131,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb9558230c819bf:0x4ba7020812ce08ac!8m2!3d14.5333282!4d75.015843", "is_verified": true, "note": "Capital between 345-455 CE." }, "comment": null, "description": " 345-455 CE: Banavasi; 455?-? CE: Halsi; 460-? CE: Triparvata; 460?-? CE: Uchchangi. The Kadambas' first capital was Banavasi §REF§Suryanatha Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka (1980), pp. 31§REF§. Once the Empire is split in three, each division had its own capital: Halsi for the North and West, Triparvata for the South, and Uchchangi for the East §REF§H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), p. 49§REF§. However, none of the sources is clear regarding the dates in which these capitals were founded, and when they ceased to be capitals (as they must have done, considering that the empire was eventually reunited).<br>" }, { "id": 179, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Halsi", "polity_cap": { "id": 214, "name": "Halsi", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "15.31040550", "longitude": "74.72774010", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Halsi,+Karnataka+581329,+Indien/@15.3104055,74.7277401,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bbf26584b700325:0xae314aeaee89bf1d!8m2!3d15.3115092!4d74.736633", "is_verified": true, "note": "Capital from 455?-? CE." }, "comment": null, "description": " 345-455 CE: Banavasi; 455?-? CE: Halsi; 460-? CE: Triparvata; 460?-? CE: Uchchangi. The Kadambas' first capital was Banavasi §REF§Suryanatha Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka (1980), pp. 31§REF§. Once the Empire is split in three, each division had its own capital: Halsi for the North and West, Triparvata for the South, and Uchchangi for the East §REF§H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), p. 49§REF§. However, none of the sources is clear regarding the dates in which these capitals were founded, and when they ceased to be capitals (as they must have done, considering that the empire was eventually reunited).<br>" }, { "id": 180, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Triparvata", "polity_cap": { "id": 215, "name": "Triparvata", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "9.22244830", "longitude": "73.97649600", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Devagiri,+Kozhikode,+Kerala+673008,+India/@9.2224483,73.976496,7.83z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3ba65b8ea0ecef37:0x1ff9565af30302cd!8m2!3d11.2656401!4d75.8366908", "is_verified": true, "note": "Regional capital from 460-? CE. May have been the area of present day Devagiri (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty)" }, "comment": null, "description": " 345-455 CE: Banavasi; 455?-? CE: Halsi; 460-? CE: Triparvata; 460?-? CE: Uchchangi. The Kadambas' first capital was Banavasi §REF§Suryanatha Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka (1980), pp. 31§REF§. Once the Empire is split in three, each division had its own capital: Halsi for the North and West, Triparvata for the South, and Uchchangi for the East §REF§H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), p. 49§REF§. However, none of the sources is clear regarding the dates in which these capitals were founded, and when they ceased to be capitals (as they must have done, considering that the empire was eventually reunited).<br>" }, { "id": 181, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Uchchangi", "polity_cap": { "id": 213, "name": "Uchchangi", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "14.56341870", "longitude": "76.01721200", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Uchangidurga,+Karnataka+583125,+India/@14.5634187,76.017212,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x3bba21ad1e20c43d:0xd4132ba12ad8e241!2sUchchangi+Durga!3b1!8m2!3d14.5608", "is_verified": true, "note": "Capital from 460?-? CE." }, "comment": null, "description": " 345-455 CE: Banavasi; 455?-? CE: Halsi; 460-? CE: Triparvata; 460?-? CE: Uchchangi. The Kadambas' first capital was Banavasi §REF§Suryanatha Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka (1980), pp. 31§REF§. Once the Empire is split in three, each division had its own capital: Halsi for the North and West, Triparvata for the South, and Uchchangi for the East §REF§H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), p. 49§REF§. However, none of the sources is clear regarding the dates in which these capitals were founded, and when they ceased to be capitals (as they must have done, considering that the empire was eventually reunited).<br>" }, { "id": 182, "polity": { "id": 87, "name": "in_mauryan_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire", "start_year": -324, "end_year": -187 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Pataliputra", "polity_cap": { "id": 49, "name": "Pataliputra", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "25.46805260", "longitude": "84.80812970", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pataliputra,+Bihar/@25.4680526,84.8081297,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x39f2acb04be928d3:0x73e0eaf4e627cd87!8m2!3d25.4352863!4d84.981754", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Sinha, Bindeshwaxì Prasad, and Lala Aditya Narain. \"Pataliputra Excavations 1955-56.\" The Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Bihar, Patna (1970).§REF§The city of Pataliputra was located at the confluence of the Ganges and the Sone. It covered an area of 15 KM long by 3 KM wide, and was surrounded with a moat, sewage systems, and a large wall with a reported 64 gates and 570 towers. §REF§Sinha, Bindeshwaxì Prasad, and Lala Aditya Narain. \"Pataliputra Excavations 1955-56.\" The Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Bihar, Patna (1970).§REF§ Also called Patna.§REF§(Bradford and Bradford 2001, 125) Bradford, Alfred S. Bradford, Pamela, M. 2001. With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World. Greenwood Publishing Group.§REF§" }, { "id": 183, "polity": { "id": 98, "name": "in_mughal_emp", "long_name": "Mughal Empire", "start_year": 1526, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Agra", "polity_cap": { "id": 47, "name": "Agra", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "27.17630980", "longitude": "77.90997260", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Agra,+Uttar+Pradesh,+Indien/@27.1763098,77.9099726,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x39740d857c2f41d9:0x784aef38a9523b42!8m2!3d27.1766701!4d78.0080745", "is_verified": true, "note": "Capital 1526-1571 and 1598-1648." }, "comment": null, "description": " Agra: 1526-1571 CE; Fatehpur Sikri: 1571-1585 CE; Lahore: 1585 CE-1598 CE; Agra: 1598-1648 CE; [Shahjahanabad; Delhi]: 1648-1857 CE <i>dates cannot yet be machine read.</i><br>Akbar changed the royal capital of his empire four times during his rule (Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, Lahore, Agra) reflecting his \"changing strategic foci.\" §REF§Richards, John F. (March 18, 1993). Johnson, Gordon§REF§ §REF§Bayly, C. A., eds. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge history of India: 1.5. I. The Mughals and their Contemporaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1995), p.12.§REF§ Shah Jahan built a new capital in Delhi \"Shahjahanabad\". This remained the Mughals' capital for the rest of the dynasty. §REF§Stein, Burton, A History of India (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998), p.176.§REF§" }, { "id": 184, "polity": { "id": 98, "name": "in_mughal_emp", "long_name": "Mughal Empire", "start_year": 1526, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Fatehpur Sikri", "polity_cap": { "id": 217, "name": "Fatehpur Sikri", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "27.09447090", "longitude": "77.65603190", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Fatehpur+Sikri,+Uttar+Pradesh+283110,+Indien/@27.0944709,77.6560319,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x397391584a53798d:0x893d46790c1fb40!8m2!3d27.0945291!4d77.6679292", "is_verified": true, "note": "Capital 1571-1585 CE." }, "comment": null, "description": " Agra: 1526-1571 CE; Fatehpur Sikri: 1571-1585 CE; Lahore: 1585 CE-1598 CE; Agra: 1598-1648 CE; [Shahjahanabad; Delhi]: 1648-1857 CE <i>dates cannot yet be machine read.</i><br>Akbar changed the royal capital of his empire four times during his rule (Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, Lahore, Agra) reflecting his \"changing strategic foci.\" §REF§Richards, John F. (March 18, 1993). Johnson, Gordon§REF§ §REF§Bayly, C. A., eds. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge history of India: 1.5. I. The Mughals and their Contemporaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1995), p.12.§REF§ Shah Jahan built a new capital in Delhi \"Shahjahanabad\". This remained the Mughals' capital for the rest of the dynasty. §REF§Stein, Burton, A History of India (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998), p.176.§REF§" }, { "id": 185, "polity": { "id": 98, "name": "in_mughal_emp", "long_name": "Mughal Empire", "start_year": 1526, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Lahore", "polity_cap": { "id": 218, "name": "Lahore", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Pakistan", "latitude": "31.48315690", "longitude": "74.19430390", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Lahore,+Punjab,+Pakistan/@31.4831569,74.1943039,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x39190483e58107d9:0xc23abe6ccc7e2462!8m2!3d31.5203696!4d74.3587473", "is_verified": true, "note": "Capital 1585 CE-1598 CE." }, "comment": null, "description": " Agra: 1526-1571 CE; Fatehpur Sikri: 1571-1585 CE; Lahore: 1585 CE-1598 CE; Agra: 1598-1648 CE; [Shahjahanabad; Delhi]: 1648-1857 CE <i>dates cannot yet be machine read.</i><br>Akbar changed the royal capital of his empire four times during his rule (Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, Lahore, Agra) reflecting his \"changing strategic foci.\" §REF§Richards, John F. (March 18, 1993). Johnson, Gordon§REF§ §REF§Bayly, C. A., eds. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge history of India: 1.5. I. The Mughals and their Contemporaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1995), p.12.§REF§ Shah Jahan built a new capital in Delhi \"Shahjahanabad\". This remained the Mughals' capital for the rest of the dynasty. §REF§Stein, Burton, A History of India (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998), p.176.§REF§" }, { "id": 186, "polity": { "id": 98, "name": "in_mughal_emp", "long_name": "Mughal Empire", "start_year": 1526, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Agra", "polity_cap": { "id": 47, "name": "Agra", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "27.17630980", "longitude": "77.90997260", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Agra,+Uttar+Pradesh,+Indien/@27.1763098,77.9099726,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x39740d857c2f41d9:0x784aef38a9523b42!8m2!3d27.1766701!4d78.0080745", "is_verified": true, "note": "Capital 1526-1571 and 1598-1648." }, "comment": null, "description": " Agra: 1526-1571 CE; Fatehpur Sikri: 1571-1585 CE; Lahore: 1585 CE-1598 CE; Agra: 1598-1648 CE; [Shahjahanabad; Delhi]: 1648-1857 CE <i>dates cannot yet be machine read.</i><br>Akbar changed the royal capital of his empire four times during his rule (Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, Lahore, Agra) reflecting his \"changing strategic foci.\" §REF§Richards, John F. (March 18, 1993). Johnson, Gordon§REF§ §REF§Bayly, C. A., eds. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge history of India: 1.5. I. The Mughals and their Contemporaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1995), p.12.§REF§ Shah Jahan built a new capital in Delhi \"Shahjahanabad\". This remained the Mughals' capital for the rest of the dynasty. §REF§Stein, Burton, A History of India (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998), p.176.§REF§" }, { "id": 187, "polity": { "id": 98, "name": "in_mughal_emp", "long_name": "Mughal Empire", "start_year": 1526, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Shahjahanabad", "polity_cap": { "id": 216, "name": "Shahjahanabad", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "28.69263410", "longitude": "76.94805110", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Delhi,+India/@28.6926341,76.9480511,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x390cfd1a7bf780ab:0xd3007c12160a7e6!2sOld+Delhi,+New+Delhi,+Delhi,+India!3b1!8m2!3d28.6562814!4d", "is_verified": true, "note": "Shahjahanabad is present day Delhi. Capital from 1648-1857 CE." }, "comment": null, "description": " Agra: 1526-1571 CE; Fatehpur Sikri: 1571-1585 CE; Lahore: 1585 CE-1598 CE; Agra: 1598-1648 CE; [Shahjahanabad; Delhi]: 1648-1857 CE <i>dates cannot yet be machine read.</i><br>Akbar changed the royal capital of his empire four times during his rule (Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, Lahore, Agra) reflecting his \"changing strategic foci.\" §REF§Richards, John F. (March 18, 1993). Johnson, Gordon§REF§ §REF§Bayly, C. A., eds. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge history of India: 1.5. I. The Mughals and their Contemporaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1995), p.12.§REF§ Shah Jahan built a new capital in Delhi \"Shahjahanabad\". This remained the Mughals' capital for the rest of the dynasty. §REF§Stein, Burton, A History of India (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998), p.176.§REF§" }, { "id": 188, "polity": { "id": 98, "name": "in_mughal_emp", "long_name": "Mughal Empire", "start_year": 1526, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Delhi", "polity_cap": { "id": 45, "name": "Delhi", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "28.64439810", "longitude": "76.81303980", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Delhi,+Indien/@28.6443981,76.8130398,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x390cfd5b347eb62d:0x37205b715389640!8m2!3d28.7040592!4d77.1024902", "is_verified": true, "note": "[Shahjahanabad; Delhi]: 1648-1857 CE" }, "comment": null, "description": " Agra: 1526-1571 CE; Fatehpur Sikri: 1571-1585 CE; Lahore: 1585 CE-1598 CE; Agra: 1598-1648 CE; [Shahjahanabad; Delhi]: 1648-1857 CE <i>dates cannot yet be machine read.</i><br>Akbar changed the royal capital of his empire four times during his rule (Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, Lahore, Agra) reflecting his \"changing strategic foci.\" §REF§Richards, John F. (March 18, 1993). Johnson, Gordon§REF§ §REF§Bayly, C. A., eds. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge history of India: 1.5. I. The Mughals and their Contemporaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1995), p.12.§REF§ Shah Jahan built a new capital in Delhi \"Shahjahanabad\". This remained the Mughals' capital for the rest of the dynasty. §REF§Stein, Burton, A History of India (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998), p.176.§REF§" }, { "id": 189, "polity": { "id": 93, "name": "in_rashtrakuta_emp", "long_name": "Rashtrakuta Empire", "start_year": 753, "end_year": 973 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Malkhed", "polity_cap": { "id": 50, "name": "Malkhed", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "17.18106390", "longitude": "77.13536580", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Malkhed+J,+Karnataka,+India/@17.1810639,77.1353658,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bc8e194c369d98f:0xcbe7d975defb0178!8m2!3d17.1793457!4d77.1772737", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Also known as Manyakheta, probably established as capital during the reign of Amoghavarsha Nrupathunga I (800-878 CE). There is much scholarly debate regarding which city or cities served as capitals to the Empire before Malkhed: candidates include Latur, Mayurakhindi, Ellora, and Manpur §REF§Jayashri Mishra, Social and Economic Conditions Under the Imperial Rashtrakutas (1992), pp. 199-205§REF§.<br>" }, { "id": 190, "polity": { "id": 89, "name": "in_satavahana_emp", "long_name": "Satavahana Empire", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Pratisthana", "polity_cap": { "id": 51, "name": "Pratisthana", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "19.47689290", "longitude": "75.37080270", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Paithan,+Maharashtra+431107,+Indien/@19.4768929,75.3708027,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bdb1374b42b1545:0x8a476a8210ea75c3!8m2!3d19.4776906!4d75.3849382", "is_verified": true, "note": "Now called Paithan." }, "comment": null, "description": " Pratisthana (modern-day Paithan); Benakataka; others. \"No single city served as the Satavahana capital throughout the duration of the dynasty's history. In the early second century CE, Ptolemy referred to Paithan (Pratisthana; in Aurangabad district) as the capital of King Pulamavi; the Nasik inscription of his predecessor Gautamiputra Satakarni referred to him as lord of Benkataka (in the Nasik region). [...] The situation may, at least in part, be associated with structural weaknesses of imperial political and economical organization, thus making the physical presence of the king, court, and military force important to the exercise and authority of imperial authority and revenue collection\" §REF§C. Sinopoli, On the Edge of Empire: Form and Substance in the Satavahana Dynasty, in S. Alcock (ed), Empires (2001), p. 170§REF§.<br>" }, { "id": 191, "polity": { "id": 89, "name": "in_satavahana_emp", "long_name": "Satavahana Empire", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Benakataka", "polity_cap": { "id": 52, "name": "Benakataka", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "19.91589780", "longitude": "73.61827660", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nashik,+Maharashtra,+India/@19.9158978,73.6182766,11.56z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x3a2b3f600d6cc4c3:0x3256712ce5b50f5b!2sBhandara,+Maharashtra,+India!3b1!8m2!3d21.073645", "is_verified": true, "note": "Exact location of Benakataka is unknown but it is thought to be in the Nashik region." }, "comment": null, "description": " Pratisthana (modern-day Paithan); Benakataka; others. \"No single city served as the Satavahana capital throughout the duration of the dynasty's history. In the early second century CE, Ptolemy referred to Paithan (Pratisthana; in Aurangabad district) as the capital of King Pulamavi; the Nasik inscription of his predecessor Gautamiputra Satakarni referred to him as lord of Benkataka (in the Nasik region). [...] The situation may, at least in part, be associated with structural weaknesses of imperial political and economical organization, thus making the physical presence of the king, court, and military force important to the exercise and authority of imperial authority and revenue collection\" §REF§C. Sinopoli, On the Edge of Empire: Form and Substance in the Satavahana Dynasty, in S. Alcock (ed), Empires (2001), p. 170§REF§.<br>" }, { "id": 192, "polity": { "id": 385, "name": "in_sunga_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Sunga Empire", "start_year": -187, "end_year": -65 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Vidisha", "polity_cap": { "id": 53, "name": "Vidisha", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "23.52023440", "longitude": "77.79759310", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Vidisha,+Madhya+Pradesh+464001,+Indien/@23.5202344,77.7975931,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x397c04502a3166f5:0x7da6896331548213!8m2!3d23.5235719!4d77.8139718", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"[T]he Purāṇas name the city of Vidisha as the capital of the Śuṅgas.\"§REF§(Bhandare 2006, 70) Shailendra Bhandare. 2006. 'Numismatics and History: The Maurya-Gupta Interlude in the Gangetic Plain' in <i>Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE</i>, edited by Patrick Olivelle. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§ \"The principal inheritors of the Mauryan power seem to be the Sungas who ruled from Pataliputra but do not appear to have retained the former Magadhan control of even the core of northern India. In Central India, their power did not extend beyond eastern Malwa which had Vidisa as its capital; southward their control ended on the Narmada. North-East from Pataliputra, Kosala with its principal centre of Ayodhya, was under the Sunga control, and so presumably was Ahichchhatra of north Panchala. The Sunga control also extended up to Panjab and the Indus.\"§REF§(Chakrabarti 2010, 38) Dilip Chakrabarti. 2010. 'The Shift of the Focus to Orissa, the Deccan, and Malwa' in <i>The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties</i>, edited by Dilip Chakrabarti. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 193, "polity": { "id": 385, "name": "in_sunga_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Sunga Empire", "start_year": -187, "end_year": -65 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Pataliputra", "polity_cap": { "id": 49, "name": "Pataliputra", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "25.46805260", "longitude": "84.80812970", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pataliputra,+Bihar/@25.4680526,84.8081297,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x39f2acb04be928d3:0x73e0eaf4e627cd87!8m2!3d25.4352863!4d84.981754", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"[T]he Purāṇas name the city of Vidisha as the capital of the Śuṅgas.\"§REF§(Bhandare 2006, 70) Shailendra Bhandare. 2006. 'Numismatics and History: The Maurya-Gupta Interlude in the Gangetic Plain' in <i>Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE</i>, edited by Patrick Olivelle. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§ \"The principal inheritors of the Mauryan power seem to be the Sungas who ruled from Pataliputra but do not appear to have retained the former Magadhan control of even the core of northern India. In Central India, their power did not extend beyond eastern Malwa which had Vidisa as its capital; southward their control ended on the Narmada. North-East from Pataliputra, Kosala with its principal centre of Ayodhya, was under the Sunga control, and so presumably was Ahichchhatra of north Panchala. The Sunga control also extended up to Panjab and the Indus.\"§REF§(Chakrabarti 2010, 38) Dilip Chakrabarti. 2010. 'The Shift of the Focus to Orissa, the Deccan, and Malwa' in <i>The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties</i>, edited by Dilip Chakrabarti. Oxford: Oxford University Press.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 194, "polity": { "id": 90, "name": "in_vakataka_k", "long_name": "Vakataka Kingdom", "start_year": 255, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Padmapura", "polity_cap": { "id": 54, "name": "Padmapura", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "13.70474540", "longitude": "76.92487260", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Padmapura,+Karnataka+572137,+Indien/@13.7047454,76.9248726,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb04487e71b0c87:0x5d32ffe59cb66e2b!8m2!3d13.7048329!4d76.9282948", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "Eastern Vakatakas of Vidarbha.§REF§Bakker, Hans. October 2010. Royal Patronage and Religious Tolerance: The Formative Period of Gupta-Vakataka Culture. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Third Series. Vol. 20. No. 4. pp.461-475.§REF§ <i>Vidarbha is a region</i><br>Padmapura? \"Vakataka queen (nee Gupta) followed in her father's footsteps by favouring religious organisations and building temples. She may have been the major source of inspiration of her husband and have brought the Satvata ritual experts from Vatsagulma to Padmapura in order to serve in her new temple.\"<br>\"the official records of Padmapura - Nandivardhana - Pravarapura branch\"§REF§(Sawant 2009) Reshma Sawant. 2008. ‘State Formation Process In The Vidarbha During The Vakataka Period’. <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute</i> 68-69: 137-162.<§REF§" }, { "id": 195, "polity": { "id": 97, "name": "in_vijayanagara_emp", "long_name": "Vijayanagara Empire", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1646 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Vijayanagara", "polity_cap": { "id": 55, "name": "Vijayanagara", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "15.33373770", "longitude": "76.42768980", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Hampi+Vijayanagara/@15.3337377,76.4276898,14z/data=!4m10!1m2!2m1!1shampi+vi!3m6!1s0x3bb77fd9129f43d5:0x1a14ecb7ff51d0bb!8m2!3d15.3336563!4d76.4607346!15sCghoYW1waSB2a", "is_verified": true, "note": "Capital 1336-1565 CE. Within area of Hampi." }, "comment": null, "description": " Vijayanagara: 1336-1565, Penukonda, Chandraigiri. The kingdom of Vijayanagara takes its name, 'City of Victory', from its capital on the Tungabhadra River§REF§Burton Stein, The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara (1990), p. 1§REF§. The Vijayanagara capital was abandoned in 1565 following a major military defeat §REF§Carla M. Sinopoli, 'From the Lion Throne: Political and Social Dynamics of the Vijayanagara Empire', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol 43, No. 3 (2000), pp. 370§REF§, the later imperial capitals were Penukonda and Chandragiri §REF§Carla M. Sinopoli, 'From the Lion Throne: Political and Social Dynamics of the Vijayanagara Empire', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol 43, No. 3 (2000), pp. 383§REF§.<br>" }, { "id": 196, "polity": { "id": 97, "name": "in_vijayanagara_emp", "long_name": "Vijayanagara Empire", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1646 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Penukonda", "polity_cap": { "id": 56, "name": "Penukonda", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "India", "latitude": "14.08423090", "longitude": "77.58924620", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Penukonda,+Andhra+Pradesh+515110,+Indien/@14.0842309,77.5892462,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb1730d890bd8af:0x2ee2dd48cb9ee53e!8m2!3d14.0844312!4d77.5973233", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Vijayanagara: 1336-1565, Penukonda, Chandraigiri. The kingdom of Vijayanagara takes its name, 'City of Victory', from its capital on the Tungabhadra River§REF§Burton Stein, The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara (1990), p. 1§REF§. The Vijayanagara capital was abandoned in 1565 following a major military defeat §REF§Carla M. Sinopoli, 'From the Lion Throne: Political and Social Dynamics of the Vijayanagara Empire', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol 43, No. 3 (2000), pp. 370§REF§, the later imperial capitals were Penukonda and Chandragiri §REF§Carla M. Sinopoli, 'From the Lion Throne: Political and Social Dynamics of the Vijayanagara Empire', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol 43, No. 3 (2000), pp. 383§REF§.<br>" }, { "id": 197, "polity": { "id": 97, "name": "in_vijayanagara_emp", "long_name": "Vijayanagara Empire", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1646 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Chandraigiri", "polity_cap": { "id": 57, "name": "Chandraigiri", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Nepal", "latitude": "27.68592820", "longitude": "85.19819210", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Chandragiri,+Nepal/@27.6859282,85.1981921,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x39eb22e26c1f3089:0x76127015b4e03968!8m2!3d27.6903167!4d85.2204851", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Vijayanagara: 1336-1565, Penukonda, Chandraigiri. The kingdom of Vijayanagara takes its name, 'City of Victory', from its capital on the Tungabhadra River§REF§Burton Stein, The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara (1990), p. 1§REF§. The Vijayanagara capital was abandoned in 1565 following a major military defeat §REF§Carla M. Sinopoli, 'From the Lion Throne: Political and Social Dynamics of the Vijayanagara Empire', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol 43, No. 3 (2000), pp. 370§REF§, the later imperial capitals were Penukonda and Chandragiri §REF§Carla M. Sinopoli, 'From the Lion Throne: Political and Social Dynamics of the Vijayanagara Empire', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol 43, No. 3 (2000), pp. 383§REF§.<br>" }, { "id": 198, "polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kufa", "polity_cap": { "id": 58, "name": "Kufa", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iraq", "latitude": "43.20517180", "longitude": "16.15908200", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/search/Kufa/@43.2051718,16.159082,5z/data=!3m1!4b1", "is_verified": true, "note": "750-762 CE" }, "comment": null, "description": " {Kufa: 750-762 CE; Baghdad: 762-833 CE; Al-Raqqah: 796-809 CE; Samarra: 833-893 CE; Baghdad 833-946 CE} §REF§Lapidus, Ira A., History of Islamic Society 2nd edition(Cambridge, 2002)§REF§. Samarra was the military and administrative headquarters of the Caliphate 836-870 CE. §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 106)§REF§ Merv was the capital of the caliphate from 810-819 CE.§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§<br>Both Baghdad and Samarra were purpose built cities." }, { "id": 199, "polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Baghdad", "polity_cap": { "id": 59, "name": "Baghdad", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iraq", "latitude": "33.31189440", "longitude": "44.21581980", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bagdad,+Irak/@33.3118944,44.2158198,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x15577f67a0a74193:0x9deda9d2a3b16f2c!8m2!3d33.315241!4d44.3660671", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " {Kufa: 750-762 CE; Baghdad: 762-833 CE; Al-Raqqah: 796-809 CE; Samarra: 833-893 CE; Baghdad 833-946 CE} §REF§Lapidus, Ira A., History of Islamic Society 2nd edition(Cambridge, 2002)§REF§. Samarra was the military and administrative headquarters of the Caliphate 836-870 CE. §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 106)§REF§ Merv was the capital of the caliphate from 810-819 CE.§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§<br>Both Baghdad and Samarra were purpose built cities." }, { "id": 200, "polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Al-Raqqah", "polity_cap": { "id": 60, "name": "Al-Raqqah", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Syria", "latitude": "35.95479400", "longitude": "38.96206790", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ar-Raqqa,+Syrien/@35.954794,38.9620679,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x153719cb01b7b5fb:0xc8bdaf18cf35cfe3!8m2!3d35.9594106!4d38.9981052", "is_verified": true, "note": "796-809 CE" }, "comment": null, "description": " {Kufa: 750-762 CE; Baghdad: 762-833 CE; Al-Raqqah: 796-809 CE; Samarra: 833-893 CE; Baghdad 833-946 CE} §REF§Lapidus, Ira A., History of Islamic Society 2nd edition(Cambridge, 2002)§REF§. Samarra was the military and administrative headquarters of the Caliphate 836-870 CE. §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 106)§REF§ Merv was the capital of the caliphate from 810-819 CE.§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§<br>Both Baghdad and Samarra were purpose built cities." }, { "id": 201, "polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Samarra", "polity_cap": { "id": 61, "name": "Samarra", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iraq", "latitude": "34.20122740", "longitude": "43.80102880", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Samarra,+Irak/@34.2012274,43.8010288,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x1556d18dc9b35aa1:0x2c63735c09e91577!8m2!3d34.1660043!4d43.9055155", "is_verified": true, "note": "833-893 CE" }, "comment": null, "description": " {Kufa: 750-762 CE; Baghdad: 762-833 CE; Al-Raqqah: 796-809 CE; Samarra: 833-893 CE; Baghdad 833-946 CE} §REF§Lapidus, Ira A., History of Islamic Society 2nd edition(Cambridge, 2002)§REF§. Samarra was the military and administrative headquarters of the Caliphate 836-870 CE. §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 106)§REF§ Merv was the capital of the caliphate from 810-819 CE.§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§<br>Both Baghdad and Samarra were purpose built cities." }, { "id": 202, "polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Baghdad", "polity_cap": { "id": 59, "name": "Baghdad", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iraq", "latitude": "33.31189440", "longitude": "44.21581980", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bagdad,+Irak/@33.3118944,44.2158198,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x15577f67a0a74193:0x9deda9d2a3b16f2c!8m2!3d33.315241!4d44.3660671", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " {Kufa: 750-762 CE; Baghdad: 762-833 CE; Al-Raqqah: 796-809 CE; Samarra: 833-893 CE; Baghdad 833-946 CE} §REF§Lapidus, Ira A., History of Islamic Society 2nd edition(Cambridge, 2002)§REF§. Samarra was the military and administrative headquarters of the Caliphate 836-870 CE. §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 106)§REF§ Merv was the capital of the caliphate from 810-819 CE.§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§<br>Both Baghdad and Samarra were purpose built cities." }, { "id": 203, "polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Merv", "polity_cap": { "id": 62, "name": "Merv", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Turkmenistan", "latitude": "37.66290290", "longitude": "62.07807440", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Merv,+Turkmenistan/@37.6629029,62.0780744,11.78z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x3f4170abd6e93cc7:0xbbae37e82e0dccce!2sMerv,+Turkmenistan!3b1!8m2!3d37.664426!4d62.1747186!3m4!", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " {Kufa: 750-762 CE; Baghdad: 762-833 CE; Al-Raqqah: 796-809 CE; Samarra: 833-893 CE; Baghdad 833-946 CE} §REF§Lapidus, Ira A., History of Islamic Society 2nd edition(Cambridge, 2002)§REF§. Samarra was the military and administrative headquarters of the Caliphate 836-870 CE. §REF§(Lapidus 2012, 106)§REF§ Merv was the capital of the caliphate from 810-819 CE.§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§<br>Both Baghdad and Samarra were purpose built cities." }, { "id": 204, "polity": { "id": 484, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_2", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate II", "start_year": 1191, "end_year": 1258 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Baghdad", "polity_cap": { "id": 59, "name": "Baghdad", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iraq", "latitude": "33.31189440", "longitude": "44.21581980", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bagdad,+Irak/@33.3118944,44.2158198,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x15577f67a0a74193:0x9deda9d2a3b16f2c!8m2!3d33.315241!4d44.3660671", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 205, "polity": { "id": 476, "name": "iq_akkad_emp", "long_name": "Akkadian Empire", "start_year": -2270, "end_year": -2083 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Agade", "polity_cap": { "id": 219, "name": "Agade", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Iraq", "latitude": "33.61823080", "longitude": "44.16180750", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tarmiyah,+Iraq/@33.6182308,44.1618075,9.78z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x1557084b79f86ae3:0xeb0c7f574a66cf10!8m2!3d33.6732828!4d44.3615055", "is_verified": true, "note": "The exact location of Agade (or Akkad) is unknown but is thought to have possibly been near the river Tigris somewhere between Baghdad and Samarra. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkad_(city); Foster 2016: 14) I have markled the town of Tarmiyah which is approx halfway between Samarra and Baghdad and on the banks of the Tigris." }, "comment": null, "description": " The exact location of this site is still unknown§REF§Hamblin 2006, 73§REF§§REF§Wall-Romana 1990, 205-245§REF§ \"Akkad was named after its capital city, Agade, built around 2335 B.C.E. by Akkad's first king, Sargon of Akkad (r. ca. 2334-2279 B.C.E.).\"§REF§(Middleton 2015, 21) Middleton, John. 2015. World Monarchies and Dynasties. Routledge.§REF§ location of Akkadian capital not identified.§REF§(Leverani 2014, 139) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§ Agade.§REF§(Foster 2016, 14) Foster, Benjamin R. 2016. The Age of Agade. Inventing Empire In Ancient Mesopotamia. Routledge. London.§REF§<br>" } ] }