Polity Capital List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Capitals.
GET /api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=3
{ "count": 629, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=4", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=2", "results": [ { "id": 101, "polity": { "id": 58, "name": "fm_truk_2", "long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk", "start_year": 1886, "end_year": 1948 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Toloas", "polity_cap": { "id": 179, "name": "Toloas", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Micronesia", "latitude": "7.37624810", "longitude": "151.80943790", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Dublon/@7.3762481,151.8094379,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x6667a576c373d539:0x96f39a7e784c731a!8m2!3d7.3747089!4d151.8723184", "is_verified": true, "note": "Now called Dublon." }, "comment": null, "description": " The successive colonial governments resided on Toloas or Dublon: 'Before the Second World War, Spanish, German, and Japanese colonial administrations were headquartered on the adjacent island of Dublon. Dublon is less than half the size of Moen, but it was selected as the first seat of government because of its superior ship anchorage, particularly for sailing vessels. The American military government relocated the administrative headquarters from Dublon to Moen soon after the formal Japanese surrender in 1945 because of the large amount of unexploded ordnance that remained on Dublon. Hence, Moen’s history as a port town island dates back only a little over 40 years.' §REF§Marshall, Mac, and Leslie B. Marshall 1990. “Silent Voices Speak: Women And Prohibition In Truk”, 14§REF§" }, { "id": 102, "polity": { "id": 448, "name": "fr_atlantic_complex", "long_name": "Atlantic Complex", "start_year": -2200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 103, "polity": { "id": 447, "name": "fr_beaker_eba", "long_name": "Beaker Culture", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 104, "polity": { "id": 460, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "start_year": 1589, "end_year": 1660 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Paris", "polity_cap": { "id": 41, "name": "Paris", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "France", "latitude": "48.85894660", "longitude": "2.27699610", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Paris,+France/@48.8589466,2.2769961,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x47e66e1f06e2b70f:0x40b82c3688c9460!8m2!3d48.856614!4d2.3522219", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 105, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Paris", "polity_cap": { "id": 41, "name": "Paris", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "France", "latitude": "48.85894660", "longitude": "2.27699610", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Paris,+France/@48.8589466,2.2769961,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x47e66e1f06e2b70f:0x40b82c3688c9460!8m2!3d48.856614!4d2.3522219", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Court at Versailles from 1682 CE. §REF§(Briggs 1998, 153)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 106, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Versailles", "polity_cap": { "id": 180, "name": "Versailles", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "France", "latitude": "48.80389590", "longitude": "1.97567740", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/78000+Versailles,+France/@48.8038959,1.9756774,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m9!1m2!2m1!1sVersailles!3m5!1s0x47e67db475f420bd:0x869e00ad0d844aba!8m2!3d48.8014082!4d2.1301246!15s", "is_verified": true, "note": "Capital 1682-1789 CE" }, "comment": null, "description": " Court at Versailles from 1682 CE. §REF§(Briggs 1998, 153)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 107, "polity": { "id": 457, "name": "fr_capetian_k_1", "long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom", "start_year": 987, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Paris", "polity_cap": { "id": 41, "name": "Paris", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "France", "latitude": "48.85894660", "longitude": "2.27699610", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Paris,+France/@48.8589466,2.2769961,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x47e66e1f06e2b70f:0x40b82c3688c9460!8m2!3d48.856614!4d2.3522219", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " 1130-1150 CE<br>Louis VI resident in Paris from 1130 CE §REF§(Clark and Henneman 1995, 1317)§REF§ but court moved with king on his travels.<br>" }, { "id": 108, "polity": { "id": 458, "name": "fr_capetian_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1328 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Paris", "polity_cap": { "id": 41, "name": "Paris", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "France", "latitude": "48.85894660", "longitude": "2.27699610", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Paris,+France/@48.8589466,2.2769961,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x47e66e1f06e2b70f:0x40b82c3688c9460!8m2!3d48.856614!4d2.3522219", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "King’s court permanently established in Paris 1250 CE. §REF§(Pegues 1995, 1333)§REF§ Louis VI permanent resident in Paris from 1130 CE §REF§(Clark and Henneman 1995, 1317)§REF§ but court moved with king on his travels.<br>" }, { "id": 109, "polity": { "id": 309, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Aachen", "polity_cap": { "id": 40, "name": "Aachen", "alternative_names": "Aix-la-Chapelle", "current_country": "Germany", "latitude": "50.75967430", "longitude": "5.95644160", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Aachen,+Deutschland/@50.7596743,5.9564416,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x47c0997cb08a191d:0x63a30eae0b0e444f!8m2!3d50.7753455!4d6.0838868", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also called Aix la Chapelle." }, "comment": null, "description": "Aachen was the capital city for the full period." }, { "id": 112, "polity": { "id": 449, "name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1", "long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Unknown", "polity_cap": { "id": 224, "name": "Unknown", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Pakistan", "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 113, "polity": { "id": 451, "name": "fr_hallstatt_c", "long_name": "Hallstatt C", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "\"The most prominent signature of these earlier, archaeological polities of the Hallstatt period are the sizeable elevated fortified settlements, the Furstensitze. These settlements advertise their likely role as former political capitals by virtue of their size (1-11 ha), their strategic location at the confluence of major water-ways, architectural features such as large enclosing earthworks or walls, and the remains of buildings located both within and outside the walls, as well as by the proximity of these sites to groupings of large burial mounds.\"§REF§(Arnold and Gibson 1995, 7)§REF§" }, { "id": 114, "polity": { "id": 452, "name": "fr_hallstatt_d", "long_name": "Hallstatt D", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -475 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Mont Lassois", "polity_cap": { "id": 182, "name": "Mont Lassois", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "France", "latitude": "47.90618550", "longitude": "4.52340820", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Mont+Lassois/@47.9061855,4.5234082,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x47edb60ec56803c3:0xe2c9c17be2f94a4e!8m2!3d47.906172!4d4.532163", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"The appearance of urban ‘central places’ was one of the major innovations in Europe of the first millennium BC. Even if we reject centres such as the Heuneburg as truly urban, despite the concentration of wealth, trade and industry on them (the social structure would have prevented the full de- velopment of exchange as we know it on later sites), we still have a number of different urban types; administrative centres, market centres, colonies, and entrepôts for long-distance trade including ports-of-trade. Each of these classes would have its own characteristics in terms of who was resident, what public amenities were present, and in the spatial layout of the town.\" §REF§(Collis 1984, 22)§REF§ \"In less developed forms we may detect centralised control on the sites of the late Hallstatt period of the sixth century BC, sites such as the Heuneburg and Mont Lassois in western Europe.\" §REF§(Collis 1984, 16)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 115, "polity": { "id": 452, "name": "fr_hallstatt_d", "long_name": "Hallstatt D", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -475 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Heuneburg", "polity_cap": { "id": 183, "name": "Heuneburg", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Germany", "latitude": "48.11784240", "longitude": "9.32110920", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Heuneburg/@48.1178424,9.3211092,12.9z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1sHeuneburg!3m5!1s0x479a3724a3df18fd:0x10bb445dc593abf2!8m2!3d48.07939!4d9.399691!15sCglIZXVuZWJ1cmeSAQZtdXNld", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"The appearance of urban ‘central places’ was one of the major innovations in Europe of the first millennium BC. Even if we reject centres such as the Heuneburg as truly urban, despite the concentration of wealth, trade and industry on them (the social structure would have prevented the full de- velopment of exchange as we know it on later sites), we still have a number of different urban types; administrative centres, market centres, colonies, and entrepôts for long-distance trade including ports-of-trade. Each of these classes would have its own characteristics in terms of who was resident, what public amenities were present, and in the spatial layout of the town.\" §REF§(Collis 1984, 22)§REF§ \"In less developed forms we may detect centralised control on the sites of the late Hallstatt period of the sixth century BC, sites such as the Heuneburg and Mont Lassois in western Europe.\" §REF§(Collis 1984, 16)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 116, "polity": { "id": 304, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Early Merovingian", "start_year": 481, "end_year": 543 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Paris", "polity_cap": { "id": 41, "name": "Paris", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "France", "latitude": "48.85894660", "longitude": "2.27699610", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Paris,+France/@48.8589466,2.2769961,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x47e66e1f06e2b70f:0x40b82c3688c9460!8m2!3d48.856614!4d2.3522219", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Capital of Childeric I 457-481 CE was at Tournai. §REF§(DeVries and Smith 2007, 230)§REF§ Paris was the capital chosen by Clovis §REF§(Wood 1994, 41)§REF§" }, { "id": 117, "polity": { "id": 456, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_3", "long_name": "Proto-Carolingian", "start_year": 687, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Paris", "polity_cap": { "id": 41, "name": "Paris", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "France", "latitude": "48.85894660", "longitude": "2.27699610", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Paris,+France/@48.8589466,2.2769961,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x47e66e1f06e2b70f:0x40b82c3688c9460!8m2!3d48.856614!4d2.3522219", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 118, "polity": { "id": 306, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Middle Merovingian", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Paris", "polity_cap": { "id": 41, "name": "Paris", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "France", "latitude": "48.85894660", "longitude": "2.27699610", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Paris,+France/@48.8589466,2.2769961,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x47e66e1f06e2b70f:0x40b82c3688c9460!8m2!3d48.856614!4d2.3522219", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 119, "polity": { "id": 453, "name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1", "long_name": "La Tene A-B1", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -325 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " No capitals." }, { "id": 120, "polity": { "id": 454, "name": "fr_la_tene_b2_c1", "long_name": "La Tene B2-C1", "start_year": -325, "end_year": -175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "No capitals. Each tribe had their own fortified urban settlements." }, { "id": 121, "polity": { "id": 455, "name": "fr_la_tene_c2_d", "long_name": "La Tene C2-D", "start_year": -175, "end_year": -27 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " No capitals. Each tribe had their own fortified urban settlements. Largest oppidum close to Paris Basin region were Sandouville (150ha) of the Veliocasses, Chatres\t(170ha) of the Carnutes, Saint Desir (170ha) of the Lexovii, Villeneuve-sur-Yonne (140ha) of the Senones and Alesia of the Mandubii. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.oppida.org/page.php?lg=fr&rub=00&id_oppidum=168\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.oppida.org/page.php?lg=fr&rub=00&id_oppidum=168</a>)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 122, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Paris", "polity_cap": { "id": 41, "name": "Paris", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "France", "latitude": "48.85894660", "longitude": "2.27699610", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Paris,+France/@48.8589466,2.2769961,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x47e66e1f06e2b70f:0x40b82c3688c9460!8m2!3d48.856614!4d2.3522219", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "Charles VI was last King resident in Paris. 1422-1575 CE royal palace in Paris abandoned. Charles VII lived in Bourges and then Chinon. Location of ruler's residence kept changing. However, the royal administration remained in Paris. §REF§(Spufford 2006, 136-138)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 123, "polity": { "id": 459, "name": "fr_valois_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Valois", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1589 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Paris", "polity_cap": { "id": 41, "name": "Paris", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "France", "latitude": "48.85894660", "longitude": "2.27699610", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Paris,+France/@48.8589466,2.2769961,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x47e66e1f06e2b70f:0x40b82c3688c9460!8m2!3d48.856614!4d2.3522219", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Main royal institutions, the Parlement and financial courts, were in Paris. The royal court, however, was peripatetic. §REF§(Potter 1995, 4)§REF§" }, { "id": 125, "polity": { "id": 113, "name": "gh_akan", "long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Multiple, sometimes short-lived, Akan states governed the coastal area in the colonial period: 'The Portuguese first arrived in 1471 and later built a trading post at Elmina in 1486. Drawn by the trading activity on the coast, descendants of the defunct Bonda and Kumbu kingdoms settled along the north-south trade routes connecting the coast to the Niger bend region. The Queen mother of the Bonda founded the Akyerekyere kingdom along one trade route, which became a clearinghouse for goods from the coast. A prince of the former Kumbu royal house founded the Akumu-Akoto kingdom on another trade route. The Portuguese referred to this latter kingdom as the 'Acanes,' hence the name Akan. Emigrants from Akumu-Akoto founded a second city-state to the east, called Akwamu. Emigrants from Akwamu in turn founded the Asantemanso kingdom in the Kumasi region. Mande-speaking immigrants conquered the Akyerekyere kingdom and later the Asantemanso kingdom to become the dominant power in the region, the Denkyira. In 1701, the Asantemanso under the leadership of Osei Tutu (d. 1717) rebelled and defeated the Denkyira.'§REF§HRAF Cultural Summary for 'Akan' Michelle Gilbert, Robert O. Lagacé, and Ian Skoggard§REF§ The individual Akan polities shared some structural commonalities, despite of considerable differences in popular participation: 'According to some ancient writers, there are two forms of government at the Gold Coast, namely, Monarchical and Republican. The districts of Axim, Ahanta, Fanti, and others were, previous to the year 1700, considered to be commonwealths; whereas Commenda, at that time a very populous district, Effutu or Fetu, Asebu, and Accra, were of the first kind. Henry Meredith, whose work was published in 1811, describes the governments along the coast as partaking of various forms. At Appolonia it was monarchical and absolute; in Ahanta it was a kind of aristocracy; but in the Fanti country, and extending to Accra, it was composed of a strange number of forms; for in some places the government was vested in particular persons, whilst in others it was in the hands of the community. What struck him as strange in the Fanti districts was that they frequently changed their form of government on certain occasions by uniting together under particular persons for their general safety, giving implicit [Page 26] obedience to their leaders; but as soon as the object of their union was attained, they reverted to their independent units. What is undoubtedly true is, that for very many years the Fanti town and village communities have enjoyed independence in a greater degree than any other tribes on the Gold Coast. In Appolonia one finds that so much authority was vested in the Omanhene that writers frequently thought his power was absolute. But on examining the constitutions of these places, they will be found to be sprung from the same root; the monarchical form of government so mentioned is what is common in Wassaw and other inland districts, and the republican is simply the constitution of some of the sea-coast towns close to European settlements and forts. These coast towns are communities whose government is based on the system already described; the president is Ohene, and his office is elective. Each town is divided into several parts, for fighting purposes, called companies (Asafu). One of these companies acts as the Gyasi to the Ohene. The Tufuhene is responsible for the good order of all the fighting men; the orders of the Ohene and his council are communicated to them by the Tufuhene.' §REF§Sarbah, John Mensah 1968. “Fanti National Constitution: A Short Treatise On The Constitution And Government Of The Fanti, Asanti, And Other Akan Tribes Of West Africa Together With A Brief Account Of The Discovery Of The Gold Coast By Portuguese Navigators, A Short Narration Of Early English Voyages, And A Study Of The Rise Of British Gold Coast Jurisdiction, Etc., Etc.”, 25p§REF§ There was no single shared capital.<br>" }, { "id": 126, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kumase", "polity_cap": { "id": 185, "name": "Kumase", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Ghana", "latitude": "6.69025100", "longitude": "-1.68614660", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kumasi,+Ghana/@6.690251,-1.6861466,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0xfdb93e59a4e4c49:0x829c711d7b65e682!8m2!3d6.6666004!4d-1.6162709", "is_verified": true, "note": "Kumase or Kumasi. Now officially spelled Coomassie." }, "comment": null, "description": " 'Kumase. Now officially spelled Coomassie. The derivation is from kum, to kill, and ase, under, beneath, i.e. ‘under the kill (tree)’, from a large tree under which executions used to take place, when the town was the head-quarters of the Ashanti paramount chief.'§REF§Rattray, R. S. (Robert Sutherland) 1916. “Ashanti Proverbs: (The Primitive Ethics Of A Savage People)”, 92§REF§ 'Kumasi was the political, administrative, religious, and cultural capital of the Asante Union and of Greater Asante. In the 19th century, the culture of Kumasi, with its heterogeneous population including peoples drawn from all over the territories under the Asantehene, Muslims from as far afield as the Maghreb and Mecca, and European visitors from the coast, took a shape distinct from that of the surrounding villages (Bowdich 1819, Freeman 1967 [1898]). Kumasi dwellers believed themselves, and were believed to be, more refined than villagers, and the term kuraseni became one of insult, meaning a “rude” person. The word Kumasisem, meaning “the Kumasi way of life,” was in turn applied to the new settler in Kumasi who outdid the old-timers in exhibiting the Kumasi life-style.' §REF§Arhin, Kwame 1983. “Peasants In 19Th-Century Asante”, 475§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 127, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kumasi", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " 'Kumase. Now officially spelled Coomassie. The derivation is from kum, to kill, and ase, under, beneath, i.e. ‘under the kill (tree)’, from a large tree under which executions used to take place, when the town was the head-quarters of the Ashanti paramount chief.'§REF§Rattray, R. S. (Robert Sutherland) 1916. “Ashanti Proverbs: (The Primitive Ethics Of A Savage People)”, 92§REF§ 'Kumasi was the political, administrative, religious, and cultural capital of the Asante Union and of Greater Asante. In the 19th century, the culture of Kumasi, with its heterogeneous population including peoples drawn from all over the territories under the Asantehene, Muslims from as far afield as the Maghreb and Mecca, and European visitors from the coast, took a shape distinct from that of the surrounding villages (Bowdich 1819, Freeman 1967 [1898]). Kumasi dwellers believed themselves, and were believed to be, more refined than villagers, and the term kuraseni became one of insult, meaning a “rude” person. The word Kumasisem, meaning “the Kumasi way of life,” was in turn applied to the new settler in Kumasi who outdid the old-timers in exhibiting the Kumasi life-style.' §REF§Arhin, Kwame 1983. “Peasants In 19Th-Century Asante”, 475§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 128, "polity": { "id": 67, "name": "gr_crete_archaic", "long_name": "Archaic Crete", "start_year": -710, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Crete is divided into territorial entities each one centered upon a city that served as the main political and economic center of its region. The most important city-stateswere these of Knossos, probably the largest urban centre of the period, Axos, Krousonas, Phaistos, Gortys, Lyktos, Arkades, Prinias, and Eltyna in central Crete, Lato, Dreros and Praisos in east Crete, and Aptera and Kydonia in the west. None of these centers thought was seat of a political authority that controlled the island." }, { "id": 129, "polity": { "id": 68, "name": "gr_crete_classical", "long_name": "Classical Crete", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -323 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "absent", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " Crete is the core territory of the Classical city-states and state-federations. The most important city-states of the period were these of Knossos, Gortys, Kydonia and Lyttos. Around these cities, a number of fragile unions of smaller cities was formed. None of these centers thought was seat of a political authority that controlled the island." }, { "id": 130, "polity": { "id": 74, "name": "gr_crete_emirate", "long_name": "The Emirate of Crete", "start_year": 824, "end_year": 961 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Khandax", "polity_cap": { "id": 187, "name": "Khandax", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Greece", "latitude": "35.32205020", "longitude": "25.11756120", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Heraklion,+Greece/@35.3220502,25.1175612,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x149a586bd068e13f:0x400bd2ce2b9b6f0!8m2!3d35.3387352!4d25.1442126", "is_verified": true, "note": "Mordern-day city of Heraklion." }, "comment": null, "description": " The capital of the Emirate was Khandax, the modern city of Heraklion." }, { "id": 131, "polity": { "id": 65, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_2", "long_name": "Final Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Settlements are small and isolated without any settlement network or clustering being identifiable except in very few cases where certain settlements were developed into central places for small regional clusters. §REF§Driessen, J. and Frankel, D. 2012.\"Minds and mines: settlement networks and the diachronic use of space on Cyprus and Crete,\" in Cadogan, G.,Iacovou, M., Kopaka, K. and Whitley, J. (eds), <i>Parallel Lives: Ancient Island Societies in Crete and Cyprus</i> (BSA Studies 20), London, 76-7.§REF§" }, { "id": 132, "polity": { "id": 66, "name": "gr_crete_geometric", "long_name": "Geometric Crete", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 133, "polity": { "id": 69, "name": "gr_crete_hellenistic", "long_name": "Hellenistic Crete", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -69 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Crete is the core territory of the Hellenistic city-states and state-federations. The most important city-states of the period were these of Knossos, Gortys, Kydonia and Lyttos. Around these cities, a number of fragile unions of smaller cities was formed. None of these centers thought was seat of a political authority that controlled the island. §REF§Chaniotis, A. 1897. \"Κλασική και Ελληνιστική Κρήτη,\" in Panagiotakis, N. (ed.), <i>Κρήτη: Ιστορία και Πολιτισμός</i>, Heraklion, 236-46.§REF§" }, { "id": 134, "polity": { "id": 63, "name": "gr_crete_mono_palace", "long_name": "Monopalatial Crete", "start_year": -1450, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Knossos", "polity_cap": { "id": 188, "name": "Knossos", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Greece", "latitude": "35.29947710", "longitude": "25.15946410", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Knossos+714+09,+Griechenland/@35.2994771,25.1594641,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x149a591702f72bc7:0xa00bd2f74c28630!8m2!3d35.2984804!4d25.1595555", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Archaeological and epigraphic evidence shows that Knossos was the seat of a political authority controlling most of the island. To use the worlds of M. Popham \"Close control over much of the island was being exercised, in part throughout a centralized bureaucracy which recorded contributions in produce, flocks of animals, localized labour forces, manufactured goods and stores of military equipment and their owners, the last indicating the build-up of considerable part in weapons and chariotry. Perhaps it was fear of this potential threat which led some other powerful state to extinguish the danger and to pillage and burn the Palace at Knossos along with its surrounding mansions.\" §REF§Popham, M. R. 1994. \"Late Minoan II to the end of the Bronze Age,\" in Evely, D., Hughes-Brock, H., and Momigliano, N. (eds), Knossos. A Labyrinth of History. Papers in Honour of Sinclair Hood, London, 89-102§REF§ §REF§see also Bennet, J. 1988. \"Outside in the distance: problems in understanding the economic geography of Mycenaean palatial territories,\" in Olivier, J.-P. and Palaima, T. G. (eds), Text, Tablets and Scribes. Studies in Mycenaean Epigraphy and Economy Offered to Emmett L. Bennett, Jr. (Minos Suppl. 10), Salamanga, 19-42§REF§ §REF§Bennet, J. 1990. \"Knossos in context: comparative perspectives on the Linear B administration of LM II-III Crete,\" American Journal of Archaeology 94, 193-211.§REF§" }, { "id": 135, "polity": { "id": 59, "name": "gr_crete_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Crete", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 136, "polity": { "id": 62, "name": "gr_crete_new_palace", "long_name": "New Palace Crete", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Neopalatial Crete is divided into territorial entities centered upon large urban centers that served as the main political and economic centers of their region; these are Kastelli-Chania in West Crete, Knossos, Hagia Triada (and Phaistos), and Galatas in Central Crete, Malia in East-central Crete, and Gournia, Petras and Zakros in East Crete. §REF§See the various contributions in Driessen, J. Schope, I. and Laffineur, R. 2002. <i>Monuments of Minons. Rethinking the Minoan Palaces</i> (<i>Aegaeum 23</i>), Liège§REF§ §REF§Christakis, K.S. 2008. <i>The Politics of Storage. Storage and Sociopolitical Complexity in Neopalatial Crete</i> (<i>Prehistory Monographs</i> 25), Philadelphia, 2-7§REF§ §REF§Bevan, A. 2010. \"Political geography and palatial Crete,\" <i>Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology</i> 23, 27-54.§REF§ The high degree of homogeneity characterizing the material culture of the period has been interpreted as indicative of a large, island-wide integrating political structure - that was argued to be Knossos - with dependent political centers emulating the \"capital.\" §REF§e.g. Wiener, M. W. 2007. \"Neopalatial Knossos: rule and role,\" in Betancourt, P.P., Nelson, M. C., Williams, H. (eds), <i>Krinoi kai Limenes. Studies in Honor of Joseph and Maria Shaw</i> (<i>Prehistory Monographs</i> 22), Philadlphia 231-42.§REF§ Recent studies, however, have shown that the evidence, on which the theory of the assumed Knossian hegemony was based, is insecure. §REF§Schoep, I. 2002. \" The state of the Minoan palaces or the Minoan palace-state?,\" in Driessen, J., Schoep, I., and Laffineur, R. (eds), <i>Monuments of Minos. Rethinking the Minoan Palaces. Proceedings of the International Workshop “Crete of the Hundred Palaces?” Held at the Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 14-15 December 2001</i> (<i>Aegeaum</i> 23), Liège, 15-33.§REF§ Knossos was the most important cultural and ideological centre of Crete, but not its administrative “capital”." }, { "id": 137, "polity": { "id": 61, "name": "gr_crete_old_palace", "long_name": "Old Palace Crete", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " The major urban centers of the period, seats of political authorities controlling the surrounding region, are Phaistos in south-central Crete, Knossos in north-central Crete, Malia, in the north area of east-central Crete, and Petras in east Crete. They create a complex and still not fully understood sociopolitical setting. §REF§e.g. Cherry, J. F. 1986. “Polities and palaces: some problems in the Minoan state formation,” in Renfrew, C. and Cherry, J. F. (eds), <i>Peer-Polity Interaction and Socio-Political Change</i>, Cambridge, 19-45§REF§ §REF§Cadogan, G. 1994.\"An Old Palace period Knossos state,\" in Evely, D., Hughes-Brock, H., and Momigliano, N. (eds), <i>Knossos. A Labyrinth of History. Papers in Honor of Sinclair Hood</i>, London, 57-68.§REF§ The largest of these centers is Malia, ca. 60 hectares, followed by Knossos, ca. 45 hectares, and Phaistos 15 hectares. None of these centers, however, could be considered as a sort of the island's capital.<br>♠ Language ♣ suspected unknown♥Information of the spoken and written language of Bronze Age Cretans during the Protopalatial period is scant due to the limited number of written documents. §REF§Tomas, H. 2010. \"Cretan hieroglyphic and Linear A,\" in Cline, E.H. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC), Oxford, 340-55§REF§ §REF§Boulotis, C. 2008. \"The art of Cretan writing,\" in Andreadaki-Vlazaki, M., Rethemiotakis, G., and Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki, N. (eds), <i>From the Land of the Labyrinth. Minoan Crete, 3000-1100 B.C.</i>, New York, 67-78.§REF§ The few preserved documents were written in Cretan Hieroglyphic and Linear A script (Linear A was introduced at the end of the Protopalatial period at Knossos and Phaistos) are still undeciphered. What language was recorded in these documents is unknown." }, { "id": 138, "polity": { "id": 64, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_1", "long_name": "Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Regional centers, once secondary capitals under the Knossian control, regain a degree of independence and become the seats of political authorities. Kydonia (Chania), in west Crete, seems to have been a centre of significant importance during Late Minoan IIIB (1300-1200 BCE). Tablets written in Linear B script and inscribed locally produced stirrup jars used to transport aromatic oils points to a central administration. §REF§Hallager, E., Vlazakis, M., and Hallager, B. 1992. \"New Linear B tablets from Khania,\" <i>Kadmos</i> 31, 61-87§REF§ §REF§Palaima, T. G. 1995. \"Ten reasons why KH115 ≠ KN115,\" <i>Minos</i> 27-28, 261-81§REF§ §REF§Haskell, H. W., Jones, R. E., Day, P. M., Killen, J. T. 2011. <i>Transport Stirrup Jars of the Bronze Age Aegean and East Mediterranean</i> (Prehistory Monographs 33), 119-20, 126-27, 131.§REF§ There is no evidence, however, to argue that Kydonia was the seat of a central political authority controlling Crete." }, { "id": 139, "polity": { "id": 60, "name": "gr_crete_pre_palace", "long_name": "Prepalatial Crete", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 140, "polity": { "id": 17, "name": "us_hawaii_1", "long_name": "Hawaii I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Inferred§REF§Kirch, P. V. 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i. Berkeley: University of California Press.§REF§ There was no developed urbanism§REF§Kirch, P. V. 2000. On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pg. 300.§REF§." }, { "id": 141, "polity": { "id": 18, "name": "us_hawaii_2", "long_name": "Hawaii II", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Chiefs/kings had no true 'capital'. Although there were 'royal centers', there were no true urban areas, nor was there any one place that a chief would spend most of his time." }, { "id": 142, "polity": { "id": 19, "name": "us_hawaii_3", "long_name": "Hawaii III", "start_year": 1580, "end_year": 1778 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kona District", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " 'Umi-a-Līlōa (reigned c. 1580-1590) 'moved the royal seat from its traditional base in Waipi'o Valley to Kona District on the leeward side'.§REF§(Kirch 2010, 82, 103) Patrick Vinton Kirch. 2010. <i>How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai'i</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 143, "polity": { "id": 153, "name": "id_iban_1", "long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke", "start_year": 1650, "end_year": 1841 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " The Iban claim to originate in the Kapuas Basin, but had established themselves in Sarawak by the 19th century: 'The Iban trace their origins to the Kapuas Lake region of Kalimantan. With a growing population creating pressures on limited amounts of productive land, the Iban fought members of other tribes aggressively, practicing headhunting and slavery. Enslavement of captives contributed to the necessity to move into new areas. By the middle of the 19th century, they were well established in the First and Second Divisions, and a few had pioneered the vast Rejang River valley. Reacting to the establishment of the Brooke Raj in Sarawak in 1841, thousands of Iban migrated to the middle and upper regions of the Rejang, and by the last quarter of the century had entered all remaining Divisions.' §REF§Sutlive, Vinson H. Jr. and Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Iban§REF§ Sarawak was nominally controlled by the sultanate of Brunei before being ceded to the White Rajahs: 'Sarawak became the southern province of the sultanate of Brunei when the Majapahit empire of Java declined in the 15th century. James Brooke, an English adventurer and a former military officer of the East India Company, visited the territory in 1839 and aided the sultan in suppressing a revolt. As a reward for his services, Brooke was installed (1841) as raja of Sarawak over the sector from Tanjung Datu to the Batang (River) Samarahan; there he endeavoured to suppress piracy and headhunting.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Sarawak-state-Malaysia\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Sarawak-state-Malaysia</a>§REF§ 'British interests, particularly in the north and west, diminished that of the Dutch. The Brunei sultanate was an Islāmic kingdom that at one time had controlled the whole island but by the 19th century ruled only in the north and northwest. Sarawak was split away on the southwest, becoming an independent kingdom and then a British colony' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Borneo-island-Pacific-Ocean\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Borneo-island-Pacific-Ocean</a>§REF§ 'At Singapore (founded 20 years earlier by Sir Stamford Raffles), Brooke learned that Pengiran Muda Hassim, chief minister of the sultanate of Brunei, was engaged in war with several rebel Iban (Sea Dayak) tribes in neighbouring Sarawak, nominally under Brunei control. The rebellion was crushed with Brooke’s aid, and as a reward for his services the title of raja of Sarawak was conferred upon him in 1841, confirmed in perpetuity by the sultan of Brunei in 1846. For the next 17 years Brooke and a handful of English assistants made expeditions into the interior of Sarawak, partially suppressed the prevalence of headhunting, and established a secure government.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Brooke-Raj\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Brooke-Raj</a>§REF§ The Iban themselves were not organized around a capital, instead being dispersed into independent communities: 'Each longhouse, as each BILEK, is an autonomous unit. Traditionally the core of each house was a group of descendants of the founders. Houses near one another on the same river or in the same region were commonly allied, marrying among themselves, raiding together beyond their territories, and resolving disputes by peaceful means. Regionalism, deriving from these alliances, in which Iban distinguished themselves from other allied groups, persist in modern state politics. Essentially egalitarian, Iban are aware of long-standing status distinctions among themselves of RAJA BERANI (wealthy and brave), MENSI SARIBU (commoners), and ULUN (slaves). Prestige still accrues to descendants of the first status, disdain to descendants of the third.' §REF§Sutlive, Vinson H. Jr. and Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Iban§REF§ 'Prior to the arrival of the British adventurer, James Brooke, there were no permanent leaders, but the affairs of each house were directed by consultations of family leaders. Men of influence included renowned warriors, bards, augurs and other specialists. Brooke, who became Rajah of Sarawak, and his nephew, Charles Johnson, created political positions -- headman (TUAI RUMAH), regional chief (PENGHULU), paramount chief (TEMENGGONG) -- to restructure Iban society for administrative control, especially for purposes of taxation and the suppression of head-hunting. The creation of permanent political positions and the establishment of political parties in the early 1960s have profoundly changed the Iban.' §REF§Sutlive, Vinson H. Jr. and Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Iban§REF§ We have therefore assumed that there was little to no interaction between Iban villages and the towns of the Sultanate, making the identification of a capital unreasonable." }, { "id": 144, "polity": { "id": 154, "name": "id_iban_2", "long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial", "start_year": 1841, "end_year": 1987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kuching", "polity_cap": { "id": 190, "name": "Kuching", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Brunei", "latitude": "1.53213670", "longitude": "110.30483500", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kuching,+Sarawak,+Malaysia/@1.5321367,110.304835,13.01z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x31fb0784258cbf11:0xd37257591ab17e72!2sKuching,+Sarawak,+Malaysia!3b1!8m2!3d1.553504!4d1", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " The White Rajahs resided in Kuching. 'The city was founded in 1839 by James (later Sir James) Brooke, who also founded the Brooke Raj and became ruler of Sarawak. He built the city’s first European-style house on the jungled southern bank of the muddy, crocodile-infested Sarawak River, 15 miles (24 km) from the South China Sea.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Kuching\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Kuching</a>§REF§ 'During the first phase of Sarawak's history, Broke sent numerous punitive expeditions out from Kuching in an attempt to pacify the area. After each successful attempt in lands which belonged to the Sultan of Brunei, Brooke renewed his efforts to be granted dominion over the newly pacified area in exchange for financial remuneration. With each pacification came new Iban migrations. Piece by piece, the Brooke Raj was extended, eating up the territory of Brunei, while the Iban population continued to move in the same general direction, although not as quickly as the government (Figures 1.2 and 1.3).' §REF§Austin, Robert Frederi. 1978. “Iban Migration: Patterns Of Mobility And Employment In The 20Th Century”, 13p§REF§ The Iban population itself was not organized around a capital, and permanent urban migration set in late, temporary labour migration being the norm for the duration of White Rajah rule.<br>" }, { "id": 145, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kediri", "polity_cap": { "id": 191, "name": "Kediri", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Indonesia", "latitude": "-7.84224630", "longitude": "111.94614700", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kediri,+Jawa+Timur,+Indonesien/@-7.8422463,111.946147,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x2e78570dfd6e0647:0x25037b968333d9b2!8m2!3d-7.8480156!4d112.0178286", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Also known as Daha. (<a href=\"https://visitingjava.wordpress.com/2013/10/31/kediri-city-of-cigarette/\">EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: https://visitingjava.wordpress.com/2013/10/31/kediri-city-of-cigarette/ </a>)<br>" }, { "id": 146, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Trowulan", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Cavendish 2007, 1333)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 147, "polity": { "id": 51, "name": "id_mataram_k", "long_name": "Mataram Sultanate", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1755 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kota Gede", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " Kota Gede: 1587-1613; Karta: 1613-1645; Plered 1646-1680; Kartosuro: 1680-1755§REF§(Santosa 2007, 4-10)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 148, "polity": { "id": 51, "name": "id_mataram_k", "long_name": "Mataram Sultanate", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1755 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Karta", "polity_cap": { "id": 195, "name": "Karta", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Java", "latitude": "-7.87165850", "longitude": "109.34141250", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Special+Region+of+Yogyakarta,+Indonesia/@-7.8716585,109.3414125,9z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m8!1m2!2m1!1skarta+palace!3m4!1s0x2e7a5787bd5b6bc5:0x6d1b92b2cac8b3f0!8m2!3d-7.87537", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also Yogayakarta. Capital 1613-1645 CE." }, "comment": null, "description": " Kota Gede: 1587-1613; Karta: 1613-1645; Plered 1646-1680; Kartosuro: 1680-1755§REF§(Santosa 2007, 4-10)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 149, "polity": { "id": 51, "name": "id_mataram_k", "long_name": "Mataram Sultanate", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1755 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Plered", "polity_cap": { "id": 194, "name": "Plered", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Indonesia", "latitude": "-6.64938800", "longitude": "107.34600240", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Plered,+Purwakarta,+Jawa+Barat,+Indonesien/@-6.649388,107.3460024,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x2e690680907c88d3:0x11e73b561d9048fc!8m2!3d-6.6415184!4d107.3906148", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Kota Gede: 1587-1613; Karta: 1613-1645; Plered 1646-1680; Kartosuro: 1680-1755§REF§(Santosa 2007, 4-10)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 150, "polity": { "id": 51, "name": "id_mataram_k", "long_name": "Mataram Sultanate", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1755 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kartosuro", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " Kota Gede: 1587-1613; Karta: 1613-1645; Plered 1646-1680; Kartosuro: 1680-1755§REF§(Santosa 2007, 4-10)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 151, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Mataram", "polity_cap": { "id": 199, "name": "Mataram", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Indonesia", "latitude": "-8.89916970", "longitude": "114.43799600", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Mataram+City,+West+Nusa+Tenggara,+Indonesia/@-8.8991697,114.437996,8z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x2dcdbf591a7f5ec7:0x830b122bdd101dc5!8m2!3d-8.5970808!4d116.1004894", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " The phrase \"Mdaŋ i Bhûmi Matarâm\" found in inscriptions means \"Medang in the land of Mataram\", which means the kingdom name is Medang with its capital in Mataram. §REF§(Muljana 2005, 84)§REF§ The capital was in the mid-ninth century moved to another site in Central Java, Mamrati, and then again around half a century later to Poh Pitu. §REF§(Poesponegoro and Notosusanto 2008, 159)§REF§ When Medang moved to East Java around 929, the capital was placed firstly at Tamwlang for a very short time, and then moved to Watu Galuh. §REF§(Brown 2004, 68)§REF§ It finally moved to Wwatan. §REF§(Boechari 1976, 14)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 152, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Mamrati", "polity_cap": { "id": 200, "name": "Mamrati", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Central Java", "latitude": "-7.31855730", "longitude": "110.10962110", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Temanggung,+Temanggung+Regency,+Central+Java,+Indonesia/@-7.3185573,110.1096211,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x2e7a8f5d736ef381:0xa0645d8ec4966c24!2sMagelang,+Mag", "is_verified": true, "note": "Exact location is unknown but may have been in the Kedu Plain, somewhere around the modern Magelang or Temanggung regencies. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom) Have marked location as Temanggung." }, "comment": null, "description": " The phrase \"Mdaŋ i Bhûmi Matarâm\" found in inscriptions means \"Medang in the land of Mataram\", which means the kingdom name is Medang with its capital in Mataram. §REF§(Muljana 2005, 84)§REF§ The capital was in the mid-ninth century moved to another site in Central Java, Mamrati, and then again around half a century later to Poh Pitu. §REF§(Poesponegoro and Notosusanto 2008, 159)§REF§ When Medang moved to East Java around 929, the capital was placed firstly at Tamwlang for a very short time, and then moved to Watu Galuh. §REF§(Brown 2004, 68)§REF§ It finally moved to Wwatan. §REF§(Boechari 1976, 14)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 153, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Poh Pitu", "polity_cap": { "id": 197, "name": "Poh Pitu", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Central Java", "latitude": "-7.47301100", "longitude": "110.20001490", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Magelang,+Magelang+City,+Central+Java,+Indonesia/@-7.473011,110.2000149,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x2e7a8f5d736ef381:0xa0645d8ec4966c24!8m2!3d-7.4797342!4d110.21769", "is_verified": true, "note": "The capital was in the mid-ninth century moved to another site in Central Java, Mamrati, and then again around half a century later to Poh Pitu. (Poesponegoro and Notosusanto 2008: 159) Exact location is unknown but may have been in the Kedu Plain, somewhere around the modern Magelang or Temanggung regencies. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom) Marked location as Megelang." }, "comment": null, "description": " The phrase \"Mdaŋ i Bhûmi Matarâm\" found in inscriptions means \"Medang in the land of Mataram\", which means the kingdom name is Medang with its capital in Mataram. §REF§(Muljana 2005, 84)§REF§ The capital was in the mid-ninth century moved to another site in Central Java, Mamrati, and then again around half a century later to Poh Pitu. §REF§(Poesponegoro and Notosusanto 2008, 159)§REF§ When Medang moved to East Java around 929, the capital was placed firstly at Tamwlang for a very short time, and then moved to Watu Galuh. §REF§(Brown 2004, 68)§REF§ It finally moved to Wwatan. §REF§(Boechari 1976, 14)§REF§<br>" } ] }