Polity Capital List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Capitals.
GET /api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 629, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Shangdu", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " Capital at Dadu (modern Beijing).§REF§(Lorge 2005, 79)§REF§ Shangdu was a summer capital.§REF§(Lorge 2005, 99)§REF§" }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 435, "name": "co_neguanje", "long_name": "Neguanje", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 1050 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "suspected unknown", "polity_cap": { "id": 224, "name": "Unknown", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Pakistan", "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "\"The evidence suggests that the Neguanje occupation was focused on Cinto, the most fertile bay, implying at the very least some interest in agriculture. [...] In the regional survey there was no occupation evidence found for the period in the bay where the mound was excavated. This does not imply an abandonment of the bay, but rather, that the capacity of the individuals or special factions did not translate into the ability to attract populations. The leadership of individuals or special factions was not associated with central places or settlement hierarchies, at least in the study area.\" §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 117)§REF§ That is valid only for the zone surveyed by Langebaek, which consists of the Bays of Santa Marta. The Neguanje burial mound, from which a lot of information was extracted, does not correspond to the biggest settlement (Cinto).\"Starting in the 6th Century A.D. it is possible to notice changes in the manner in which the bays were occupied. Cinto Bay was no longer as attractive, at the same time that the other bays became proportionately more important. This does not mean agricultural activities diminished in importance after the Neguanje Period. The increasingly more intense occupation on the flanks of the Sierra Nevada, associated with agricultural activity, at the end of the Neguanje Period is worth considering. Nevertheless, this does not mean that the bays were able to sustain fewer people.\" §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 117-9)§REF§" }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Ciudad Perdida", "polity_cap": { "id": 164, "name": "Ciudad Perdida", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Columbia", "latitude": "11.07579900", "longitude": "-73.99360270", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ciudad+Perdida/@11.075799,-73.9936027,11.86z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1sCiudad+Perdida!3m5!1s0x8ef4e7c7c3e621ef:0x9e65346a889bc2a7!8m2!3d11.0374551!4d-73.9252126!15sCg5DaXVk", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " {Ciudad Perdida; Pueblito; Pocigueica; Bonda; Taironaca} \"Based on current evidence, these primary centers shared cultural styles but retained political independence; for example, there was no single “capital” of the Muisca, Tierradentro, San Agustin/Alto Magdalena, or Tairona chiefdoms.\" §REF§(Moore 2014, 386)§REF§<br>\"Several urban clusters have been found in the upper Buritaca that consist of collections of terrace groups, making it difficult to determine where a site begins and ends. Deep valleys cut one part of a settlement from another. The largest of the sites is Ciudad Perdida, built between 1,100-1,200 masl.\" §REF§(Oyuela-Caycedo 2008, 419)§REF§ Ciudad Perdida in the Upper Buritaca region.<br>\"These figures fit well with the archaeological evidence from coastal and from highland regions for the existence of a three-level hierarchy of sites (Serje 1987; Oyuela Caycedo 1987b) in which the larger ones, such as Pueblito, have some 1,000 structures (Reichel-Dolmatoff 1954a: 161; 1954b; G. Reichel-Dolmatoff and A. Reichel-Dolmatoff 1955).Major towns, such as Bonda and Pocigueica, were governed by chiefs (caciques) and seem to have formed the nuclei of incipient states.\" §REF§(Bray 2003, 301)§REF§<br>In a discussion about possible major settlements in earlier periods: \"First, the conquerors never described the presence of large villages that had ample territorial control, as is the case for Bonda, Pocigueica, and Taironaca to provide a few of the best-known examples (Reichel-Dolmatoff 1951). Fray Pedro de Aguado (/1581/ 1906, 5:69) describes the '...towns of Concha and Ancones, where Jagua and Jairada, and Guachaca, and Nando, and Naguanje are, towns of principal lords, river ports and Ocean ports'. This reference would support the idea of communities of similar prestige, 'towns of principal lords', none of which would have preeminence over the others.\" §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 71-79)§REF§<br>\"According to Groot (1985), and Cadavid and Groot (1987), the levels of architectural elaboration found at Ciudad Perdida vis-a-vis the other 25 settlements found in a 7 kilometer radius indicated that it was the center of political, social, and economic authority in the upper Buritaca river basin. They also suggest that Ciudad Perdida was home to an elite population comprised of civil and religious leaders, warriors, and specialists, with agricultural production concentrated in these satellite settlements (Groot 1985: 96). Though, their arguments are still unconfirmed and further research in these outlying settlements is still necessary, they did recognize in its fabric and texture, in the disposition of its buildings, paved pathways and staircases a number of characteristically urban qualities.\" §REF§(Giraldo 2010, 23)§REF§" }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Pueblito", "polity_cap": { "id": 167, "name": "Pueblito", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Columbia", "latitude": "11.31932970", "longitude": "-74.00822800", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pueblito,+Santa+Marta,+Magdalena,+Colombia/@11.3193297,-74.008228,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m9!1m2!2m1!1spueblito!3m5!1s0x8ef493b010b4b383:0x37b814023c25bd52!8m2!3d11.319290", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " {Ciudad Perdida; Pueblito; Pocigueica; Bonda; Taironaca} \"Based on current evidence, these primary centers shared cultural styles but retained political independence; for example, there was no single “capital” of the Muisca, Tierradentro, San Agustin/Alto Magdalena, or Tairona chiefdoms.\" §REF§(Moore 2014, 386)§REF§<br>\"Several urban clusters have been found in the upper Buritaca that consist of collections of terrace groups, making it difficult to determine where a site begins and ends. Deep valleys cut one part of a settlement from another. The largest of the sites is Ciudad Perdida, built between 1,100-1,200 masl.\" §REF§(Oyuela-Caycedo 2008, 419)§REF§ Ciudad Perdida in the Upper Buritaca region.<br>\"These figures fit well with the archaeological evidence from coastal and from highland regions for the existence of a three-level hierarchy of sites (Serje 1987; Oyuela Caycedo 1987b) in which the larger ones, such as Pueblito, have some 1,000 structures (Reichel-Dolmatoff 1954a: 161; 1954b; G. Reichel-Dolmatoff and A. Reichel-Dolmatoff 1955).Major towns, such as Bonda and Pocigueica, were governed by chiefs (caciques) and seem to have formed the nuclei of incipient states.\" §REF§(Bray 2003, 301)§REF§<br>In a discussion about possible major settlements in earlier periods: \"First, the conquerors never described the presence of large villages that had ample territorial control, as is the case for Bonda, Pocigueica, and Taironaca to provide a few of the best-known examples (Reichel-Dolmatoff 1951). Fray Pedro de Aguado (/1581/ 1906, 5:69) describes the '...towns of Concha and Ancones, where Jagua and Jairada, and Guachaca, and Nando, and Naguanje are, towns of principal lords, river ports and Ocean ports'. This reference would support the idea of communities of similar prestige, 'towns of principal lords', none of which would have preeminence over the others.\" §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 71-79)§REF§<br>\"According to Groot (1985), and Cadavid and Groot (1987), the levels of architectural elaboration found at Ciudad Perdida vis-a-vis the other 25 settlements found in a 7 kilometer radius indicated that it was the center of political, social, and economic authority in the upper Buritaca river basin. They also suggest that Ciudad Perdida was home to an elite population comprised of civil and religious leaders, warriors, and specialists, with agricultural production concentrated in these satellite settlements (Groot 1985: 96). Though, their arguments are still unconfirmed and further research in these outlying settlements is still necessary, they did recognize in its fabric and texture, in the disposition of its buildings, paved pathways and staircases a number of characteristically urban qualities.\" §REF§(Giraldo 2010, 23)§REF§" }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Pocigueica", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " {Ciudad Perdida; Pueblito; Pocigueica; Bonda; Taironaca} \"Based on current evidence, these primary centers shared cultural styles but retained political independence; for example, there was no single “capital” of the Muisca, Tierradentro, San Agustin/Alto Magdalena, or Tairona chiefdoms.\" §REF§(Moore 2014, 386)§REF§<br>\"Several urban clusters have been found in the upper Buritaca that consist of collections of terrace groups, making it difficult to determine where a site begins and ends. Deep valleys cut one part of a settlement from another. The largest of the sites is Ciudad Perdida, built between 1,100-1,200 masl.\" §REF§(Oyuela-Caycedo 2008, 419)§REF§ Ciudad Perdida in the Upper Buritaca region.<br>\"These figures fit well with the archaeological evidence from coastal and from highland regions for the existence of a three-level hierarchy of sites (Serje 1987; Oyuela Caycedo 1987b) in which the larger ones, such as Pueblito, have some 1,000 structures (Reichel-Dolmatoff 1954a: 161; 1954b; G. Reichel-Dolmatoff and A. Reichel-Dolmatoff 1955).Major towns, such as Bonda and Pocigueica, were governed by chiefs (caciques) and seem to have formed the nuclei of incipient states.\" §REF§(Bray 2003, 301)§REF§<br>In a discussion about possible major settlements in earlier periods: \"First, the conquerors never described the presence of large villages that had ample territorial control, as is the case for Bonda, Pocigueica, and Taironaca to provide a few of the best-known examples (Reichel-Dolmatoff 1951). Fray Pedro de Aguado (/1581/ 1906, 5:69) describes the '...towns of Concha and Ancones, where Jagua and Jairada, and Guachaca, and Nando, and Naguanje are, towns of principal lords, river ports and Ocean ports'. This reference would support the idea of communities of similar prestige, 'towns of principal lords', none of which would have preeminence over the others.\" §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 71-79)§REF§<br>\"According to Groot (1985), and Cadavid and Groot (1987), the levels of architectural elaboration found at Ciudad Perdida vis-a-vis the other 25 settlements found in a 7 kilometer radius indicated that it was the center of political, social, and economic authority in the upper Buritaca river basin. They also suggest that Ciudad Perdida was home to an elite population comprised of civil and religious leaders, warriors, and specialists, with agricultural production concentrated in these satellite settlements (Groot 1985: 96). Though, their arguments are still unconfirmed and further research in these outlying settlements is still necessary, they did recognize in its fabric and texture, in the disposition of its buildings, paved pathways and staircases a number of characteristically urban qualities.\" §REF§(Giraldo 2010, 23)§REF§" }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Bonda", "polity_cap": { "id": 166, "name": "Bonda", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Columbia", "latitude": "11.23367950", "longitude": "-74.12929580", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bonda,+Santa+Marta,+Magdalena,+Colombia/@11.2336795,-74.1292958,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x8ef4f37b911cd4ab:0xa5164b5b7c0f375b!8m2!3d11.2336649!4d-74.1249168", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " {Ciudad Perdida; Pueblito; Pocigueica; Bonda; Taironaca} \"Based on current evidence, these primary centers shared cultural styles but retained political independence; for example, there was no single “capital” of the Muisca, Tierradentro, San Agustin/Alto Magdalena, or Tairona chiefdoms.\" §REF§(Moore 2014, 386)§REF§<br>\"Several urban clusters have been found in the upper Buritaca that consist of collections of terrace groups, making it difficult to determine where a site begins and ends. Deep valleys cut one part of a settlement from another. The largest of the sites is Ciudad Perdida, built between 1,100-1,200 masl.\" §REF§(Oyuela-Caycedo 2008, 419)§REF§ Ciudad Perdida in the Upper Buritaca region.<br>\"These figures fit well with the archaeological evidence from coastal and from highland regions for the existence of a three-level hierarchy of sites (Serje 1987; Oyuela Caycedo 1987b) in which the larger ones, such as Pueblito, have some 1,000 structures (Reichel-Dolmatoff 1954a: 161; 1954b; G. Reichel-Dolmatoff and A. Reichel-Dolmatoff 1955).Major towns, such as Bonda and Pocigueica, were governed by chiefs (caciques) and seem to have formed the nuclei of incipient states.\" §REF§(Bray 2003, 301)§REF§<br>In a discussion about possible major settlements in earlier periods: \"First, the conquerors never described the presence of large villages that had ample territorial control, as is the case for Bonda, Pocigueica, and Taironaca to provide a few of the best-known examples (Reichel-Dolmatoff 1951). Fray Pedro de Aguado (/1581/ 1906, 5:69) describes the '...towns of Concha and Ancones, where Jagua and Jairada, and Guachaca, and Nando, and Naguanje are, towns of principal lords, river ports and Ocean ports'. This reference would support the idea of communities of similar prestige, 'towns of principal lords', none of which would have preeminence over the others.\" §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 71-79)§REF§<br>\"According to Groot (1985), and Cadavid and Groot (1987), the levels of architectural elaboration found at Ciudad Perdida vis-a-vis the other 25 settlements found in a 7 kilometer radius indicated that it was the center of political, social, and economic authority in the upper Buritaca river basin. They also suggest that Ciudad Perdida was home to an elite population comprised of civil and religious leaders, warriors, and specialists, with agricultural production concentrated in these satellite settlements (Groot 1985: 96). Though, their arguments are still unconfirmed and further research in these outlying settlements is still necessary, they did recognize in its fabric and texture, in the disposition of its buildings, paved pathways and staircases a number of characteristically urban qualities.\" §REF§(Giraldo 2010, 23)§REF§" }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 436, "name": "co_tairona", "long_name": "Tairona", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1524 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Taironaca", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " {Ciudad Perdida; Pueblito; Pocigueica; Bonda; Taironaca} \"Based on current evidence, these primary centers shared cultural styles but retained political independence; for example, there was no single “capital” of the Muisca, Tierradentro, San Agustin/Alto Magdalena, or Tairona chiefdoms.\" §REF§(Moore 2014, 386)§REF§<br>\"Several urban clusters have been found in the upper Buritaca that consist of collections of terrace groups, making it difficult to determine where a site begins and ends. Deep valleys cut one part of a settlement from another. The largest of the sites is Ciudad Perdida, built between 1,100-1,200 masl.\" §REF§(Oyuela-Caycedo 2008, 419)§REF§ Ciudad Perdida in the Upper Buritaca region.<br>\"These figures fit well with the archaeological evidence from coastal and from highland regions for the existence of a three-level hierarchy of sites (Serje 1987; Oyuela Caycedo 1987b) in which the larger ones, such as Pueblito, have some 1,000 structures (Reichel-Dolmatoff 1954a: 161; 1954b; G. Reichel-Dolmatoff and A. Reichel-Dolmatoff 1955).Major towns, such as Bonda and Pocigueica, were governed by chiefs (caciques) and seem to have formed the nuclei of incipient states.\" §REF§(Bray 2003, 301)§REF§<br>In a discussion about possible major settlements in earlier periods: \"First, the conquerors never described the presence of large villages that had ample territorial control, as is the case for Bonda, Pocigueica, and Taironaca to provide a few of the best-known examples (Reichel-Dolmatoff 1951). Fray Pedro de Aguado (/1581/ 1906, 5:69) describes the '...towns of Concha and Ancones, where Jagua and Jairada, and Guachaca, and Nando, and Naguanje are, towns of principal lords, river ports and Ocean ports'. This reference would support the idea of communities of similar prestige, 'towns of principal lords', none of which would have preeminence over the others.\" §REF§(Langebaek 2005, 71-79)§REF§<br>\"According to Groot (1985), and Cadavid and Groot (1987), the levels of architectural elaboration found at Ciudad Perdida vis-a-vis the other 25 settlements found in a 7 kilometer radius indicated that it was the center of political, social, and economic authority in the upper Buritaca river basin. They also suggest that Ciudad Perdida was home to an elite population comprised of civil and religious leaders, warriors, and specialists, with agricultural production concentrated in these satellite settlements (Groot 1985: 96). Though, their arguments are still unconfirmed and further research in these outlying settlements is still necessary, they did recognize in its fabric and texture, in the disposition of its buildings, paved pathways and staircases a number of characteristically urban qualities.\" §REF§(Giraldo 2010, 23)§REF§" }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 196, "name": "ec_shuar_1", "long_name": "Shuar - Colonial", "start_year": 1534, "end_year": 1830 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Quito", "polity_cap": { "id": 169, "name": "Quito", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Ecuador", "latitude": "-0.18625040", "longitude": "-78.57062490", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Quito,+Ecuador/@-0.1862504,-78.5706249,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x91d59a4002427c9f:0x44b991e158ef5572!8m2!3d-0.1806532!4d-78.4678382", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Quito: 1534-1599 CE; none: 1600-1830 CE While initially subject to Spanish colonial incursions, the Shuar tribes later resisted successfully: 'The first reported white penetration of Jivaro territory was made in 1549 by a Spanish expedition under Hernando de Benavente. Later expeditions of colonists and soldiers soon followed. These newcomers traded with the Jivaro, made peace pacts with them, and soon began to exploit the gold found in alluvial or glacial deposits in the region. Eventually the Spaniards were able to obtain the co-operation of some of the Indians in working the gold deposits, but others remained hostile, killing many of the colonists and soldiers at every opportunity. Under the subjection of the Spaniards, the Jivaro were required to pay tribute in gold dust; a demand that increased yearly. Finally, in 1599, the Jivaro rebelled en masse, killing many thousands of Spaniards in the process and driving them from the region. After 1599, until nearly the middle of the nineteenth century, Jivaro-European relations remained intermittent and mostly hostile. A few missionary and military expeditions entered the region from the Andean highlands, but these frequently ended in disaster and no permanent colonization ever resulted. One of the few \"friendly\" gestures reported for the tribe during this time occurred in 1767, when they gave a Spanish missionizing expedition \"gifts\", which included the skulls of Spaniards who had apparently been killed earlier by the Jivaro (Harner, 1953: 26). Thus it seems that the Jivaros are the only tribe known to have successfully revolted against the Spanish Empire and to have been able to thwart all subsequent attempts by the Spaniards to conquer them. They have withstood armies of gold seeking Inkas as well as Spaniards, and defied the bravado of the early conquistadors.' §REF§Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Jivaro§REF§ The Spanish colonial administration resided in Quito: 'During much of the colonial period, what is now Ecuador was under the direct jurisdiction of the law court (audiencia) of Quito and ultimately under the rule of the Spanish crown. Spanish culture was spread primarily by religious orders and male Spanish colonists. In the Sierra, the Spaniards established a colony of large estates worked by Indian peons. Settlements included semiautonomous Indian villages and Spanish and mestizo administrative and religious centres such as Quito, Ambato, and Cuenca. The making of rough textiles in primitive sweatshops was the only industry. The development of Roman Catholic religious establishments provided for the flowering of Baroque architecture, sculpture in wood and stone, painting, music, and other arts and crafts. In the tropical Costa, much of the population died as a result of introduced diseases, and the area remained unhealthy until the advent of modern medicine. As a result, the coast was somewhat neglected during the colonial period, although there was some shipbuilding and exporting of cacao (as cocoa beans) from the port of Guayaquil. The small coastal population of slaves, free blacks, and mixed ethnicities, with plenty of vacant land and less coercion of labour, developed a culture very different from that of the Sierra. In the Oriente, the region on the eastern slopes between the Andes and the headwaters of the Amazon, large populations of Shuar and other indigenous people successfully repelled European invaders; however, Jesuits and other missionaries were able to spread both Christianity and the Quichua language. The Spaniards used Quichua as a language of evangelization-at one period missionaries were required to know the language-and continued to spread it orally by means of Quichua speakers who travelled with them in further conquests. The country’s fourth major subdivision, the Galapagos Islands, were little more than pirate nests during the colonial period. They were to achieve world fame in the 19th century, because it was there that Charles Darwin made a major portion of the observations that led to his theories on evolution and his On the Origin of Species. The people of Quito, the Ecuadoran capital, claim that it was the scene of the first Ecuadoran patriot uprising against Spanish rule (1809). Invading from Colombia in 1822, the armies of Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre came to the aid of Ecuadoran rebels, and on May 24 Sucre won the decisive Battle of Pichincha on a mountain slope near Quito, thus assuring Ecuadoran independence.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Ecuador/Cultural-life#toc25823\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Ecuador/Cultural-life#toc25823</a>§REF§ The Shuar population was not organized around a capital. Quito therefore serves as a provisional code reflecting the presence of Spanish colonial forces in what is now Ecuador.<br>" }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 197, "name": "ec_shuar_2", "long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian", "start_year": 1831, "end_year": 1931 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Ecuador was governed from Quito: 'Quito, in full Villa de San Francisco de Quito, of Ecuador. It is situated on the lower slopes of the volcano Pichincha, which last erupted in 1666, in a narrow Andean valley at an elevation of 9,350 feet (2,850 metres), just south of the Equator. The oldest of all South American capitals, Quito is notable for its well-preserved old town, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978. The area was a market centre and political frontier before its conquest by the Inca empire, which led to its fortification as an Inca settlement. Sebastián de Belalcázar, a lieutenant of the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, occupied the city on December 6, 1534, and declared a municipal government (cabildo). (Founder’s Day, December 6, is marked with a weeklong celebration.) Quito remained the focal point of national affairs-political, social, and economic-until the early 20th century, when economic dominance shifted to Guayaquil.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Quito\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Quito</a>§REF§ 'The people of Quito, the Ecuadoran capital, claim that it was the scene of the first Ecuadoran patriot uprising against Spanish rule (1809). Invading from Colombia in 1822, the armies of Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre came to the aid of Ecuadoran rebels, and on May 24 Sucre won the decisive Battle of Pichincha on a mountain slope near Quito, thus assuring Ecuadoran independence.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Ecuador/Cultural-life#toc25824\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Ecuador/Cultural-life#toc25824</a>§REF§ The Shuar population was not organized around a capital, and bureaucratic penetration of Jivaro territory was slow during the colonial period. We have therefore opted not to include Quito in the code." }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 367, "name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate", "long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate", "start_year": 1171, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Cairo", "polity_cap": { "id": 29, "name": "Cairo", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "30.05955810", "longitude": "31.22344480", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kairo,+Gouvernement+Al-Qahira,+%C3%84gypten/@30.0595581,31.2234448,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x14583fa60b21beeb:0x79dfb296e8423bba!8m2!3d30.0444196!4d31.2357116", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Salibi 2003, 8)§REF§§REF§(Raymond 2000, 80)§REF§" }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 510, "name": "eg_badarian", "long_name": "Badarian", "start_year": -4400, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " There are no capital in Neolitchic, semi-nomadic cultures like Badari.<br>" }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 514, "name": "eg_dynasty_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty I", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Memphis", "polity_cap": { "id": 30, "name": "Memphis", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "29.85207680", "longitude": "31.24143270", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Ruins+of+Memphis/@29.8520768,31.2414327,15.39z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1smemphis+egypt!3m5!1s0x14584baa81307f45:0x69de92dc9ebfe804!8m2!3d29.8492937!4d31.2557714!15sCg1tZW", "is_verified": true, "note": "Was also called Men-nefer." }, "comment": null, "description": " The \"early Egyptian state was a centrally controlled polity ruled by a (god-)king from the Memphis region.\" One reason Memphis is considered the likely main administrative centre is the large number of tombs of administrative officials located in the region. §REF§(Bard 2000, 64-65)§REF§<br>Founded at the beginning of the 1st Dynasty. §REF§(Malek 2000, 104)§REF§ Known as White Wall §REF§(Malek 2000, 104)§REF§ (Ineb=hedj(w) = \"white wall(s), i.e the royal palace enclosure walls) or Memphis (Greek Memphis < Egyptian Mn-nfr, an abbreviation of the longer name for the funerary complex of king Pepi I.) §REF§(Thompson 2012, 1)§REF§<br>\"'The size of the graves discovered in the cemetery is larger in some instances than royal graves in Abydos dating back to the First Dynasty, which proves the importance of the people buried there and their high social standing during this early era of ancient Egyptian history,' he [Antiquities Minister Mahmoud Afifi] added. Experts hope evidence may help prove their theory that Abydos was Egypt's capital in the pre-dynastic and early dynastic periods.\"§REF§Archaeologists find previously undiscovered Ancient Egyptian city Page accessed: 24 November, 2016 <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.dw.com/en/archaeologists-find-previously-undiscovered-ancient-egyptian-city/a-36499226\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.dw.com/en/archaeologists-find-previously-undiscovered-ancient-egyptian-city/a-36499226</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 515, "name": "eg_dynasty_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty II", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Memphis", "polity_cap": { "id": 30, "name": "Memphis", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "29.85207680", "longitude": "31.24143270", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Ruins+of+Memphis/@29.8520768,31.2414327,15.39z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1smemphis+egypt!3m5!1s0x14584baa81307f45:0x69de92dc9ebfe804!8m2!3d29.8492937!4d31.2557714!15sCg1tZW", "is_verified": true, "note": "Was also called Men-nefer." }, "comment": null, "description": " The \"early Egyptian state was a centrally controlled polity ruled by a (god-)king from the Memphis region.\" One reason Memphis is considered the likely main administrative centre is the large number of tombs of administrative officials located in the region. §REF§(Bard 2000, 64-65)§REF§<br>Founded at the beginning of the 1st Dynasty. §REF§(Malek 2000, 104)§REF§ Known as White Wall §REF§(Malek 2000, 104)§REF§ (Ineb=hedj(w) = \"white wall(s), i.e the royal palace enclosure walls) or Memphis (Greek Memphis < Egyptian Mn-nfr, an abbreviation of the longer name for the funerary complex of king Pepi I.) §REF§(Thompson 2012, 1)§REF§" }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 205, "name": "eg_inter_occupation", "long_name": "Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period", "start_year": -404, "end_year": -342 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Memphis", "polity_cap": { "id": 30, "name": "Memphis", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "29.85207680", "longitude": "31.24143270", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Ruins+of+Memphis/@29.8520768,31.2414327,15.39z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1smemphis+egypt!3m5!1s0x14584baa81307f45:0x69de92dc9ebfe804!8m2!3d29.8492937!4d31.2557714!15sCg1tZW", "is_verified": true, "note": "Was also called Men-nefer." }, "comment": null, "description": " Memphis? and then Mendes (29th Dynasty). \"Only one surviving document - an Aramaic papyrus at the Brooklyn museum - gives any indication that the transferral of power was accompanied by violence anywhere in the country. The text describes an open battle between the founder of the Twenty-ninth Dynasty and his predecessor: Nepherites is supposed to have taken Amyrtaeus prisoner and then to have executed him at Memphis before establishing his native city as the new capital. [Mendes]\" §REF§(Grimal 1994, 372)§REF§ \"During the 1980s, the excavations of the Brooklyn Museum and the University of New York at Mendes provide evidence of Nepherites I's building activity there, thus backing up the claim that it was the Twenty-ninth Dynasty capital.\" §REF§(Grimal 1994, 372)§REF§ \"However, Memphis reverted to its former administrative role for most of the Late Period (Twenty-sixth to Thirty-first Dynasties) (Jeffreys 1999: 488-90; Jones 1999: 491-3). A fortified Saite palace surmounted a 20 m high mound at Memphis, with colossal columns bearing the cartouches of King Apries. The city held a garrison, several temples, an Apis Bull embalming installation, workshops, housing for diverse ethnic groups (e.g., Egyptians, Phoenicians, Persians, Greeks), water channels, docks, and an outer fortification.\" §REF§(Mumford 2010, 332)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 205, "name": "eg_inter_occupation", "long_name": "Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period", "start_year": -404, "end_year": -342 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Mendes", "polity_cap": { "id": 31, "name": "Mendes", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "30.95722060", "longitude": "31.49348730", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Site+archaeologique+Mendes/@30.9572206,31.4934873,14z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1smendes!3m5!1s0x14f7839db92511c7:0xf2df5461932f8078!8m2!3d30.958333!4d31.515833!15sCgZtZW5k", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also known as Per-Banebdjedet, Anpet, and now as Tell El-Ruba." }, "comment": null, "description": " Memphis? and then Mendes (29th Dynasty). \"Only one surviving document - an Aramaic papyrus at the Brooklyn museum - gives any indication that the transferral of power was accompanied by violence anywhere in the country. The text describes an open battle between the founder of the Twenty-ninth Dynasty and his predecessor: Nepherites is supposed to have taken Amyrtaeus prisoner and then to have executed him at Memphis before establishing his native city as the new capital. [Mendes]\" §REF§(Grimal 1994, 372)§REF§ \"During the 1980s, the excavations of the Brooklyn Museum and the University of New York at Mendes provide evidence of Nepherites I's building activity there, thus backing up the claim that it was the Twenty-ninth Dynasty capital.\" §REF§(Grimal 1994, 372)§REF§ \"However, Memphis reverted to its former administrative role for most of the Late Period (Twenty-sixth to Thirty-first Dynasties) (Jeffreys 1999: 488-90; Jones 1999: 491-3). A fortified Saite palace surmounted a 20 m high mound at Memphis, with colossal columns bearing the cartouches of King Apries. The city held a garrison, several temples, an Apis Bull embalming installation, workshops, housing for diverse ethnic groups (e.g., Egyptians, Phoenicians, Persians, Greeks), water channels, docks, and an outer fortification.\" §REF§(Mumford 2010, 332)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 232, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate I", "start_year": 1260, "end_year": 1348 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Cairo", "polity_cap": { "id": 29, "name": "Cairo", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "30.05955810", "longitude": "31.22344480", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kairo,+Gouvernement+Al-Qahira,+%C3%84gypten/@30.0595581,31.2234448,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x14583fa60b21beeb:0x79dfb296e8423bba!8m2!3d30.0444196!4d31.2357116", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 239, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III", "start_year": 1412, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Cairo", "polity_cap": { "id": 29, "name": "Cairo", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "30.05955810", "longitude": "31.22344480", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kairo,+Gouvernement+Al-Qahira,+%C3%84gypten/@30.0595581,31.2234448,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x14583fa60b21beeb:0x79dfb296e8423bba!8m2!3d30.0444196!4d31.2357116", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 236, "name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate II", "start_year": 1348, "end_year": 1412 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Cairo", "polity_cap": { "id": 29, "name": "Cairo", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "30.05955810", "longitude": "31.22344480", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kairo,+Gouvernement+Al-Qahira,+%C3%84gypten/@30.0595581,31.2234448,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x14583fa60b21beeb:0x79dfb296e8423bba!8m2!3d30.0444196!4d31.2357116", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Thebes", "polity_cap": { "id": 33, "name": "Thebes", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "25.69500290", "longitude": "32.59191580", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Luxor,+Luxor+City,+Luxor,+Luxor+Governorate,+Egypt/@25.6950029,32.5919158,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m8!1m2!2m1!1suunesco!3m4!1s0x144915cf52cd95cd:0xe0f5dd2b8b1c0e96!8m2!3d25", "is_verified": true, "note": "Thebes was within what is now the city of Luxor." }, "comment": null, "description": "11th Dynasty ruled from Thebes; 12th Dynasty ruled from el-Lisht. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/egypt02-04enl.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/egypt02-04enl.html</a>)§REF§<br>Amenemhet I (1991-1962 BCE) built a new capital at Itjtawy (\"Seizer-of-the-Two-Lands\") at a still-unidentified location. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/egypt02-04enl.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/egypt02-04enl.html</a>)§REF§ near modern Lisht. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/articles/a/ancient_egypt_the_middle_king.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/articles/a/ancient_egypt_the_middle_king.aspx</a>)§REF§ Full name: Itjtawyamenemhat. No royal residence apparent prior to Itjtawy. §REF§(Quirke 2001§REF§" }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Itjtawyamenemhat", "polity_cap": { "id": 170, "name": "Itjtawyamenemhat", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "29.56827590", "longitude": "31.21287110", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pyramid+of+Amenemhat+I/@29.5682759,31.2128711,14.78z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x1459b8f9011d8fcd:0xc0e58e22f79fac2f!8m2!3d29.5749456!4d31.2252521", "is_verified": true, "note": "Exact location is not known. These coordinates are to the pyramid of Amenemhet I who built the capital of Itjtawyamenemhat." }, "comment": null, "description": "11th Dynasty ruled from Thebes; 12th Dynasty ruled from el-Lisht. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/egypt02-04enl.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/egypt02-04enl.html</a>)§REF§<br>Amenemhet I (1991-1962 BCE) built a new capital at Itjtawy (\"Seizer-of-the-Two-Lands\") at a still-unidentified location. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/egypt02-04enl.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/egypt02-04enl.html</a>)§REF§ near modern Lisht. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/articles/a/ancient_egypt_the_middle_king.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/articles/a/ancient_egypt_the_middle_king.aspx</a>)§REF§ Full name: Itjtawyamenemhat. No royal residence apparent prior to Itjtawy. §REF§(Quirke 2001§REF§" }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 511, "name": "eg_naqada_1", "long_name": "Naqada I", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Naqada", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "Egypt during Naqada period is a collection of quasi-polities. So for the most of IVth milenium it is impossible to indicate capital.<br>However according to for example B. Andelković, from the Naqada IC one can talking about pre-states and there is a suggestion of 8 Upper-Egyptian centers, from which 3 remained on the very high position and were the capital of their growing polities§REF§Andelkovic, B. 2011. \"Political Organisation of Egypt in the Predynastic Period\". [in:] Teeter, E. [ed.]. Before the Pyramids: The Origin of the Egyptian Cyvilization. Chichago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pg: 28-29.§REF§<br>That is Naqada, Hierakoonpolis and This.<br>The political strength of all of three capitals is evident in the Naqada II period.<br>" }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 511, "name": "eg_naqada_1", "long_name": "Naqada I", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "This", "polity_cap": { "id": 171, "name": "This", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "26.34055370", "longitude": "31.85514020", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Girga,+Gerga,+Qesm+Madinat+Gerga,+Sohag+Governorate,+Egypt/@26.3405537,31.8551402,14z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x144f4c0fab942ac3:0xacad68be7105b491!2sGirga,+Gerga,+Qesm+", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also known as Thinis. Approximate location is at modern-day Girga." }, "comment": null, "description": "Egypt during Naqada period is a collection of quasi-polities. So for the most of IVth milenium it is impossible to indicate capital.<br>However according to for example B. Andelković, from the Naqada IC one can talking about pre-states and there is a suggestion of 8 Upper-Egyptian centers, from which 3 remained on the very high position and were the capital of their growing polities§REF§Andelkovic, B. 2011. \"Political Organisation of Egypt in the Predynastic Period\". [in:] Teeter, E. [ed.]. Before the Pyramids: The Origin of the Egyptian Cyvilization. Chichago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pg: 28-29.§REF§<br>That is Naqada, Hierakoonpolis and This.<br>The political strength of all of three capitals is evident in the Naqada II period.<br>" }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 511, "name": "eg_naqada_1", "long_name": "Naqada I", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Hierakonpolis", "polity_cap": { "id": 173, "name": "Hierakonpolis", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "25.02580660", "longitude": "32.70881760", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Heirakonpolis+Archeological+Site/@25.0258066,32.7088176,12z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x1449958f41bb579f:0xc19de1c34bd6711d!8m2!3d25.0912662!4d32.7736332", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "Egypt during Naqada period is a collection of quasi-polities. So for the most of IVth milenium it is impossible to indicate capital.<br>However according to for example B. Andelković, from the Naqada IC one can talking about pre-states and there is a suggestion of 8 Upper-Egyptian centers, from which 3 remained on the very high position and were the capital of their growing polities§REF§Andelkovic, B. 2011. \"Political Organisation of Egypt in the Predynastic Period\". [in:] Teeter, E. [ed.]. Before the Pyramids: The Origin of the Egyptian Cyvilization. Chichago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pg: 28-29.§REF§<br>That is Naqada, Hierakoonpolis and This.<br>The political strength of all of three capitals is evident in the Naqada II period.<br>" }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Naqada", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "Egypt during Naqada period is a collection of quasi-polities. So for the most of IVth milenium it is impossible to indicate capital.<br>However according to for example B. Andelković, from the Naqada IC one can talking about pre-states and there is a suggestion of 8 Upper-Egyptian centers, from which 3 remained on the very high position and were the capital of their growing polities§REF§Andelkovic, B. 2011. \"Political Organisation of Egypt in the Predynastic Period\". [in:] Teeter, E. [ed.]. Before the Pyramids: The Origin of the Egyptian Cyvilization. Chichago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pg: 28-29.§REF§<br>That is Naqada, Hierakoonpolis and This.<br>The political strength of all of three capitals is evident in the Naqada II period.<br>" }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "This", "polity_cap": { "id": 171, "name": "This", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "26.34055370", "longitude": "31.85514020", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Girga,+Gerga,+Qesm+Madinat+Gerga,+Sohag+Governorate,+Egypt/@26.3405537,31.8551402,14z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x144f4c0fab942ac3:0xacad68be7105b491!2sGirga,+Gerga,+Qesm+", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also known as Thinis. Approximate location is at modern-day Girga." }, "comment": null, "description": "Egypt during Naqada period is a collection of quasi-polities. So for the most of IVth milenium it is impossible to indicate capital.<br>However according to for example B. Andelković, from the Naqada IC one can talking about pre-states and there is a suggestion of 8 Upper-Egyptian centers, from which 3 remained on the very high position and were the capital of their growing polities§REF§Andelkovic, B. 2011. \"Political Organisation of Egypt in the Predynastic Period\". [in:] Teeter, E. [ed.]. Before the Pyramids: The Origin of the Egyptian Cyvilization. Chichago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pg: 28-29.§REF§<br>That is Naqada, Hierakoonpolis and This.<br>The political strength of all of three capitals is evident in the Naqada II period.<br>" }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 512, "name": "eg_naqada_2", "long_name": "Naqada II", "start_year": -3550, "end_year": -3300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Hierakonpolis", "polity_cap": { "id": 173, "name": "Hierakonpolis", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "25.02580660", "longitude": "32.70881760", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Heirakonpolis+Archeological+Site/@25.0258066,32.7088176,12z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x1449958f41bb579f:0xc19de1c34bd6711d!8m2!3d25.0912662!4d32.7736332", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "Egypt during Naqada period is a collection of quasi-polities. So for the most of IVth milenium it is impossible to indicate capital.<br>However according to for example B. Andelković, from the Naqada IC one can talking about pre-states and there is a suggestion of 8 Upper-Egyptian centers, from which 3 remained on the very high position and were the capital of their growing polities§REF§Andelkovic, B. 2011. \"Political Organisation of Egypt in the Predynastic Period\". [in:] Teeter, E. [ed.]. Before the Pyramids: The Origin of the Egyptian Cyvilization. Chichago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pg: 28-29.§REF§<br>That is Naqada, Hierakoonpolis and This.<br>The political strength of all of three capitals is evident in the Naqada II period.<br>" }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "This", "polity_cap": { "id": 171, "name": "This", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "26.34055370", "longitude": "31.85514020", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Girga,+Gerga,+Qesm+Madinat+Gerga,+Sohag+Governorate,+Egypt/@26.3405537,31.8551402,14z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x144f4c0fab942ac3:0xacad68be7105b491!2sGirga,+Gerga,+Qesm+", "is_verified": true, "note": "Also known as Thinis. Approximate location is at modern-day Girga." }, "comment": null, "description": "During Naqada III, Naqada settlements lost their significance, probably when its polity was annexed by This or Hierakonpolis polity. §REF§Savage, S. H. \"Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic Egypt\". <i>Journal</i> <i>of Archaeological Research</i> 9/2 (2001): 129§REF§<br>Hierakonpolis<br>There is no agreement which of the two remained towns was the capital of the growing and at the end united Upper Egyptian state. Perhaps Hierakonpolis, because of its monumental architecture and the Main Deposit among which the Narmer Palette and King Scorpion macehead were found§REF§Friedman, R. 2011. \"Hierakonpolis\". [in:] Before the Pyramids. The Origins of Egyptian Cyvilization. Teeter, E.[ed.]. Chicago: The Oriental Instytute of the University of Chicago. pg: 33.§REF§ §REF§Adams, B. 1987. The Fort Cemetery at Hierakonpolis: Excavated by John Garstang. London-New York: KPI. pg: 179.§REF§<br>This<br>Some believe This was the first capital because the kings of Dynasty 0 were buried at its cemetery and the fact that the This was a capital of Early Dynastic Egypt§REF§Köhler, E. C. 2011. \"The Rise of the Egyptian State\" The Origins of Egyptian Cyvilization. Teeter, E.[ed.]. Chicago: The Oriental Instytute of the University of Chicago. pg: 125.§REF§ §REF§Savage, S. H. \"Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic Egypt\". <i>Journal</i> <i>of Archaeological Research</i> 9/2 (2001): 128§REF§ §REF§Trigger, B. G. 2008. \"The rise of civilization in Egypt\". [in:] Clark J. D. [ed.]. The Cambridge History of Africa Vol. 1: From the Earliest Times to c. 500 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pg: 526.§REF§<br>Abydos<br>\"'The size of the graves discovered in the cemetery is larger in some instances than royal graves in Abydos dating back to the First Dynasty, which proves the importance of the people buried there and their high social standing during this early era of ancient Egyptian history,' he [Antiquities Minister Mahmoud Afifi] added. Experts hope evidence may help prove their theory that Abydos was Egypt's capital in the pre-dynastic and early dynastic periods.\"§REF§Archaeologists find previously undiscovered Ancient Egyptian city Page accessed: 24 November, 2016 <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.dw.com/en/archaeologists-find-previously-undiscovered-ancient-egyptian-city/a-36499226\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.dw.com/en/archaeologists-find-previously-undiscovered-ancient-egyptian-city/a-36499226</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Hierakonpolis", "polity_cap": { "id": 173, "name": "Hierakonpolis", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "25.02580660", "longitude": "32.70881760", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Heirakonpolis+Archeological+Site/@25.0258066,32.7088176,12z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x1449958f41bb579f:0xc19de1c34bd6711d!8m2!3d25.0912662!4d32.7736332", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "During Naqada III, Naqada settlements lost their significance, probably when its polity was annexed by This or Hierakonpolis polity. §REF§Savage, S. H. \"Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic Egypt\". <i>Journal</i> <i>of Archaeological Research</i> 9/2 (2001): 129§REF§<br>Hierakonpolis<br>There is no agreement which of the two remained towns was the capital of the growing and at the end united Upper Egyptian state. Perhaps Hierakonpolis, because of its monumental architecture and the Main Deposit among which the Narmer Palette and King Scorpion macehead were found§REF§Friedman, R. 2011. \"Hierakonpolis\". [in:] Before the Pyramids. The Origins of Egyptian Cyvilization. Teeter, E.[ed.]. Chicago: The Oriental Instytute of the University of Chicago. pg: 33.§REF§ §REF§Adams, B. 1987. The Fort Cemetery at Hierakonpolis: Excavated by John Garstang. London-New York: KPI. pg: 179.§REF§<br>This<br>Some believe This was the first capital because the kings of Dynasty 0 were buried at its cemetery and the fact that the This was a capital of Early Dynastic Egypt§REF§Köhler, E. C. 2011. \"The Rise of the Egyptian State\" The Origins of Egyptian Cyvilization. Teeter, E.[ed.]. Chicago: The Oriental Instytute of the University of Chicago. pg: 125.§REF§ §REF§Savage, S. H. \"Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic Egypt\". <i>Journal</i> <i>of Archaeological Research</i> 9/2 (2001): 128§REF§ §REF§Trigger, B. G. 2008. \"The rise of civilization in Egypt\". [in:] Clark J. D. [ed.]. The Cambridge History of Africa Vol. 1: From the Earliest Times to c. 500 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pg: 526.§REF§<br>Abydos<br>\"'The size of the graves discovered in the cemetery is larger in some instances than royal graves in Abydos dating back to the First Dynasty, which proves the importance of the people buried there and their high social standing during this early era of ancient Egyptian history,' he [Antiquities Minister Mahmoud Afifi] added. Experts hope evidence may help prove their theory that Abydos was Egypt's capital in the pre-dynastic and early dynastic periods.\"§REF§Archaeologists find previously undiscovered Ancient Egyptian city Page accessed: 24 November, 2016 <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.dw.com/en/archaeologists-find-previously-undiscovered-ancient-egyptian-city/a-36499226\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.dw.com/en/archaeologists-find-previously-undiscovered-ancient-egyptian-city/a-36499226</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 513, "name": "eg_naqada_3", "long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0", "start_year": -3300, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Abydos", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "During Naqada III, Naqada settlements lost their significance, probably when its polity was annexed by This or Hierakonpolis polity. §REF§Savage, S. H. \"Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic Egypt\". <i>Journal</i> <i>of Archaeological Research</i> 9/2 (2001): 129§REF§<br>Hierakonpolis<br>There is no agreement which of the two remained towns was the capital of the growing and at the end united Upper Egyptian state. Perhaps Hierakonpolis, because of its monumental architecture and the Main Deposit among which the Narmer Palette and King Scorpion macehead were found§REF§Friedman, R. 2011. \"Hierakonpolis\". [in:] Before the Pyramids. The Origins of Egyptian Cyvilization. Teeter, E.[ed.]. Chicago: The Oriental Instytute of the University of Chicago. pg: 33.§REF§ §REF§Adams, B. 1987. The Fort Cemetery at Hierakonpolis: Excavated by John Garstang. London-New York: KPI. pg: 179.§REF§<br>This<br>Some believe This was the first capital because the kings of Dynasty 0 were buried at its cemetery and the fact that the This was a capital of Early Dynastic Egypt§REF§Köhler, E. C. 2011. \"The Rise of the Egyptian State\" The Origins of Egyptian Cyvilization. Teeter, E.[ed.]. Chicago: The Oriental Instytute of the University of Chicago. pg: 125.§REF§ §REF§Savage, S. H. \"Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic Egypt\". <i>Journal</i> <i>of Archaeological Research</i> 9/2 (2001): 128§REF§ §REF§Trigger, B. G. 2008. \"The rise of civilization in Egypt\". [in:] Clark J. D. [ed.]. The Cambridge History of Africa Vol. 1: From the Earliest Times to c. 500 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pg: 526.§REF§<br>Abydos<br>\"'The size of the graves discovered in the cemetery is larger in some instances than royal graves in Abydos dating back to the First Dynasty, which proves the importance of the people buried there and their high social standing during this early era of ancient Egyptian history,' he [Antiquities Minister Mahmoud Afifi] added. Experts hope evidence may help prove their theory that Abydos was Egypt's capital in the pre-dynastic and early dynastic periods.\"§REF§Archaeologists find previously undiscovered Ancient Egyptian city Page accessed: 24 November, 2016 <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.dw.com/en/archaeologists-find-previously-undiscovered-ancient-egyptian-city/a-36499226\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.dw.com/en/archaeologists-find-previously-undiscovered-ancient-egyptian-city/a-36499226</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Memphis", "polity_cap": { "id": 30, "name": "Memphis", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "29.85207680", "longitude": "31.24143270", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Ruins+of+Memphis/@29.8520768,31.2414327,15.39z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1smemphis+egypt!3m5!1s0x14584baa81307f45:0x69de92dc9ebfe804!8m2!3d29.8492937!4d31.2557714!15sCg1tZW", "is_verified": true, "note": "Was also called Men-nefer." }, "comment": null, "description": " Memphis: 1293-1278 BCE; Per-Ramesse: 1250-1069 BCE Per-Ramesse: [1278-1237 BCE]-1069 BCE<br>A distinction should be drawn between major centres of economic and religious activity and the political center of the New Kingdom. Memphis remained the important political center until the Ramesside capital shift into the Delta.<br>If a timeline were to be drawn up of the shift of importance commonly attributed to New Kingdom cities, it might look like this: Thebes: 1570-1373 BCE; Akhetaten: 1373-1330 BCE; Thebes: 1330-[1278-1237 BCE]; Per-Ramesse: [1278-1237 BCE]-1069 BCE<br>Ramses II (c1278-1237 BCE) created new capital at Per-Ramesse: “the house of Ramses”. §REF§(<a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/history18-20.htm#18th\" rel=\"nofollow\">[1]</a>)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Per-Ramesse", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " Memphis: 1293-1278 BCE; Per-Ramesse: 1250-1069 BCE Per-Ramesse: [1278-1237 BCE]-1069 BCE<br>A distinction should be drawn between major centres of economic and religious activity and the political center of the New Kingdom. Memphis remained the important political center until the Ramesside capital shift into the Delta.<br>If a timeline were to be drawn up of the shift of importance commonly attributed to New Kingdom cities, it might look like this: Thebes: 1570-1373 BCE; Akhetaten: 1373-1330 BCE; Thebes: 1330-[1278-1237 BCE]; Per-Ramesse: [1278-1237 BCE]-1069 BCE<br>Ramses II (c1278-1237 BCE) created new capital at Per-Ramesse: “the house of Ramses”. §REF§(<a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/history18-20.htm#18th\" rel=\"nofollow\">[1]</a>)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 198, "name": "eg_new_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period", "start_year": -1550, "end_year": -1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Thebes", "polity_cap": { "id": 33, "name": "Thebes", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "25.69500290", "longitude": "32.59191580", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Luxor,+Luxor+City,+Luxor,+Luxor+Governorate,+Egypt/@25.6950029,32.5919158,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m8!1m2!2m1!1suunesco!3m4!1s0x144915cf52cd95cd:0xe0f5dd2b8b1c0e96!8m2!3d25", "is_verified": true, "note": "Thebes was within what is now the city of Luxor." }, "comment": null, "description": "If a timeline were to be drawn up of the shift of importance commonly attributed to New Kingdom cities, it might look like this: Thebes: 1570-1373 BCE; Akhetaten: 1373-1330 BCE; Thebes: 1330-[1278-1237 BCE]; Per-Ramesse: [1278-1237 BCE]-1069 BCE<br>In 1373 BCE Akhenaten (c1379-1361 BCE) moved capital from Thebes to Akhetaten (El Amarna).<br>Capital returned to Thebes in 4th year of the reign of Tutankhamen. §REF§(<a class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/history18-20.htm#18th\" rel=\"nofollow\">[1]</a>)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Memphis", "polity_cap": { "id": 30, "name": "Memphis", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "29.85207680", "longitude": "31.24143270", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Ruins+of+Memphis/@29.8520768,31.2414327,15.39z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1smemphis+egypt!3m5!1s0x14584baa81307f45:0x69de92dc9ebfe804!8m2!3d29.8492937!4d31.2557714!15sCg1tZW", "is_verified": true, "note": "Was also called Men-nefer." }, "comment": null, "description": "Original name was hw.t-k3-Ptah (\"Estate/house of the spirit of Ptah\") §REF§(Thompson 2012, 1)§REF§founded at the beginning of the 1st Dynasty. §REF§(Malek 2000, 104)§REF§ Known as White Wall §REF§(Malek 2000, 104)§REF§ (Ineb=hedj(w) = \"white wall(s), i.e the royal palace enclosure walls) or Memphis (Greek Memphis < Egyptian Mn-nfr, an abbreviation of the longer name for the funerary complex of king Pepi I.) §REF§(Thompson 2012, 1)§REF§<br>This original site was \"probably gradually replaced in importance by the more populated suburbs further to the south, approximately to the east of Teti's pyramid. Djed-isut, the name of this part of the city, derived from the name of Teti's pyramid and its pyramid town. The royal palaces of Djedkara and Pepy I (and possibly also that of Unas) may, however, have already been transferred further south ... to places in the valley east of the present South Saqqara and separated from Djed-isut by a lake.\" §REF§(Malek 2000, 104)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Memphis", "polity_cap": { "id": 30, "name": "Memphis", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "29.85207680", "longitude": "31.24143270", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Ruins+of+Memphis/@29.8520768,31.2414327,15.39z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1smemphis+egypt!3m5!1s0x14584baa81307f45:0x69de92dc9ebfe804!8m2!3d29.8492937!4d31.2557714!15sCg1tZW", "is_verified": true, "note": "Was also called Men-nefer." }, "comment": null, "description": "Original name was hw.t-k3-Ptah (\"Estate/house of the spirit of Ptah\") §REF§(Thompson 2012, 1)§REF§founded at the beginning of the 1st Dynasty. §REF§(Malek 2000, 104)§REF§ Known as White Wall §REF§(Malek 2000, 104)§REF§ (Ineb=hedj(w) = \"white wall(s), i.e the royal palace enclosure walls) or Memphis (Greek Memphis < Egyptian Mn-nfr, an abbreviation of the longer name for the funerary complex of king Pepi I.) §REF§(Thompson 2012, 1)§REF§<br>This original site was \"probably gradually replaced in importance by the more populated suburbs further to the south, approximately to the east of Teti's pyramid. Djed-isut, the name of this part of the city, derived from the name of Teti's pyramid and its pyramid town. The royal palaces of Djedkara and Pepy I (and possibly also that of Unas) may, however, have already been transferred further south ... to places in the valley east of the present South Saqqara and separated from Djed-isut by a lake.\" §REF§(Malek 2000, 104)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Alexandria", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " Alexandria. There was also a southern capital for the administration of Upper Egypt, including Red Sea trade, at Ptolemais." }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Alexandria", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " Alexandria. There was also a southern capital for the administration of Upper Egypt, including Red Sea trade, at Ptolemais." }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Abydos", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " No single capital in Upper Egypt. There were important provincial centres which vied for control, until a monarchy based at Thebes was established in the 11th Dynasty. §REF§(Seidlmayer 2003)§REF§<br>In lower Egypt the Herakleopolitan Kingdom had its capital at Herakleopolis Magna (in northern Middle Egypt near the Faiyyum), but the \"Herakeopolitans never had control over southern Upper Egypt.\" §REF§(Seidlmayer 2003)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Thebes", "polity_cap": { "id": 33, "name": "Thebes", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "25.69500290", "longitude": "32.59191580", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Luxor,+Luxor+City,+Luxor,+Luxor+Governorate,+Egypt/@25.6950029,32.5919158,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m8!1m2!2m1!1suunesco!3m4!1s0x144915cf52cd95cd:0xe0f5dd2b8b1c0e96!8m2!3d25", "is_verified": true, "note": "Thebes was within what is now the city of Luxor." }, "comment": null, "description": " No single capital in Upper Egypt. There were important provincial centres which vied for control, until a monarchy based at Thebes was established in the 11th Dynasty. §REF§(Seidlmayer 2003)§REF§<br>In lower Egypt the Herakleopolitan Kingdom had its capital at Herakleopolis Magna (in northern Middle Egypt near the Faiyyum), but the \"Herakeopolitans never had control over southern Upper Egypt.\" §REF§(Seidlmayer 2003)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 203, "name": "eg_saite", "long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period", "start_year": -664, "end_year": -525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Memphis", "polity_cap": { "id": 30, "name": "Memphis", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "29.85207680", "longitude": "31.24143270", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Ruins+of+Memphis/@29.8520768,31.2414327,15.39z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1smemphis+egypt!3m5!1s0x14584baa81307f45:0x69de92dc9ebfe804!8m2!3d29.8492937!4d31.2557714!15sCg1tZW", "is_verified": true, "note": "Was also called Men-nefer." }, "comment": null, "description": " Palace at Memphis. §REF§(Agut-Labordere 2013, 969)§REF§" }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 520, "name": "eg_thebes_hyksos", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period", "start_year": -1720, "end_year": -1567 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Avaris", "polity_cap": { "id": 175, "name": "Avaris", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "30.78256090", "longitude": "31.81470270", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tell+el-Daba/@30.7825609,31.8147027,15.06z/data=!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x14f83aa7e5df5f3b:0x4c2de32bb931c9e4!2sTell+el-Daba!8m2!3d30.7860826!4d31.822703!3m4!1s0x14f83aa7e5df", "is_verified": true, "note": "Avaris was located at the modern site of Tell el-Daba." }, "comment": null, "description": "\"The beginning of the Second Intermediate Period is marked by the abandonment of the Residence at Lisht, 32 km. south of Memphis, and the establishment of the royal court and seat of government at Thebes, the Southern City.\" §REF§(Bourriau 2003, 173)§REF§<br>Memphis: capital of the 12th Dynasty kings §REF§(Bourriau 2003, 182)§REF§<br>Itjtawy: capital of the 13th Dynasty kings §REF§(Bourriau 2003, 182)§REF§<br>16th and 17th Dynasty kings: \"We cannot be certain that they all ruled from Thebes, and some may have been local rulers in important towns such as Abydos, Elkab, and Edfu.\" §REF§(Bourriau 2003, 191)§REF§" }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 520, "name": "eg_thebes_hyksos", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period", "start_year": -1720, "end_year": -1567 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Tell el Daba", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "\"The beginning of the Second Intermediate Period is marked by the abandonment of the Residence at Lisht, 32 km. south of Memphis, and the establishment of the royal court and seat of government at Thebes, the Southern City.\" §REF§(Bourriau 2003, 173)§REF§<br>Memphis: capital of the 12th Dynasty kings §REF§(Bourriau 2003, 182)§REF§<br>Itjtawy: capital of the 13th Dynasty kings §REF§(Bourriau 2003, 182)§REF§<br>16th and 17th Dynasty kings: \"We cannot be certain that they all ruled from Thebes, and some may have been local rulers in important towns such as Abydos, Elkab, and Edfu.\" §REF§(Bourriau 2003, 191)§REF§" }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 520, "name": "eg_thebes_hyksos", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period", "start_year": -1720, "end_year": -1567 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Thebes", "polity_cap": { "id": 33, "name": "Thebes", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "25.69500290", "longitude": "32.59191580", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Luxor,+Luxor+City,+Luxor,+Luxor+Governorate,+Egypt/@25.6950029,32.5919158,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m8!1m2!2m1!1suunesco!3m4!1s0x144915cf52cd95cd:0xe0f5dd2b8b1c0e96!8m2!3d25", "is_verified": true, "note": "Thebes was within what is now the city of Luxor." }, "comment": null, "description": "\"The beginning of the Second Intermediate Period is marked by the abandonment of the Residence at Lisht, 32 km. south of Memphis, and the establishment of the royal court and seat of government at Thebes, the Southern City.\" §REF§(Bourriau 2003, 173)§REF§<br>Memphis: capital of the 12th Dynasty kings §REF§(Bourriau 2003, 182)§REF§<br>Itjtawy: capital of the 13th Dynasty kings §REF§(Bourriau 2003, 182)§REF§<br>16th and 17th Dynasty kings: \"We cannot be certain that they all ruled from Thebes, and some may have been local rulers in important towns such as Abydos, Elkab, and Edfu.\" §REF§(Bourriau 2003, 191)§REF§" }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 200, "name": "eg_thebes_libyan", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period", "start_year": -1069, "end_year": -747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Memphis", "polity_cap": { "id": 30, "name": "Memphis", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "29.85207680", "longitude": "31.24143270", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Ruins+of+Memphis/@29.8520768,31.2414327,15.39z/data=!4m9!1m2!2m1!1smemphis+egypt!3m5!1s0x14584baa81307f45:0x69de92dc9ebfe804!8m2!3d29.8492937!4d31.2557714!15sCg1tZW", "is_verified": true, "note": "Was also called Men-nefer." }, "comment": null, "description": "Memphis was probably the \"major administrative base\" and \"residence of the northern kings.\" §REF§(Taylor 2000, 327)§REF§<br>Temples to the Theban triad were erected there and Tanis's role as a holy city was enhanced by the siting of the tombs of the 21st Dynasty kings within the temple precinct.\" §REF§(Taylor 2000, 327)§REF§" }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 361, "name": "eg_thulunid_ikhshidid", "long_name": "Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period", "start_year": 868, "end_year": 969 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Al-Qatai", "polity_cap": { "id": 35, "name": "Al-Qatai", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Egypt", "latitude": "30.03091270", "longitude": "31.22041490", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Mosque+of+Ibn+Tulun/@30.0309127,31.2204149,13.44z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x0:0x663126e37c86926!2zMzDCsDAxJzAwLjAiTiAzMcKwMTQnMDAuMCJF!3b1!8m2!3d30.016667!4d31.233333!3m", "is_verified": true, "note": "Eventually incorporated into Cairo. the only surviving structure is the Mosque of Ibn Tulun which are the coordinates given." }, "comment": null, "description": " Fustat was the seat of government. §REF§(Raymond 2000, 30)§REF§<br>In 870 CE Ibn Tulunid founded al-Qatai as the capital. §REF§(Esposito 2004, 130) Esposito, J. 2004. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press.)§REF§" }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 361, "name": "eg_thulunid_ikhshidid", "long_name": "Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period", "start_year": 868, "end_year": 969 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Fustat", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " Fustat was the seat of government. §REF§(Raymond 2000, 30)§REF§<br>In 870 CE Ibn Tulunid founded al-Qatai as the capital. §REF§(Esposito 2004, 130) Esposito, J. 2004. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press.)§REF§" }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 84, "name": "es_spanish_emp_1", "long_name": "Spanish Empire I", "start_year": 1516, "end_year": 1715 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Madrid", "polity_cap": { "id": 177, "name": "Madrid", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Spain", "latitude": "40.43813110", "longitude": "-3.81961730", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Madrid,+Spain/@40.4381311,-3.8196173,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0xd422997800a3c81:0xc436dec1618c2269!8m2!3d40.4167754!4d-3.7037902", "is_verified": true, "note": "Madrid: 1561-1601 CE; Valladolid: 1601-1606 CE; Madrid: 1606-1700 CE" }, "comment": null, "description": "Capital in Madrid was established in 1561. §REF§(Philips and Philips 2010, 190) Philips, William D. and Carla Rahn Philips. 2010. <i>A Concise History of Spain.</i> Cambridge: CUP. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/ZT84ZFTP\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/ZT84ZFTP</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 84, "name": "es_spanish_emp_1", "long_name": "Spanish Empire I", "start_year": 1516, "end_year": 1715 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Valladolid", "polity_cap": { "id": 178, "name": "Valladolid", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Spain", "latitude": "41.70336040", "longitude": "-4.87885120", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Valladolid,+Spain/@41.7033604,-4.8788512,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0xd47728c08c66e93:0xb3ff92d41ca26bef!8m2!3d41.652251!4d-4.7245321", "is_verified": true, "note": "Madrid: 1561-1601 CE; Valladolid: 1601-1606 CE; Madrid: 1606-1700 CE" }, "comment": null, "description": "Capital in Madrid was established in 1561. §REF§(Philips and Philips 2010, 190) Philips, William D. and Carla Rahn Philips. 2010. <i>A Concise History of Spain.</i> Cambridge: CUP. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/ZT84ZFTP\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/ZT84ZFTP</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 84, "name": "es_spanish_emp_1", "long_name": "Spanish Empire I", "start_year": 1516, "end_year": 1715 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Madrid", "polity_cap": { "id": 177, "name": "Madrid", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Spain", "latitude": "40.43813110", "longitude": "-3.81961730", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Madrid,+Spain/@40.4381311,-3.8196173,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0xd422997800a3c81:0xc436dec1618c2269!8m2!3d40.4167754!4d-3.7037902", "is_verified": true, "note": "Madrid: 1561-1601 CE; Valladolid: 1601-1606 CE; Madrid: 1606-1700 CE" }, "comment": null, "description": "Capital in Madrid was established in 1561. §REF§(Philips and Philips 2010, 190) Philips, William D. and Carla Rahn Philips. 2010. <i>A Concise History of Spain.</i> Cambridge: CUP. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/ZT84ZFTP\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/ZT84ZFTP</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 208, "name": "et_aksum_emp_1", "long_name": "Axum I", "start_year": -149, "end_year": 349 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Aksum", "polity_cap": { "id": 37, "name": "Aksum", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Ethiopia", "latitude": "14.13257800", "longitude": "38.72908090", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Aksum,+%C3%84thiopien/@14.132578,38.7290809,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x166bfcbea0c26cfb:0x74d0dc83a015ace1!8m2!3d14.1340317!4d38.7472905", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Aksum was likely the political centre of Ethiopia at this time, \"the coastal plain of Eritrea is only about 40-60 km wide and is largely unsuitable for agriculture\".§REF§(Hatke 2013) George Hatke. 2013. Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa (Institute for the Study of the Ancient World). New York University Press.§REF§ City of Aksum was perhaps initially a principality then became the capital province of a fuedal kingdom.§REF§(Kobishanov 1981, 383) Y M. Kobishanov. Aksum: political system, economics and culture, first to fourth century. Muḥammad Jamal al-Din Mokhtar. ed. 1981. UNESCO General History of Africa. Volume II. Heinemann. UNESCO. California.§REF§ According to Phillipson (1985: 160) \"By the first century AD Aksum, some fifty km south west of Yeha, developed as the capital of an extensive state, in which there was a fusion of indigenous Ethiopian and South Arabian cultural elements.\"§REF§(Ricard 2004, 16) Alain Ricard. The Languages & Literatures of Africa: The Sands of Babel. James Currey Publishers. Oxford.§REF§<br><b>Language</b>" }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 57, "name": "fm_truk_1", "long_name": "Chuuk - Early Truk", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1886 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Traditionally, authority did not extend beyond the atoll and was shared among multiple chiefs on one island. Chuuk was somewhat more fragmented than other Micronesian societies: 'Throughout most of Micronesia the maximum independent autonomous political unit was the high island or the atoll, often subdivided into more than one polity. At the time of European contact, Satawan Atoll in the Mortlocks had four separate communities, each with its own leader, which sometimes fought one another. Palau had two confederations of villages or districts, each independent of the other, and the villages themselves had considerable autonomy. Pohnpei had five petty states, although traditions of a unified rule for the whole island are apparent from an earlier period. Chuuk was extremely fragmented politically, with several independent communities on each of the six larger high islands. The Marshalls and the Gilberts had larger polities and integrated groups of separate atolls under a high chief; these expansionist states achieved their fullest development after the introduction of firearms by Europeans.' §REF§(Kahn, Fischer and Kiste 2017) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHZTEDKE\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHZTEDKE</a>.§REF§ Accordingly, there was no capital.<br>" } ] }