Polity Capital List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Capitals.
GET /api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=11
{ "count": 629, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=12", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=10", "results": [ { "id": 522, "polity": { "id": 637, "name": "so_adal_sultanate", "long_name": "Adal Sultanate", "start_year": 1375, "end_year": 1543 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Harar", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“It was founded by Sa'duddin in the early days of Islam, around the late 9th or early 10th century, based at Zayla or Zeila, an ancient port and trade center on the Gulf of Aden.” §REF§ (Mukhtar 2016, Encyclopedia of Empire) Mukhtar, Mohamed H. 2016. ‘Adal Sultanate.’ In J. Mackenzie Encyclopedia of Empire. Wiley. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FM8D55XW/library §REF§ In the early fourteenth century under the leadership of Imam Ahmad Gurey the capital moved to Harar in present-day Ethiopia. In the fourteenth century the Adal Sultanate was at war with the Christian Kingdom of Abyssinia under the Solomonid Dynasty. “The Imam reorganized the Muslim armies of the sultanate, transferred the headquarters from Zayla to Harar for strategic reason, and made successful diplomatic contacts with the wider Islamic world particularly with the Ottoman Empire.” §REF§ (Mukhtar 2003, 44-45) Mukhtar, Mohamed H. 2003. Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/Mukhtar/titleCreatorYear/items/J8WZB6VI/item-list §REF§ During the late sixteenth century Cassanelli noted that again the capital of the Adal Sultanate moved from Harar to Aussa. “However, the history of that unique town is something of a self-contained one after 1577, when the ruling dynasty of the once-powerful Adal Sultanate transferred its capital from Harar to the oasis of Aussa in the Danakil desert.” §REF§ (Cassanelli 1982, 120) Cassanelli, Lee. V. 1982. The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKPH7Z89/library §REF§" }, { "id": 523, "polity": { "id": 637, "name": "so_adal_sultanate", "long_name": "Adal Sultanate", "start_year": 1375, "end_year": 1543 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Aussa", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“It was founded by Sa'duddin in the early days of Islam, around the late 9th or early 10th century, based at Zayla or Zeila, an ancient port and trade center on the Gulf of Aden.” §REF§ (Mukhtar 2016, Encyclopedia of Empire) Mukhtar, Mohamed H. 2016. ‘Adal Sultanate.’ In J. Mackenzie Encyclopedia of Empire. Wiley. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FM8D55XW/library §REF§ In the early fourteenth century under the leadership of Imam Ahmad Gurey the capital moved to Harar in present-day Ethiopia. In the fourteenth century the Adal Sultanate was at war with the Christian Kingdom of Abyssinia under the Solomonid Dynasty. “The Imam reorganized the Muslim armies of the sultanate, transferred the headquarters from Zayla to Harar for strategic reason, and made successful diplomatic contacts with the wider Islamic world particularly with the Ottoman Empire.” §REF§ (Mukhtar 2003, 44-45) Mukhtar, Mohamed H. 2003. Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/Mukhtar/titleCreatorYear/items/J8WZB6VI/item-list §REF§ During the late sixteenth century Cassanelli noted that again the capital of the Adal Sultanate moved from Harar to Aussa. “However, the history of that unique town is something of a self-contained one after 1577, when the ruling dynasty of the once-powerful Adal Sultanate transferred its capital from Harar to the oasis of Aussa in the Danakil desert.” §REF§ (Cassanelli 1982, 120) Cassanelli, Lee. V. 1982. The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKPH7Z89/library §REF§" }, { "id": 524, "polity": { "id": 638, "name": "so_tunni_sultanate", "long_name": "Tunni Sultanate", "start_year": 800, "end_year": 1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Qoryooley", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The Tunni, composed of five subclans (Da’farad, Dakhtira, Goygali, Hajuwa, and Waridi), were the latest to drive the Jiddu into the interior where the established their own sultanate in Qoryooley.” §REF§ (Mukhtar 2003, 50) Mukhtar, Mohamed H. 2003. Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/TWITJWK4/items/J8WZB6VI/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 525, "polity": { "id": 639, "name": "so_ajuran_sultanate", "long_name": "Ajuran Sultanate", "start_year": 1250, "end_year": 1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Marka", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The Ajuran introduced an Islamic theocratic state headquartered in Marak.” §REF§ (Mukhtar 2003, 35) Mukhtar, Mohamed H. 2003. Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/Mukhtar/titleCreatorYear/items/J8WZB6VI/item-list §REF§" }, { "id": 526, "polity": { "id": 641, "name": "et_gomma_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Gomma", "start_year": 1780, "end_year": 1886 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Haggaro", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The first of these states to accept Islam was the little kingdom of Gomma, situated in the very centre of this group of states, whose capital was Haggaro.” §REF§ (Trimingham 2013, 200) Trimingham, J. Spencer. 2013. Islam in Ethiopia. London: Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/RB7C87QZ/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 527, "polity": { "id": 642, "name": "so_geledi_sultanate", "long_name": "Sultanate of Geledi", "start_year": 1750, "end_year": 1911 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Afgoy", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“Around the mid-1650s, Afgoy became the site of the Geledi Sultanate, composed of a confederation of the Shanta, Aleemo, Garre, Wa’daan, Moobleen, Hubeer and Hintire clans.” §REF§ (Mukhtar 2003, 28) Mukhtar, Mohamed H. 2003. Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/Mukhtar/titleCreatorYear/items/J8WZB6VI/item-list §REF§" }, { "id": 528, "polity": { "id": 644, "name": "et_harla_k", "long_name": "Harla Kingdom", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Hobat", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“These challenges notwithstanding, the most probable conclusion is that Harlaa was Hubät/ Hobat, the capital of the Hārlā sultanate.” §REF§ (Insoll et al. 2021, 504) Insoll, Timothy et al. 2021. ‘Material Cosmopolitanism: the entrepot of Harlaa as an Islamic gateway to eastern Ethiopia’. Antiquity. Vol 95: 380. Pp 487-507. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/GGUW3WRZ/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 529, "polity": { "id": 646, "name": "so_ifat_sultanate", "long_name": "Ifat Sultanate", "start_year": 1280, "end_year": 1375 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Ifat", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "French archaeologist use Abu al-Fida’s (1273-1331) account of the Ifat Sultanate’s capital at Ifat as a definitive source on the city. “According to some travellers who have been there, we say Wafat and also Gabara. It is one of the biggest cities of Habasa. There are about twenty steps between this town and Zayla. The buildings of Wafat are scattered. The abode of royalty is on one hill and the citadel (al-qal a) is on another hill. It is very far from the sea, west of Zayla. There are bananas and sugar cane. It’s on a high place (nasz min al-ar d), there is a valley in which a small river flows. It rains a lot, mostly at night.” §REF§ (Fauvelle et al. 2017, 239-295) Fauvelle, François-Xavier et al. 2007. “The Sultanate of Awfāt, its Capital and the Necropolis of the Walasma”, Annales Islamologiques. Vol. 51. Pp 239-295. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HJCMAMX7/library §REF§" }, { "id": 530, "polity": { "id": 647, "name": "er_medri_bahri", "long_name": "Medri Bahri", "start_year": 1310, "end_year": 1889 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Deba-ruba", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“Medri-Bahri was ruled by Bahri Negassi; and Deba-ruba became the seat of his kingdom. The Bahri-Negassi was independently elected by the people of Medri-Bahri.” §REF§ (Cliffe and Basil 1988, 12-13) Cliffe, Lionel and Basil, Davidson. 1988. The Long Struggle of Eritrea for Independence and Constructive Peace. Trenton, New Jersey: The Red Sea Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ZBEU6QM6/collection §REF§ The Alternative name spellings of the capital is Dibarwa or Debarwa." }, { "id": 531, "polity": { "id": 648, "name": "so_majeerteen_sultanate", "long_name": "Majeerteen Sultanate", "start_year": 1750, "end_year": 1926 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Alula", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“In the 18th century, the nascent Geledi Sultanate ruled over a confederacy of all the Digil clans and their harifa (allies) in Afgoy, while the Majerteen boqors (‘sultans’) established protostates among the Darood at Alula and, later, among the Darood and Hawiye at Hobyo.” §REF§ (Mukhtar 2003, 3) Mukhtar, Mohamed H. 2003. Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/Mukhtar/titleCreatorYear/items/J8WZB6VI/item-list §REF§" }, { "id": 532, "polity": { "id": 649, "name": "et_funj_sultanate", "long_name": "Funj Sultanate", "start_year": 1504, "end_year": 1820 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Sinnar", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The first historically known Funj ruler, Amara Dunqas, defeated the Christian kingdom of Alwa in 1504, and founded Sinnar as the capital of a Funj kingdom which reached north to the third cataract, south to the foothills of Ethiopia, and east to the desert of Kordofan.” §REF§ (Lapidus 2002, 429) Lapidus, Ira M. 2002. A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/QW9XHCIW/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 533, "polity": { "id": 650, "name": "et_kaffa_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Kaffa", "start_year": 1390, "end_year": 1897 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Bonga", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "Bonga became the capital under the Bongatato monarch of Kafa who reigned from 1565 CE- 1605 CE. Bonga stayed an important capital till the end of the Kingdom of Kaffa in 1897 CE. “This king ‘contracted’ the Bonga region from the Mato clan and made it the capital of the Minjo clan. He rewarded the Mato by making their king a member of the king’s council (mikrecho).” §REF§ (Orent 1970, 269) Orent, Amnon. 1970. ‘Refocusing on the History of Kafa Prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes’. African Historical Studies. Vol. 3:2. Pp 263-293. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/2A389XGK/collection §REF§ “There were a series of court officials in Bonga and Anderacha, the two capitals of the Kafa Kings.” §REF§ (Orent 1970, 282-283) Orent, Amnon. 1970. ‘Refocusing on the History of Kafa Prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes’. African Historical Studies. Vol. 3:2. Pp 263-293. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/2A389XGK/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 534, "polity": { "id": 650, "name": "et_kaffa_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Kaffa", "start_year": 1390, "end_year": 1897 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Anderacha", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "Bonga became the capital under the Bongatato monarch of Kafa who reigned from 1565 CE- 1605 CE. Bonga stayed an important capital till the end of the Kingdom of Kaffa in 1897 CE. “This king ‘contracted’ the Bonga region from the Mato clan and made it the capital of the Minjo clan. He rewarded the Mato by making their king a member of the king’s council (mikrecho).” §REF§ (Orent 1970, 269) Orent, Amnon. 1970. ‘Refocusing on the History of Kafa Prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes’. African Historical Studies. Vol. 3:2. Pp 263-293. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/2A389XGK/collection §REF§ “There were a series of court officials in Bonga and Anderacha, the two capitals of the Kafa Kings.” §REF§ (Orent 1970, 282-283) Orent, Amnon. 1970. ‘Refocusing on the History of Kafa Prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes’. African Historical Studies. Vol. 3:2. Pp 263-293. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/2A389XGK/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 535, "polity": { "id": 651, "name": "et_gumma_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Gumma", "start_year": 1800, "end_year": 1897 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Chora", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“To the south of the two kingdoms of Guma and Limmu are still mainly in the basin of the Orghesa or Didesa, one of the largest but on of the least known rivers in the Abai system. The town of Chora, capital of Guma, is situated on an affluent of this watercourse.” §REF§ (Recluse 1892, 212) Recluse, Elisee. 1892. The Earth and Its Inhabitance: North-East Africa. Edited by A.H. Keane. New York: D. Appleton and Company. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ISD6B4K2/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 536, "polity": { "id": 652, "name": "et_harar_emirate", "long_name": "Emirate of Harar", "start_year": 1650, "end_year": 1875 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Harar", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "As a city-state, Harar was the capital of the Emirate. “Although Harar lost much trade because of the growing importance of the route to Tajura, the old city state remained throughout the nineteenth century a leading commercial centre and the focus of Muslim worship and learning for the whole Horn.” §REF§ (Rubenson 2008, 87) Rubenson, Sven. 2008. The Cambridge History of Africa c. 1790 – c. 1870. Edited by John E. Flint. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp 51-98. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/Rubenson/titleCreatorYear/items/VRU64Q8P/item-list §REF§" }, { "id": 537, "polity": { "id": 655, "name": "ni_proto_yoruba", "long_name": "Proto-Yoruba", "start_year": 301, "end_year": 649 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 538, "polity": { "id": 656, "name": "ni_yoruba_classic", "long_name": "Classical Ife", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Ife", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 539, "polity": { "id": 658, "name": "ni_kwararafa", "long_name": "Kwararafa", "start_year": 596, "end_year": 1820 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kororofa", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“Under the name of Kororofa, their capital, this once powerful tribe is often referred to in the history of Bornu and Kano.” §REF§Ruxton, F. H. (1908). Notes on the Tribes of the Muri Province. Journal of the Royal African Society, 7(28), 374–386: 378. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/2AXUQGFB/collection§REF§ One reference to another capital city, as well as Kororofa/Kwararafa, but for ethnic group of Jukun so may not be relevant to this polity: “Relics and remains were observed at some of the historical sites visited. These sites include: Byepye and Kwararafa (which were earlier capital cities of the Jukun before they moved to Wukari), and other relevant places that bear on the research area.” §REF§Zhema, S. (2017). A History of the Social and Political Organization of the Jukun of Wukari Division, c.1596–1960 [Benue State University]: 12. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/U667CC36/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 540, "polity": { "id": 659, "name": "ni_allada_k", "long_name": "Allada", "start_year": 1100, "end_year": 1724 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Allada", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“By the mid-15th century, the population of Allada had reached approximately 30,000 people. It seems likely that the collection of small settlements up to this time organized themselves politically along decentralized lines, meaning that they ruled by consensus rather than granting sovereignty to a leader or king. Demographic growth, however, likely necessitated a transition to political centralization. Legends suggest that three brothers who had descended from people in what is now the city of Allada split the region into three parts and administered rule as kings. The first, Kokpon, remained in the capital city and became the ruler of the Allada kingdom.” §REF§Aderinto, Saheed. African Kingdoms: An Encyclopedia of Empires and Civilizations. ABC-CLIO, 2017: 8. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/EB5TWDG7/collection§REF§ “At its political and economic peak in the 16th and 17th centuries, the coastal kingdom of Allada stretched from the port of Offra – now the suburb of Godomey in the current Republic of Benin’s commercial capital of Cotonou – approximately 50 miles north into the hinterland beyond its capital city, also known as Allada.” §REF§Aderinto, Saheed. African Kingdoms: An Encyclopedia of Empires and Civilizations. ABC- CLIO, 2017: 7. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/EB5TWDG7/collection§REF§ Grand Ardra seems to be an alternative name for Allada city: “By the mid-16th century, however, the Portuguese were actively trading at Allada's capital, Grand Ardra. Grand Ardra was a city of considerable size, home to approximately 30,000 people; Allada as a whole had a population upwards of 200,000. Dutch physician Olfert Dapper wrote in his Description of Africa in 1668 of the presence of \"towns and villages in great number\" in Grand Ardra's countryside. Over the course of the 17th century, Allada emerged as the paramount kingdom in the region, exacting regular tribute from its neighbors and legitimizing these tributary relationships through various ritual obligations.”§REF§Monroe, J. Cameron. “Urbanism on West Africa’s Slave Coast: Archaeology Sheds New Light on Cities in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade.” American Scientist, vol. 99, no. 5, 2011, pp. 400–09: 402. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/E5WA63Z2/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 541, "polity": { "id": 660, "name": "ni_igodomingodo", "long_name": "Igodomingodo", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Ugbeku", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“At a particular time, for instance, in the early history of Benin, the territory was also known as Igodomigodo. The origin of the name Igodomigodo is well known in Benin traditions. During the first millennium when the institution of monarchy - the Ogiso dynasty - was established in Benin, the first king, Ogiso Igodo, called the numerous village communities which were joined together in a political union under him as Igodomigodo. His village at Ugbeku was the capital where he built the royal palace.” §REF§ Osadolor, O. B. (2001). The Military System of Benin Kingdom, c.1440–1897. University of Hamburg, Germany: 52. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/N4RZF5H5/collection§REF§If the interregnum period is considered part of this polity rather than the next: “Evian and Ogiamwen were among the retinue of Ogiefa, the supreme ruler of all the Efa. The spheres of their competence overlapped with those of the Edionevbo, the all-Benin City chiefs, Evian and Ogiamwen belonged to the dynasty of Efa chiefs whose authority stretched over the wards of the city inhabited by their tribesmen. Quite evidently, these were the wards whose dwellers now argue that their ancestors had not come to Benin from anywhere, but lived there \"from the beginning\" (Bradbury 1957:19; Igbafe 1974:2). It is also easy to imagine what tension could exist between the two \"city halls\" and how much each of them wished to monopolize power over the entire city. Of course, the fall of the Ogiso dynasty was a defeat not only of its last representative Owodo, but of the Edionevbo. No doubt the \"king- makers\" had nothing against their further influencing the course of events not only in the capital but in the whole country through weak rulers, like the majority of the Ogiso seem to have been. His successor, Ogiso Ere “is reputed to have transferred the Ogiso palace to Uhunmwidunmwun, which was a more favourable seat of government for the dynasty than Ugbeku.”” §REF§Bondarenko, D. M. (2003). Advent of the Second (Oba) Dynasty: Another Assessment of a Benin History Key Point. History in Africa, 30, 63–85; 78. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/CESQP6DT/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 542, "polity": { "id": 660, "name": "ni_igodomingodo", "long_name": "Igodomingodo", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Uhunmwidunmwun", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“At a particular time, for instance, in the early history of Benin, the territory was also known as Igodomigodo. The origin of the name Igodomigodo is well known in Benin traditions. During the first millennium when the institution of monarchy - the Ogiso dynasty - was established in Benin, the first king, Ogiso Igodo, called the numerous village communities which were joined together in a political union under him as Igodomigodo. His village at Ugbeku was the capital where he built the royal palace.” §REF§ Osadolor, O. B. (2001). The Military System of Benin Kingdom, c.1440–1897. University of Hamburg, Germany: 52. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/N4RZF5H5/collection§REF§If the interregnum period is considered part of this polity rather than the next: “Evian and Ogiamwen were among the retinue of Ogiefa, the supreme ruler of all the Efa. The spheres of their competence overlapped with those of the Edionevbo, the all-Benin City chiefs, Evian and Ogiamwen belonged to the dynasty of Efa chiefs whose authority stretched over the wards of the city inhabited by their tribesmen. Quite evidently, these were the wards whose dwellers now argue that their ancestors had not come to Benin from anywhere, but lived there \"from the beginning\" (Bradbury 1957:19; Igbafe 1974:2). It is also easy to imagine what tension could exist between the two \"city halls\" and how much each of them wished to monopolize power over the entire city. Of course, the fall of the Ogiso dynasty was a defeat not only of its last representative Owodo, but of the Edionevbo. No doubt the \"king- makers\" had nothing against their further influencing the course of events not only in the capital but in the whole country through weak rulers, like the majority of the Ogiso seem to have been. His successor, Ogiso Ere “is reputed to have transferred the Ogiso palace to Uhunmwidunmwun, which was a more favourable seat of government for the dynasty than Ugbeku.”” §REF§Bondarenko, D. M. (2003). Advent of the Second (Oba) Dynasty: Another Assessment of a Benin History Key Point. History in Africa, 30, 63–85; 78. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/CESQP6DT/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 543, "polity": { "id": 660, "name": "ni_igodomingodo", "long_name": "Igodomingodo", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Benin City", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“At a particular time, for instance, in the early history of Benin, the territory was also known as Igodomigodo. The origin of the name Igodomigodo is well known in Benin traditions. During the first millennium when the institution of monarchy - the Ogiso dynasty - was established in Benin, the first king, Ogiso Igodo, called the numerous village communities which were joined together in a political union under him as Igodomigodo. His village at Ugbeku was the capital where he built the royal palace.” §REF§ Osadolor, O. B. (2001). The Military System of Benin Kingdom, c.1440–1897. University of Hamburg, Germany: 52. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/N4RZF5H5/collection§REF§If the interregnum period is considered part of this polity rather than the next: “Evian and Ogiamwen were among the retinue of Ogiefa, the supreme ruler of all the Efa. The spheres of their competence overlapped with those of the Edionevbo, the all-Benin City chiefs, Evian and Ogiamwen belonged to the dynasty of Efa chiefs whose authority stretched over the wards of the city inhabited by their tribesmen. Quite evidently, these were the wards whose dwellers now argue that their ancestors had not come to Benin from anywhere, but lived there \"from the beginning\" (Bradbury 1957:19; Igbafe 1974:2). It is also easy to imagine what tension could exist between the two \"city halls\" and how much each of them wished to monopolize power over the entire city. Of course, the fall of the Ogiso dynasty was a defeat not only of its last representative Owodo, but of the Edionevbo. No doubt the \"king- makers\" had nothing against their further influencing the course of events not only in the capital but in the whole country through weak rulers, like the majority of the Ogiso seem to have been. His successor, Ogiso Ere “is reputed to have transferred the Ogiso palace to Uhunmwidunmwun, which was a more favourable seat of government for the dynasty than Ugbeku.”” §REF§Bondarenko, D. M. (2003). Advent of the Second (Oba) Dynasty: Another Assessment of a Benin History Key Point. History in Africa, 30, 63–85; 78. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/CESQP6DT/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 544, "polity": { "id": 661, "name": "ni_oyo_emp_2", "long_name": "Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́", "start_year": 1601, "end_year": 1835 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Oyo Ile", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "Sometimes referred to as Oyo Katunga, Katanga, Old Oyo, Oyo-oro, Eyo or the Oyo metropolis. Key structures were the defensive city walls, the palace (Afin) and the market (Ojo-Oba). “Old Oyo was perhaps the largest precolonial African city in terms of area. The full extent of the city was revealed only by systematic survey (Agbaje-Williams and Onyango-Abuje 1981). It is an excellent example of a “giant village,” an area of more than 50 sq km with a very low population density. […] British explorers such as Clapperton (1829) and the Lander brothers (1832) visited the capital; their accounts show clearly that Old Oyo was a multiple-walled, large cosmopolitan city with ditches.” §REF§Storey, Glenn. ‘Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches’. University of Alabama Press, 2006: 155. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/JUZF8JHT/collection§REF§ For a while after reclaiming Oyo from the Nupe, the capital was Oyo-Igboho. However, Oyo Ile was soon rebuilt and became the capital again. The capital also moved south of the site of Oyo Ile after its destruction during the last decades of the empire in the 19th century, part of why we’re designating 1835 as the last year of the empire here. “The town of Oyo, 55km north of Ibadan in Nigeria’s Western State, was founded about 1837 on the site of an earlier settlement named Ago. For centuries prior to this the Yoruba empire of Oyo had as its capital a town which is today variously referred to as Old Oyo, Oyo-ile ('Home Oyo’), Oyo-oro ('Oyo of the Ghosts’), Eyo or Katunga. About 1837 this town was abandoned and the paramount head of the Oyo Yoruba, the Alafin, took up residence some 130k to the south.” §REF§Goddard, Stephen. ‘Ago That Became Oyo: An Essay in Yoruba Historical Geography’. The Geographical Journal vol.137, no.2 (1971): 207. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/9A2KMTEF/collection§REF§ “The site is now totally uninhabited, but vestiges of its former occupation, notably the earthen city walls, with a circuit of some 15 miles, may still be seen. This earlier capital is sometimes called Katanga or Katunga, in origin the name by which the Hausa people of northern Nigeria referred to the city. Since its abandonment in the 1830s, the site has also been known as Oyo Ile, or ‘Old Oyo’.” §REF§ Law, R. (1977). The Oyo Empire c. 1600 – c. 1836: A West African Imperialism in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Oxford University Press: 4. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/SB32ZPCF/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 545, "polity": { "id": 662, "name": "ni_whydah_k", "long_name": "Whydah", "start_year": 1671, "end_year": 1727 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Savi", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The origins and early history of the Whydah kingdom are obscure, and their reconstruction is complicated by the fact that the two principal communities which comprised it, the capital city of Savi and the coastal port of Glehue, apparently had distinct origins.” §REF§Law, Robin. “‘The Common People Were Divided’: Monarchy, Aristocracy and Political Factionalism in the Kingdom of Whydah, 1671-1727.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 23, no. 2, 1990, pp. 201–29: 203. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/8JKAH2V5/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 546, "polity": { "id": 663, "name": "ni_oyo_emp_1", "long_name": "Oyo", "start_year": 1300, "end_year": 1535 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Oyo Ile", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "There is a possibility that the original capital was Oko, but this may not have been for a significant length of time, and archaeological remains have not been found. \"There are, indeed, a number of elements in these traditions which seem acceptable. One of these is the assertion, in certain stories, that the capital of the Oyo kingdom was originally not at Oyo Ile but at a town called Oko, whence it is said to have been remobed to Oyo Ile by [King] Sango. [...] Unfortunately the location of the site of the earlier capital at Oko is not known, though some have suggested that it was further north or closer to the River Niger than Oyo Ile.\" §REF§(Law 1977: 34-36)§REF§" }, { "id": 547, "polity": { "id": 664, "name": "ni_proto_yoruboid", "long_name": "Proto-Yoruboid", "start_year": -300, "end_year": 300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 548, "polity": { "id": 666, "name": "ni_sokoto_cal", "long_name": "Sokoto Caliphate", "start_year": 1804, "end_year": 1904 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Sokoto", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The caliphate was organized into semiautonomous emirates that ceded religious authority to the caliph, seated in Sokoto.” §REF§Falola, Toyin, and Ann Genova. Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2009: 331. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/SJAIVKDW/collection§REF§ “SOKOTO. The capital of Sokoto State, with a population of approximately 500,000. It is historically significant for the Hausa and Fulani as the seat of the great Sokoto Caliphate between 1804 and 1903.” §REF§Falola, Toyin, and Ann Genova. Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2009: 331. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/SJAIVKDW/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 549, "polity": { "id": 667, "name": "ni_igala_k", "long_name": "Igala", "start_year": 1600, "end_year": 1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Idah", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“Save from the areas contiguous to Idah there was no annual tribute for the simple and sufficient reason that its collection could not be enforced, the Atas drawing the bulk of their revenues from the fruits of river piracy, organised robbery on the highroads, extortion and the sale of titles. Igala, or rather Idah its capital, must have constituted a menace to river trade.” §REF§Clifford, Miles, and Richmond Palmer. “A Nigerian Chiefdom.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 66, 1936, pp. 393–435: 404. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/TF7MM698/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 550, "polity": { "id": 668, "name": "ni_nri_k", "long_name": "Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì", "start_year": 1043, "end_year": 1911 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Igbo-Ukwu", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "Sources searched do not refer to a ‘capital’ of the Nri Kingdom, but it seems Igbo-Ukwu was the base of the eze Nri. There are doubts about the significance of the finds at Igbo-Ukwu and whether they indicate that this was a significant population, ritual and power centre for the Nri. “Historical ethnography indicates that Igbo-Ukwu flourished under the patronage of the Eze Nri institution.” §REF§Ogundiran, A. (2005). Four Millennia of Cultural History in Nigeria (ca. 2000 B.C.—A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives. Journal of World Prehistory, 19(2), 133–168: 148. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/PK7F26DP/collection§REF§ “At this stage any suggestions must be tentative, especially since on the local side it is still very unclear - and will remain so unless the site of Igbo-Ukwu can be re-examined in a radically novel way - whether the location excavated by Shaw was no more than a burial shrine or priest's abode secluded in the forest, or whether contrarily it was part of a real town of that period with an industrial quarter. Either way, it is acknowledged that the manufacture and burial of so many exquisite objects, most of them essentially non-utilitarian, must be of religious and social significance, as well as economic.” §REF§Sutton, J. E. G. (1991). The International Factor at Igbo-Ukwu. The African Archaeological Review, 9, 145–160: 149. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/HBPMUV6T/collection§REF§ “Some Igbo communities, especially trading cities along the Niger like Onitsha and Oguta (Nzimiro 1972) and the 'holy city' of Nri (Afigbo 1981:31-68) had elaborated chieftaincy institutions in pre-colonial times.” §REF§Harneit-Sievers, A. (1998). Igbo ‘Traditional Rulers’: Chieftaincy and the State in Southeastern Nigeria. Africa Spectrum, 33(1), 57–79: 59. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/TUHHXK22/collection§REF§ “It is in this heartland that the holy centre of Nm grew up, and the ancient treasures of Igbo-Ukwu were discovered. At its greatest extent the Nri sphere of influence covered perhaps half of Igboland; nevertheless, it constituted its ritual heart, like Ife, among the Yoruba.” §REF§Isichei, Elizabeth. A History of African Societies to 1870. Cambridge University Press, 1997: 246. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/Z4GK27CI/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 551, "polity": { "id": 669, "name": "ni_hausa_k", "long_name": "Hausa bakwai", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1808 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Daura", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“We have already mentioned the city-states which, in point of fact, were kingdoms reduced to the scale of a city and its immediately surrounding territory; the Hausa cities or the Yoruba cities of Benin were the most typical examples. Here, too, institutional structures were complex; officials and aristocrats made up the king's court. The Hausa cities recognized a mother city, Daura.” §REF§ Niane, Djibril Tamsir, and Unesco, editors. Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. Heinemann; University of California Press, 1984: 13. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ERZKPETN/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 552, "polity": { "id": 671, "name": "ni_dahomey_k", "long_name": "Foys", "start_year": 1715, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Abomey", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“Royal palace construction for all subsequent kings of the seventeenth century, however, was limited to Abomey. This supports the argument that, like Allada and Hueda, administrative control in Dahomey was largely limited to the capital at this time.” §REF§Monroe, J. C. (2007). Continuity, Revolution or Evolution on the Slave Coast of West Africa? Royal Architecture and Political Order in Precolonial Dahomey. The Journal of African History, 48(3), 349–373; 357. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ASTPFKNP/collection§REF§ “Cana played a central political role in Dahomey throughout its history. This town may have been the center of political authority on the plateau prior to the arrival of the Fon dynasty. Under Dahomey, Cana was widely cited as the usual residence of the king. Dalzel claimed, for example, that he resided there year round and only left for Abomey when the Xwetanu approached.83 This led some to consider Cana the country capital of the kingdom. Each minister had a residence at Cana, permitting the entire administration to be available to the king at any given time. Cana was also a centrally important site of interaction between Dahomey and the Oyo Empire for much of the eighteenth century, and Oyo maintained an ambassador there in this period.” §REF§Monroe, J. C. (2007). Continuity, Revolution or Evolution on the Slave Coast of West Africa? Royal Architecture and Political Order in Precolonial Dahomey. The Journal of African History, 48(3), 349–373: 366–367. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ASTPFKNP/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 553, "polity": { "id": 671, "name": "ni_dahomey_k", "long_name": "Foys", "start_year": 1715, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": true, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Cana", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“Royal palace construction for all subsequent kings of the seventeenth century, however, was limited to Abomey. This supports the argument that, like Allada and Hueda, administrative control in Dahomey was largely limited to the capital at this time.” §REF§Monroe, J. C. (2007). Continuity, Revolution or Evolution on the Slave Coast of West Africa? Royal Architecture and Political Order in Precolonial Dahomey. The Journal of African History, 48(3), 349–373; 357. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ASTPFKNP/collection§REF§ “Cana played a central political role in Dahomey throughout its history. This town may have been the center of political authority on the plateau prior to the arrival of the Fon dynasty. Under Dahomey, Cana was widely cited as the usual residence of the king. Dalzel claimed, for example, that he resided there year round and only left for Abomey when the Xwetanu approached.83 This led some to consider Cana the country capital of the kingdom. Each minister had a residence at Cana, permitting the entire administration to be available to the king at any given time. Cana was also a centrally important site of interaction between Dahomey and the Oyo Empire for much of the eighteenth century, and Oyo maintained an ambassador there in this period.” §REF§Monroe, J. C. (2007). Continuity, Revolution or Evolution on the Slave Coast of West Africa? Royal Architecture and Political Order in Precolonial Dahomey. The Journal of African History, 48(3), 349–373: 366–367. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ASTPFKNP/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 554, "polity": { "id": 672, "name": "ni_benin_emp", "long_name": "Benin Empire", "start_year": 1140, "end_year": 1897 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Edo", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "Also called Benin City (see map) or Ile Ibinu. §REF§Bradbury, R. E. (1967). The Kingdom of Benin. In West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century (Repr, pp. 1–35). Published for the International African Institute by Oxford University Press: 4. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/Z8DJIKP8/collection§REF§ “The population of Benin Division, which we equate with the Benin kingdom, was reckoned at about 292,000 in the 1952 census. Some 54,000 of these lived in the capital, Benin City”. §REF§Bradbury, R. E. (1967). The Kingdom of Benin. In West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century (Repr, pp. 1–35). Published for the International African Institute by Oxford University Press: 8. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/Z8DJIKP8/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 555, "polity": { "id": 673, "name": "ni_wukari_fed", "long_name": "Wukari Federation", "start_year": 1820, "end_year": 1899 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Wukari", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“Wukari, the present home of the majority of Jukun, was founded as a new capital after the break-up of Kororofa, and represents its successor state on a considerably diminished scale. Wukari's political boundaries continued to contract up to the time of British pacification through Jukun failure to withstand Fulani and Chamba encroachment from the north, east, and west, and Tiv infiltration from the south.” §REF§ Young, M. W. (1966). The Divine Kingship of the Jukun: A Re-Evaluation of Some Theories. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 36(2), 135–153:139–140. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/NTI9GQMF/collection§REF§ “About 1815, frightened at the defection of one of their notables, Anju of Dampar, the Jukuns melted away before Buba Yero of Gombe and Abu Bakr, Alkali Dagara. They fled westward and settled in Kasan Chiki, the salt district round Awe, and amongst the Munshis to the south of the river. Later a remnant returned and founded or rebuilt Wukari, their present capital, 23 miles south of Ibi. Burba of Bakundi finally destroyed what remained of the city of Kororofa.” §REF§Ruxton, F. H. (1908). Notes on the Tribes of the Muri Province. Journal of the Royal African Society, 7(28), 374–386: 379. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/2AXUQGFB/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 556, "polity": { "id": 674, "name": "se_cayor_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Cayor", "start_year": 1549, "end_year": 1864 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Mdaud", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“In the intervening fertile region of Cayor lie several large centres of population such as Mpal, surrounded by plantations of ground nuts, Luga father south, and Mdaud, the old capital of the Kingdom of Cayor.” §REF§ (Reclus 1892, 159) Reclus, Elisee et al. 1892. The Earth and Its Inhabitants: West Africa. New York: D. Appleton and Company. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/2494BGCZ/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 557, "polity": { "id": 675, "name": "se_saloum_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Saloum", "start_year": 1490, "end_year": 1863 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kahone", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“Kahone was the capital of the Kingdom of Saloum from the mid-sixteenth to the late nineteenth century.” §REF§ (Bigon and Ross 2020, 42) Bigon, Liora and Ross, Eric. 2020. Grid Planning in the Urban Design Practices of Senegal. London: Springer. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/MM67I638/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 558, "polity": { "id": 676, "name": "se_baol_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Baol", "start_year": 1550, "end_year": 1890 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Lambaye", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“Fifty kilometres to its north, Lambaye was the capital of the Kingdom of Baol from the mid-sixteenth to the late nineteenth century.” §REF§ (Bigon and Ross 2020, 42) Bigon, Liora and Ross, Eric. 2020. Grid Planning in the Urban Design Practices of Senegal. London: Springer. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/MM67I638/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 559, "polity": { "id": 682, "name": "se_jolof_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Jolof", "start_year": 1549, "end_year": 1865 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Yangyang", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“Mbakhol was the earliest Wolofiezed Mandinka center, far from the then prominent Jolof capital of Yangyang, the emerging capitals of Mbul, Lambaye and Kahone and the trade routes linking them to the rivers and seaports.” §REF§ (Colvin 1986, 68) Colvin, Lucie G. 1986. ‘The Shaykh’s Men: Religion and Power in Senegambian Islam.’ Asian and African Studies. Vol. 20:1 Pp. 61-71. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/GZTDTN6Q/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 560, "polity": { "id": 686, "name": "tz_karagwe_k", "long_name": "Karagwe", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1916 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Bweranyange", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "\"It was during the reign of Nono that the hitherto Bantu-ruled Nyambo chiefdom was usurped by Nilotic Bahima. Specifically, Nono, whose capital was at Mugutu, near Rukole (northeast of Bweranyange), was ousted by Ruhinda, the son of Wamara and Njunaki—a slave girl. Ruhinda shifted the capital to Bweranyange.\" §REF§(Mapunda 2009: 94) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/9GV5C5NF/collection. §REF§ NB the following, however, which suggests that Bweranyange was likely only temporarily the capital: \"In the Great Lakes, capitals and the individual structures within them were undoubtedly impressive (e.g. Kigongo and Reid 2007), but they were short-lived, frequently occupied for less than five years, and built entirely from non-durable materials; to date, even 19th-century capitals, the locations of which are known, remain archaeologically invisible. Settlement in the region, royal or otherwise, seems generally to have been relatively short-term and dispersed, leaving isolated scatters of archaeological debris across the inhabited landscape.\"§REF§(Reid 2013: 889) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/PA7Z3NFR/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 561, "polity": { "id": 688, "name": "ug_nkore_k_1", "long_name": "Nkore", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1749 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "Inferred from the following. \"Indeed, considering what is recorded it seems fairly certain that following Nkuba's consolidation of personal power over the Hima clans until the eventful reign of Ntare IV (1699-1727/26), the absence of historical information stems from the fact that few people in Ankole then or since would recognize the society of the first ten generations as either an historical or political unit much less as a state. Nkuba and his successors emerge dimly from the spare record as what Ruhinda himself was — a wandering herdsman and warrior. The Mugabe (king) of later years was at this stage merely the leading member of the central clan of a cluster of pastoral clans — the giver of gifts of cattle as his title literally implies rather than the monarch or ruler (Mukama) of a sovereign state.\"§REF§(Steinhart 1978: 136) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/D3FV7SKV/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 562, "polity": { "id": 697, "name": "in_pandya_emp_2", "long_name": "Pandya Dynasty", "start_year": 590, "end_year": 915 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Madurai", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "Also known as Madura. “The Pandya dynasty was centered in the city of Madurai on the extreme southern coast of India.” §REF§ (Middleton 2015, 716) 2015. ‘Pandya Dynasty’ In World Monarchies and Dynasties: Vol 1-3. Edited by John Middleton. London: Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/BISZJCDB/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 563, "polity": { "id": 698, "name": "in_cholas_1", "long_name": "Early Cholas", "start_year": -300, "end_year": 300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Uraiyur", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The principality of the Cholas in the lower Kaveri valley corresponded roughly to modern Tanjore and Trichinopoly districts of Tamil Nadu, and had its capital at Uraiyur.” §REF§ (Singh 2008, 384) Singh, Upinder. 2008. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. London: Pearson Education. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/UJG2G6MJ/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 564, "polity": { "id": 699, "name": "in_thanjavur_maratha_k", "long_name": "Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom", "start_year": 1675, "end_year": 1799 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Thanjavur", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "Also known as Tanjore. “He was replaced in 1674 with a descendant of the nayaka of Thanjavur with the help of the Marathas under their leader Ekoji Bhonsle (around 1630-84), who, after initial conquests in South India, began to display an interest in developments there. A year later, Ekoji himself became the ruler of Thanjavur and established the Maratha dynasty of the Raja of Thanjavur. §REF§ (Lieban 2018, 54) Lieban, Heike. 2018. Cultural Encounters in India: The Local Co-workers of Tranquebar Mission, 18th to 19th Centuries. London: Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/32CRNR7U/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 565, "polity": { "id": 700, "name": "in_pandya_emp_1", "long_name": "Early Pandyas", "start_year": -300, "end_year": 300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Madurai", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“Under the Pandyas their capital Madurai and the Pandyan port Korkai were great centres of trade and commerce.” §REF§ (Agnihotri 1988, 351) Agnihotri, V.K. 1988. Indian History. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Pvt. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/PNX9XBJQ/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 566, "polity": { "id": 701, "name": "in_carnatic_sul", "long_name": "Carnatic Sultanate", "start_year": 1710, "end_year": 1801 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Arcot", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“It seems that some measure of stability was achieved with the establishment of Mughal rule. After a few years the rulers of Gingee took the title of nawabs of the Carnatic, and in the first years of the 18th century they left Gingee to take up residence in Arcot. §REF§ (Bugge, 2020) Bugge, Henriette. 2020. Mission and Tamil Society: Social and Religious Change in South India (1840-1900). London: Routledge Curzon. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/9SKWNUF4/collection §REF§ “The Navaiyat dynasty came to power when Saadutullah Khan was appointed subadhar, or chief of military and revenue officer of the newly established Mughal subah of Arcot in 1710. The Navaiyats, wanting to take advantage of the relative weakness of the links to the Mughal centre, and wanting to carve out an independent dynastic rule for themselves, quickly fell into the traditional pattern of empire-building. They extended existing citadels like Vellore and Gingee by ‘importing’ North Indian traders, artisans and soldiers; they established a number of new market centres; they founded and endowed mosques; and they invited poets, artists and scholars and Sufi holy men to the new capital of Arcot.” §REF§ (Bugge, 2020) Bugge, Henriette. 2020. Mission and Tamil Society: Social and Religious Change in South India (1840-1900). London: Routledge Curzon. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/9SKWNUF4/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 567, "polity": { "id": 702, "name": "in_pallava_emp_2", "long_name": "Late Pallava Empire", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 890 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kanchipuram", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“Most of the lithic inscriptions are found on the sculpted walls of the temples especially in their capital city, Kanchipuram and the port city Mamallapuram.” §REF§ (Kamlesh 2010, 563) Kamelsh, Kapur. 2010. ‘The Pallava Dynasty’ In History of Ancient India: Portraits of a Nation. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/UETBPIDE/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 568, "polity": { "id": 703, "name": "in_kalabhra_dyn", "long_name": "Kalabhra Dynasty", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kaveripumpattinam", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The great ruler Acutavikranta Kalabhra ruled from Kaveripumpattinam in Tanjore district at the mouth of the river probably in the fourth century A.D. The second capital of the Kalabhras was at Madura.” §REF§ (Gupta 1989, 24) Gupta, Parmanand. 1989. Geography from Ancient Indian Coins and Seals. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/5Z4TFP7P/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 569, "polity": { "id": 703, "name": "in_kalabhra_dyn", "long_name": "Kalabhra Dynasty", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Madurai", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The great ruler Acutavikranta Kalabhra ruled from Kaveripumpattinam in Tanjore district at the mouth of the river probably in the fourth century A.D. The second capital of the Kalabhras was at Madura.” §REF§ (Gupta 1989, 24) Gupta, Parmanand. 1989. Geography from Ancient Indian Coins and Seals. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/5Z4TFP7P/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 570, "polity": { "id": 704, "name": "in_thanjavur_nayaks", "long_name": "Nayaks of Thanjavur", "start_year": 1532, "end_year": 1676 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Thanjavur", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "Also known as Tanjore. “In the Vijaynagar times, Thanjavur was ruled on its behalf by the Nayak dynasty from 1532 to 1676 AD. The Nayaks were closely connected to the Vijaynagar kings, and Raghunatha Nayak and Vijayaraghava Nayak did much to put Thanjavur on the cultural map.” §REF§ (Chakravarthy 2016, 78) Chakravarthy, Pradeep. 2016. ‘Thanjavur’s Sarasvati Muhal Library’ India International Centre Quarterly. Vol. 42:3/4. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/CU6HMURQ/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 571, "polity": { "id": 668, "name": "ni_nri_k", "long_name": "Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì", "start_year": 1043, "end_year": 1911 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Nri", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "Sources searched do not refer to a ‘capital’ of the Nri Kingdom, but it seems Igbo-Ukwu was the base of the eze Nri. There are doubts about the significance of the finds at Igbo-Ukwu and whether they indicate that this was a significant population, ritual and power centre for the Nri. “Historical ethnography indicates that Igbo-Ukwu flourished under the patronage of the Eze Nri institution.” §REF§Ogundiran, A. (2005). Four Millennia of Cultural History in Nigeria (ca. 2000 B.C.—A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives. Journal of World Prehistory, 19(2), 133–168: 148. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/PK7F26DP/collection§REF§ “At this stage any suggestions must be tentative, especially since on the local side it is still very unclear - and will remain so unless the site of Igbo-Ukwu can be re-examined in a radically novel way - whether the location excavated by Shaw was no more than a burial shrine or priest's abode secluded in the forest, or whether contrarily it was part of a real town of that period with an industrial quarter. Either way, it is acknowledged that the manufacture and burial of so many exquisite objects, most of them essentially non-utilitarian, must be of religious and social significance, as well as economic.” §REF§Sutton, J. E. G. (1991). The International Factor at Igbo-Ukwu. The African Archaeological Review, 9, 145–160: 149. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/HBPMUV6T/collection§REF§ “Some Igbo communities, especially trading cities along the Niger like Onitsha and Oguta (Nzimiro 1972) and the 'holy city' of Nri (Afigbo 1981:31-68) had elaborated chieftaincy institutions in pre-colonial times.” §REF§Harneit-Sievers, A. (1998). Igbo ‘Traditional Rulers’: Chieftaincy and the State in Southeastern Nigeria. Africa Spectrum, 33(1), 57–79: 59. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/TUHHXK22/collection§REF§ “It is in this heartland that the holy centre of Nm grew up, and the ancient treasures of Igbo-Ukwu were discovered. At its greatest extent the Nri sphere of influence covered perhaps half of Igboland; nevertheless, it constituted its ritual heart, like Ife, among the Yoruba.” §REF§Isichei, Elizabeth. A History of African Societies to 1870. Cambridge University Press, 1997: 246. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/Z4GK27CI/collection§REF§" } ] }