Polity Capital List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Capitals.
GET /api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=10
{ "count": 629, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=11", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-capitals/?format=api&page=9", "results": [ { "id": 470, "polity": { "id": 465, "name": "uz_khwarasm_1", "long_name": "Ancient Khwarazm", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -521 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kök Tepe", "polity_cap": { "id": 271, "name": "Kök Tepe", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Uzbekistan", "latitude": "39.89333300", "longitude": "66.91805600", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/39%C2%B053'36.0%22N+66%C2%B055'05.0%22E/@39.893333,66.918056,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x359b85ab27bacbaf!8m2!3d39.893333!4d66.918056?hl=en", "is_verified": true, "note": "Coordinates are according to Wikipedia. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koktepe)" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"The Achaemenids found in Sogdiana an urban civilization. Along two divergent canals fed by the Zarafshan, the proto-Dargom and the Bulungur, two gigantic sites, Afrasiab-Samarkand and Kök Tepe - each covering more than two hundred hectares - were occupied from the 8th or 7th century before our era.2 The valley of the Zarafshan had already known an earlier urban phase at the site of Sarazm, a small distance upstream from Samarkand, but this phase had ended a millenium before.3 Kök Tepe declined rapidly, but Samarkand became for two millenia the greatest city of Sogdiana, and, with Merv and Bactra, one of the very great cities of western Central Asia.\" §REF§(De la Vaissière 2005, 17)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 471, "polity": { "id": 464, "name": "uz_koktepe_1", "long_name": "Koktepe I", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Koktepe", "polity_cap": { "id": 272, "name": "Koktepe", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Uzebekistan", "latitude": "39.89333300", "longitude": "66.91805600", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/39%C2%B053'36.0%22N+66%C2%B055'05.0%22E/@39.893333,66.918056,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x359b85ab27bacbaf!8m2!3d39.893333!4d66.918056?hl=en", "is_verified": true, "note": "Coordinates are according to Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koktepe)" }, "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 472, "polity": { "id": 466, "name": "uz_koktepe_2", "long_name": "Koktepe II", "start_year": -750, "end_year": -550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Afrasiab-Samarkand", "polity_cap": { "id": 270, "name": "Afrasiab-Samarkand", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Uzbekistan", "latitude": "39.67019100", "longitude": "66.98013690", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Afrasiyab+Settlement/@39.670191,66.9801369,16z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3f4d18984371c3af:0x5d3925ce2e3d359c!8m2!3d39.6701911!4d66.9883763", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"The Achaemenids found in Sogdiana an urban civilization. Along two divergent canals fed by the Zarafshan, the proto-Dargom and the Bulungur, two gigantic sites, Afrasiab-Samarkand and Kok Tepe — each covering more than two hundred hectares — were occupied from the 8th or 7th century before our era. The valley of the Zarafshan had already known an earlier urban phase at the site of Sarazm, a small distance upstream from Samarkand, but this phase had ended a millenium before. Kok Tepe declined rapidly, but Samarkand became for two millennia the greatest city of Sogdiana, and, with Merv and Bactra, one of the very great cities of western Central Asia.\" §REF§(De la Vaissière 2005, 17)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 473, "polity": { "id": 466, "name": "uz_koktepe_2", "long_name": "Koktepe II", "start_year": -750, "end_year": -550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Koktepe", "polity_cap": { "id": 272, "name": "Koktepe", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Uzebekistan", "latitude": "39.89333300", "longitude": "66.91805600", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/39%C2%B053'36.0%22N+66%C2%B055'05.0%22E/@39.893333,66.918056,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x359b85ab27bacbaf!8m2!3d39.893333!4d66.918056?hl=en", "is_verified": true, "note": "Coordinates are according to Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koktepe)" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"The Achaemenids found in Sogdiana an urban civilization. Along two divergent canals fed by the Zarafshan, the proto-Dargom and the Bulungur, two gigantic sites, Afrasiab-Samarkand and Kok Tepe — each covering more than two hundred hectares — were occupied from the 8th or 7th century before our era. The valley of the Zarafshan had already known an earlier urban phase at the site of Sarazm, a small distance upstream from Samarkand, but this phase had ended a millenium before. Kok Tepe declined rapidly, but Samarkand became for two millennia the greatest city of Sogdiana, and, with Merv and Bactra, one of the very great cities of western Central Asia.\" §REF§(De la Vaissière 2005, 17)§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 474, "polity": { "id": 287, "name": "uz_samanid_emp", "long_name": "Samanid Empire", "start_year": 819, "end_year": 999 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Bukhara", "polity_cap": { "id": 96, "name": "Bukhara", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Uzbekistan", "latitude": "39.77759700", "longitude": "64.38777860", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Buxoro,+Usbekistan/@39.777597,64.3877786,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3f50060e65993cd5:0xc87beaf40e48e767!8m2!3d39.7680827!4d64.4555769", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Bukhara.§REF§(Starr 2013) Starr, S. Frederick. 2013. Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press. Princeton.§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 475, "polity": { "id": 468, "name": "uz_sogdiana_city_states", "long_name": "Sogdiana - City-States Period", "start_year": 604, "end_year": 711 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Bukhara", "polity_cap": { "id": 96, "name": "Bukhara", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Uzbekistan", "latitude": "39.77759700", "longitude": "64.38777860", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Buxoro,+Usbekistan/@39.777597,64.3877786,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3f50060e65993cd5:0xc87beaf40e48e767!8m2!3d39.7680827!4d64.4555769", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 476, "polity": { "id": 468, "name": "uz_sogdiana_city_states", "long_name": "Sogdiana - City-States Period", "start_year": 604, "end_year": 711 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Samarkand", "polity_cap": { "id": 94, "name": "Samarkand", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Uzbekistan", "latitude": "39.64086860", "longitude": "66.82780250", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Samarkand,+Usbekistan/@39.6408686,66.8278025,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3f4d191960077df7:0x487636d9d13f2f57!8m2!3d39.627012!4d66.9749731", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "<br>" }, { "id": 477, "polity": { "id": 370, "name": "uz_timurid_emp", "long_name": "Timurid Empire", "start_year": 1370, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Samarkand", "polity_cap": { "id": 94, "name": "Samarkand", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Uzbekistan", "latitude": "39.64086860", "longitude": "66.82780250", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Samarkand,+Usbekistan/@39.6408686,66.8278025,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3f4d191960077df7:0x487636d9d13f2f57!8m2!3d39.627012!4d66.9749731", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Samarkand was Timur's capital.§REF§(Wise Bauer 2013, 558) Wise Bauer, S. 2013. The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople. W. W. Norton & Company.§REF§ Shah Rukh (r.1404-1447 CE) moved the capital to Herat.§REF§(Khan 2003, 35) Khan, A. 2003. A Historical Atlas of Uzbekistan. The Rosen Publishing Group.§REF§" }, { "id": 478, "polity": { "id": 370, "name": "uz_timurid_emp", "long_name": "Timurid Empire", "start_year": 1370, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Herat", "polity_cap": { "id": 145, "name": "Herat", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Afghanistan", "latitude": "34.35352190", "longitude": "62.17605050", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Herat,+Afghanistan/@34.3535219,62.1760505,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3f3ce6a894be6cf7:0x9db9f81752d677c4!8m2!3d34.352865!4d62.2040287", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Samarkand was Timur's capital.§REF§(Wise Bauer 2013, 558) Wise Bauer, S. 2013. The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople. W. W. Norton & Company.§REF§ Shah Rukh (r.1404-1447 CE) moved the capital to Herat.§REF§(Khan 2003, 35) Khan, A. 2003. A Historical Atlas of Uzbekistan. The Rosen Publishing Group.§REF§" }, { "id": 479, "polity": { "id": 353, "name": "ye_himyar_1", "long_name": "Himyar I", "start_year": 270, "end_year": 340 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Zarfar", "polity_cap": { "id": 146, "name": "Zarfar", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Yemen", "latitude": "14.21203840", "longitude": "44.40119150", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Zafar,+Jemen/@14.2120384,44.4011915,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x161d2a7e6e47f585:0x21f46ab5817ea221!8m2!3d14.2118054!4d44.4034219", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " The Himyarite capital was Zarfar.§REF§(Caton 2013, 45-46) Steven C Caton ed. 2013. Yemen. ABC-Clio. Santa Barbara§REF§ Also known as Dhu-Raydan.§REF§(Burrows 2010, 161) Robert D Burrows. 2010. Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Second Edition. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham.§REF§ \"The last of the great pre-Islamic kingdoms, that of Himyar, was the only one ruled from the central highlands rather than the desert's edge.\"§REF§(Burrows 2010, lxiii) Robert D Burrows. 2010. Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Second Edition. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham.§REF§ When Zarfar became the capital it displaced Marib of the Sabaeans and Qarnaw of the Minaeans.§REF§(Hitti 2002, 56) Philip K Hitti. 2002 (1937). History of the Arabs. 10th Edition. Palgrave Macmillan. Basingstoke.§REF§<br><b>Language</b>" }, { "id": 480, "polity": { "id": 354, "name": "ye_himyar_2", "long_name": "Himyar II", "start_year": 378, "end_year": 525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Zarfar", "polity_cap": { "id": 146, "name": "Zarfar", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Yemen", "latitude": "14.21203840", "longitude": "44.40119150", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Zafar,+Jemen/@14.2120384,44.4011915,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x161d2a7e6e47f585:0x21f46ab5817ea221!8m2!3d14.2118054!4d44.4034219", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " The Himyarite capital was Zarfar.§REF§(Caton 2013, 45-46) Steven C Caton ed. 2013. Yemen. ABC-Clio. Santa Barbara§REF§ Also known as Dhu-Raydan.§REF§(Burrows 2010, 161) Robert D Burrows. 2010. Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Second Edition. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham.§REF§ \"The last of the great pre-Islamic kingdoms, that of Himyar, was the only one ruled from the central highlands rather than the desert's edge.\"§REF§(Burrows 2010, lxiii) Robert D Burrows. 2010. Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Second Edition. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham.§REF§ When Zarfar became the capital it displaced Marib of the Sabaeans and Qarnaw of the Minaeans.§REF§(Hitti 2002, 56) Philip K Hitti. 2002 (1937). History of the Arabs. 10th Edition. Palgrave Macmillan. Basingstoke.§REF§<br><b>Language</b>" }, { "id": 483, "polity": { "id": 541, "name": "ye_qasimid_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty", "start_year": 1637, "end_year": 1805 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Shaharah", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " 'The state the Qasimis formed in the midst of this was none the less impressive (for the rulers' genealogy see Fig. 6.1). Al-Qasim himself, who early in his fight against the Turks had wept over his children starving at Barat, was wealthy when the truce was signed. He built the mosque at Shaharah, then built houses for himself and his followers, planted coffee in al-Ahnum, and amassed more land than the public treasury (Nubdhah: 258, 334-6). The court expanded with the southern conquests. Al-Mutawakkil received an embassy from Ethiopia and exchanged gifts of fine horses with Aurangzib of India (Serjeant 1983: 80-1), while his relatives expressed concern about his monthly demands for funds from Lower Yemen. Further criticism of his taxation policy came from Muhammad al-Ghurbani at Barat, but in 1675 the levies on Lower Yemen were redoubled (ibid. 82). Under Muhammad Ahmad, 'He of al-Mawahib'\" (1687-1718), the exactions became more severe still, in support of a grandiose court and a large standing army complete with slave soldiers (ibid., Zabarah 1958: 451, 457; alShawkani 1929: ii. 98).' §REF§Dresch, Paul 1989. \"Tribes, Government and History in Yemen\", 200§REF§ Dresch implies that the imamic capital was moved at least once: 'At times of truce, al-Qasim had acted against some of the tribes' own practices: for example, he put a stop to pilgrimages and sacrifices at a tree near Wadi Mawr and flogged men from alAhnurn for drinking (ibid. 338); his appointee even wheedled out of the tribes their 'books of tiighiit' and duly burned them (ibid. 435). Under al-Qasirn's successors, however, the tribes were treated carefully. Al-Mu'ayyad (1620-44), for example, seems not to have pressed the point of Islamic inheritance law and to have left the taxation of Barat in the hands of Bayt al-'Ansi, while his successor, al-Mutawakkil (1644-76), paid the tribes of Barat to support his campaign against Hadramawt (Serjeant 1983: 79-82). Aden and Lahj, which had already seceded, were retaken; a decade later alBaYQa' and Yafi' were subdued; Hadramawt was invaded; and the Zaydi arms were carried at one point to the borders of Dhufar in what is now Oman. The Qasimis also became involved in, though they did not conquer, areas north of Najran and 'Asir: 'the conquests spread with the support of the Hamdan tribes and the leadership of the Qasimi family' (al-Sharnahi 1972: 145), and alMutawakkil moved his capital from Shaharah to Dawran, south of San'a'. The state (now called a dawlah by its own chroniclers) had to link the north, where armed force still lay, to the richer tax base of Lower Yemen.' §REF§Dresch, Paul 1989. \"Tribes, Government and History in Yemen\", 199p§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 484, "polity": { "id": 541, "name": "ye_qasimid_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty", "start_year": 1637, "end_year": 1805 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Dawran", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": " 'The state the Qasimis formed in the midst of this was none the less impressive (for the rulers' genealogy see Fig. 6.1). Al-Qasim himself, who early in his fight against the Turks had wept over his children starving at Barat, was wealthy when the truce was signed. He built the mosque at Shaharah, then built houses for himself and his followers, planted coffee in al-Ahnum, and amassed more land than the public treasury (Nubdhah: 258, 334-6). The court expanded with the southern conquests. Al-Mutawakkil received an embassy from Ethiopia and exchanged gifts of fine horses with Aurangzib of India (Serjeant 1983: 80-1), while his relatives expressed concern about his monthly demands for funds from Lower Yemen. Further criticism of his taxation policy came from Muhammad al-Ghurbani at Barat, but in 1675 the levies on Lower Yemen were redoubled (ibid. 82). Under Muhammad Ahmad, 'He of al-Mawahib'\" (1687-1718), the exactions became more severe still, in support of a grandiose court and a large standing army complete with slave soldiers (ibid., Zabarah 1958: 451, 457; alShawkani 1929: ii. 98).' §REF§Dresch, Paul 1989. \"Tribes, Government and History in Yemen\", 200§REF§ Dresch implies that the imamic capital was moved at least once: 'At times of truce, al-Qasim had acted against some of the tribes' own practices: for example, he put a stop to pilgrimages and sacrifices at a tree near Wadi Mawr and flogged men from alAhnurn for drinking (ibid. 338); his appointee even wheedled out of the tribes their 'books of tiighiit' and duly burned them (ibid. 435). Under al-Qasirn's successors, however, the tribes were treated carefully. Al-Mu'ayyad (1620-44), for example, seems not to have pressed the point of Islamic inheritance law and to have left the taxation of Barat in the hands of Bayt al-'Ansi, while his successor, al-Mutawakkil (1644-76), paid the tribes of Barat to support his campaign against Hadramawt (Serjeant 1983: 79-82). Aden and Lahj, which had already seceded, were retaken; a decade later alBaYQa' and Yafi' were subdued; Hadramawt was invaded; and the Zaydi arms were carried at one point to the borders of Dhufar in what is now Oman. The Qasimis also became involved in, though they did not conquer, areas north of Najran and 'Asir: 'the conquests spread with the support of the Hamdan tribes and the leadership of the Qasimi family' (al-Sharnahi 1972: 145), and alMutawakkil moved his capital from Shaharah to Dawran, south of San'a'. The state (now called a dawlah by its own chroniclers) had to link the north, where armed force still lay, to the richer tax base of Lower Yemen.' §REF§Dresch, Paul 1989. \"Tribes, Government and History in Yemen\", 199p§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 485, "polity": { "id": 539, "name": "ye_qatabanian_commonwealth", "long_name": "Qatabanian Commonwealth", "start_year": -450, "end_year": -111 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"Until the end of the third century AD, when the kingdom of Ḥimyar, which had just expelled an Ethiopian invasion, annexed the kingdom of Sabaʾ and conquered Ḥaḍramawt (Ch. 3), South Arabia was divided between numerous kingdoms\".§REF§(Robin 2015: 94) Robin, Christian Julien. 2015. “Before Himyar: Epigraphic Evidence for the Kingdoms of South Arabia.” In <i>Arabs and Empires before Islam</i>, edited by Greg Fisher, 91-126. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www-oxfordscholarship-com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654529.001.0001/acprof-9780199654529-chapter-3\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www-oxfordscholarship-com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654529.001.0001/acprof-9780199654529-chapter-3</a>.§REF§<br><b>Language</b>" }, { "id": 486, "polity": { "id": 368, "name": "ye_rasulid_dyn", "long_name": "Rasulid Dynasty", "start_year": 1229, "end_year": 1453 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Zabid", "polity_cap": { "id": 147, "name": "Zabid", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Yemen", "latitude": "14.20100790", "longitude": "43.31140990", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Zabid,+Jemen/@14.2010079,43.3114099,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x161b181674d77ea9:0xe787e3e917843582!8m2!3d14.2004314!4d43.3222227", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Zabid was the winter capital.§REF§(Stookey 1978, 114) Robert W Stookey. 1978. Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. Boulder.§REF§<br><b>Language</b>" }, { "id": 487, "polity": { "id": 538, "name": "ye_sabaean_commonwealth", "long_name": "Sabaean Commonwealth", "start_year": -800, "end_year": -451 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"Until the end of the third century AD, when the kingdom of Ḥimyar, which had just expelled an Ethiopian invasion, annexed the kingdom of Sabaʾ and conquered Ḥaḍramawt (Ch. 3), South Arabia was divided between numerous kingdoms\".§REF§(Robin 2015: 94) Robin, Christian Julien. 2015. “Before Himyar: Epigraphic Evidence for the Kingdoms of South Arabia.” In <i>Arabs and Empires before Islam</i>, edited by Greg Fisher, 91-126. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZMFH42PE\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZMFH42PE</a>.§REF§<br><b>Language</b>" }, { "id": 488, "polity": { "id": 540, "name": "ye_saba_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Saba and Dhu Raydan", "start_year": -110, "end_year": 149 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"Until the end of the third century AD, when the kingdom of Ḥimyar, which had just expelled an Ethiopian invasion, annexed the kingdom of Sabaʾ and conquered Ḥaḍramawt (Ch. 3), South Arabia was divided between numerous kingdoms\".§REF§(Robin 2015: 94) Robin, Christian Julien. 2015. “Before Himyar: Epigraphic Evidence for the Kingdoms of South Arabia.” In <i>Arabs and Empires before Islam</i>, edited by Greg Fisher, 91-126. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www-oxfordscholarship-com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654529.001.0001/acprof-9780199654529-chapter-3\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www-oxfordscholarship-com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654529.001.0001/acprof-9780199654529-chapter-3</a>.§REF§<br><b>Language</b>" }, { "id": 489, "polity": { "id": 372, "name": "ye_tahirid_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty", "start_year": 1454, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Zabid", "polity_cap": { "id": 147, "name": "Zabid", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Yemen", "latitude": "14.20100790", "longitude": "43.31140990", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Zabid,+Jemen/@14.2010079,43.3114099,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x161b181674d77ea9:0xe787e3e917843582!8m2!3d14.2004314!4d43.3222227", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"After 1454, the Yemen was under the rule of a new dynasty, the Tahirids, who, like their Rasulid predecessors, had their winter capital in Zabid, close by the Red Sea coast.\"§REF§(Salibi 2006) Kamal S Salibi. 2006. The Modern History of Jordan. I.B. Tauris. London.§REF§<br><b>Language</b>" }, { "id": 490, "polity": { "id": 365, "name": "ye_warlords", "long_name": "Yemen - Era of Warlords", "start_year": 1038, "end_year": 1174 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Sanaa", "polity_cap": { "id": 148, "name": "Sanaa", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Yemen", "latitude": "15.38333180", "longitude": "44.07119410", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sanaa,+Jemen/@15.3833318,44.0711941,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x1603dbd54684f731:0xa46b957a1482ac73!8m2!3d15.3694451!4d44.1910066", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Sulayhids: Queen Arwa moved the court from Sanaa to Dhu Jibla.§REF§(Stookey 1978, 68) Robert W Stookey. 1978. Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. Boulder.§REF§ Sa'da was the capital of the Zaidi Imamate until it was destroyed 943-977 CE.§REF§(Stookey 1978, 97) Robert W Stookey. 1978. Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. Boulder.§REF§<br><b>Language</b>" }, { "id": 491, "polity": { "id": 365, "name": "ye_warlords", "long_name": "Yemen - Era of Warlords", "start_year": 1038, "end_year": 1174 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Dhu Jibla", "polity_cap": { "id": 149, "name": "Dhu Jibla", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Yemen", "latitude": "13.92504890", "longitude": "44.13576000", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Dschibla,+Jemen/@13.9250489,44.13576,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x161cec44c336791f:0x4f9848ff5b5d8d1a!8m2!3d13.92413!4d44.1459167", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " Sulayhids: Queen Arwa moved the court from Sanaa to Dhu Jibla.§REF§(Stookey 1978, 68) Robert W Stookey. 1978. Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. Boulder.§REF§ Sa'da was the capital of the Zaidi Imamate until it was destroyed 943-977 CE.§REF§(Stookey 1978, 97) Robert W Stookey. 1978. Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. Boulder.§REF§<br><b>Language</b>" }, { "id": 492, "polity": { "id": 359, "name": "ye_ziyad_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen Ziyadid Dynasty", "start_year": 822, "end_year": 1037 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Zabid", "polity_cap": { "id": 147, "name": "Zabid", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Yemen", "latitude": "14.20100790", "longitude": "43.31140990", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Zabid,+Jemen/@14.2010079,43.3114099,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x161b181674d77ea9:0xe787e3e917843582!8m2!3d14.2004314!4d43.3222227", "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": " \"Effective Abbasid rule in Yemen ended when Muhammad bin 'Ubaidallah bin Ziyad,appointed in 822 by Ma'mum to govern the Tihama, threw off all pretense of obedience of Baghdad beyond causing the Friday prayers to be said in the caliph's name, and founded the Banu Ziyad state, laying out and building the city of Zabid as its capital.\"§REF§(Stookey 1978, 45) Robert W Stookey. 1978. Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. Boulder.§REF§<br><b>Language</b>" }, { "id": 493, "polity": { "id": 570, "name": "es_spanish_emp_2", "long_name": "Spanish Empire II", "start_year": 1716, "end_year": 1814 }, "year_from": 1716, "year_to": 1814, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Madrid", "polity_cap": { "id": 177, "name": "Madrid", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": "Spain", "latitude": "40.43813110", "longitude": "-3.81961730", "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": "https://www.google.com/maps/place/Madrid,+Spain/@40.4381311,-3.8196173,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0xd422997800a3c81:0xc436dec1618c2269!8m2!3d40.4167754!4d-3.7037902", "is_verified": true, "note": "Madrid: 1561-1601 CE; Valladolid: 1601-1606 CE; Madrid: 1606-1700 CE" }, "comment": null, "description": "“Carlos and his queen, María Amalia of Saxony, whom he married in 1738, left Naples for Madrid with mixed feelings. The kingdom of Naples and Sicily boasted a huge and elegant capital city, a strong economy, and a manageable size. The Spanish capital at Madrid was presumably much less attractive – even though Carlos had been born and raised there – and carried with it the burdens of a global empire.”<ref>(Philips and Philips 2010: 187) Philips, William D. and Carla Rahn Philips. 2010. A Concise History of Spain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/ZT84ZFTP</ref>" }, { "id": 494, "polity": { "id": 607, "name": "si_early_modern_interior", "long_name": "Early Modern Sierra Leone", "start_year": 1650, "end_year": 1896 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "This \"quasipolity\" groups together several states and \"stateless\" societies of the Sierra Leone interior, hence no shared capital. \"Political systems in the Sierra Leone area were fairly similar in structure even though they varied considerably in size, from relatively larger states such as the Solima Yalunka, the Biriwa Limba and the Sherbro states, to small “stateless” societies where polities comprised one large settlement and surrounding villages.\"§REF§(Fyle and Foray 2006: xxx) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM.§REF§" }, { "id": 495, "polity": { "id": 608, "name": "gm_kaabu_emp", "long_name": "Kaabu", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1867 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Kansala", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "\"Indubitably, mansas resided at Kansala because it was Kaabu's last trade entrepôt of any consequence where they might collect taxes and tribute.\" §REF§(Brooks 2007: 56) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/TT7FC2RX/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 496, "polity": { "id": 609, "name": "si_freetown_1", "long_name": "Freetown", "start_year": 1787, "end_year": 1808 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Freetown", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 497, "polity": { "id": 610, "name": "gu_futa_jallon", "long_name": "Futa Jallon", "start_year": 1725, "end_year": 1896 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Timbo", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "\"Thus, after the victory of the marabout party following the holy war against the various ruling Jallonke aristocracies, the Muslim leaders created the Confederation of Futa Jallon under the leadership of Ibrahima Sambegu. Sambegu, known as Karamokho Alfa, was the head of the Sediyanke lineage of the Barry family of Timbo, and carried the title Almamy. [...] From the beginning, the power of the Almamy, with his seat at Timbo, was limited by the wide autonomy granted to the chiefs of the provinces of Labe, Buriya, Timbi, Kebaali, Kollade, Koyin, Fugumba and Fode Haaji and also by the existence of a Council of Ancients acting as a parliament at Fugumba, the religious capital.\" §REF§(Barry 1999: 291) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/SU25S5BX/items/24W2293H/item-list§REF§ \"Already Fugumba represented something of the power of religion in the eyes of the triumphant Fulbe populations for whom it was both the first city and their holy centre. Infused with the saintly breath of Tcherno Samba, a Fula cleric of formidable spiritual and intellectual stature, it assumed a tutorial role over the religious and political affairs of Futa Jallon. It blessed and consecrated kings, judged and settled disputes and reserved to itself a surprising degree of powers of review over political developments.\" §REF§(Sanneh 1981a: 46) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/SU25S5BX/items/M3J4HTAF/item-list§REF§" }, { "id": 498, "polity": { "id": 611, "name": "si_mane_emp", "long_name": "Mane", "start_year": 1550, "end_year": 1650 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Cape Mount", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "\"The Mani kings and their followers representing the vanguard of greater forces remaining behind in what is now Liberia, paid tribute to an overlord at Cape Mount.\" §REF§(Kup 1975: 35) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/36IUGEZV/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 499, "polity": { "id": 612, "name": "ni_nok_1", "long_name": "Middle and Late Nok", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -901 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "\"Although there is an abundance of archaeological remains in the ground of the area where it once spread, there is no indication of agglomerations of people above village level, thus there is no evidence that would warrant the existence of communities of a size that would be necessary to develop social stratification, which is regarded as one of the attributes of social complexity. Numerous excavations and prospections have contributed to the notion that no towns or any kind of urban environments existed. The rather small size of almost all recorded sites and the comparatively small quantities of excavated cultural remains even rule out village communities. Apparently the typical settlement of the Nok Culture which occupied the prehistoric landscape during all phases was either a hamlet or a single compound. What can be concluded from this is that there was no high population density and that Nok communities were small-scaled and organised in locally autonomous groups. Probably these groups consisted of only one or a few extended families or a comparable number of people living together at one site.\"§REF§(Breunig and Ruppe 2016: 252) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/ES4TRU7R.§REF§" }, { "id": 500, "polity": { "id": 613, "name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_yellow_5", "long_name": "West Burkina Faso Yellow I", "start_year": 100, "end_year": 500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "Quasipolity.”For the first 400 years of the settlement's history, Kirikongo was a single economically generalized social group (Figure 6). The occupants were self-sufficient farmers who cultivated grains and herded livestock, smelted and forged iron, opportunistically hunted, lived in puddled earthen structures with pounded clay floors, and fished in the seasonal drainages. [...] Since Kirikongo did not grow (at least not significantly) for over 400 years, it is likely that extra-community fissioning continually occurred to contribute to regional population growth, and it is also likely that Kirikongo itself was the result of budding from a previous homestead. However, with the small scale of settlement, the inhabitants of individual homesteads must have interacted with a wider community for social and demographic reasons. [...] It may be that generalized single-kin homesteads like Kirikongo were the societal model for a post-LSA expansion of farming peoples along the Nakambe (White Volta) and Mouhoun (Black Volta) River basins. A homestead settlement pattern would fit well with the transitional nature of early sedentary life, where societies are shifting from generalized reciprocity to more restricted and formalized group membership, and single-kin communities like Kirikongo's house (Mound 4) would be roughly the size of a band.”§REF§(Dueppen 2012: 27, 32)§REF§" }, { "id": 501, "polity": { "id": 615, "name": "ni_nok_2", "long_name": "Middle and Late Nok", "start_year": -900, "end_year": 0 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "\"Although there is an abundance of archaeological remains in the ground of the area where it once spread, there is no indication of agglomerations of people above village level, thus there is no evidence that would warrant the existence of communities of a size that would be necessary to develop social stratification, which is regarded as one of the attributes of social complexity. Numerous excavations and prospections have contributed to the notion that no towns or any kind of urban environments existed. The rather small size of almost all recorded sites and the comparatively small quantities of excavated cultural remains even rule out village communities. Apparently the typical settlement of the Nok Culture which occupied the prehistoric landscape during all phases was either a hamlet or a single compound. What can be concluded from this is that there was no high population density and that Nok communities were small-scaled and organised in locally autonomous groups. Probably these groups consisted of only one or a few extended families or a comparable number of people living together at one site.\"§REF§(Breunig and Ruppe 2016: 252) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/ES4TRU7R.§REF§" }, { "id": 502, "polity": { "id": 616, "name": "si_pre_sape", "long_name": "Pre-Sape Sierra Leone", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 503, "polity": { "id": 617, "name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_red_2", "long_name": "West Burkina Faso Red II and III", "start_year": 1100, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 504, "polity": { "id": 618, "name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_red_4", "long_name": "West Burkina Faso Red IV", "start_year": 1401, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 505, "polity": { "id": 619, "name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_red_1", "long_name": "West Burkina Faso Red I", "start_year": 701, "end_year": 1100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 506, "polity": { "id": 620, "name": "bf_mossi_k_1", "long_name": "Mossi", "start_year": 1100, "end_year": 1897 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "\"[T]here are several Mossi kingdoms linked by a common ancestry. Primus inter pares, the Ouagadougou kingdom eclipsed all others. Yet Ouagadougou should not be regarded as the capital of an alleged Mossi 'empire', as there was considerable autonomy, and even infighting, among the different kingdoms and principalities.\"§REF§(Englebert 2018: 11) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/52JWRCUI/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 507, "polity": { "id": 621, "name": "si_sape", "long_name": "Sape", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "Not a unitary state. \"The Sapes in no sense constituted a unitary state, and this was of crucial importance when they faced the Mane invaders.\" §REF§(Rodney 1967: 219) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/G8G96NVQ/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 508, "polity": { "id": 622, "name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_yellow_6", "long_name": "West Burkina Faso Yellow II", "start_year": 501, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "none", "polity_cap": { "id": 273, "name": "None (Absent Capital)", "alternative_names": null, "current_country": null, "latitude": null, "longitude": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "url_on_the_map": null, "is_verified": true, "note": "" }, "comment": null, "description": "Quasipolity. As the following quotes suggests, houses where still highly independent, and differientiation was emerging within settlements rather than between them. \"While houses were still highly independent, even producing their own pottery, a formalized village structure was likely present with both cadet and senior social segments, founded upon common descent with a common ancestor.\"§REF§(Dueppen 2012: 28)§REF§" }, { "id": 509, "polity": { "id": 623, "name": "zi_toutswe", "long_name": "Toutswe", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Toutswemogala", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "It seems possible that Toutswemogala may have been the capital of the polity, being the largest settlement with an abundance of the most valuable cattle, but as Denbow theorizes it is also possible that the other two major settlements represent competitors, or only loosely-affiliated clients, within the same cultural group. Evidence is sparse. “The… site of Toutswe shows selection of animals (both cattle and ovicaprines) in their prime (Welbourne, 1975). This culling of breeding age stock has been interpreted… as an indication of increasing social stratification….the concentration of power and wealth is greatest at the Class 3 [Level 1] sites in the Toutswe region.” §REF§ (Murphy 2011; 593-594) Kimmarie A. Murphy, “A Meal on the Hoof or Wealth in the Kraal? Stable Isotopes at Kgaswe and Taukome in Eastern Botswana,” in International Journal of Osteoarchaeology Vol. 21 (2011): 591-601. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/I3QB6TSV/collection §REF§ “…differentiation in site location, size and length of occupation strongly suggests that social and economic networks were also differentiated, with more powerful individuals occupying the larger sites.” §REF§ (Denbow 1986; 19) James Denbow, “A New Look at the Later Prehistory of the Kalahari,” in The Journal of African History Vol. 27, No.1 (1986): 3-28. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/X3DXN8CW/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 510, "polity": { "id": 624, "name": "zi_great_zimbabwe", "long_name": "Great Zimbabwe", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Great Zimbabwe", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": ". The scale of Great Zimbabwe’s population relative to the surrounding territory, as well as its stone architecture and clear wealth suggests firmly that this city was the capital of the polity that surrounded it. “By about 1270 a wealthy elite had emerged at Great Zimbabwe, which laid the foundations of an elaborate urban complex and the centre of a state, constructing stone buildings of unparalleled scale and magnitude from about 1300 (Garlake 1973). For the next 150 years, Great Zimbabwe became the dominant political authority south of the Zambezi (Huffman 1996, 2007). Great Zimbabwe reached its peak during the 14th and 15th centuries, when elaborate stone walling that symbolized wealth, power, and status was extended towards outlying areas. With an estimated population of nearly 20,000, Great Zimbabwe was the largest metropolis in southern Africa.” §REF§ (Pikirayi 2013; 921) Innocent Pikirayi, “The Zimbabwe Culture and its Neighbours,” in The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology, eds. Peter Mitchell and Paul J. Lane (Oxford University Press, 2013): 916-928. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/NVZ5T427/collection §REF§. “…both Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe have no equals in size (and thus importance) during their respective time periods.” §REF§ (Denbow 1986; 23) James Denbow, “A New Look at the Later Prehistory of the Kalahari,” in The Journal of African History Vol. 27, No.1 (1986): 3-28. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/X3DXN8CW/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 511, "polity": { "id": 627, "name": "in_pandya_emp_3", "long_name": "Pandya Empire", "start_year": 1216, "end_year": 1323 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Madurai", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“It is easy to outline the approximate boundaries of the “traditional” Pāṇḍyan kingdom, with Madurai (Kūṭal) as its capital, known since the Caṅkam literature in the early centuriesof our era, along with Iḷaṅkōykkuṭi (modern Ambasamudram in the Tirunēlveli district) as an important administrative nexus from the 8th century onwards. In these modern districts of Madurai and Tirunēlveli, to which may be added the districts of Śivagaṅga, Rāmanāthapuram, Virutunakar (Virudhunagar) and Tūttukkuṭi (commonly spelled as Thoothukudi), most of the inscriptions until the 10th century—time of the annexation of this territory by the Cōḻa dynasty—, are dated with a Pāṇḍyan king’s regnal year.” §REF§ (Gillet 2017, 221-222) Gillet, Valérie. 2017. ‘Devotion and Dominion Ninth-Century Donations of a Pāṇḍyan King in Temples along the River Kāvēri’. Indo-Iranian Journal. Vol 60. Pp. 219-283. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/TRKMDSA9/collection §REF§ “Although Madurai was a political capital, and a base from which the Pandyan ruler extended his military control over a wider area, the city also had an economic dimension, for it was an inland market center.” §REF§ (Lewandowski 1977, 187) Lewandowski Susan J. 1977. ‘Changing Form and Function in the Ceremonial and the Colonial Port City in India: An Historical Analysis of Madurai and Madras’. Modern Asian Studies. Vol 11: 2. Pp. 183-212. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/3D6JUUGJ/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 512, "polity": { "id": 628, "name": "sl_dambadeniya", "long_name": "Dambadaneiya", "start_year": 1232, "end_year": 1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Dambadaneiya", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“Polonnaruva was abandoned after Māgha’s rule, and the next three kings ruled from Dambadeṇiya. One ruler made Yāpahuva his royal residence.” §REF§ (De Silva 1981, 82) De Silva, K.M. 1981. A History of Sri Lanka. London: C. Hurst & Company, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/4R6DQVHZ/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 513, "polity": { "id": 629, "name": "sl_anuradhapura_4", "long_name": "Anurādhapura IV", "start_year": 614, "end_year": 1017 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Anurādhapura", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The ancient city of Anuraduapura was the capital of Sri Lanka for over a millennium; its massive stupas rising over the jungle, its gigantic reservoirs turning an arid land green and its Kings and Queens ruling over the island of Sri Lanka.”§REF§ (Strickland 2017, 1) Strickland, Keir Magalie. 2017. A Time of Change: Questioning the Collapse of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/4B8362A9/collection §REF§ “Until the end of the 10th century, when its pre-eminence was eclipsed by the rise of Polonnaruva, successful rebels always continued to rule from Anur dhapura, and it is correct to maintain that for more than a millennium this fortified city represented the power of the state.” §REF§ (Gunawardana 1989, 158). Gunawardana, R.A.L.H. 1989. ‘Anurādhapura: ritual, power and resistance in a precolonial South Asian city’. Domination and Resistance edited by Daniel Miller, Michael Rowlands, Chris Tilley. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/G8CWKJ2U/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 514, "polity": { "id": 630, "name": "sl_polonnaruva", "long_name": "Polonnaruwa", "start_year": 1070, "end_year": 1255 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Polonnaruva", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“As stated above, the transfer of the capital to Polonnaruva has been portrayed as connected with a religious shift towards a more pluralistic and eclectic patronage at state-level, incorporating Buddhist, Brahmanical and Saivite practices. §REF§ Coningham et al. 2017, 37) Coningham et al. 2017. ‘Archaeology and cosmopolitanism in early historic and medieval Sri Lanka.’ Sri Lanka at the Crossroads of History. Edited by Zoltán Biedermann and Alan Strathern. London: UCL Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/DCQMW8E3/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 515, "polity": { "id": 631, "name": "sl_anuradhapura_3", "long_name": "Anurādhapura III", "start_year": 428, "end_year": 614 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Anurādhapura", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The ancient city of Anuraduapura was the capital of Sri Lanka for over a millennium; its massive stupas rising over the jungle, its gigantic reservoirs turning an arid land green and its Kings and Queens ruling over the island of Sri Lanka.”§REF§ (Strickland 2017, 1) Strickland, Keir Magalie. 2017. A Time of Change: Questioning the Collapse of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/4B8362A9/collection §REF§ “Until the end of the 10th century, when its pre-eminence was eclipsed by the rise of Polonnaruva, successful rebels always continued to rule from Anur dhapura, and it is correct to maintain that for more than a millennium this fortified city represented the power of the state.” §REF§ (Gunawardana 1989, 158). Gunawardana, R.A.L.H. 1989. ‘Anurādhapura: ritual, power and resistance in a precolonial South Asian city’. Domination and Resistance edited by Daniel Miller, Michael Rowlands, Chris Tilley. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/G8CWKJ2U/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 516, "polity": { "id": 632, "name": "nl_dutch_emp_1", "long_name": "Dutch Empire", "start_year": 1648, "end_year": 1795 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "The Hague", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "\"The Hague became the bureaucratic center\"§REF§(t'Hart 1989: 663) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/B9DVQGBS/collection.§REF§ \"The power resources of Amsterdam were extensive, situated in the province of Holland that was, in turn, superior among the other northern Netherland provinces. However, Amsterdam was not the center of a kingdom, and the city itself actually held little institutional power within the Republic. [...] The Republic became a state in which the bureaucratic center (The Hague) was different from the economic and financial center (Amsterdam). Nor did it coincide with a traditional center (Dordrecht or Utrecht), or with a cultural center (Leiden with the first university).\"§REF§(t'Hart 1989: 663, 680) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/B9DVQGBS/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 517, "polity": { "id": 633, "name": "sl_anuradhapura_1", "long_name": "Anurādhapura I", "start_year": -300, "end_year": 70 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Anurādhapura", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The ancient city of Anuraduapura was the capital of Sri Lanka for over a millennium; its massive stupas rising over the jungle, its gigantic reservoirs turning an arid land green and its Kings and Queens ruling over the island of Sri Lanka.”§REF§ (Strickland 2017, 1) Strickland, Keir Magalie. 2017. A Time of Change: Questioning the Collapse of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/4B8362A9/collection §REF§ “Until the end of the 10th century, when its pre-eminence was eclipsed by the rise of Polonnaruva, successful rebels always continued to rule from Anur dhapura, and it is correct to maintain that for more than a millennium this fortified city represented the power of the state.” §REF§ (Gunawardana 1989, 158). Gunawardana, R.A.L.H. 1989. ‘Anurādhapura: ritual, power and resistance in a precolonial South Asian city’. Domination and Resistance edited by Daniel Miller, Michael Rowlands, Chris Tilley. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/G8CWKJ2U/collection Language §REF§" }, { "id": 518, "polity": { "id": 634, "name": "sl_jaffa_k", "long_name": "Jaffna", "start_year": 1310, "end_year": 1591 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Nallur", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 519, "polity": { "id": 635, "name": "sl_anuradhapura_2", "long_name": "Anurādhapura II", "start_year": 70, "end_year": 428 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Anurādhapura", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The ancient city of Anuraduapura was the capital of Sri Lanka for over a millennium; its massive stupas rising over the jungle, its gigantic reservoirs turning an arid land green and its Kings and Queens ruling over the island of Sri Lanka.”§REF§ (Strickland 2017, 1) Strickland, Keir Magalie. 2017. A Time of Change: Questioning the Collapse of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/4B8362A9/collection §REF§ “Until the end of the 10th century, when its pre-eminence was eclipsed by the rise of Polonnaruva, successful rebels always continued to rule from Anur dhapura, and it is correct to maintain that for more than a millennium this fortified city represented the power of the state.” §REF§ (Gunawardana 1989, 158). Gunawardana, R.A.L.H. 1989. ‘Anurādhapura: ritual, power and resistance in a precolonial South Asian city’. Domination and Resistance edited by Daniel Miller, Michael Rowlands, Chris Tilley. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/G8CWKJ2U/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 520, "polity": { "id": 636, "name": "et_jimma_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Jimma", "start_year": 1790, "end_year": 1932 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Jiren", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The old capital of the kingdom is at Jiren, several miles from the new town.” §REF§ (Lewis 2001, xvi) Lewis, Herbert S. 2001. Jimma Abba Jifar, an Oromo Monarchy: Ethiopia, 1830-1932. Lawrenceville, New Jersey: The Red Sea Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/NRZVWSCD/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 521, "polity": { "id": 637, "name": "so_adal_sultanate", "long_name": "Adal Sultanate", "start_year": 1375, "end_year": 1543 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_capital", "capital": "Zeila", "polity_cap": null, "comment": null, "description": "“It was founded by Sa'duddin in the early days of Islam, around the late 9th or early 10th century, based at Zayla or Zeila, an ancient port and trade center on the Gulf of Aden.” §REF§ (Mukhtar 2016, Encyclopedia of Empire) Mukhtar, Mohamed H. 2016. ‘Adal Sultanate.’ In J. Mackenzie Encyclopedia of Empire. Wiley. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FM8D55XW/library §REF§ In the early fourteenth century under the leadership of Imam Ahmad Gurey the capital moved to Harar in present-day Ethiopia. In the fourteenth century the Adal Sultanate was at war with the Christian Kingdom of Abyssinia under the Solomonid Dynasty. “The Imam reorganized the Muslim armies of the sultanate, transferred the headquarters from Zayla to Harar for strategic reason, and made successful diplomatic contacts with the wider Islamic world particularly with the Ottoman Empire.” §REF§ (Mukhtar 2003, 44-45) Mukhtar, Mohamed H. 2003. Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/Mukhtar/titleCreatorYear/items/J8WZB6VI/item-list §REF§ During the late sixteenth century Cassanelli noted that again the capital of the Adal Sultanate moved from Harar to Aussa. “However, the history of that unique town is something of a self-contained one after 1577, when the ruling dynasty of the once-powerful Adal Sultanate transferred its capital from Harar to the oasis of Aussa in the Danakil desert.” §REF§ (Cassanelli 1982, 120) Cassanelli, Lee. V. 1982. The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKPH7Z89/library §REF§" } ] }