Polity Alternative Name List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Alternative Names.
GET /api/general/polity-alternative-names/?format=api&page=27
{ "count": 1331, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-alternative-names/?format=api&page=26", "results": [ { "id": 1305, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Ostfrankenreich", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1306, "polity": { "id": 800, "name": "de_empire_3", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Fragmented Period", "start_year": 1255, "end_year": 1453 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "German Kingdom", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1307, "polity": { "id": 800, "name": "de_empire_3", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Fragmented Period", "start_year": 1255, "end_year": 1453 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Sacrum Imperium Romanum", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1308, "polity": { "id": 800, "name": "de_empire_3", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Fragmented Period", "start_year": 1255, "end_year": 1453 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Heiliges Römisches Reich", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1309, "polity": { "id": 317, "name": "pl_piast_dyn_1", "long_name": "Polish Kingdom - Piast Dynasty", "start_year": 963, "end_year": 1138 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Królestwo Polskie", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1310, "polity": { "id": 317, "name": "pl_piast_dyn_1", "long_name": "Polish Kingdom - Piast Dynasty", "start_year": 963, "end_year": 1138 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Regnum Poloniae", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1311, "polity": { "id": 810, "name": "hu_arpad_dyn", "long_name": "Hungary Kingdom - Árpád Dynasty", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1301 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Kingdom of Hungary", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1312, "polity": { "id": 810, "name": "hu_arpad_dyn", "long_name": "Hungary Kingdom - Árpád Dynasty", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1301 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Magyar Királyság", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1313, "polity": { "id": 810, "name": "hu_arpad_dyn", "long_name": "Hungary Kingdom - Árpád Dynasty", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1301 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Regnum Hungariae", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1314, "polity": { "id": 811, "name": "hu_later_dyn", "long_name": "Hungary Kingdom - Anjou and Later Dynasties", "start_year": 1302, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Magyar Királyság", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1315, "polity": { "id": 811, "name": "hu_later_dyn", "long_name": "Hungary Kingdom - Anjou and Later Dynasties", "start_year": 1302, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Regnum Hungariae", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1316, "polity": { "id": 809, "name": "pl_piast_dyn_2", "long_name": "Polish Kingdom - Piast Dynasty Fragmented Period", "start_year": 1139, "end_year": 1382 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Królestwo Polskie", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1317, "polity": { "id": 809, "name": "pl_piast_dyn_2", "long_name": "Polish Kingdom - Piast Dynasty Fragmented Period", "start_year": 1139, "end_year": 1382 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Regnum Poloniae", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1318, "polity": { "id": 861, "name": "tr_candar_bey", "long_name": "Beylik of Candar", "start_year": 1291, "end_year": 1461 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Beylik of Isfendiyar", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1319, "polity": { "id": 397, "name": "in_chola_emp", "long_name": "Chola Empire", "start_year": 849, "end_year": 1280 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Imperial Cholas", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1320, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Anglia", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1321, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿOsmānīye", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1322, "polity": { "id": 191, "name": "it_papal_state_2", "long_name": "Papal States - Renaissance Period", "start_year": 1378, "end_year": 1527 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Stato della Chiesa", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1323, "polity": { "id": 208, "name": "et_aksum_emp_1", "long_name": "Axum I", "start_year": -149, "end_year": 349 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Proto-Aksumite period", "comment": "Proto-Aksumite period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z5V2LQXW\">[Anfray 1981, p. 363]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 1324, "polity": { "id": 296, "name": "uz_chagatai_khanate", "long_name": "Chagatai Khanate", "start_year": 1227, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Chagatai Khaganate", "comment": "", "description": "" }, { "id": 1325, "polity": { "id": 111, "name": "in_achik_1", "long_name": "Early A'chik", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1867 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Mande", "comment": "'Garo' is the most frequently used term in the ethnographic literature. However, A'chik is the preferred self-designated term. Therefore, out of respect, we generally prefer “A'chik” instead of \"Garo\", except for source titles and direct quotations. ‘The Garos constitute one of the most important tribal communities in East and West Garo Hills. The Garos call themselves A’chik (Hill man), Mande (Man) or A’chik Mande. Ethnically, the Garos belong the the Tibeto-Burman race, whose cradle is said to have been North-West China, between the upper waters of Yang-tse Kiang and Hoang-Ho. The Garos have a close affinity with the Bodos, Kacharis, Kochs and such allied tribes of Assam valley.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AXSKG4DV\">[Burman 1995, p. 210]</a> ‘As stated earlier, the Garos prefer to call themselves as “A’chik or A’chik manderang” and as such, the appropriate term for their land will be “A’chik A’song” or “A’chik Land”.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/M5IS3SBN\">[Sangma_Sangma 1995, p. 38]</a> ‘The word ‘Mande’ generally indicated ‘human being’ to differentiate from other beings as ‘Mande or Matburung’ (man or animal) and “Mande or Me’mang” (man or ghost). It is exceptionally used in rare cases to indicate the whole community from others like ‘Mandema ba Rori’ ‘Mandema Nepali’ that is whether hill man or plain people and Nepali. But it is not commonly used for the whole community. A’chik is suffixed by the word Mande as “A’chik manderang”, and in short form as “A’chikrang”.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/M5IS3SBN\">[Sangma_Sangma 1995, p. 40]</a> The term 'Garo' is not used as an ethnonym by the people themselves: ‘There remains an obscurity about the origin of the word 'Garo.' They are known as 'Garos' to outsiders; but the Garos always designate themselves as 'Achik' ('hill man').’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TXQNUE8P\">[Roy 1999]</a> Many members of the group self-define as ‘Garo’ when talking to outsiders, but it can also be used as an offensive term (seems to depend on tone and context). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ARMDH9MD\">[Bal 2007, pp. 72-74]</a> \"At present, Bangladeshi Garos refer to themselves as Mandi (which literally means 'human being'), whereas Indian Garos generally call themselves as Achik (hill dweller). Historical data show that different groups used different names in the past, and that there was never one name for all\". ‘The word ‘Garo’ is not a Garo word and hence it has no meaning in their language. In fact, they never utter the word among themselves nor do they like to be called by that name.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/M5IS3SBN\">[Sangma_Sangma 1995]</a> The etymological history of the term 'Garo' is unclear, but the word might be of Boro origin: ‘P.C. Bhattacharya in his ‘Notes on Boro, Garo and Shans’ pointed out the possibility of the word ‘Garo’ to be of Boro origin. The word ‘Garo’ has two morphemes, Gar + o and meaning ‘one who has left’ or ‘separated’. The Lexico Statistical Dating Analysis conducted by Robbins Burling and P.C. Bhattacharya evidently showed that the Boros and the Garos spoke the same language and that their linguistic separation took place in about the first millennium B.C.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/M5IS3SBN\">[Sangma_Sangma 1995, p. 37]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 1326, "polity": { "id": 405, "name": "in_gahadavala_dyn", "long_name": "Gahadavala Dynasty", "start_year": 1085, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Gahadavala Kingdom", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1327, "polity": { "id": 353, "name": "ye_himyar_1", "long_name": "Himyar I", "start_year": 270, "end_year": 340 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Himyar - pagan period", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1328, "polity": { "id": 354, "name": "ye_himyar_2", "long_name": "Himyar II", "start_year": 378, "end_year": 525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Himyar - Judaistic period", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1329, "polity": { "id": 660, "name": "ni_igodomingodo", "long_name": "Igodomingodo", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Igodomigodo", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1330, "polity": { "id": 112, "name": "in_achik_2", "long_name": "Late A'chik", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1956 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Mande", "comment": "The Garos call themselves A’chik (Hill man), Mande (Man) or A’chik Mande. Ethnically, the Garos belong the the Tibeto-Burman race, whose cradle is said to have been North-West China, between the upper waters of Yang-tse Kiang and Hoang-Ho. The Garos have a close affinity with the Bodos, Kacharis, Kochs and such allied tribes of Assam valley.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AXSKG4DV\">[Burman 1995, p. 210]</a> ‘As stated earlier, the Garos prefer to call themselves as “A’chik or A’chik manderang” and as such, the appropriate term for their land will be “A’chik A’song” or “A’chik Land”.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/M5IS3SBN\">[Sangma_Sangma 1995, p. 38]</a> ‘The word ‘Mande’ generally indicated ‘human being’ to differentiate from other beings as ‘Mande or Matburung’ (man or animal) and “Mande or Me’mang” (man or ghost). It is exceptionally used in rare cases to indicate the whole community from others like ‘Mandema ba Rori’ ‘Mandema Nepali’ that is whether hill man or plain people and Nepali. But it is not commonly used for the whole community. A’chik is suffixed by the word Mande as “A’chik manderang”, and in short form as “A’chikrang”.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/M5IS3SBN\">[Sangma_Sangma 1995, p. 40]</a> \"At present, Bangladeshi Garos refer to themselves as Mandi (which literally means 'human being'), whereas Indian Garos generally call themselves as Achik (hill dweller). Historical data show that different groups used different names in the past, and that there was never one name for all\". ‘The word ‘Garo’ is not a Garo word and hence it has no meaning in their language. In fact, they never utter the word among themselves nor do they like to be called by that name.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/M5IS3SBN\">[Sangma_Sangma 1995, p. 38]</a> ", "description": "" }, { "id": 1331, "polity": { "id": 87, "name": "in_mauryan_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire", "start_year": -324, "end_year": -187 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Mauryan Empire", "comment": "", "description": "" }, { "id": 1332, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Regnum Anglorum", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1333, "polity": { "id": 100, "name": "us_proto_haudenosaunee", "long_name": "Proto-Haudenosaunee Confederacy", "start_year": 1300, "end_year": 1565 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Proto-Iroquois Confederacy", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1334, "polity": { "id": 150, "name": "jp_sengoku_jidai", "long_name": "Warring States Japan", "start_year": 1467, "end_year": 1568 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Sengoku Jidai", "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 1335, "polity": { "id": 359, "name": "ye_ziyad_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen Ziyadid Dynasty", "start_year": 822, "end_year": 1037 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Banu Ziyad", "comment": "\"Effective Abbasid rule in Yemen ended when Muhammad bin 'Ubaidallah bin Ziyad, appointed in 822 by Ma'mum to govern the Tihama, threw off all pretense of obedience of Baghdad beyond causing the Friday prayers to be said in the caliph's name, and founded the Banu Ziyad state, laying out and building the city of Zabid as its capital.\"§REF§(Stookey 1978, 45) Robert W Stookey. 1978. Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. Boulder.§REF§", "description": "" } ] }