Polity Alternative Name List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Alternative Names.
GET /api/general/polity-alternative-names/?format=api
{ "count": 1331, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-alternative-names/?format=api&page=2", "previous": null, "results": [ { "id": 1, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Sadozai Kingdom", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 2, "polity": { "id": 137, "name": "af_durrani_emp", "long_name": "Durrani Empire", "start_year": 1747, "end_year": 1826 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Last Afghan Empire", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 3, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Ghurid Empire", "comment": null, "description": " Sansabanis.§REF§(Bosworth 2012) Bosworth, Edmund C. 2012. GHURIDS. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids</a>§REF§ Gur.§REF§(Bosworth 2012) Bosworth, Edmund C. 2012. GHURIDS. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids</a>§REF§ Ghurid empire.§REF§(Bosworth 2012) Bosworth, Edmund C. 2012. GHURIDS. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 4, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Sansabanis", "comment": null, "description": " Sansabanis.§REF§(Bosworth 2012) Bosworth, Edmund C. 2012. GHURIDS. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids</a>§REF§ Gur.§REF§(Bosworth 2012) Bosworth, Edmund C. 2012. GHURIDS. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids</a>§REF§ Ghurid empire.§REF§(Bosworth 2012) Bosworth, Edmund C. 2012. GHURIDS. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 5, "polity": { "id": 134, "name": "af_ghur_principality", "long_name": "Ghur Principality", "start_year": 1025, "end_year": 1215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Gur", "comment": null, "description": " Sansabanis.§REF§(Bosworth 2012) Bosworth, Edmund C. 2012. GHURIDS. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids</a>§REF§ Gur.§REF§(Bosworth 2012) Bosworth, Edmund C. 2012. GHURIDS. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids</a>§REF§ Ghurid empire.§REF§(Bosworth 2012) Bosworth, Edmund C. 2012. GHURIDS. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 6, "polity": { "id": 350, "name": "af_greco_bactrian_k", "long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom", "start_year": -256, "end_year": -125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Greco-Bactria", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 7, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Hepthalite Huns", "comment": null, "description": "Cao; Ephthalites; Hayathelaites; Hephtal; He-ta; Hoa; Hoa-Tun; Hunas; Iranian Huns; the people of Hua; White Huns; Yeda; Ye-tai; Ye-ti-i-li-do. §REF§(West 2009, 274) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 8, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Ye-Ta", "comment": null, "description": "Cao; Ephthalites; Hayathelaites; Hephtal; He-ta; Hoa; Hoa-Tun; Hunas; Iranian Huns; the people of Hua; White Huns; Yeda; Ye-tai; Ye-ti-i-li-do. §REF§(West 2009, 274) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 9, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Cao", "comment": null, "description": "Cao; Ephthalites; Hayathelaites; Hephtal; He-ta; Hoa; Hoa-Tun; Hunas; Iranian Huns; the people of Hua; White Huns; Yeda; Ye-tai; Ye-ti-i-li-do. §REF§(West 2009, 274) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 10, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Ephthalites", "comment": null, "description": "Cao; Ephthalites; Hayathelaites; Hephtal; He-ta; Hoa; Hoa-Tun; Hunas; Iranian Huns; the people of Hua; White Huns; Yeda; Ye-tai; Ye-ti-i-li-do. §REF§(West 2009, 274) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 11, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Hayathelaites", "comment": null, "description": "Cao; Ephthalites; Hayathelaites; Hephtal; He-ta; Hoa; Hoa-Tun; Hunas; Iranian Huns; the people of Hua; White Huns; Yeda; Ye-tai; Ye-ti-i-li-do. §REF§(West 2009, 274) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 12, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Hephtal", "comment": null, "description": "Cao; Ephthalites; Hayathelaites; Hephtal; He-ta; Hoa; Hoa-Tun; Hunas; Iranian Huns; the people of Hua; White Huns; Yeda; Ye-tai; Ye-ti-i-li-do. §REF§(West 2009, 274) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 13, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "He-ta", "comment": null, "description": "Cao; Ephthalites; Hayathelaites; Hephtal; He-ta; Hoa; Hoa-Tun; Hunas; Iranian Huns; the people of Hua; White Huns; Yeda; Ye-tai; Ye-ti-i-li-do. §REF§(West 2009, 274) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 14, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Hoa", "comment": null, "description": "Cao; Ephthalites; Hayathelaites; Hephtal; He-ta; Hoa; Hoa-Tun; Hunas; Iranian Huns; the people of Hua; White Huns; Yeda; Ye-tai; Ye-ti-i-li-do. §REF§(West 2009, 274) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 15, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Hoa-Tun", "comment": null, "description": "Cao; Ephthalites; Hayathelaites; Hephtal; He-ta; Hoa; Hoa-Tun; Hunas; Iranian Huns; the people of Hua; White Huns; Yeda; Ye-tai; Ye-ti-i-li-do. §REF§(West 2009, 274) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 16, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Hunas", "comment": null, "description": "Cao; Ephthalites; Hayathelaites; Hephtal; He-ta; Hoa; Hoa-Tun; Hunas; Iranian Huns; the people of Hua; White Huns; Yeda; Ye-tai; Ye-ti-i-li-do. §REF§(West 2009, 274) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 17, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Iranian Huns", "comment": null, "description": "Cao; Ephthalites; Hayathelaites; Hephtal; He-ta; Hoa; Hoa-Tun; Hunas; Iranian Huns; the people of Hua; White Huns; Yeda; Ye-tai; Ye-ti-i-li-do. §REF§(West 2009, 274) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 18, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "the people of Hua", "comment": null, "description": "Cao; Ephthalites; Hayathelaites; Hephtal; He-ta; Hoa; Hoa-Tun; Hunas; Iranian Huns; the people of Hua; White Huns; Yeda; Ye-tai; Ye-ti-i-li-do. §REF§(West 2009, 274) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 19, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "White Huns", "comment": null, "description": "Cao; Ephthalites; Hayathelaites; Hephtal; He-ta; Hoa; Hoa-Tun; Hunas; Iranian Huns; the people of Hua; White Huns; Yeda; Ye-tai; Ye-ti-i-li-do. §REF§(West 2009, 274) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 20, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Yeda", "comment": null, "description": "Cao; Ephthalites; Hayathelaites; Hephtal; He-ta; Hoa; Hoa-Tun; Hunas; Iranian Huns; the people of Hua; White Huns; Yeda; Ye-tai; Ye-ti-i-li-do. §REF§(West 2009, 274) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 21, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Ye-tai", "comment": null, "description": "Cao; Ephthalites; Hayathelaites; Hephtal; He-ta; Hoa; Hoa-Tun; Hunas; Iranian Huns; the people of Hua; White Huns; Yeda; Ye-tai; Ye-ti-i-li-do. §REF§(West 2009, 274) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 22, "polity": { "id": 129, "name": "af_hephthalite_emp", "long_name": "Hephthalite Empire", "start_year": 408, "end_year": 561 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Ye-ti-i-li-do", "comment": null, "description": "Cao; Ephthalites; Hayathelaites; Hephtal; He-ta; Hoa; Hoa-Tun; Hunas; Iranian Huns; the people of Hua; White Huns; Yeda; Ye-tai; Ye-ti-i-li-do. §REF§(West 2009, 274) West, B A. 2009. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 23, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Kidarites", "comment": null, "description": " Kidarites, Chionites (Latin authors), 'Huns who are Kidarites' (Greek authors), Huna (Indian chronicles), Honk' and Kushans (Armenian literature), Ta Yueh-chih or Lesser Yueh-chih (Chinese annals).§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 123) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ The term \"Kidarites\" reflects the dynastic name, derived from King Kidara; the people were Chionites or Huns.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 124) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ Junagadh inscription of c457 CE which refers to the reign of Skandagupta (455-467 CE) is referring to the Kidarites (or Hephthalites) by the name 'Mlecchas'.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 127) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 24, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Chionites", "comment": null, "description": " Kidarites, Chionites (Latin authors), 'Huns who are Kidarites' (Greek authors), Huna (Indian chronicles), Honk' and Kushans (Armenian literature), Ta Yueh-chih or Lesser Yueh-chih (Chinese annals).§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 123) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ The term \"Kidarites\" reflects the dynastic name, derived from King Kidara; the people were Chionites or Huns.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 124) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ Junagadh inscription of c457 CE which refers to the reign of Skandagupta (455-467 CE) is referring to the Kidarites (or Hephthalites) by the name 'Mlecchas'.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 127) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 25, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Kidarite Huns", "comment": null, "description": " Kidarites, Chionites (Latin authors), 'Huns who are Kidarites' (Greek authors), Huna (Indian chronicles), Honk' and Kushans (Armenian literature), Ta Yueh-chih or Lesser Yueh-chih (Chinese annals).§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 123) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ The term \"Kidarites\" reflects the dynastic name, derived from King Kidara; the people were Chionites or Huns.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 124) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ Junagadh inscription of c457 CE which refers to the reign of Skandagupta (455-467 CE) is referring to the Kidarites (or Hephthalites) by the name 'Mlecchas'.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 127) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 26, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Huna", "comment": null, "description": " Kidarites, Chionites (Latin authors), 'Huns who are Kidarites' (Greek authors), Huna (Indian chronicles), Honk' and Kushans (Armenian literature), Ta Yueh-chih or Lesser Yueh-chih (Chinese annals).§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 123) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ The term \"Kidarites\" reflects the dynastic name, derived from King Kidara; the people were Chionites or Huns.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 124) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ Junagadh inscription of c457 CE which refers to the reign of Skandagupta (455-467 CE) is referring to the Kidarites (or Hephthalites) by the name 'Mlecchas'.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 127) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 27, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Honk", "comment": null, "description": " Kidarites, Chionites (Latin authors), 'Huns who are Kidarites' (Greek authors), Huna (Indian chronicles), Honk' and Kushans (Armenian literature), Ta Yueh-chih or Lesser Yueh-chih (Chinese annals).§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 123) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ The term \"Kidarites\" reflects the dynastic name, derived from King Kidara; the people were Chionites or Huns.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 124) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ Junagadh inscription of c457 CE which refers to the reign of Skandagupta (455-467 CE) is referring to the Kidarites (or Hephthalites) by the name 'Mlecchas'.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 127) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 28, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Kushans", "comment": null, "description": " Kidarites, Chionites (Latin authors), 'Huns who are Kidarites' (Greek authors), Huna (Indian chronicles), Honk' and Kushans (Armenian literature), Ta Yueh-chih or Lesser Yueh-chih (Chinese annals).§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 123) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ The term \"Kidarites\" reflects the dynastic name, derived from King Kidara; the people were Chionites or Huns.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 124) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ Junagadh inscription of c457 CE which refers to the reign of Skandagupta (455-467 CE) is referring to the Kidarites (or Hephthalites) by the name 'Mlecchas'.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 127) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 29, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Ta Yeuh-chih", "comment": null, "description": " Kidarites, Chionites (Latin authors), 'Huns who are Kidarites' (Greek authors), Huna (Indian chronicles), Honk' and Kushans (Armenian literature), Ta Yueh-chih or Lesser Yueh-chih (Chinese annals).§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 123) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ The term \"Kidarites\" reflects the dynastic name, derived from King Kidara; the people were Chionites or Huns.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 124) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ Junagadh inscription of c457 CE which refers to the reign of Skandagupta (455-467 CE) is referring to the Kidarites (or Hephthalites) by the name 'Mlecchas'.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 127) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 30, "polity": { "id": 281, "name": "af_kidarite_k", "long_name": "Kidarite Kingdom", "start_year": 388, "end_year": 477 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Lesser Yeuh-chih", "comment": null, "description": " Kidarites, Chionites (Latin authors), 'Huns who are Kidarites' (Greek authors), Huna (Indian chronicles), Honk' and Kushans (Armenian literature), Ta Yueh-chih or Lesser Yueh-chih (Chinese annals).§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 123) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ The term \"Kidarites\" reflects the dynastic name, derived from King Kidara; the people were Chionites or Huns.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 124) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§ Junagadh inscription of c457 CE which refers to the reign of Skandagupta (455-467 CE) is referring to the Kidarites (or Hephthalites) by the name 'Mlecchas'.§REF§(Zeimal 1996, 127) Zeimal, E. V. The Kidarite Kingdom In Central Asia. in Litvinsky, B. A. ed. and Iskender-Mochiri, I. ed. 1996. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. pp.123-137. unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf§REF§<br>" }, { "id": 31, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "kuei-shuang", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Harmatta, János, B. N. Puri, and G. F. Etemadi. History of Civilizations in Central Asia. Volume II: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 BC to AD 250. Paris: UNESCO, 1994. p. 245§REF§ \"the Kingdom of the Kushans\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 88) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 32, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Kusana", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Harmatta, János, B. N. Puri, and G. F. Etemadi. History of Civilizations in Central Asia. Volume II: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 BC to AD 250. Paris: UNESCO, 1994. p. 245§REF§ \"the Kingdom of the Kushans\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 88) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 33, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Kushana", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Harmatta, János, B. N. Puri, and G. F. Etemadi. History of Civilizations in Central Asia. Volume II: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 BC to AD 250. Paris: UNESCO, 1994. p. 245§REF§ \"the Kingdom of the Kushans\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 88) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 34, "polity": { "id": 127, "name": "af_kushan_emp", "long_name": "Kushan Empire", "start_year": 35, "end_year": 319 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Kingdom of the Kushans", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Harmatta, János, B. N. Puri, and G. F. Etemadi. History of Civilizations in Central Asia. Volume II: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 BC to AD 250. Paris: UNESCO, 1994. p. 245§REF§ \"the Kingdom of the Kushans\"§REF§(Samad 2011, 88) Samad, R. U. 2011. The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys. Angora Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 35, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Yuezhi", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 36, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Yueh-chih", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 37, "polity": { "id": 467, "name": "af_tocharian", "long_name": "Tocharians", "start_year": -129, "end_year": 29 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Kushans", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 38, "polity": { "id": 253, "name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn", "long_name": "Eastern Han Empire", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 220 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Later Han", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 39, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "House of Sima", "comment": null, "description": " Ts'in<br>Jin dynasty, house of Sima §REF§(Graff 2002, 18)§REF§ Ts'in. §REF§(Peers 1995, 18)§REF§" }, { "id": 40, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Jin dynasty", "comment": null, "description": " Ts'in<br>Jin dynasty, house of Sima §REF§(Graff 2002, 18)§REF§ Ts'in. §REF§(Peers 1995, 18)§REF§" }, { "id": 41, "polity": { "id": 254, "name": "cn_western_jin_dyn", "long_name": "Western Jin", "start_year": 265, "end_year": 317 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Tsin", "comment": null, "description": " Ts'in<br>Jin dynasty, house of Sima §REF§(Graff 2002, 18)§REF§ Ts'in. §REF§(Peers 1995, 18)§REF§" }, { "id": 42, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Early Shang", "comment": null, "description": " \"While no large-scale graves have been found at Zhengzhou, graves dated to the Early Shang period from other sites hint at the size of the mortuary monuments at the purported political center.\" §REF§(Shelach and Jaffe 2014, 348)§REF§\"The Erligang period, also termed the “Early Shang” period in the Chinese literature, gets its name from the site of Erligang, Zhengzhou.\" §REF§(Campbell 2014, 69)§REF§ \"Erligang Empire\"§REF§(Wang 2014, 179) Wang, Haicheng. 2014. Writing and the Ancient State: Early China in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 43, "polity": { "id": 422, "name": "cn_erligang", "long_name": "Erligang", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1250 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Erligang Empire", "comment": null, "description": " \"While no large-scale graves have been found at Zhengzhou, graves dated to the Early Shang period from other sites hint at the size of the mortuary monuments at the purported political center.\" §REF§(Shelach and Jaffe 2014, 348)§REF§\"The Erligang period, also termed the “Early Shang” period in the Chinese literature, gets its name from the site of Erligang, Zhengzhou.\" §REF§(Campbell 2014, 69)§REF§ \"Erligang Empire\"§REF§(Wang 2014, 179) Wang, Haicheng. 2014. Writing and the Ancient State: Early China in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 44, "polity": { "id": 421, "name": "cn_erlitou", "long_name": "Erlitou", "start_year": -1850, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Xia Dynasty", "comment": null, "description": " \"That Sima Qian selected Xia alone for treatment as a ruling dynasty is evidence of his great judgment, because it is now becoming increasingly clearer that the Xia state is represented archaeologically: since 1959, evidence of its culture has been continuously unearthed at the type site Erlitou, just east of Luoyang in northwestern Henan province. The archaeological remains of this Erlitou culture are now found scattered throughout southern Shanxi and north- western Henan and are dated to 1900-1350 B.C., coinciding in time and in space with the Xia dynasty as described in ancient texts. Was there a Xia dynasty? Present evidence suggests that there indeed was a Xia dynasty. That Sima Qian selected Xia from among many contemporary polities was probably because during the earliest part of the Chinese Bronze Age or the Three Dynasties period, Xia was most powerful. If Erlitou can be identified with Xia, this is indeed true.\" §REF§(Chang 1999, 72)§REF§" }, { "id": 45, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Hmu", "comment": null, "description": " The Hmong population was composed of various sub-groups: 'Bai Miao (White), Cowrie Shell Miao, Hei Miao (Black), Hmong, Hua Miao (Flowery), Hung Miao (Red), Magpie Miao, Qing Miao (Blue/Green)' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ The term 'Miao' is of Chinese origin: 'The various Miao groups are for the most part an unstratified agricultural people found in the uplands of several provinces of China and related to the Hmong of Southeast Asia. They are distinguished by language, dress, historical traditions, and cultural practice from neighboring ethnic groups and the dominant Han Chinese. They are not culturally homogeneous and the differences between local Miao cultures are often as great as between Miao and non-Miao neighbors. The term \"Miao\" is Chinese, and means \"weeds\" or \"sprouts.\"' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ 'Miao is the official Chinese term for four distinct groups of people who are only distantly related through language or culture: the Hmu people of southeast Guizhou, the Qo Xiong people of west Hunan, the A-Hmao people of Yunnan, and the Hmong people of Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan (see China: People). [...] The Miao are related in language and some other cultural features to the Yao; among these peoples the two groups with the closest degree of relatedness are the Hmong (Miao) and the Iu Mien (Yao).' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao</a>§REF§<br>Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 46, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Qo Xiong", "comment": null, "description": " The Hmong population was composed of various sub-groups: 'Bai Miao (White), Cowrie Shell Miao, Hei Miao (Black), Hmong, Hua Miao (Flowery), Hung Miao (Red), Magpie Miao, Qing Miao (Blue/Green)' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ The term 'Miao' is of Chinese origin: 'The various Miao groups are for the most part an unstratified agricultural people found in the uplands of several provinces of China and related to the Hmong of Southeast Asia. They are distinguished by language, dress, historical traditions, and cultural practice from neighboring ethnic groups and the dominant Han Chinese. They are not culturally homogeneous and the differences between local Miao cultures are often as great as between Miao and non-Miao neighbors. The term \"Miao\" is Chinese, and means \"weeds\" or \"sprouts.\"' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ 'Miao is the official Chinese term for four distinct groups of people who are only distantly related through language or culture: the Hmu people of southeast Guizhou, the Qo Xiong people of west Hunan, the A-Hmao people of Yunnan, and the Hmong people of Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan (see China: People). [...] The Miao are related in language and some other cultural features to the Yao; among these peoples the two groups with the closest degree of relatedness are the Hmong (Miao) and the Iu Mien (Yao).' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao</a>§REF§<br>Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 47, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "A-Hmao", "comment": null, "description": " The Hmong population was composed of various sub-groups: 'Bai Miao (White), Cowrie Shell Miao, Hei Miao (Black), Hmong, Hua Miao (Flowery), Hung Miao (Red), Magpie Miao, Qing Miao (Blue/Green)' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ The term 'Miao' is of Chinese origin: 'The various Miao groups are for the most part an unstratified agricultural people found in the uplands of several provinces of China and related to the Hmong of Southeast Asia. They are distinguished by language, dress, historical traditions, and cultural practice from neighboring ethnic groups and the dominant Han Chinese. They are not culturally homogeneous and the differences between local Miao cultures are often as great as between Miao and non-Miao neighbors. The term \"Miao\" is Chinese, and means \"weeds\" or \"sprouts.\"' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ 'Miao is the official Chinese term for four distinct groups of people who are only distantly related through language or culture: the Hmu people of southeast Guizhou, the Qo Xiong people of west Hunan, the A-Hmao people of Yunnan, and the Hmong people of Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan (see China: People). [...] The Miao are related in language and some other cultural features to the Yao; among these peoples the two groups with the closest degree of relatedness are the Hmong (Miao) and the Iu Mien (Yao).' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao</a>§REF§<br>Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 48, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Hmong", "comment": null, "description": " The Hmong population was composed of various sub-groups: 'Bai Miao (White), Cowrie Shell Miao, Hei Miao (Black), Hmong, Hua Miao (Flowery), Hung Miao (Red), Magpie Miao, Qing Miao (Blue/Green)' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ The term 'Miao' is of Chinese origin: 'The various Miao groups are for the most part an unstratified agricultural people found in the uplands of several provinces of China and related to the Hmong of Southeast Asia. They are distinguished by language, dress, historical traditions, and cultural practice from neighboring ethnic groups and the dominant Han Chinese. They are not culturally homogeneous and the differences between local Miao cultures are often as great as between Miao and non-Miao neighbors. The term \"Miao\" is Chinese, and means \"weeds\" or \"sprouts.\"' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ 'Miao is the official Chinese term for four distinct groups of people who are only distantly related through language or culture: the Hmu people of southeast Guizhou, the Qo Xiong people of west Hunan, the A-Hmao people of Yunnan, and the Hmong people of Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan (see China: People). [...] The Miao are related in language and some other cultural features to the Yao; among these peoples the two groups with the closest degree of relatedness are the Hmong (Miao) and the Iu Mien (Yao).' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao</a>§REF§<br>Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 49, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Bai Miao (White)", "comment": null, "description": " The Hmong population was composed of various sub-groups: 'Bai Miao (White), Cowrie Shell Miao, Hei Miao (Black), Hmong, Hua Miao (Flowery), Hung Miao (Red), Magpie Miao, Qing Miao (Blue/Green)' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ The term 'Miao' is of Chinese origin: 'The various Miao groups are for the most part an unstratified agricultural people found in the uplands of several provinces of China and related to the Hmong of Southeast Asia. They are distinguished by language, dress, historical traditions, and cultural practice from neighboring ethnic groups and the dominant Han Chinese. They are not culturally homogeneous and the differences between local Miao cultures are often as great as between Miao and non-Miao neighbors. The term \"Miao\" is Chinese, and means \"weeds\" or \"sprouts.\"' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ 'Miao is the official Chinese term for four distinct groups of people who are only distantly related through language or culture: the Hmu people of southeast Guizhou, the Qo Xiong people of west Hunan, the A-Hmao people of Yunnan, and the Hmong people of Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan (see China: People). [...] The Miao are related in language and some other cultural features to the Yao; among these peoples the two groups with the closest degree of relatedness are the Hmong (Miao) and the Iu Mien (Yao).' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao</a>§REF§<br>Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 50, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Cowrie Shell Miao", "comment": null, "description": " The Hmong population was composed of various sub-groups: 'Bai Miao (White), Cowrie Shell Miao, Hei Miao (Black), Hmong, Hua Miao (Flowery), Hung Miao (Red), Magpie Miao, Qing Miao (Blue/Green)' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ The term 'Miao' is of Chinese origin: 'The various Miao groups are for the most part an unstratified agricultural people found in the uplands of several provinces of China and related to the Hmong of Southeast Asia. They are distinguished by language, dress, historical traditions, and cultural practice from neighboring ethnic groups and the dominant Han Chinese. They are not culturally homogeneous and the differences between local Miao cultures are often as great as between Miao and non-Miao neighbors. The term \"Miao\" is Chinese, and means \"weeds\" or \"sprouts.\"' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ 'Miao is the official Chinese term for four distinct groups of people who are only distantly related through language or culture: the Hmu people of southeast Guizhou, the Qo Xiong people of west Hunan, the A-Hmao people of Yunnan, and the Hmong people of Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan (see China: People). [...] The Miao are related in language and some other cultural features to the Yao; among these peoples the two groups with the closest degree of relatedness are the Hmong (Miao) and the Iu Mien (Yao).' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao</a>§REF§<br>Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." } ] }