Polity Alternative Name List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Alternative Names.
GET /api/general/polity-alternative-names/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 1331, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-alternative-names/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-alternative-names/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Hei Miao (Black)", "comment": null, "description": " The Hmong population was composed of various sub-groups: 'Bai Miao (White), Cowrie Shell Miao, Hei Miao (Black), Hmong, Hua Miao (Flowery), Hung Miao (Red), Magpie Miao, Qing Miao (Blue/Green)' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ The term 'Miao' is of Chinese origin: 'The various Miao groups are for the most part an unstratified agricultural people found in the uplands of several provinces of China and related to the Hmong of Southeast Asia. They are distinguished by language, dress, historical traditions, and cultural practice from neighboring ethnic groups and the dominant Han Chinese. They are not culturally homogeneous and the differences between local Miao cultures are often as great as between Miao and non-Miao neighbors. The term \"Miao\" is Chinese, and means \"weeds\" or \"sprouts.\"' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ 'Miao is the official Chinese term for four distinct groups of people who are only distantly related through language or culture: the Hmu people of southeast Guizhou, the Qo Xiong people of west Hunan, the A-Hmao people of Yunnan, and the Hmong people of Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan (see China: People). [...] The Miao are related in language and some other cultural features to the Yao; among these peoples the two groups with the closest degree of relatedness are the Hmong (Miao) and the Iu Mien (Yao).' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao</a>§REF§<br>Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Hua Miao (Flowery)", "comment": null, "description": " The Hmong population was composed of various sub-groups: 'Bai Miao (White), Cowrie Shell Miao, Hei Miao (Black), Hmong, Hua Miao (Flowery), Hung Miao (Red), Magpie Miao, Qing Miao (Blue/Green)' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ The term 'Miao' is of Chinese origin: 'The various Miao groups are for the most part an unstratified agricultural people found in the uplands of several provinces of China and related to the Hmong of Southeast Asia. They are distinguished by language, dress, historical traditions, and cultural practice from neighboring ethnic groups and the dominant Han Chinese. They are not culturally homogeneous and the differences between local Miao cultures are often as great as between Miao and non-Miao neighbors. The term \"Miao\" is Chinese, and means \"weeds\" or \"sprouts.\"' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ 'Miao is the official Chinese term for four distinct groups of people who are only distantly related through language or culture: the Hmu people of southeast Guizhou, the Qo Xiong people of west Hunan, the A-Hmao people of Yunnan, and the Hmong people of Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan (see China: People). [...] The Miao are related in language and some other cultural features to the Yao; among these peoples the two groups with the closest degree of relatedness are the Hmong (Miao) and the Iu Mien (Yao).' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao</a>§REF§<br>Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Hung Miao (Red)", "comment": null, "description": " The Hmong population was composed of various sub-groups: 'Bai Miao (White), Cowrie Shell Miao, Hei Miao (Black), Hmong, Hua Miao (Flowery), Hung Miao (Red), Magpie Miao, Qing Miao (Blue/Green)' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ The term 'Miao' is of Chinese origin: 'The various Miao groups are for the most part an unstratified agricultural people found in the uplands of several provinces of China and related to the Hmong of Southeast Asia. They are distinguished by language, dress, historical traditions, and cultural practice from neighboring ethnic groups and the dominant Han Chinese. They are not culturally homogeneous and the differences between local Miao cultures are often as great as between Miao and non-Miao neighbors. The term \"Miao\" is Chinese, and means \"weeds\" or \"sprouts.\"' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ 'Miao is the official Chinese term for four distinct groups of people who are only distantly related through language or culture: the Hmu people of southeast Guizhou, the Qo Xiong people of west Hunan, the A-Hmao people of Yunnan, and the Hmong people of Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan (see China: People). [...] The Miao are related in language and some other cultural features to the Yao; among these peoples the two groups with the closest degree of relatedness are the Hmong (Miao) and the Iu Mien (Yao).' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao</a>§REF§<br>Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Magpie Miao", "comment": null, "description": " The Hmong population was composed of various sub-groups: 'Bai Miao (White), Cowrie Shell Miao, Hei Miao (Black), Hmong, Hua Miao (Flowery), Hung Miao (Red), Magpie Miao, Qing Miao (Blue/Green)' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ The term 'Miao' is of Chinese origin: 'The various Miao groups are for the most part an unstratified agricultural people found in the uplands of several provinces of China and related to the Hmong of Southeast Asia. They are distinguished by language, dress, historical traditions, and cultural practice from neighboring ethnic groups and the dominant Han Chinese. They are not culturally homogeneous and the differences between local Miao cultures are often as great as between Miao and non-Miao neighbors. The term \"Miao\" is Chinese, and means \"weeds\" or \"sprouts.\"' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ 'Miao is the official Chinese term for four distinct groups of people who are only distantly related through language or culture: the Hmu people of southeast Guizhou, the Qo Xiong people of west Hunan, the A-Hmao people of Yunnan, and the Hmong people of Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan (see China: People). [...] The Miao are related in language and some other cultural features to the Yao; among these peoples the two groups with the closest degree of relatedness are the Hmong (Miao) and the Iu Mien (Yao).' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao</a>§REF§<br>Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 471, "name": "cn_hmong_2", "long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese", "start_year": 1895, "end_year": 1941 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Qing Miao (Blue/Green)", "comment": null, "description": " The Hmong population was composed of various sub-groups: 'Bai Miao (White), Cowrie Shell Miao, Hei Miao (Black), Hmong, Hua Miao (Flowery), Hung Miao (Red), Magpie Miao, Qing Miao (Blue/Green)' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ The term 'Miao' is of Chinese origin: 'The various Miao groups are for the most part an unstratified agricultural people found in the uplands of several provinces of China and related to the Hmong of Southeast Asia. They are distinguished by language, dress, historical traditions, and cultural practice from neighboring ethnic groups and the dominant Han Chinese. They are not culturally homogeneous and the differences between local Miao cultures are often as great as between Miao and non-Miao neighbors. The term \"Miao\" is Chinese, and means \"weeds\" or \"sprouts.\"' §REF§Diamond, Norma: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Miao§REF§ 'Miao is the official Chinese term for four distinct groups of people who are only distantly related through language or culture: the Hmu people of southeast Guizhou, the Qo Xiong people of west Hunan, the A-Hmao people of Yunnan, and the Hmong people of Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan (see China: People). [...] The Miao are related in language and some other cultural features to the Yao; among these peoples the two groups with the closest degree of relatedness are the Hmong (Miao) and the Iu Mien (Yao).' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Miao</a>§REF§<br>Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "A-Hmao", "comment": null, "description": " \"Miao or Meo[...] means, depending on which linguistic historian you read, 'barbarians,' 'bumpkins,' 'people who sound like cats,' or 'wild uncultivated grasses.' In any case, it was an insult. ('Hmong,' the name they prefer themselves, is usually said to mean 'free men,' but some scholars say that, like 'Inuit,' 'Dine,' and many other tribal names the world over, it simply means 'the people.')\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 14) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Big Flowery (Hmong)", "comment": null, "description": " \"Miao or Meo[...] means, depending on which linguistic historian you read, 'barbarians,' 'bumpkins,' 'people who sound like cats,' or 'wild uncultivated grasses.' In any case, it was an insult. ('Hmong,' the name they prefer themselves, is usually said to mean 'free men,' but some scholars say that, like 'Inuit,' 'Dine,' and many other tribal names the world over, it simply means 'the people.')\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 14) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Da Hua Bei (Hmong)", "comment": null, "description": " \"Miao or Meo[...] means, depending on which linguistic historian you read, 'barbarians,' 'bumpkins,' 'people who sound like cats,' or 'wild uncultivated grasses.' In any case, it was an insult. ('Hmong,' the name they prefer themselves, is usually said to mean 'free men,' but some scholars say that, like 'Inuit,' 'Dine,' and many other tribal names the world over, it simply means 'the people.')\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 14) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Da Hua (Hmong)", "comment": null, "description": " \"Miao or Meo[...] means, depending on which linguistic historian you read, 'barbarians,' 'bumpkins,' 'people who sound like cats,' or 'wild uncultivated grasses.' In any case, it was an insult. ('Hmong,' the name they prefer themselves, is usually said to mean 'free men,' but some scholars say that, like 'Inuit,' 'Dine,' and many other tribal names the world over, it simply means 'the people.')\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 14) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Diandongbei (Hmong)", "comment": null, "description": " \"Miao or Meo[...] means, depending on which linguistic historian you read, 'barbarians,' 'bumpkins,' 'people who sound like cats,' or 'wild uncultivated grasses.' In any case, it was an insult. ('Hmong,' the name they prefer themselves, is usually said to mean 'free men,' but some scholars say that, like 'Inuit,' 'Dine,' and many other tribal names the world over, it simply means 'the people.')\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 14) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Flowery (Hmong)", "comment": null, "description": " \"Miao or Meo[...] means, depending on which linguistic historian you read, 'barbarians,' 'bumpkins,' 'people who sound like cats,' or 'wild uncultivated grasses.' In any case, it was an insult. ('Hmong,' the name they prefer themselves, is usually said to mean 'free men,' but some scholars say that, like 'Inuit,' 'Dine,' and many other tribal names the world over, it simply means 'the people.')\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 14) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Great Flowery Tribe", "comment": null, "description": " \"Miao or Meo[...] means, depending on which linguistic historian you read, 'barbarians,' 'bumpkins,' 'people who sound like cats,' or 'wild uncultivated grasses.' In any case, it was an insult. ('Hmong,' the name they prefer themselves, is usually said to mean 'free men,' but some scholars say that, like 'Inuit,' 'Dine,' and many other tribal names the world over, it simply means 'the people.')\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 14) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Hua (Hmong)", "comment": null, "description": " \"Miao or Meo[...] means, depending on which linguistic historian you read, 'barbarians,' 'bumpkins,' 'people who sound like cats,' or 'wild uncultivated grasses.' In any case, it was an insult. ('Hmong,' the name they prefer themselves, is usually said to mean 'free men,' but some scholars say that, like 'Inuit,' 'Dine,' and many other tribal names the world over, it simply means 'the people.')\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 14) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Hwa (Hmong)", "comment": null, "description": " \"Miao or Meo[...] means, depending on which linguistic historian you read, 'barbarians,' 'bumpkins,' 'people who sound like cats,' or 'wild uncultivated grasses.' In any case, it was an insult. ('Hmong,' the name they prefer themselves, is usually said to mean 'free men,' but some scholars say that, like 'Inuit,' 'Dine,' and many other tribal names the world over, it simply means 'the people.')\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 14) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Northeastern Dian (Hmong)", "comment": null, "description": " \"Miao or Meo[...] means, depending on which linguistic historian you read, 'barbarians,' 'bumpkins,' 'people who sound like cats,' or 'wild uncultivated grasses.' In any case, it was an insult. ('Hmong,' the name they prefer themselves, is usually said to mean 'free men,' but some scholars say that, like 'Inuit,' 'Dine,' and many other tribal names the world over, it simply means 'the people.')\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 14) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Northeastern Yunnan (Hmong)", "comment": null, "description": " \"Miao or Meo[...] means, depending on which linguistic historian you read, 'barbarians,' 'bumpkins,' 'people who sound like cats,' or 'wild uncultivated grasses.' In any case, it was an insult. ('Hmong,' the name they prefer themselves, is usually said to mean 'free men,' but some scholars say that, like 'Inuit,' 'Dine,' and many other tribal names the world over, it simply means 'the people.')\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 14) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Ta Hwa (Hmong)", "comment": null, "description": " \"Miao or Meo[...] means, depending on which linguistic historian you read, 'barbarians,' 'bumpkins,' 'people who sound like cats,' or 'wild uncultivated grasses.' In any case, it was an insult. ('Hmong,' the name they prefer themselves, is usually said to mean 'free men,' but some scholars say that, like 'Inuit,' 'Dine,' and many other tribal names the world over, it simply means 'the people.')\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 14) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Large Flowery", "comment": null, "description": " \"Miao or Meo[...] means, depending on which linguistic historian you read, 'barbarians,' 'bumpkins,' 'people who sound like cats,' or 'wild uncultivated grasses.' In any case, it was an insult. ('Hmong,' the name they prefer themselves, is usually said to mean 'free men,' but some scholars say that, like 'Inuit,' 'Dine,' and many other tribal names the world over, it simply means 'the people.')\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 14) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 470, "name": "cn_hmong_1", "long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Miao", "comment": null, "description": "\"Miao or Meo[...] means, depending on which linguistic historian you read, 'barbarians,' 'bumpkins,' 'people who sound like cats,' or 'wild uncultivated grasses.' In any case, it was an insult. ('Hmong,' the name they prefer themselves, is usually said to mean 'free men,' but some scholars say that, like 'Inuit,' 'Dine,' and many other tribal names the world over, it simply means 'the people.')\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 14) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§Many authors use the term “Miao”, but this is because it was a commonly used term up until the 1970s, when \"the scholar Yang Dao successfully campaigned for the general acceptance of 'Hmong.'\"§REF§(Fadiman 1997, 15) Fadiman, Anne. 1997. <i>The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/collectionKey/IR4V8RJH/itemKey/89KVGR8F</a>.§REF§ While much of the scholarship we rely on uses this term, out of respect, we use the name “Hmong” instead of \"Miao\", except for source titles and direct quotations." }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Chin", "comment": null, "description": "Chunqiu translates as ‘Springs and Autumns’, used to denote period of multistate competition after fall of Zhou hegemony; the Zuo zhuan mentions 148 ‘states’ that were founded by Zhou royal lineage at break-up of Western Zhou kingdom; 15 major states (Qi, Jin, Qin, Chu, Lu, Cao, Zheng, Song, Xu, Chen, Wey, Yan, Cai, Wu, Yue) §REF§(Hsu 1999, 547)§REF§" }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Tang", "comment": null, "description": "Chunqiu translates as ‘Springs and Autumns’, used to denote period of multistate competition after fall of Zhou hegemony; the Zuo zhuan mentions 148 ‘states’ that were founded by Zhou royal lineage at break-up of Western Zhou kingdom; 15 major states (Qi, Jin, Qin, Chu, Lu, Cao, Zheng, Song, Xu, Chen, Wey, Yan, Cai, Wu, Yue) §REF§(Hsu 1999, 547)§REF§" }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 245, "name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn", "long_name": "Jin", "start_year": -780, "end_year": -404 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Chunqiu", "comment": null, "description": "Chunqiu translates as ‘Springs and Autumns’, used to denote period of multistate competition after fall of Zhou hegemony; the Zuo zhuan mentions 148 ‘states’ that were founded by Zhou royal lineage at break-up of Western Zhou kingdom; 15 major states (Qi, Jin, Qin, Chu, Lu, Cao, Zheng, Song, Xu, Chen, Wey, Yan, Cai, Wu, Yue) §REF§(Hsu 1999, 547)§REF§" }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Lungshan", "comment": null, "description": " \"The cultural landscape of the third millennium B.C., which has been defined by Yan Wenming (1992b) as the Longshan era (Longshan shidai, 2600-2000 B.C.) and by K. C. Chang as the Lungshan or Lungshanoid horizon (Chang 1977: 144-184, 1986: 238), is often indicated as the beginning of Chinese civilization, complex political organization, and, possibly, writing. Due to the incipient emergence of copper and bronze technology, and its chronological position between the end of the Neolithic and the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Xia-Shang, it has also been suggested that Longshan be termed Chalcolithic (Yan Wenming 1986). The existence of a sophisticated technology for the production of jade artifacts and the comparative wealth of jade finds dating to this period and slightly earlier have prompted some scholars to suggest that the term \"Jade Age,\" a term first found in the text Yuejueshu \"Waijuan Ji Baojian\" (juan II, vol. 2) (1966: 3), may also be appropriate. 1 The concepts of stone, bronze, and iron ages were devised within the tradition of Western prehistory, and as they are problematic even within that framework, they should not be uncritically applied to other parts of the world.\" §REF§(Demattè 1999, 120-121)§REF§" }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Chalcolithic China", "comment": null, "description": " \"The cultural landscape of the third millennium B.C., which has been defined by Yan Wenming (1992b) as the Longshan era (Longshan shidai, 2600-2000 B.C.) and by K. C. Chang as the Lungshan or Lungshanoid horizon (Chang 1977: 144-184, 1986: 238), is often indicated as the beginning of Chinese civilization, complex political organization, and, possibly, writing. Due to the incipient emergence of copper and bronze technology, and its chronological position between the end of the Neolithic and the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Xia-Shang, it has also been suggested that Longshan be termed Chalcolithic (Yan Wenming 1986). The existence of a sophisticated technology for the production of jade artifacts and the comparative wealth of jade finds dating to this period and slightly earlier have prompted some scholars to suggest that the term \"Jade Age,\" a term first found in the text Yuejueshu \"Waijuan Ji Baojian\" (juan II, vol. 2) (1966: 3), may also be appropriate. 1 The concepts of stone, bronze, and iron ages were devised within the tradition of Western prehistory, and as they are problematic even within that framework, they should not be uncritically applied to other parts of the world.\" §REF§(Demattè 1999, 120-121)§REF§" }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Jade Age", "comment": null, "description": " \"The cultural landscape of the third millennium B.C., which has been defined by Yan Wenming (1992b) as the Longshan era (Longshan shidai, 2600-2000 B.C.) and by K. C. Chang as the Lungshan or Lungshanoid horizon (Chang 1977: 144-184, 1986: 238), is often indicated as the beginning of Chinese civilization, complex political organization, and, possibly, writing. Due to the incipient emergence of copper and bronze technology, and its chronological position between the end of the Neolithic and the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Xia-Shang, it has also been suggested that Longshan be termed Chalcolithic (Yan Wenming 1986). The existence of a sophisticated technology for the production of jade artifacts and the comparative wealth of jade finds dating to this period and slightly earlier have prompted some scholars to suggest that the term \"Jade Age,\" a term first found in the text Yuejueshu \"Waijuan Ji Baojian\" (juan II, vol. 2) (1966: 3), may also be appropriate. 1 The concepts of stone, bronze, and iron ages were devised within the tradition of Western prehistory, and as they are problematic even within that framework, they should not be uncritically applied to other parts of the world.\" §REF§(Demattè 1999, 120-121)§REF§" }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 420, "name": "cn_longshan", "long_name": "Longshan", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Lungshanoid horizon", "comment": null, "description": " \"The cultural landscape of the third millennium B.C., which has been defined by Yan Wenming (1992b) as the Longshan era (Longshan shidai, 2600-2000 B.C.) and by K. C. Chang as the Lungshan or Lungshanoid horizon (Chang 1977: 144-184, 1986: 238), is often indicated as the beginning of Chinese civilization, complex political organization, and, possibly, writing. Due to the incipient emergence of copper and bronze technology, and its chronological position between the end of the Neolithic and the beginning of the Bronze Age in the Xia-Shang, it has also been suggested that Longshan be termed Chalcolithic (Yan Wenming 1986). The existence of a sophisticated technology for the production of jade artifacts and the comparative wealth of jade finds dating to this period and slightly earlier have prompted some scholars to suggest that the term \"Jade Age,\" a term first found in the text Yuejueshu \"Waijuan Ji Baojian\" (juan II, vol. 2) (1966: 3), may also be appropriate. 1 The concepts of stone, bronze, and iron ages were devised within the tradition of Western prehistory, and as they are problematic even within that framework, they should not be uncritically applied to other parts of the world.\" §REF§(Demattè 1999, 120-121)§REF§" }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Great Jin", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Jurchen dynasty", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Empire of the Great Ming", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Great Ming", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 425, "name": "cn_northern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Song", "start_year": 960, "end_year": 1127 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Sung", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Toba Dynasty", "comment": null, "description": "387-534 CE: \"Toba dynasty of Northern Wei in north China.\"§REF§(Peers 1995, 6)§REF§<br>Tuoba kingdom \"changed its name from Dai to Wei in 386.\"§REF§(Graff 2002, 69)§REF§<br>Tuoba tribe changed its name to Yuan (modelled on the aristocratic Western Jin) when capital moved south to Luoyang §REF§(Dardess, J W. 2010. Governing China: 150-1850. Hackett Publishing p.15)§REF§<br>496 CE \"Xiaowendi changed the royal surname to Yuan.\"§REF§(Xiong 2009, ci)§REF§<br>Toba \"is a modern Chinese pronunciation of a middle Chinese distortion of the ancient word Tabgach...\" §REF§(Avery 2003, 40)§REF§<br>\"Bei-Wei Dynasty (Northern Wei, 386-538).\" §REF§(Avery 2003, 40)§REF§" }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Bei-Wei Dynasty", "comment": null, "description": "387-534 CE: \"Toba dynasty of Northern Wei in north China.\"§REF§(Peers 1995, 6)§REF§<br>Tuoba kingdom \"changed its name from Dai to Wei in 386.\"§REF§(Graff 2002, 69)§REF§<br>Tuoba tribe changed its name to Yuan (modelled on the aristocratic Western Jin) when capital moved south to Luoyang §REF§(Dardess, J W. 2010. Governing China: 150-1850. Hackett Publishing p.15)§REF§<br>496 CE \"Xiaowendi changed the royal surname to Yuan.\"§REF§(Xiong 2009, ci)§REF§<br>Toba \"is a modern Chinese pronunciation of a middle Chinese distortion of the ancient word Tabgach...\" §REF§(Avery 2003, 40)§REF§<br>\"Bei-Wei Dynasty (Northern Wei, 386-538).\" §REF§(Avery 2003, 40)§REF§" }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 258, "name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn", "long_name": "Northern Wei", "start_year": 386, "end_year": 534 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Toba", "comment": null, "description": "387-534 CE: \"Toba dynasty of Northern Wei in north China.\"§REF§(Peers 1995, 6)§REF§<br>Tuoba kingdom \"changed its name from Dai to Wei in 386.\"§REF§(Graff 2002, 69)§REF§<br>Tuoba tribe changed its name to Yuan (modelled on the aristocratic Western Jin) when capital moved south to Luoyang §REF§(Dardess, J W. 2010. Governing China: 150-1850. Hackett Publishing p.15)§REF§<br>496 CE \"Xiaowendi changed the royal surname to Yuan.\"§REF§(Xiong 2009, ci)§REF§<br>Toba \"is a modern Chinese pronunciation of a middle Chinese distortion of the ancient word Tabgach...\" §REF§(Avery 2003, 40)§REF§<br>\"Bei-Wei Dynasty (Northern Wei, 386-538).\" §REF§(Avery 2003, 40)§REF§" }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Qing dynasty", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Qīng Cháo", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Ch'ing Ch'ao", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Empire of the Great Qing", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Great Qing", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Manchu dynasty", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Manchus", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Jin", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 1, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_1", "long_name": "Early Qing", "start_year": 1644, "end_year": 1796 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Jurchens", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Qing dynasty", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Qīng Cháo", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Ch'ing Ch'ao", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Empire of the Great Qing", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Great Qing", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 2, "name": "cn_qing_dyn_2", "long_name": "Late Qing", "start_year": 1796, "end_year": 1912 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Manchu dynasty", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 101, "polity": { "id": 243, "name": "cn_late_shang_dyn", "long_name": "Late Shang", "start_year": -1250, "end_year": -1045 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_alternative_name", "alternative_name": "Anyang Period", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Roberts 2003)§REF§" } ] }