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{
"count": 117,
"next": null,
"previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/ec/luxury-spices-incense-and-dyes/?format=api&page=2",
"results": [
{
"id": 101,
"polity": {
"id": 686,
"name": "tz_karagwe_k",
"long_name": "Karagwe",
"start_year": 1500,
"end_year": 1916
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes",
"comment": "High-quality salt. “Although low-quality salt […] was widely available, high quality, crystalline salt was rare. One of the most important sources for the latter form was Uvinza, at the confluence of the Rushugi and Malagarassi rivers in western Tanzania. Archaeological excavations at Uvinza have produced fifth or sixth century AD dates for the beginning of salt-making activity there. Pottery excavated at the same site shows that it was occupied in the mid-second millennium as well; perhaps this occupation was continuous. Travelers’ descriptions do indicate that Uvinza had become a major center for salt production and trade by the mid-1800s. Styles of potshers found there and oral traditions link the Uvinza salt trade to a wide region.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, p. 158]</a> “The other staple of regional exchange was salt, a necessity of life to men who lived chiefly on vegetable foods. Most peoples produced small quantities by burning grass or collecting surface deposits, but high-quality sources were rare. The most famous were the brine springs of Uvinza, on a tributary of the Malagarasi which flowed into Lake Tanganyika. These had probably been exploited since the first millennium after Christ. The brine was evaporated by boiling after a priest had invoked the tutelary spirits. Anyone could boil salt at Uvinza, provided that he paid a tithe to the local chief. The product was traded throughout the western plateau.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a> “Anyone could boil salt at Uvinza, provided that he paid a tithe to the local chief. The product was traded throughout the western plateau.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 102,
"polity": {
"id": 710,
"name": "tz_tana",
"long_name": "Classic Tana",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1498
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 710,
"name": "tz_tana",
"long_name": "Classic Tana",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1498
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes",
"comment": "Incense; spices. “Luxury goods from eastern Africa such as ivory, rhino horn and incense constitute one important part of the commodities in the official trade between the Song Dynasty, northern nomadic empires, and East Asia (Japan and Korea)… Consequently, a series of Maritime Trade Bureaus (shibosi ) were established from the end of the tenth century CE onwards in the main ports (Guangzhou in 971, Hangzhou in 989, Mingzhou in 999, Quanzhou in 1087, Mizhou in 1088, Xiuzhou in 1113, Jiangping in 1117 and Wenzhou in 1146)… African ivory, rhino horn, Diospyros melanoxylan (an ebony wood), wild animals, Aloe vulgaris, amber and various incense and spices were always classified as ‘fine goods’ and purchased by the government in large quantities.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UTT8K4EQ\">[Zhao_et_al 2018, p. 433]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 103,
"polity": {
"id": 685,
"name": "ug_buganda_k_1",
"long_name": "Buganda I",
"start_year": 1408,
"end_year": 1716
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Uvinza",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes",
"comment": "High-quality salt. “Although low-quality salt […] was widely available, high quality, crystalline salt was rare. One of the most important sources for the latter form was Uvinza, at the confluence of the Rushugi and Malagarassi rivers in western Tanzania. Archaeological excavations at Uvinza have produced fifth or sixth century AD dates for the beginning of salt-making activity there. Pottery excavated at the same site shows that it was occupied in the mid-second millennium as well; perhaps this occupation was continuous. Travelers’ descriptions do indicate that Uvinza had become a major center for salt production and trade by the mid-1800s. Styles of potshers found there and oral traditions link the Uvinza salt trade to a wide region.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, p. 158]</a> “The other staple of regional exchange was salt, a necessity of life to men who lived chiefly on vegetable foods. Most peoples produced small quantities by burning grass or collecting surface deposits, but high-quality sources were rare. The most famous were the brine springs of Uvinza, on a tributary of the Malagarasi which flowed into Lake Tanganyika. These had probably been exploited since the first millennium after Christ. The brine was evaporated by boiling after a priest had invoked the tutelary spirits. Anyone could boil salt at Uvinza, provided that he paid a tithe to the local chief. The product was traded throughout the western plateau.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 104,
"polity": {
"id": 683,
"name": "ug_buganda_k_2",
"long_name": "Buganda II",
"start_year": 1717,
"end_year": 1894
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 535,
"name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2",
"long_name": "Bito Dynasty",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1894
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes",
"comment": "Salt. “Another of the most important articles of trade in the region was salt, trade in which was as old as - indeed older than - the societies involved. The Ganda produced a certain amount of their own salt, but this was too low in quantity and quality to free them from relying heavily on imported salt. The major source of salt in the region was Kibiro, on the shore of Lake Albert in Bunyoro; salt had been produced there for several centuries. The Ganda often travelled to Bunyoro to obtain it, but Nyoro traders also carried it to Buganda. Emin tells us that the salt came to the market ‘wrapped in banana leaves, in long packets containing four to eight pounds each’. Salt was highly valued, and this was reflected in the prices paid for it.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KGDGERZ2\">[Reid 0, p. 116]</a> “The major source of salt in the region was Kibiro, on the shore of Lake Albert in Bunyoro; salt had been produced there for several centuries. The Ganda often travelled to Bunyoro to obtain it, but Nyoro traders also carried it to Buganda. Emin tells us that the salt came to the market ‘wrapped in banana leaves, in long packets containing four to eight pounds each’. Salt was highly valued, and this was reflected in the prices paid for it.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KGDGERZ2\">[Reid 0, p. 116]</a> “Anyone could boil salt at Uvinza, provided that he paid a tithe to the local chief. The product was traded throughout the western plateau.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 105,
"polity": {
"id": 534,
"name": "ug_bunyoro_k_1",
"long_name": "Cwezi Dynasty",
"start_year": 1450,
"end_year": 1699
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes",
"comment": "High-quality salt. “Although low-quality salt […] was widely available, high quality, crystalline salt was rare. One of the most important sources for the latter form was Uvinza, at the confluence of the Rushugi and Malagarassi rivers in western Tanzania. Archaeological excavations at Uvinza have produced fifth or sixth century AD dates for the beginning of salt-making activity there. Pottery excavated at the same site shows that it was occupied in the mid-second millennium as well; perhaps this occupation was continuous. Travelers’ descriptions do indicate that Uvinza had become a major center for salt production and trade by the mid-1800s. Styles of potshers found there and oral traditions link the Uvinza salt trade to a wide region.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, p. 158]</a> “The other staple of regional exchange was salt, a necessity of life to men who lived chiefly on vegetable foods. Most peoples produced small quantities by burning grass or collecting surface deposits, but high-quality sources were rare. The most famous were the brine springs of Uvinza, on a tributary of the Malagarasi which flowed into Lake Tanganyika. These had probably been exploited since the first millennium after Christ. The brine was evaporated by boiling after a priest had invoked the tutelary spirits. Anyone could boil salt at Uvinza, provided that he paid a tithe to the local chief. The product was traded throughout the western plateau.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 106,
"polity": {
"id": 535,
"name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2",
"long_name": "Bito Dynasty",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1894
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Uvinza",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes",
"comment": "High-quality salt. “Although low-quality salt […] was widely available, high quality, crystalline salt was rare. One of the most important sources for the latter form was Uvinza, at the confluence of the Rushugi and Malagarassi rivers in western Tanzania. Archaeological excavations at Uvinza have produced fifth or sixth century AD dates for the beginning of salt-making activity there. Pottery excavated at the same site shows that it was occupied in the mid-second millennium as well; perhaps this occupation was continuous. Travelers’ descriptions do indicate that Uvinza had become a major center for salt production and trade by the mid-1800s. Styles of potshers found there and oral traditions link the Uvinza salt trade to a wide region.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, p. 158]</a> “The other staple of regional exchange was salt, a necessity of life to men who lived chiefly on vegetable foods. Most peoples produced small quantities by burning grass or collecting surface deposits, but high-quality sources were rare. The most famous were the brine springs of Uvinza, on a tributary of the Malagarasi which flowed into Lake Tanganyika. These had probably been exploited since the first millennium after Christ. The brine was evaporated by boiling after a priest had invoked the tutelary spirits. Anyone could boil salt at Uvinza, provided that he paid a tithe to the local chief. The product was traded throughout the western plateau.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a> “Anyone could boil salt at Uvinza, provided that he paid a tithe to the local chief. The product was traded throughout the western plateau.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 107,
"polity": {
"id": 688,
"name": "ug_nkore_k_1",
"long_name": "Nkore",
"start_year": 1450,
"end_year": 1749
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Uvinza",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes",
"comment": "High-quality salt. “Although low-quality salt […] was widely available, high quality, crystalline salt was rare. One of the most important sources for the latter form was Uvinza, at the confluence of the Rushugi and Malagarassi rivers in western Tanzania. Archaeological excavations at Uvinza have produced fifth or sixth century AD dates for the beginning of salt-making activity there. Pottery excavated at the same site shows that it was occupied in the mid-second millennium as well; perhaps this occupation was continuous. Travelers’ descriptions do indicate that Uvinza had become a major center for salt production and trade by the mid-1800s. Styles of potshers found there and oral traditions link the Uvinza salt trade to a wide region.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, p. 158]</a> “The other staple of regional exchange was salt, a necessity of life to men who lived chiefly on vegetable foods. Most peoples produced small quantities by burning grass or collecting surface deposits, but high-quality sources were rare. The most famous were the brine springs of Uvinza, on a tributary of the Malagarasi which flowed into Lake Tanganyika. These had probably been exploited since the first millennium after Christ. The brine was evaporated by boiling after a priest had invoked the tutelary spirits. Anyone could boil salt at Uvinza, provided that he paid a tithe to the local chief. The product was traded throughout the western plateau.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 108,
"polity": {
"id": 695,
"name": "ug_nkore_k_2",
"long_name": "Nkore",
"start_year": 1750,
"end_year": 1901
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Uvinza",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes",
"comment": "High-quality salt. “Although low-quality salt […] was widely available, high quality, crystalline salt was rare. One of the most important sources for the latter form was Uvinza, at the confluence of the Rushugi and Malagarassi rivers in western Tanzania. Archaeological excavations at Uvinza have produced fifth or sixth century AD dates for the beginning of salt-making activity there. Pottery excavated at the same site shows that it was occupied in the mid-second millennium as well; perhaps this occupation was continuous. Travelers’ descriptions do indicate that Uvinza had become a major center for salt production and trade by the mid-1800s. Styles of potshers found there and oral traditions link the Uvinza salt trade to a wide region.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, p. 158]</a> “The other staple of regional exchange was salt, a necessity of life to men who lived chiefly on vegetable foods. Most peoples produced small quantities by burning grass or collecting surface deposits, but high-quality sources were rare. The most famous were the brine springs of Uvinza, on a tributary of the Malagarasi which flowed into Lake Tanganyika. These had probably been exploited since the first millennium after Christ. The brine was evaporated by boiling after a priest had invoked the tutelary spirits. Anyone could boil salt at Uvinza, provided that he paid a tithe to the local chief. The product was traded throughout the western plateau.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a> “Anyone could boil salt at Uvinza, provided that he paid a tithe to the local chief. The product was traded throughout the western plateau.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 109,
"polity": {
"id": 684,
"name": "ug_toro_k",
"long_name": "Toro",
"start_year": 1830,
"end_year": 1896
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Uvinza",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes",
"comment": "High-quality salt. “Although low-quality salt […] was widely available, high quality, crystalline salt was rare. One of the most important sources for the latter form was Uvinza, at the confluence of the Rushugi and Malagarassi rivers in western Tanzania. Archaeological excavations at Uvinza have produced fifth or sixth century AD dates for the beginning of salt-making activity there. Pottery excavated at the same site shows that it was occupied in the mid-second millennium as well; perhaps this occupation was continuous. Travelers’ descriptions do indicate that Uvinza had become a major center for salt production and trade by the mid-1800s. Styles of potshers found there and oral traditions link the Uvinza salt trade to a wide region.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, p. 158]</a> “The other staple of regional exchange was salt, a necessity of life to men who lived chiefly on vegetable foods. Most peoples produced small quantities by burning grass or collecting surface deposits, but high-quality sources were rare. The most famous were the brine springs of Uvinza, on a tributary of the Malagarasi which flowed into Lake Tanganyika. These had probably been exploited since the first millennium after Christ. The brine was evaporated by boiling after a priest had invoked the tutelary spirits. Anyone could boil salt at Uvinza, provided that he paid a tithe to the local chief. The product was traded throughout the western plateau.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a> “Anyone could boil salt at Uvinza, provided that he paid a tithe to the local chief. The product was traded throughout the western plateau.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 110,
"polity": {
"id": 102,
"name": "us_haudenosaunee_2",
"long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late",
"start_year": 1714,
"end_year": 1848
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 102,
"name": "us_haudenosaunee_2",
"long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late",
"start_year": 1714,
"end_year": 1848
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes",
"comment": "Tobacco-based incense of high cultural value. “Tobacco was….extensively grown and much prized, not only for smoking but for use in the religious rites…tobacco was burned as an incense, carrying the prayers of the petitioners to the Creator. Tobacco…had the power to ward off evil. By the use of this plant, the Indian had communication with the spirit world”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DFV8EWHK\">[Graymont 1972, p. 10]</a> “…tobacco…[was] cultivated by the Iroquois…Tobacco (Nicotiana rustica) was raised for both secular and sacred purposes. The Iroquois believed that tobacco was given them as a means of communication with the spiritual world. By burning it they could send up their petitions with its ascending incense to the Great Spirit and acceptably render their acknowledgements for his blessings. Special tobaccos were used in ceremonies”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKBQW4BG\">[Lyford 1957, p. 17]</a> Tobacco-based incense of high cultural value. “Tobacco was….extensively grown and much prized, not only for smoking but for use [as incense] in…religious rites…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DFV8EWHK\">[Graymont 1972, p. 10]</a> “…tobacco…[was] cultivated by the Iroquois…Tobacco (Nicotiana rustica) was raised for both secular and sacred purposes”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKBQW4BG\">[Lyford 1957, p. 17]</a> Tobacco-based incense of high cultural value. “Tobacco was…much prized, not only for smoking but for use in the religious rites…tobacco was burned as an incense, carrying the prayers of the petitioners to the Creator. Tobacco…had the power to ward off evil. By the use of this plant, the Indian had communication with the spirit world”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DFV8EWHK\">[Graymont 1972, p. 10]</a> “[Inferred as referring to the Confederacy period given the focus of the publication] The Iroquois believed that tobacco was given to them as the means of communication with the spiritual world. By burning tobacco they could send up their petitions with its ascending incense, to the Great Spirit, and render their acknowledgements acceptably for his blessings”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WMTZKSQ6\">[Morgan_Llyod 1904, p. 155]</a> “Tobacco (Nicotiana rustica) was raised for both secular and sacred purposes. The Iroquois believed that tobacco was given them as a means of communication with the spiritual world. By burning it they could send up their petitions with its ascending incense to the Great Spirit and acceptably render their acknowledgements for his blessings. Special tobaccos were used in ceremonies”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKBQW4BG\">[Lyford 1957, p. 17]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 111,
"polity": {
"id": 20,
"name": "us_kamehameha_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period",
"start_year": 1778,
"end_year": 1819
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 20,
"name": "us_kamehameha_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period",
"start_year": 1778,
"end_year": 1819
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes",
"comment": "Turmeric; sandalwood; [plant(?)] dyes and ink. “[Referring to kapa or barkcloth manufacture in Hawaii in the C18 and C19, and specifically to methods of decoration via]…stamping and painting with a variety of [plant(?)] dyes…(Kooijman 1972: 97-175)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 46]</a> “No one knows for sure how [fur] traders found out about Hawaiian sandalwood…By 1790, sea captains were sending crewmen to search for sandalwood. By 1805 it had become an important export item. The peak of the trade was reached in 1818. Most of the trading was with Americans…Seeing its value, Kamehameha declared the sandalwood trade a royal monopoly. The chiefs traded in the name of the king. The king himself became a skilled bargainer. If he [Kamehameha] was unsure of a trade, he would not complete it without consulting one of his advisers, such as John Young. […] Sandalwood was usually bartered for goods…After Kamehameha died, all royal controls on the sandalwood trade, which had become the main source of the Islands’ wealth, were ended…[Referring to the impact of the fur and sandalwood trade] At first, only the king and the chiefs benefited from this trade. Even under the royal monopoly, the chiefs kept fourtenths of the sandalwood they collected for private trading. The royal monopoly ended with the death of Kamehameha I. […] [Referring to the introduction of new goods from Europe, the United States and China via the fur trade in the C19] Some imported haole [non-Hawaiian] goods were…ink”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, p. 26]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, pp. 28-29]</a> Sandalwood; ink. “No one knows for sure how [fur] traders found out about Hawaiian sandalwood…By 1790, sea captains were sending crewmen to search for sandalwood. By 1805 it had become an important export item. […] After Kamehameha died, all royal controls on the sandalwood trade, which had become the main source of the Islands’ wealth, were ended… […] [Referring to the introduction of new goods from Europe, the United States and China via the fur trade in the C19] Some imported haole [non-Hawaiian] goods were…ink”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, p. 26]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, pp. 28-29]</a> Sandalwood. “Seeing its [sandalwood] value, Kamehameha declared the sandalwood trade a royal monopoly… […] [Referring to the impact of the sandalwood trade on Hawaii] At first, only the king [Kamehameha]…benefited from this trade…The royal monopoly ended with the death of Kamehameha I”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, p. 26]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, p. 28]</a> Turmeric; sandalwood. “Seeing its [sandalwood] value, Kamehameha declared the sandalwood trade a royal monopoly. The chiefs traded in the name of the king…If he [Kamehameha] was unsure of a trade, he would not complete it without consulting one of his advisers, such as John Young. […] [Referring to the impact of the fur and sandalwood trade on Hawaii] At first, only the…chiefs benefited from this trade. Even under the royal monopoly, the chiefs kept fourtenths of the sandalwood they collected for private trading”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, p. 26]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, p. 28]</a> “[Referring to ‘rents’ or land tributes from the several estates owned by Kamehameha’s haole [non-Hawaiian] chief John Young, which the latter received in the early 1800s] The “rents” are all in kind. The most common items are…tapa [kapa or barkcloth] of different varieties, including red and turmeric-dyed. […] [Referring to the growing relationship between Hawaiian monarchs and the sandalwood trade in the early part of the sandalwood era, 1812-1830] Early on Kamehameha is said to have made the appropriation and exchange of sandalwood an exclusive royal prerogative (see Bingham 1969: 50; Kuykendall 1968: 88). But on the lands allotted to the greater ali’i [Hawaiian nobility] such privileges were exercised through the intermediacy of these chiefs… […] We cannot be sure of the precise arrangements between Kamehameha and the great chiefs with regard to their respective shares of the sandalwood commerce…in Kamehameha’s time it is clear that, having concluded their “compromises with the ruler”, the chiefs were concluding their own deals with the foreigner. Traders’ records from Kamehameha’s last years show several important ali’i trafficking in sandalwood on their own…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 51]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, pp. 58-59]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 112,
"polity": {
"id": 469,
"name": "uz_janid_dyn",
"long_name": "Khanate of Bukhara",
"start_year": 1599,
"end_year": 1747
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 98,
"name": "in_mughal_emp",
"long_name": "Mughal Empire",
"start_year": 1526,
"end_year": 1858
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes",
"comment": "Spices and dyes. “There was a fairly active trade with India in various types of cloth, dyes, precious stones, spices and other merchandise.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IHRKAPBT\">[Mukminova_et_al 2003, p. 54]</a> “A wide variety of goods were traded between Bukhara and Samarkand and the major marts of India. Sixteenth-century documents mention various types of cloth and woven fabric, indigo, sugar, spices and special medicinal herbs being imported from India” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AJ87889I\">[Mukminova 2003, p. 45]</a> “Sixteenth-century documents mention various types of cloth and woven fabric, indigo, sugar, spices and special medicinal herbs being imported from India” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AJ87889I\">[Mukminova 2003, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 113,
"polity": {
"id": 370,
"name": "uz_timurid_emp",
"long_name": "Timurid Empire",
"start_year": 1370,
"end_year": 1526
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes",
"comment": "“To Samarkand came ‘from Rush [Rus] and Tartary hides and linen, from China silken stuffs, which in that country are made better than anywhere else; and especially satins, considered to be the best in the world’; from India were brought spices, nutmeg, cloves, cinnamon and ginger [...] During the fifteenth century, particularly in the first quarter, there were extensive commercial and diplomatic relations with China […]. Wares brought to China from adjacent countries were also called ‘Chinese’; they included sandalwood, Tibetan musk and other wares carried along the Silk Route. Timurid merchants in their turn dispatched locally made fabrics, horses and camels to China\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CE66HCEQ\">[Ashrafyan_Asimov_Bosworth_C._E. 1998, p. 343]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CE66HCEQ\">[Ashrafyan_Asimov_Bosworth_C._E. 1998, p. 363]</a> “Thus every year Sultaniyah is visited by numerous merchants from Lesser India who bring with them all kinds of spiceries. Hither too are imported the best sorts of the lesser spices that are not to be found on sale in the Syrian markets, such namely as cloves, nutmegs, cinnamon, manna, mace and the rest” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/87MQJ3QG\">[Ferrier,_R 1986, p. 414]</a> “To Samarkand came ‘from Rush [Rus] and Tartary hides and linen, from China silken stuffs, which in that country are made better than anywhere else; and especially satins, considered to be the best in the world’; from India were brought spices, nutmeg, cloves, cinnamon and ginger [...] During the fifteenth century, particularly in the first quarter, there were extensive commercial and diplomatic relations with China […]. Wares brought to China from adjacent countries were also called ‘Chinese’; they included sandalwood, Tibetan musk and other wares carried along the Silk Route. Timurid merchants in their turn dispatched locally made fabrics, horses and camels to China <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CE66HCEQ\">[Ashrafyan_Asimov_Bosworth_C._E. 1998, p. 343]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CE66HCEQ\">[Ashrafyan_Asimov_Bosworth_C._E. 1998, p. 363]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 114,
"polity": {
"id": 541,
"name": "ye_qasimid_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1637,
"end_year": 1805
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 711,
"name": "om_busaidi_imamate_1",
"long_name": "Imamate of Oman and Muscat",
"start_year": 1749,
"end_year": 1895
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Kerala",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes",
"comment": "“Mocha, from the Arabic al-Mukha,' entered the European imagination by way of the Arabian coffee beans that were shipped from the city's shore in high volumes during the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries. Although coffee is the port's most famous export, a wide variety of other commodities, including spices […] aromatics […] was imported into, exported from, and shipped in the city” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SNVCSFFR\">[Um 2003, p. 178]</a> \"The basic structure of exchange in the Arabian seas in this period consisted of India delivering [...] pepper [...] to the Middle East. [...] pepper [...] was still sold by traders from Kerala and Muscat in Basra and Mocha in the eighteenth century.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BRW7MHBK\">[Barendse 2000, p. 175]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BRW7MHBK\">[Barendse 2000, p. 192]</a> “In 1722, VOC merchants sent a gift to Mocha governor Aḥmad Khazindār, which equaled 441.9.2 rijksdaalders, around 461 Spanish reals, much larger than the value of the English gifts mentioned above. It included various spices, fourteen pounds of cloves and nutmeg each, in addition to a number of preserved or “geconfijte” ones, such as cloves, ginger, and nutmeg, and some oliteiten, a fragrant oil or balm.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/25RM25QE\">[Um 2014, p. 245]</a> “merchants' houses stood distinctly apart from the large conglomeration of reed-and-mud houses that made up the majority of the intramural and extramural settlement in the area […] Sources describe a traditional elaborate ritual that accompanied any visit and consisted of sprinkling rosewater, burning aromatics” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SNVCSFFR\">[Um 2003, p. 183]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 115,
"polity": {
"id": 372,
"name": "ye_tahirid_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1454,
"end_year": 1517
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 409,
"name": "bd_bengal_sultanate",
"long_name": "Bengal Sultanate",
"start_year": 1338,
"end_year": 1538
},
{
"id": 239,
"name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3",
"long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III",
"start_year": 1412,
"end_year": 1517
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Gujarat Sultanate",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes",
"comment": "The sources consulted do not specify whether the spices and dyes that circulated through Yemen were considered to be \"luxury goods\", but it seems reasonable to infer that such was the case for at least some of the varieties imported from afar, due to the great distances they would have travelled. “Indian printed and woven cloth from Gujarat and Bengal were one of the principal commodities of the Indian Ocean trade. Yemen's involvement in the Indian textile trade goes back at least to the 12th century when Yemen imported from India both dyeing materials and cottons. References abound throughout the medieval period to this flourishing trade, to the appreciation by the Rasulids and Tahirids of fine textiles and to Yemen itself being a textile and dye producer both for export and home consumption. A significant reference for our purposes is from Varthema in the early 16th century who records textiles being sent from Cambay and Bengal to Aden for export throughout Arabia Felix” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UIGEVVB5\">[Porter 1992, pp. 252-253]</a> “Aden’s role as both a port of transhipment and a centre for […] dyeing materials for domestic use has been surveyed. […] Literature between the 11th and 16th centuries provides abundant references to the cultivation of […] dyeing materials […] In the 15th and 16th centuries, the evolving political situation […] greatly affected the role of Aden as one of the major entrepots on the trade routes between Europe and Asia […] The principal articles of this trade were textiles and spices […]The Adenis also traded goods from Malacca and Pegu in exchange for lac (a dark ed resin used in scarlet dye) […] musk” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MNDWDXQ9\">[Baldry 1982, pp. 21-41]</a> “Aden was an important entrepot for pepper and spices during the successive dynasties of Zuray'ids, Ayyibids and Rasulids […] By fully integrating the port last mentioned in his empire, the Sultan Barsbay managed to bring the spice trade under the Egyptian state. So the old route via Aden […] was abandoned in favour of one via Jedda, Tur and Suez. Whether Aden under Tahirid rule regained something of its earlier interest is unclear.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HWBNQAC9\">[Brouwer 2004, p. 216]</a> “Indian printed and woven cloth from Gujarat and Bengal were one of the principal commodities of the Indian Ocean trade. Yemen's involvement in the Indian textile trade goes back at least to the 12th century when Yemen imported from India […] dyeing materials […] References abound throughout the medieval period to this flourishing trade, to the appreciation by the Rasulids and Tahirids of fine textiles and to Yemen itself being a textile and dye producer both for export and home consumption. A significant reference for our purposes is from Varthema in the early 16th century who records textiles being sent from Cambay and Bengal to Aden for export throughout Arabia Felix” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UIGEVVB5\">[Porter 1992, pp. 252-253]</a> “Aden’s role as both a port of transhipment and a centre for the importation of silk, cotton goods and dyeing materials for domestic use has been surveyed. […] Literature between the 11th cand 16th centuries provides abundant references to the cultivation of […] dyeing materials […] Vessels returning from Suez brought back vermilion” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MNDWDXQ9\">[Baldry 1982, p. 21]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 118,
"polity": {
"id": 652,
"name": "et_harar_emirate",
"long_name": "Emirate of Harar",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1875
},
"year_from": 1650,
"year_to": 1799,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "A~P",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not explicitly label almost any of the goods that circulated in this polity at this time as notably luxurious. However, given that Harar was a major trade centre in the nineteenth century, importing and exporting a broad range of items from across the Indian Ocean and East Africa, it seems reasonable to infer that (1) spices, incense and/or dyes were traded there, and (2) at least some varieties of spice, incense or dye traded there were especially expensive or exclusive or prestigious, thus meeting our loose definition of what counts as a “luxury good”. “Fitawrari Tackle Hawariyat was nine year old when he entered Harar with Menelik’s army that defeated Amir Abdullah’s small army at Chelenque battle[ in 1987]. He had been living at Addis Ababa just before he left and came to Harar which he described as follows: ‘[…] The shops and stores are stuffed with various types of goods imported from abroad. […]’ As the boy stated the shops and stores were stuffed with goods and merchandises imported from abroad, i.e. Yemen, Arabia, India, China, etc.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a> The following quote suggests that only a relatively small number of items were a royal monopoly, which suggests that many luxurious items were broadly accessible to anyone who could afford them, regardless of social extraction. “Even though the trading of ivory, ostrich feathers, and other items were monopolized by some Amirs and their families; the basic value related to property right was respected i.e. economic freedom: the rights to acquire, use, transfer and dispose of private property. ” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that only a relatively small number of items were a royal monopoly, which suggests that many luxurious items were broadly accessible to anyone who could afford them, regardless of social extraction. “Even though the trading of ivory, ostrich feathers, and other items were monopolized by some Amirs and their families; the basic value related to property right was respected i.e. economic freedom: the rights to acquire, use, transfer and dispose of private property. ” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 119,
"polity": {
"id": 89,
"name": "in_satavahana_emp",
"long_name": "Satavahana Empire",
"start_year": -100,
"end_year": 200
},
"year_from": -100,
"year_to": 0,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes",
"comment": "It seems reasonable to infer that at least some items imported from the Roman Empire were considered luxury goods. The following quote mentions a number of spices and dyes. \"[The] Periplus [of the Erythrean Sea] refers to a large number of items shipped by the Romans from the west coast of India to the west were raw or in unfinished state. One can identify the following categories among them: bulk items like ebony, teak, blackwood, sandalwood, bamboo, tusks of ivory, and iron: easily transportable merchandise including aromatics such as spikenard, bedellium, costus, lycium and saffron; items treasured for their medicinal value such as long pepper, malabathrum and cinnabar; dyes such as indigo and lac; semi-precious stones like agate, red jasper, carnelian and onyx; and perhaps once in a while an exotic bird such as the peacock. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B8KQG349\">[Kathare 2005, p. 107]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}