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{
"count": 123,
"next": null,
"previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/ec/luxury-precious-stone/?format=api&page=2",
"results": [
{
"id": 101,
"polity": {
"id": 175,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire II",
"start_year": 1517,
"end_year": 1683
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "Rock crystal, other (not specified). “Objects of precious metal or rock crystal, often created for ceremonial or personal use, did not partake of this explosion of new design that revolutionised the ornamentation of tiles and textiles created also, if not exclusively, for public display. Tight interlocking patterns, variations of rumi-hatayi or saz designs, covered surfaces and provided the frames upon which precious stones might be mounted. The vast collection of Chinese porcelains at the Ottoman court may be mentioned in this regard: Ottoman craftsmen mounted smaller scale, mostly blue and white objects with precious stones on patterned gold frames, imprinting this distinctive style on porcelains in use at the privy chamber” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9AH3EFTX\">[Faroqhi 2013, p. 502]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 102,
"polity": {
"id": 176,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_3",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire III",
"start_year": 1683,
"end_year": 1839
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 98,
"name": "in_mughal_emp",
"long_name": "Mughal Empire",
"start_year": 1526,
"end_year": 1858
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "“From India, the Ottoman Empire bought pharmaceuticals, perfumes, and precious stones but its main trade was in spices, indigo, and cloth” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SJTXCVQ7\">[Panzac 1992, p. 190]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 103,
"polity": {
"id": 177,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV",
"start_year": 1839,
"end_year": 1922
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "The following quote suggests that precious stones circulated within the Ottoman Empire at this time, and indeed where exported outside of the empire in exchange for other luxury goods. “The regions lying west of Iran were important traditional markets for Iranian goods and during the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century Iran's trade with Turkish Anatolia and Mesopotamia was still very considerable. Iran exported to the Ottoman Empire Indian indigo, Kashmir shawls, silk, gold cloth, printed and flowered Isfahani cloth, coarse printed cloth, cotton, lambskins, tobacco, saffron, gum ammoniac, cochineal and rhubarb. Most of these goods found their way to Istanbul and many must have been re-exported to various European countries. These goods were paid for in velvet, tabbies (coarse watered silk), French and Venetian woollens and other European cloth, lace and gold thread, cloth from Aleppo and Damascus, glassware (including painted glass), mirrors, iron, steel, hardware, opium, wood for dyeing, vermilion, white lead, coral, amber and jewels […].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CS9K7MKS\">[Hambly, 1964, pp. 78-79]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 104,
"polity": {
"id": 696,
"name": "tz_buhayo_k",
"long_name": "Buhaya",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1890
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include precious stones of any kind as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 105,
"polity": {
"id": 716,
"name": "tz_early_tana_1",
"long_name": "Early Tana 1",
"start_year": 500,
"end_year": 749
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 716,
"name": "tz_early_tana_1",
"long_name": "Early Tana 1",
"start_year": 500,
"end_year": 749
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "“Archaeological evidence reveals that long-distance trade in luxury goods was a feature of coastal life before it was densely settled, and before Islam became a factor in trade relations (e.g., Casson 1989; Chami and Msemwa 1997; Juma 2004). So too was local manufacturing, including the working of metals (e.g., gold, copper and its alloys), stone (e.g., rock crystal, carnelian), and fibers (e.g., cotton) part of coastal life, such that for a number of classes of elite objects, local craftsmanship which developed from a knowledge of the import must be considered (see Table 1).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CQWNU8VF\">[LaViolette 2008, pp. 33-34]</a> This quote refers to Unguja Ukuu's primary phase of occupation, c. 500–1000 ce “There are also rare examples of semi-precious stone beads, including agate and etched carnelian tubular beads (Figure 13.4, No. 1). These suggest early contacts with India – probably Gujarat – where the stone-bead industry was important both for export and internal consumption (Hawkes and Wynne-Jones 2015).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C6TAQVHN\">[Juma 2018, p. 172]</a> “At Unguja Ukuu, North African red slip pottery and alabaster from Egypt was dated to the 5th to 6th centuries CE (Horton and Middleton 2000, 32).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/LYJIFGXD\">[Ichumbaki_Pollard 2021, p. 10]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 106,
"polity": {
"id": 717,
"name": "tz_early_tana_2",
"long_name": "Early Tana 2",
"start_year": 750,
"end_year": 999
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 717,
"name": "tz_early_tana_2",
"long_name": "Early Tana 2",
"start_year": 750,
"end_year": 999
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "“Archaeological evidence reveals that long-distance trade in luxury goods was a feature of coastal life before it was densely settled, and before Islam became a factor in trade relations (e.g., Casson 1989; Chami and Msemwa 1997; Juma 2004). So too was local manufacturing, including the working of metals (e.g., gold, copper and its alloys), stone (e.g., rock crystal, carnelian), and fibers (e.g., cotton) part of coastal life, such that for a number of classes of elite objects, local craftsmanship which developed from a knowledge of the import must be considered (see Table 1).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CQWNU8VF\">[LaViolette 2008, pp. 33-34]</a> This quote refers to Unguja Ukuu's primary phase of occupation, c. 500–1000 ce “There are also rare examples of semi-precious stone beads, including agate and etched carnelian tubular beads (Figure 13.4, No. 1). These suggest early contacts with India – probably Gujarat – where the stone-bead industry was important both for export and internal consumption (Hawkes and Wynne-Jones 2015).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C6TAQVHN\">[Juma 2018, p. 172]</a> “At Unguja Ukuu, North African red slip pottery and alabaster from Egypt was dated to the 5th to 6th centuries CE (Horton and Middleton 2000, 32).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/LYJIFGXD\">[Ichumbaki_Pollard 2021, p. 10]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 107,
"polity": {
"id": 715,
"name": "tz_east_africa_ia_1",
"long_name": "Early East Africa Iron Age",
"start_year": 200,
"end_year": 499
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "‘‘‘ No information could be found in the literature regarding the trade in or consumption of luxury goods in this era. List which kinds.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 108,
"polity": {
"id": 686,
"name": "tz_karagwe_k",
"long_name": "Karagwe",
"start_year": 1500,
"end_year": 1916
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include precious stone as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 109,
"polity": {
"id": 683,
"name": "ug_buganda_k_2",
"long_name": "Buganda II",
"start_year": 1717,
"end_year": 1894
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include precious stones of any kind as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 110,
"polity": {
"id": 535,
"name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2",
"long_name": "Bito Dynasty",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1894
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include precious stones of any kind as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 111,
"polity": {
"id": 695,
"name": "ug_nkore_k_2",
"long_name": "Nkore",
"start_year": 1750,
"end_year": 1901
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include precious stones of any kind as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 112,
"polity": {
"id": 684,
"name": "ug_toro_k",
"long_name": "Toro",
"start_year": 1830,
"end_year": 1896
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include precious stone as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 113,
"polity": {
"id": 102,
"name": "us_haudenosaunee_2",
"long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late",
"start_year": 1714,
"end_year": 1848
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "Potentially various types of precious stone, including diamonds. “[Referring to Tiyanoga (c.1680-1755), a Mohawk leader and member of the Wolf Clan known as ‘Hendrick’ by the English] Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur…described Hendrick in late middle age, preparing for dinner at the [Sir William] Johnson estate, within a few years of the Albany Congress: “[He] wished to appear at his very best…A girondole [girandole-style ornament originating from Europe that typically incorporated precious stone including diamonds in the design] was hung from his nose…(Crevecoeur [1926], 170)””. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9CANBIQJ\">[Johansen_Mann 2000, p. 158]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 114,
"polity": {
"id": 18,
"name": "us_hawaii_2",
"long_name": "Hawaii II",
"start_year": 1200,
"end_year": 1580
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 18,
"name": "us_hawaii_2",
"long_name": "Hawaii II",
"start_year": 1200,
"end_year": 1580
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "High-quality basalt and basaltic glass, valued raw materials used for the manufacture of tools and other artefacts. “[Referring to the manufacture of stone tools in ‘ancient Hawaii’, applicable to at least part of the Hawaii II period as per Phase II to III date reference towards end of quote] Certain high-quality resources, such as fine basalt for making adzes…were available only in particular districts or ahupua‘a [communities]…The typical Hawaiian adze, made of dense, fine-grained basalt, is rectangular in cross-section and tapers at one end to a sharpened blade (Dye and Kahn 2012). […] According to Hawaiian scholar David Malo (1996: 72) adze-makers (po`e kako`i) were “held in a great esteem” in ancient Hawai`i. Adze-making began by removing flakes from a selected stone by striking it with a handheld hammerstone to create the desired shape, then grinding and polishing it with abrasive stones and sand. The initial flaking task usually took place in workshop areas near the source of the stone material…Evidence of finish work as well as trimming and resharpening of well-used adzes is frequently found in nonquarry sites (Cleghorn 1992; Handy and Handy 1972: 28; Holmes 1993: 19-20; Lass 1994; McCoy 1990: 112; 1993; McCoy et al. 1993; Mills, Lundblad, et al. 2011; Olszewski 2007)…Hawaiians appear to have extracted most of the raw material for their adzes from a small number of widely scattered sites. Only about 20 locations scattered across all the islands, except Ni`ihau, have been identified as adze quarry sites (Cleghorn et al. 1985; MacDonald and Abbott 1978: 126-129; Sinton and Sinoto 1997: 198-200). The most extensive of these sites, far larger than all the other known quarries combined, is situated at an altitude of 2,600-4,000 m just below the summit of […] Mauna Kea, Hawai`i’s highest mountain. Within the boundaries of the more than 12km Mauna Kea Adze Quarry Complex, a designated National Historic Landmark, Patrick McCoy, Paul Cleghorn, and other archaeologists have recorded well over 1,560 “chipping stations” in 260 workshops. A chipping station consists mainly of a concentration of debitage, debris resulting from the flaking process. Debitage includes both flakes and partially finished adzes (sometimes called adze rejects or adze blanks) discarded because of flaws in the material or errors in manufacture. The discard pile at Keanakako`i (literally “cave of the adze”) measures about 19 m in diameter by 7 m high and probably contains at least 136 mt of stone flakes and unfinished adzes (McCoy et al. 2009: 450). McCoy has observed that it was the sheer quantity of available raw material - and not necessarily the quality, which may have been matched at other sites - that distinguished the Mauna Kea quarry. The sustained yield of this quarry during at least 400 years (1400-1800) of intensive use may have contributed to the status of the chiefs who controlled the resource (Cleghorn 1982; Cleghorn et al. 1985; Hommon 1986b: 63-64; McCoy 1990: 92). […] [Referring to basaltic glass finds]…Hawai`i Island distribution analyses have been conducted on…fine cutting and scraping tools of volcanic glass…which were used in shaping fishhooks and other artifacts…The volcanic glass best suited for toolmaking as regards quantity, quality, ease of collection, and nodule size was…found at the cinder cone named Pu`u Wa`awa`a…in the eponymous ahupua`a near the northern border of Kona district…Volcanic glass was valued for the informal, extremely sharp cutting and scraping tools made of flakes struck from cores of the material. As flakes were removed, […] the core would be stripped of its exterior weathered cortex. With repeated flaking, a wasted core, so reduced in size that no useable flakes could be struck from it, was discarded…Clearly, tools of…glass were highly valued by the craftsmen of the common class, who used them, as demonstrated by the wasted cores and small flakes, in sites far from the source”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, pp. 45-47]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, pp. 111-112]</a> High-quality basalt and basaltic glass, valued raw materials used for the manufacture of tools and other artefacts. “[Referring to the manufacture of stone tools in ‘ancient Hawaii’, applicable to at least part of the Hawaii II period as per Phase II to III date reference towards end of quote] Certain high-quality resources, such as fine basalt for making adzes…were available only in particular districts or ahupua‘a [communities] [in Hawaii]…The typical Hawaiian adze, made of dense, fine-grained basalt, is rectangular in cross-section and tapers at one end to a sharpened blade (Dye and Kahn 2012). […] According to Hawaiian scholar David Malo (1996: 72) adze-makers (po`e kako`i) were “held in a great esteem” in ancient Hawai`i. Adze-making began by removing flakes from a selected stone by striking it with a handheld hammerstone to create the desired shape, then grinding and polishing it with abrasive stones and sand. The initial flaking task usually took place in workshop areas near the source of the stone material…Evidence of finish work as well as trimming and resharpening of well-used adzes is frequently found in nonquarry sites (Cleghorn 1992; Handy and Handy 1972: 28; Holmes 1993: 19-20; Lass 1994; McCoy 1990: 112; 1993; McCoy et al. 1993; Mills, Lundblad, et al. 2011; Olszewski 2007)…Hawaiians appear to have extracted most of the raw material for their adzes from a small number of widely scattered sites. Only about 20 locations scattered across all the islands, except Ni`ihau, have been identified as adze quarry sites (Cleghorn et al. 1985; MacDonald and Abbott 1978: 126-129; Sinton and Sinoto 1997: 198-200). The most extensive of these sites, far larger than all the other known quarries combined, is situated at an altitude of 2,600-4,000 m just below the summit of […] Mauna Kea, Hawai`i’s highest mountain. Within the boundaries of the more than 12km Mauna Kea Adze Quarry Complex, a designated National Historic Landmark, Patrick McCoy, Paul Cleghorn, and other archaeologists have recorded well over 1,560 “chipping stations” in 260 workshops. A chipping station consists mainly of a concentration of debitage, debris resulting from the flaking process. Debitage includes both flakes and partially finished adzes (sometimes called adze rejects or adze blanks) discarded because of flaws in the material or errors in manufacture. The discard pile at Keanakako`i (literally “cave of the adze”) measures about 19 m in diameter by 7 m high and probably contains at least 136 mt of stone flakes and unfinished adzes (McCoy et al. 2009: 450). McCoy has observed that it was the sheer quantity of available raw material - and not necessarily the quality, which may have been matched at other sites - that distinguished the Mauna Kea quarry. The sustained yield of this quarry during at least 400 years (1400-1800) of intensive use may have contributed to the status of the chiefs who controlled the resource (Cleghorn 1982; Cleghorn et al. 1985; Hommon 1986b: 63-64; McCoy 1990: 92). […] …Hawai`i Island distribution analyses have been conducted on…fine cutting and scraping tools of volcanic glass…which were used in shaping fishhooks and other artifacts…The volcanic glass best suited for toolmaking as regards quantity, quality, ease of collection, and nodule size was…found at the cinder cone named Pu`u Wa`awa`a…in the eponymous ahupua`a near the northern border of Kona district…Volcanic glass was valued for the informal, extremely sharp cutting and scraping tools made of flakes struck from cores of the material. As flakes were removed, […] the core would be stripped of its exterior weathered cortex. With repeated flaking, a wasted core, so reduced in size that no useable flakes could be struck from it, was discarded…Clearly, tools of…glass were highly valued by the [Hawaiian] craftsmen of the common class, who used them, as demonstrated by the wasted cores and small flakes, in sites far from the source”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, pp. 45-47]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, pp. 111-112]</a> High-quality basalt and basaltic glass, valued raw materials used for the manufacture of tools and other artefacts. “[Referring to the manufacture of tools in ‘ancient Hawaii’, potentially applicable to the Hawaii II period] According to Hawaiian scholar David Malo (1996: 72) adze-makers (po`e kako`i) were “held in a great esteem” in ancient Hawai`i. […] Clearly, tools of…glass were highly valued by the craftsmen of the common class, who used them…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 46]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 112]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 115,
"polity": {
"id": 19,
"name": "us_hawaii_3",
"long_name": "Hawaii III",
"start_year": 1580,
"end_year": 1778
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 19,
"name": "us_hawaii_3",
"long_name": "Hawaii III",
"start_year": 1580,
"end_year": 1778
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "High-quality basalt and basaltic glass, valued raw materials used for the manufacture of tools and other artefacts. “[Referring to the manufacture of stone tools in ‘ancient Hawaii’, applicable to the Hawaii III period as per Phase II to III date reference towards end of quote] Certain high-quality resources, such as fine basalt for making adzes…were available only in particular districts or ahupua‘a [communities]…The typical Hawaiian adze, made of dense, fine-grained basalt, is rectangular in cross-section and tapers at one end to a sharpened blade (Dye and Kahn 2012). […] According to Hawaiian scholar David Malo (1996: 72) adze-makers (po`e kako`i) were “held in a great esteem” in ancient Hawai`i. Adze-making began by removing flakes from a selected stone by striking it with a handheld hammerstone to create the desired shape, then grinding and polishing it with abrasive stones and sand. The initial flaking task usually took place in workshop areas near the source of the stone material…Evidence of finish work as well as trimming and resharpening of well-used adzes is frequently found in nonquarry sites (Cleghorn 1992; Handy and Handy 1972: 28; Holmes 1993: 19-20; Lass 1994; McCoy 1990: 112; 1993; McCoy et al. 1993; Mills, Lundblad, et al. 2011; Olszewski 2007)…Hawaiians appear to have extracted most of the raw material for their adzes from a small number of widely scattered sites. Only about 20 locations scattered across all the islands, except Ni`ihau, have been identified as adze quarry sites (Cleghorn et al. 1985; MacDonald and Abbott 1978: 126-129; Sinton and Sinoto 1997: 198-200). The most extensive of these sites, far larger than all the other known quarries combined, is situated at an altitude of 2,600-4,000 m just below the summit of […] Mauna Kea, Hawai`i’s highest mountain. Within the boundaries of the more than 12km Mauna Kea Adze Quarry Complex, a designated National Historic Landmark, Patrick McCoy, Paul Cleghorn, and other archaeologists have recorded well over 1,560 “chipping stations” in 260 workshops. A chipping station consists mainly of a concentration of debitage, debris resulting from the flaking process. Debitage includes both flakes and partially finished adzes (sometimes called adze rejects or adze blanks) discarded because of flaws in the material or errors in manufacture. The discard pile at Keanakako`i (literally “cave of the adze”) measures about 19 m in diameter by 7 m high and probably contains at least 136 mt of stone flakes and unfinished adzes (McCoy et al. 2009: 450). McCoy has observed that it was the sheer quantity of available raw material - and not necessarily the quality, which may have been matched at other sites - that distinguished the Mauna Kea quarry. The sustained yield of this quarry during at least 400 years (1400-1800) of intensive use may have contributed to the status of the chiefs who controlled the resource (Cleghorn 1982; Cleghorn et al. 1985; Hommon 1986b: 63-64; McCoy 1990: 92). […] [Referring to basaltic glass finds]…Hawai`i Island distribution analyses have been conducted on…fine cutting and scraping tools of volcanic glass…which were used in shaping fishhooks and other artifacts…The volcanic glass best suited for toolmaking as regards quantity, quality, ease of collection, and nodule size was…found at the cinder cone named Pu`u Wa`awa`a…in the eponymous ahupua`a near the northern border of Kona district…Volcanic glass was valued for the informal, extremely sharp cutting and scraping tools made of flakes struck from cores of the material. As flakes were removed, […] the core would be stripped of its exterior weathered cortex. With repeated flaking, a wasted core, so reduced in size that no useable flakes could be struck from it, was discarded…Clearly, tools of…glass were highly valued by the craftsmen of the common class, who used them, as demonstrated by the wasted cores and small flakes, in sites far from the source”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, pp. 45-47]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, pp. 111-112]</a> High-quality basalt and basaltic glass, valued raw materials used for the manufacture of tools and other artefacts. “[Referring to the manufacture of stone tools in ‘ancient Hawaii’, applicable to the Hawaii III period as per Phase II to III date reference towards end of quote] Certain high-quality resources, such as fine basalt for making adzes…were available only in particular districts or ahupua‘a [communities] [in Hawaii]…The typical Hawaiian adze, made of dense, fine-grained basalt, is rectangular in cross-section and tapers at one end to a sharpened blade (Dye and Kahn 2012). […] According to Hawaiian scholar David Malo (1996: 72) adze-makers (po`e kako`i) were “held in a great esteem” in ancient Hawai`i. Adze-making began by removing flakes from a selected stone by striking it with a handheld hammerstone to create the desired shape, then grinding and polishing it with abrasive stones and sand. The initial flaking task usually took place in workshop areas near the source of the stone material…Evidence of finish work as well as trimming and resharpening of well-used adzes is frequently found in nonquarry sites (Cleghorn 1992; Handy and Handy 1972: 28; Holmes 1993: 19-20; Lass 1994; McCoy 1990: 112; 1993; McCoy et al. 1993; Mills, Lundblad, et al. 2011; Olszewski 2007)…Hawaiians appear to have extracted most of the raw material for their adzes from a small number of widely scattered sites. Only about 20 locations scattered across all the islands, except Ni`ihau, have been identified as adze quarry sites (Cleghorn et al. 1985; MacDonald and Abbott 1978: 126-129; Sinton and Sinoto 1997: 198-200). The most extensive of these sites, far larger than all the other known quarries combined, is situated at an altitude of 2,600-4,000 m just below the summit of […] Mauna Kea, Hawai`i’s highest mountain. Within the boundaries of the more than 12km Mauna Kea Adze Quarry Complex, a designated National Historic Landmark, Patrick McCoy, Paul Cleghorn, and other archaeologists have recorded well over 1,560 “chipping stations” in 260 workshops. A chipping station consists mainly of a concentration of debitage, debris resulting from the flaking process. Debitage includes both flakes and partially finished adzes (sometimes called adze rejects or adze blanks) discarded because of flaws in the material or errors in manufacture. The discard pile at Keanakako`i (literally “cave of the adze”) measures about 19 m in diameter by 7 m high and probably contains at least 136 mt of stone flakes and unfinished adzes (McCoy et al. 2009: 450). McCoy has observed that it was the sheer quantity of available raw material - and not necessarily the quality, which may have been matched at other sites - that distinguished the Mauna Kea quarry. The sustained yield of this quarry during at least 400 years (1400-1800) of intensive use may have contributed to the status of the chiefs who controlled the resource (Cleghorn 1982; Cleghorn et al. 1985; Hommon 1986b: 63-64; McCoy 1990: 92). […] …Hawai`i Island distribution analyses have been conducted on…fine cutting and scraping tools of volcanic glass…which were used in shaping fishhooks and other artifacts…The volcanic glass best suited for toolmaking as regards quantity, quality, ease of collection, and nodule size was…found at the cinder cone named Pu`u Wa`awa`a…in the eponymous ahupua`a near the northern border of Kona district…Volcanic glass was valued for the informal, extremely sharp cutting and scraping tools made of flakes struck from cores of the material. As flakes were removed, […] the core would be stripped of its exterior weathered cortex. With repeated flaking, a wasted core, so reduced in size that no useable flakes could be struck from it, was discarded…Clearly, tools of…glass were highly valued by the [Hawaiian] craftsmen of the common class, who used them, as demonstrated by the wasted cores and small flakes, in sites far from the source”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, pp. 45-47]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, pp. 111-112]</a> High-quality basalt and basaltic glass, valued raw materials used for the manufacture of tools and other artefacts. “[Referring to the manufacture of tools in ‘ancient Hawaii’, potentially applicable to the Hawaii III period] According to Hawaiian scholar David Malo (1996: 72) adze-makers (po`e kako`i) were “held in a great esteem” in ancient Hawai`i. […] Clearly, tools of…glass were highly valued by the craftsmen of the common class, who used them…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 46]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 112]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 116,
"polity": {
"id": 20,
"name": "us_kamehameha_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period",
"start_year": 1778,
"end_year": 1819
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 20,
"name": "us_kamehameha_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period",
"start_year": 1778,
"end_year": 1819
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "Pearls; pearlshell. “[Referring to the circuit of the ‘long god’ (akua loa), a wooden shaft tipped with a carved human head that represented the god Lono, which was transported through the territorial units comprising Hawaii at European contact in the late C18, as described by Kamakau 1964: 20-21] Much wealth was acquired by the god during this circuit of the island…wealth was presented [to the ‘long god’]…[including] pearls…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 63]</a> “…Hawaiians were not putting much new into the trade [with Europeans in the late C18 and early C19]…It was still…a small amount of…pearls, and pearlshell. Yet the volume [of various trade items including the latter] was substantial, and a great proportion came from O’ahu. […] [Referring to traditional types of ‘taxes’ and ‘rents’ during the conquest period, 1778-1812]…Kamakau speaks of annual royal taxes (’auhau) in the Kamehameha era, assessed in proportion to the size of the land unit, and paid in such things as “…pearls from ‘Ewa [O‘ahu]’” (1961: 177)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 43]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 50]</a> “[Referring to the manufacture of wooden statuary in Hawaii]…other auxiliary materials were occasionally used with it [wood]. Mother-of-pearl was inlaid for eyes…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZGP35J48\">[Cox_Davenport 1988, p. 26]</a> Pearls; pearlshell. “…Hawaiians were not putting much new into the trade [with Europeans in the late C18 and early C19]…It was still…a small amount of…pearls, and pearlshell…a great proportion [of which] came from O’ahu. […] [Referring to traditional types of ‘taxes’ and ‘rents’ during the conquest period, 1778-1812]…Kamakau speaks of annual royal taxes (’auhau) in the Kamehameha era, assessed in proportion to the size of the land unit, and paid in such things as “…pearls from ‘Ewa [O‘ahu]’” (1961: 177)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 43]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 50]</a> Pearls. “[Referring to traditional types of ‘taxes’ and ‘rents’ during the conquest period, 1778-1812]…Kamakau speaks of annual royal taxes (’auhau) in the Kamehameha era, assessed in proportion to the size of the land unit, and paid in such things as “…pearls from ‘Ewa [O‘ahu]’” (1961: 177)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 50]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 117,
"polity": {
"id": 469,
"name": "uz_janid_dyn",
"long_name": "Khanate of Bukhara",
"start_year": 1599,
"end_year": 1747
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "There was a fairly active trade with India in various types of cloth, dyes, precious stones, spices and other merchandise <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IHRKAPBT\">[Mukminova_et_al 2003, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 118,
"polity": {
"id": 370,
"name": "uz_timurid_emp",
"long_name": "Timurid Empire",
"start_year": 1370,
"end_year": 1526
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 370,
"name": "uz_timurid_emp",
"long_name": "Timurid Empire",
"start_year": 1370,
"end_year": 1526
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "Pearls, precious stones [not named] and turquoise. “From the port of Hurmuz came \"a great quantity of pearls also many precious stones\", in caravans which took sixty days to complete the journey” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/87MQJ3QG\">[Ferrier,_R 1986, p. 414]</a> (referring to pearls found in Sultaniyya). “As the turquoise trade spread in Timurid Central Asia, Safavid Iran, and Mughal India, the stone became converted into an imperial and sacred object projected in radiant displays across the blue-tiled cities of the eastern Islamic world” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVV4PVIJ\">[Khazeni, 2014, p. 55]</a> “Under the Timurid (1370–1510) and Safavid (1501–1722) dynasties, the turquoise mines of Nishapur [eastern Iran] reached their peak of production, and the stone became an object of imperial conquest and the Eurasian caravan trade” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVV4PVIJ\">[Khazeni, 2014, p. 12]</a> “From the port of Hurmuz came \"a great quantity of pearls also many precious stones\", in caravans which took sixty days to complete the journey”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/87MQJ3QG\">[Ferrier,_R 1986, p. 414]</a> “Jami deemed turquoise the stone with the most excellent properties (dar khasiyat bihtarin ahjar ast), suggesting the importance that Timurid culture attached to it. It carried imperial connotations and was believed to bring courage and victory (piruz) over enemies in war. If worn by rulers, it turned their wrath into mercy toward their subjects. Sultans dearly esteemed and vied for the royal treasuries that were stocked with the Abu Ishaqi variety of the stone. The people (jamiʿ al-khalaʾiq) regarded turquoise as auspicious to look upon, protecting wearers from harm, portending a long life, and preventing nightmares. Oculists used the stone to treat diseases of the eye” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZVV4PVIJ\">[Khazeni, 2014, pp. 30-31]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 119,
"polity": {
"id": 541,
"name": "ye_qasimid_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1637,
"end_year": 1805
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 778,
"name": "in_east_india_co",
"long_name": "British East India Company",
"start_year": 1757,
"end_year": 1858
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "Agate; pearl. The following quote refers to agate stones as both ‘available in quantity […] rather cheaply’ and expected in ‘sumptuous jewellery’. An expert should be consulted on whether agate would fit into this variable. “The present article examines seven pieces that are older, and that differ in style and technique from similar classic objects. These are four scabbards for the Yemeni dagger (janbīya), a pair of anklets, and a bracelet. Six of them are stamped with a dated Imamic hallmark, and signed, in Hebrew, by their maker. They date to the 18th century. […] Let us begin with the anklets (ḥijl) stamped al-Mahdī 1233. […] In a piece of Yemeni jewellery, and such a sumptuous one by that, one would expect agates, and not glass which we would think of as a cheaper substitute. This was obviously not so: agates, for which Yemen has been famous from the pre-Islamic period to this very day, agates were available in quantity in the 18th century, and rather cheaply, just as they are today, but close examination of our anklets shows that the glass is original, and the settings made for them. […] glass must therefore have been esteemed more than the beautiful locally available agates.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8RW2JA6V\">[Daum 2016, p. 197]</a> “Since at least the sixteenth century, the cities of Ahmedabad, Khambhat, Surat, and Thatta have been known for local industries of mother-of-pearl inlay and overlay, as well as ivory marquetry on wood. These inlaid and overlaid goods were […] exported widely, including to the Red Sea region. […] Additionally, British East India Company documents mention ebony and teak tables and chairs (some with caned backs), which were brought to their factory in Mocha in the first half of the eighteenth century. Although it is not specified, these chairs surely came from India and most likely from Surat, a key British trading hub. While it is possible that the canopy of al-Mahdī may have been brought to Yemen from Gujarat or Sindh as an imported object there is also evidence, as in the pieces mentioned above, that it was manufactured locally. […] Sanaa’s oral tradition still attributed ivory and mother of-pearl inlay work to Indian manufacture during the late twentieth century” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BSQNNWJ6\">[Um 2011, p. 394]</a> “‘he was more like a king than a caliph’ wrote one Yemeni chronicler about the imam who succeeded the one de la Roque met. […] ‘his habit was to seclude himself […] in a palace filled with […] precious stones” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9PB6HRWG\">[Clark 2010, p. 26]</a> “In a piece of Yemeni jewellery, and such a sumptuous one by that, one would expect agates, and not glass which we would think of as a cheaper substitute. This was obviously not so: agates, for which Yemen has been famous from the pre-Islamic period to this very day, agates were available in quantity in the 18th century, and rather cheaply, just as they are today, but close examination of our anklets shows that the glass is original, and the settings made for them. […] glass must therefore have been esteemed more than the beautiful locally available agates.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8RW2JA6V\">[Daum 2016, p. 197]</a> “‘he was more like a king than a caliph’ wrote one Yemeni chronicler about the imam who succeeded the one de la Roque met. […] ‘his habit was to seclude himself […] in a palace filled with […] precious stones” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9PB6HRWG\">[Clark 2010, p. 26]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 120,
"polity": {
"id": 372,
"name": "ye_tahirid_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1454,
"end_year": 1517
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "“The Adenis also traded goods from Malacca and Pegu in exchange for […] precious stones” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MNDWDXQ9\">[Baldry 1982, p. 41]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 121,
"polity": {
"id": 652,
"name": "et_harar_emirate",
"long_name": "Emirate of Harar",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1875
},
"year_from": 1650,
"year_to": 1799,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "A~P",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not explicitly label almost any of the goods that circulated in this polity at this time as notably luxurious. However, given that Harar was a major trade centre in the nineteenth century, importing and exporting a broad range of items from across the Indian Ocean and East Africa, it seems reasonable to infer that precious stones were traded there. “Fitawrari Tackle Hawariyat was nine year old when he entered Harar with Menelik’s army that defeated Amir Abdullah’s small army at Chelenque battle[ in 1987]. He had been living at Addis Ababa just before he left and came to Harar which he described as follows: ‘[…] The shops and stores are stuffed with various types of goods imported from abroad. […]’ As the boy stated the shops and stores were stuffed with goods and merchandises imported from abroad, i.e. Yemen, Arabia, India, China, etc.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that only a relatively small number of items were a royal monopoly, which suggests that many luxurious items were broadly accessible to anyone who could afford them, regardless of social extraction. “Even though the trading of ivory, ostrich feathers, and other items were monopolized by some Amirs and their families; the basic value related to property right was respected i.e. economic freedom: the rights to acquire, use, transfer and dispose of private property. ” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 122,
"polity": {
"id": 659,
"name": "ni_allada_k",
"long_name": "Allada",
"start_year": 1100,
"end_year": 1724
},
"year_from": 1100,
"year_to": 1650,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a very rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed. “Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair […] Semiprecious stones: agates, amber, garnets, bloodstones, and carnelians are mentioned. Amber came in the form of beads, bracelets, necklaces, and rings. Popular beads called rangoes or arrangoes may have been carnelians imported from India, or glass imitatations” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 22]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 123,
"polity": {
"id": 668,
"name": "ni_nri_k",
"long_name": "Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì",
"start_year": 1043,
"end_year": 1911
},
"year_from": 1043,
"year_to": 1650,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_stone",
"comment": "“Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair […] Semiprecious stones: agates, amber, garnets, bloodstones, and carnelians are mentioned. Amber came in the form of beads, bracelets, necklaces, and rings. Popular beads called rangoes or arrangoes may have been carnelians imported from India, or glass imitatations” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 22]</a> NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed, based on the fact that “[i]n the late seventeenth century, there was a rise in the relative importance of slaves from sources from north of the Equator, as opposed to from Angola. […] The Bight of Benin, where Anecho became a Portuguese base in 1645, and Whydah an English one in 1672, was of particular importance for slave exports from West Africa.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NMC66GR7\">[Black 2015, p. 49]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}