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{
"id": 151,
"polity": {
"id": 541,
"name": "ye_qasimid_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1637,
"end_year": 1805
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
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{
"id": 541,
"name": "ye_qasimid_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1637,
"end_year": 1805
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
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"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
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"comment": "‘‘‘ Silver; gold; brass.“In Yemen, people rarely drank this beverage, called bunn, because they thought that it excited the blood. Instead, they made a beverage of the coffee shells, which in both appearance and taste was very similar to tea. […] In Yemen, the wealthy drank these beverages […] from porcelain cups held in fine silver or brass cups-holders. The common man in Yemen had cups of clay.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/G3C2WJ59\">[Friis 2015, p. 105]</a> “The very existence of real 18th century silverwork is new, or almost. […] The present article examines seven pieces that are older, and that differ in style and technique from similar classic objects. These are four scabbards for the Yemeni dagger (janbīya), a pair of anklets, and a bracelet. Six of them are stamped with a dated Imamic hallmark, and signed, in Hebrew, by their maker. They date to the 18th century. […] Let us begin with the anklets (ḥijl) stamped al-Mahdī 1233. […] They are made from silver; the ornamentation is enamel, the dark red “stones” are glass. This is interesting, as the stones of another similar pair have gone missing. In a piece of Yemeni jewellery, and such a sumptuous one by that, one would expect agates, and not glass which we would think of as a cheaper substitute. This was obviously not so: agates, for which Yemen has been famous from the pre-Islamic period to this very day, agates were available in quantity in the 18th century, and rather cheaply, just as they are today, but close examination of our anklets shows that the glass is original, and the settings made for them. […] We will now discuss some thūmas in detail. The first one is a marvellous piece of silverwork, gilt, in perfect condition, despite its age. […] The next thūma is also gilt. It is stamped al-Manṣūr 1198 (= 26 Nov. 1783 - 14 Nov. 1784). This is al-Manṣūr ‘Alī , born in 1150 or 1151, ruled 19 Rajab 1189 to 1224. Our piece is signed by the silversmith, Maswarī. […] <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8RW2JA6V\">[Daum 2016, pp. 197-200]</a> “‘he was more like a king than a caliph’ wrote one Yemeni chronicler about the imam who succeeded the one de la Roque met. […] ‘his habit was to seclude himself […] in a palace filled with ‘gold and silver […] no fewer than six ticking gold and silver watches’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9PB6HRWG\">[Clark 2010, p. 26]</a> The following quote suggests continuity in metal manufacture in Yemen from the 13th century to the 20th century.“While the Nūr al-ma‘ārif localizes most of the iron, gold and silver manufacturing in Sanaa, the document also mentions Dhamār, Ta‘izz and al-Mahjam where productions are however marginal, compared with Sanaa. This makes it clear that the manuscript is not deficient as far as metal production is concerned, but that it reflects the reality of the industry. On the whole, the impression we gain from the Nūr al-ma‘ārif is that there was no significant metal production in Ta‘izz, Aden or in most Tihama towns, but that 90% of metal working (in particular goldsmithing and silversmithing) was in Sanaa, exactly as it was in the 20th century. […] This reinforces our impression of the manufacturing industries being centred in Sanaa.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8RW2JA6V\">[Daum 2016, p. 204]</a> “In Yemen, people rarely drank this beverage, called bunn, because they thought that it excited the blood. Instead, they made a beverage of the coffee shells, which in both appearance and taste was very similar to tea. […] In Yemen, the wealthy drank these beverages […] from porcelain cup held in fine silver or brass cups-holders. The common man in Yemen had cups of clay.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/G3C2WJ59\">[Friis 2015, p. 105]</a> This quote is another instance when an object is presented as both ubiquitous and used to display wealth. An expert should be consulted on this.“We will now move to scabbards — the main item where a man can display wealth, taste, and individual preference. Yemeni men, with very few exceptions (the Sufi -Saiyids in the Ḥaḍramaut), wear (wore) a dagger in or on their belt. The sheaths are made from wood. Most Yemenis have their scabbard simply covered with leather, but class or region may warrant an elaborate silver sheath. The largest regional group of silver scabbards does again come from the highlands, and here almost exclusively from Sanaa. There are two main forms, the tribesman’s ‘asīb, and the thūma (plural thūwam), the sheath worn by the representatives of the two (former) leading classes, the Saiyids and the Qadis.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8RW2JA6V\">[Daum 2016, p. 198]</a> “‘he was more like a king than a caliph’ wrote one Yemeni chronicler about the imam who succeeded the one de la Roque met. Although sufficiently modest not to wear silk […] ‘his habit was to seclude himself […] in a palace filled with ‘gold and silver […] no fewer than six ticking gold and silver watches’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9PB6HRWG\">[Clark 2010, p. 26]</a> “In Yemen, people rarely drank this beverage, called bunn, because they thought that it excited the blood. Instead, they made a beverage of the coffee shells, which in both appearance and taste was very similar to tea. […] In Yemen, the wealthy drank these beverages from […] from porcelain cups held in fine silver or brass cups-holders. The common man in Yemen had cups of clay.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/G3C2WJ59\">[Friis 2015, p. 105]</a> This quote is another instance when an object is presented as both ubiquitous and used to display wealth. An expert should be consulted on this.“We will now move to scabbards — the main item where a man can display wealth, taste, and individual preference. Yemeni men, with very few exceptions (the Sufi -Saiyids in the Ḥaḍramaut), wear (wore) a dagger in or on their belt. The sheaths are made from wood. Most Yemenis have their scabbard simply covered with leather, but class or region may warrant an elaborate silver sheath. The largest regional group of silver scabbards does again come from the highlands, and here almost exclusively from Sanaa. There are two main forms, the tribesman’s ‘asīb, and the thūma (plural thūwam), the sheath worn by the representatives of the two (former) leading classes, the Saiyids and the Qadis. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8RW2JA6V\">[Daum 2016, p. 198]</a> “The modest appearance and lifestyle of that early Qasim imam impressed de La Roque. ‘Going with his legs and feet bare and wearing slippers after the Turkish fashion […] one of his cavalry officers held a vast green damask umbrella, with an eight-inch long red and gold fringe, and a ‘globe of silver gilt’ on top […] “‘he was more like a king than a caliph’ wrote one Yemeni chronicler about the imam who succeeded the one de la Roque met. Although sufficiently modest not to wear silk […] ‘his habit was to seclude himself […] in a palace filled with ‘gold and silver […] no fewer than six ticking gold and silver watches’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9PB6HRWG\">[Clark 2010, p. 26]</a> “The gifts, which were delivered on August 3, 1721 in line with the schedule for customary gifting, may be differentiated from the annual ones mentioned above not only for their wider scope of distribution, but also because of the inclusion of some costly and unique items that did not appear on the regular yearly rosters. The imam received a piece of “attlass” (heavy satin sometimes woven with threads of gold and silver) from Surat that was valued at sixty Spanish reals, the single most expensive item found on any of the gift registers.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/25RM25QE\">[Um 2014, p. 244]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/25RM25QE\">[Um 2014, p. 249]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 152,
"polity": {
"id": 372,
"name": "ye_tahirid_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1454,
"end_year": 1517
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 239,
"name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3",
"long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III",
"start_year": 1412,
"end_year": 1517
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ Gold; silver; copper; brass. “In this city the sultan keeps more gold than a hundred camels could carry, and I say this because I have seen it” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BCTZXGHM\">[Porter 1989, p. 105]</a> “Under the Tahirids, three currencies were in use, gold, silver and copper.” […] Gold was known and hoarded and the Aden revenues came in gold. […] We are on firmer ground with the following references to a mosque which is definitely the Asháir […] The whole was painted with gypsum and it was decorated with paint and gold and lapis (blue). […] The qiblah wall was decorated […] and painted with gold.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UIGEVVB5\">[Porter 1992, p. 153]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UIGEVVB5\">[Porter 1992, p. 167]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UIGEVVB5\">[Porter 1992, p. 207]</a> “This inlaid brass work we can conjecture to be Mamluk metal work made for the Rasulid sultans. It would then explain how this metal work passed from the Rasulids to the Tahirid then fell into Zaydï hands; a fact we know from the Zaydï owner marks scratched on to a number of the surviving pieces” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BCTZXGHM\">[Porter 1989, p. 107]</a> “Whether these ashrafis [i.e. Yemeni currency at the time] were Yemeni or not, a distinction is certainly made between gold coins and what are termed local coins silver coins in a reference from the year 883/1478 : In this year the sultan removed from Aden to the treasury at al-Miqranah 5 lakk of gold and a large amount of local currency. This is a huge quantity of gold, 1 lakk being 100,000. If this is foreign gold, perhaps Mamluk ashrafi, would it have been melted down in the mint and used to issue their own coins as happened in Egypt? Until Yemeni gold of the Tahirid period is found it would seem safe to assume that it is Mamluk ashrafi that are being referred to and used.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UIGEVVB5\">[Porter 1992, p. 164]</a> “In this city the sultan keeps more gold than a hundred camels could carry, and I say this because I have seen it […] The Egyptians then plundered 'what they found in the houses by way of treasures and wealth, which was a considerable amount. The prize was however the location of a great treasure which had been concealed in a wall and said to have amounted to five lakks of old gold (coin) […] But there were it seems rich pickings still to be had in al-Miqrãnah, for, according to the Ghãyat al-Amanïf in 934/1527 ten years after the Tahirid defeat, in a concerted effort to expel the Ottoman invaders, the Zaydï Amïr al-Mutahhar, son of the Imam Sharaf al-Dïn entered al-Miqränah defeating the incumbent troops... and 'he captured what was there of […] fine objects of Ghassan brass inlaid with silver […] More Tãhirid booty was to be had in the fortress of al-Fãrid (which I have been unable so far to locate but it is described as 'min a’jab bilad Bani Tahir and where the Tãhirid sultan hid most of what he could get out of al-Miqrãnah . Here al-Muttahar found gold doors which 'Amir had removed from the Dãr al-Bayda at al-Zafïr whither al-Muttahar ordered them to be returned.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BCTZXGHM\">[Porter 1989, pp. 105-107]</a> “The Egyptians then plundered 'what they found in the houses by way of treasures and wealth, which was a considerable amount. The prize was however the location of a great treasure which had been concealed in a wall and said to have amounted to five lakks of old gold (coin) […] But there were it seems rich pickings still to be had in al-Miqrãnah, for, according to the Ghãyat al-Amanïf in 934/1527 ten years after the Tahirid defeat, in a concerted effort to expel the Ottoman invaders, the Zaydï Amïr al-Mutahhar, son of the Imam Sharaf al-Dïn entered al-Miqränah defeating the incumbent troops... and 'he captured what was there of […] fine objects of Ghassan brass inlaid with silver […] More Tãhirid booty was to be had in the fortress of al-Fãrid (which I have been unable so far to locate but it is described as 'min a’jab bilad Bani Tahir and where the Tãhirid sultan hid most of what he could get out of al-Miqrãnah . Here al-Muttahar found gold doors which 'Amir had removed from the Dãr al-Bayda at al-Zafïr whither al-Muttahar ordered them to be returned.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BCTZXGHM\">[Porter 1989, pp. 105-107]</a> “the governor of Aden […] left several buhars weight of silver plate, consisting of ornaments […] swords and lances […] candlesticks […] utensils encrusted with gold […] silver goblets” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MNDWDXQ9\">[Baldry 1982, p. 23]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 153,
"polity": {
"id": 652,
"name": "et_harar_emirate",
"long_name": "Emirate of Harar",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1875
},
"year_from": 1650,
"year_to": 1799,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "A~P",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "The literature consulted does not explicitly label almost any of the goods that circulated in this polity at this time as notably luxurious. However, given that Harar was a major trade centre in the nineteenth century, importing and exporting a broad range of items from across the Indian Ocean and East Africa, it seems reasonable to infer that precious metals were traded there. “Fitawrari Tackle Hawariyat was nine year old when he entered Harar with Menelik’s army that defeated Amir Abdullah’s small army at Chelenque battle[ in 1987]. He had been living at Addis Ababa just before he left and came to Harar which he described as follows: ‘[…] The shops and stores are stuffed with various types of goods imported from abroad. […]’ As the boy stated the shops and stores were stuffed with goods and merchandises imported from abroad, i.e. Yemen, Arabia, India, China, etc.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that only a relatively small number of items were a royal monopoly, which suggests that many luxurious items were broadly accessible to anyone who could afford them, regardless of social extraction. “Even though the trading of ivory, ostrich feathers, and other items were monopolized by some Amirs and their families; the basic value related to property right was respected i.e. economic freedom: the rights to acquire, use, transfer and dispose of private property. ” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 154,
"polity": {
"id": 659,
"name": "ni_allada_k",
"long_name": "Allada",
"start_year": 1100,
"end_year": 1724
},
"year_from": 1100,
"year_to": 1669,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 709,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern",
"start_year": 1640,
"end_year": 1806
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ Gold, silver. “Gold: soon after gold was discovered in Brazil in 1698 Portuguese ships took some to Whydah to buy slaves and would do so for a half a century or more. […] These were the status symbols, the privileges of rank and wealth that propped up the egos of African kings, chiefs, grandees, and rich helping to set them apart from the common folk. The roster of trappings would be long: […] silver-headed canes, silver tobacco pipes […] elegant silverware velvet upholstered armchairs with gilt legs […] Silver: a form used to adulterate gold was available on the Gold Coast by 1601 and silver bullion by the late seventeenth century. Silver dust was being imported into the Slave Coast by 1670. Silver chains, rings, and other objects appear in the records, probably intended mainly as gifts. But the main source of silver for Kwaland seems to have been coins: English, Dutch, and French crowns, French pounds, Dutch patacas, Spanish pieces of eight and reals, Spanish-American dollars. Presumably most of them were melted down and reworked into ornaments or regal paraphernalia.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 14]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 29]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 155,
"polity": {
"id": 668,
"name": "ni_nri_k",
"long_name": "Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì",
"start_year": 1043,
"end_year": 1911
},
"year_from": 1043,
"year_to": 1669,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ Gold, silver. “Gold: soon after gold was discovered in Brazil in 1698 Portuguese ships took some to Whydah to buy slaves and would do so for a half a century or more. […] These were the status symbols, the privileges of rank and wealth that propped up the egos of African kings, chiefs, grandees, and rich helping to set them apart from the common folk. The roster of trappings would be long: […] silver-headed canes, silver tobacco pipes […] elegant silverware velvet upholstered armchairs with gilt legs […] Silver: a form used to adulterate gold was available on the Gold Coast by 1601 and silver bullion by the late seventeenth century. Silver dust was being imported into the Slave Coast by 1670. Silver chains, rings, and other objects appear in the records, probably intended mainly as gifts. But the main source of silver for Kwaland seems to have been coins: English, Dutch, and French crowns, French pounds, Dutch patacas, Spanish pieces of eight and reals, Spanish-American dollars. Presumably most of them were melted down and reworked into ornaments or regal paraphernalia.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 14]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 29]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 156,
"polity": {
"id": 676,
"name": "se_baol_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Baol",
"start_year": 1550,
"end_year": 1890
},
"year_from": 1550,
"year_to": 1699,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following suggests that gold circulated in the region, at least by the time the French began trading with it. “Although the Wolof peasants, traders, and elites traded cereals and grains on a daily basis in the Senegal Valley, there is little concrete historical evidence of how much grain was produced, exported, and consumed. French and European trading companies, such as the Compagnie du Sénégal and the Compagnie des Indes, maintained close records of valuable commodities, namely slaves, gum, ivory, and gold, but rarely documented the purchase and exchange of foodstuffs.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HE5C3V32\">[Cropper 2019, p. 92]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 157,
"polity": {
"id": 674,
"name": "se_cayor_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Cayor",
"start_year": 1549,
"end_year": 1864
},
"year_from": 1550,
"year_to": 1699,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following suggests that gold circulated in the region, at least by the time the French began trading with it. “Although the Wolof peasants, traders, and elites traded cereals and grains on a daily basis in the Senegal Valley, there is little concrete historical evidence of how much grain was produced, exported, and consumed. French and European trading companies, such as the Compagnie du Sénégal and the Compagnie des Indes, maintained close records of valuable commodities, namely slaves, gum, ivory, and gold, but rarely documented the purchase and exchange of foodstuffs.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HE5C3V32\">[Cropper 2019, p. 92]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 158,
"polity": {
"id": 681,
"name": "se_great_fulo_emp",
"long_name": "Denyanke Kingdom",
"start_year": 1490,
"end_year": 1776
},
"year_from": 1550,
"year_to": 1699,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following suggests that gold circulated in the region, at least by the time the French began trading with it. “Although the Wolof peasants, traders, and elites traded cereals and grains on a daily basis in the Senegal Valley, there is little concrete historical evidence of how much grain was produced, exported, and consumed. French and European trading companies, such as the Compagnie du Sénégal and the Compagnie des Indes, maintained close records of valuable commodities, namely slaves, gum, ivory, and gold, but rarely documented the purchase and exchange of foodstuffs.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HE5C3V32\">[Cropper 2019, p. 92]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 159,
"polity": {
"id": 682,
"name": "se_jolof_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jolof",
"start_year": 1549,
"end_year": 1865
},
"year_from": 1550,
"year_to": 1699,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
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"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following suggests that gold circulated in the region, at least by the time the French began trading with it. “Although the Wolof peasants, traders, and elites traded cereals and grains on a daily basis in the Senegal Valley, there is little concrete historical evidence of how much grain was produced, exported, and consumed. French and European trading companies, such as the Compagnie du Sénégal and the Compagnie des Indes, maintained close records of valuable commodities, namely slaves, gum, ivory, and gold, but rarely documented the purchase and exchange of foodstuffs.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HE5C3V32\">[Cropper 2019, p. 92]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 160,
"polity": {
"id": 675,
"name": "se_saloum_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Saloum",
"start_year": 1490,
"end_year": 1863
},
"year_from": 1550,
"year_to": 1699,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following suggests that gold circulated in the region, at least by the time the French began trading with it. “Although the Wolof peasants, traders, and elites traded cereals and grains on a daily basis in the Senegal Valley, there is little concrete historical evidence of how much grain was produced, exported, and consumed. French and European trading companies, such as the Compagnie du Sénégal and the Compagnie des Indes, maintained close records of valuable commodities, namely slaves, gum, ivory, and gold, but rarely documented the purchase and exchange of foodstuffs.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HE5C3V32\">[Cropper 2019, p. 92]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 161,
"polity": {
"id": 677,
"name": "se_sine_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Sine",
"start_year": 1350,
"end_year": 1887
},
"year_from": 1550,
"year_to": 1699,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "A~P",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following suggests that gold circulated in the region, at least by the time the French began trading with it. “Although the Wolof peasants, traders, and elites traded cereals and grains on a daily basis in the Senegal Valley, there is little concrete historical evidence of how much grain was produced, exported, and consumed. French and European trading companies, such as the Compagnie du Sénégal and the Compagnie des Indes, maintained close records of valuable commodities, namely slaves, gum, ivory, and gold, but rarely documented the purchase and exchange of foodstuffs.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HE5C3V32\">[Cropper 2019, p. 92]</a> The following implies that iron was also a very valuable good. “While kings and court retainers may have held special control over precious commodities (slaves, horses, iron), particularly early on, textual references on rural women’s bead assortments from the 16th century onwards hint that over time Atlantic commodities came to elude royal monopolies to fall within the reach of Serer commoners – something also attested by the unrestricted presence of European imports at all levels of Siin’s settlement hierarchy.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 20]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 162,
"polity": {
"id": 678,
"name": "se_waalo_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Waalo",
"start_year": 1287,
"end_year": 1855
},
"year_from": 1550,
"year_to": 1699,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following suggests that gold circulated in the region, at least by the time the French began trading with it. “Although the Wolof peasants, traders, and elites traded cereals and grains on a daily basis in the Senegal Valley, there is little concrete historical evidence of how much grain was produced, exported, and consumed. French and European trading companies, such as the Compagnie du Sénégal and the Compagnie des Indes, maintained close records of valuable commodities, namely slaves, gum, ivory, and gold, but rarely documented the purchase and exchange of foodstuffs.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HE5C3V32\">[Cropper 2019, p. 92]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}