HTTP 200 OK
Allow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS
Content-Type: application/json
Vary: Accept
{
"count": 162,
"next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/ec/luxury-precious-metal/?format=api&page=4",
"previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/ec/luxury-precious-metal/?format=api&page=2",
"results": [
{
"id": 101,
"polity": {
"id": 117,
"name": "pk_kachi_enl",
"long_name": "Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic",
"start_year": -7500,
"end_year": -5500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ copper. “The evidence for trade/exchange is primarily artifacts made from raw materials with restricted sources, such as marine shell, agate, carnelian, lapis lazuli, turquoise, colored cherts and jaspers, serpentine, steatite, and copper.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C29II8FU\">[Kenoyer 1991, p. 344]</a> “The copper beads are annular and their diameters vary between 2·2 and 4·8 mm. Their average weight, in the present state of preservation, is 0·13 g. All the beads have been X-ray radiographed at the Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Muse´es de France, as a part of a larger research program on the development of early metallurgy in Protohistoric Balochistan (Haquet, forthcoming; Mille, forthcoming). The radiographic image clearly shows that the beads were formed by rolling of a narrow metal sheet around a circular rod (Figure 3). Only a plastic material, such as metal, could have been worked in this way, so the use of malachite cut into beads in the way of semi-precious stones like at Cqayo¨nu¨ Tepesi can be excluded (Muhly, 1989: 6–7).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KQ77FEMG\">[Moulherat_et_al 2002, p. 1394]</a> “Quite exceptionally, the earliest metal artefacts found at Mehrgarh date back to the aceramic Neolithic period. The copper beads described had been worked according to specific metallurgic procedures in which hammering and probably also annealing techniques were used alternatively.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KQ77FEMG\">[Moulherat_et_al 2002, p. 1395]</a> “A number of fireplaces and working surfaces of hard clay or brick paving, used for industrial activities, were found at Mehrgarh. Objects made at the site included bone, stone, and flint tools, pots and unfired clay figurines, and beads and other ornaments of shell, steatite, and ivory, and probably leather goods, woven textiles, and baskets. Several crucibles containing copper slag bear witness to the beginning of metallurgy, though only a small ingot, a bead, and a ring in copper survive. It is possible that Mehrgarh was providing a regional focus for industry and trade, where many communities met seasonally to engage in exchange and social activities such as arranging and celebrating marriages.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TQJ2CDW6\">[McIntosh 2008, p. 61]</a> “The evidence for trade/exchange is primarily artifacts made from raw materials with restricted sources, such as marine shell, agate, carnelian, lapis lazuli, turquoise, colored cherts and jaspers, serpentine, steatite, and copper.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C29II8FU\">[Kenoyer 1991, p. 344]</a> “ Fine painted wares and specific vessels forms produced at Mehrgarh for local and regional trade (Wright, 1989b; San- toni, 1989) indicate social differentiation and possible stratification among con- sumers. Bangles of red or black fired terra-cotta, shell, or copper and specific bead shapes of clay and agate may reflect differentiation through the use of different raw materials (Kenoyer, 1991a).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C29II8FU\">[Kenoyer 1991, p. 348]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 102,
"polity": {
"id": 118,
"name": "pk_kachi_lnl",
"long_name": "Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic",
"start_year": -5500,
"end_year": -4000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 118,
"name": "pk_kachi_lnl",
"long_name": "Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic",
"start_year": -5500,
"end_year": -4000
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ copper; gold. “Sites such as Mehrgarh become central-place settlements, where raw materials (copper, shell, agate, chert) were processed for local and regional consumption (especially beginning in Mehrgarh, Period III).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C29II8FU\">[Kenoyer 1991, p. 344]</a> “The people of Mehrgarh and Baluchistan also smelted copper ores, which were available in Afghanistan, and cast objects in copper. These are rarely found since the metal was valuable, and broken tools or ornaments could be melted down for reuse. Gold was also worked, as is shown by the find of a tubular gold bead.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TQJ2CDW6\">[McIntosh 2008, p. 63]</a> “The presence of status objects throughout the Indus region indicates a strong socioritual system of beliefs that demanded the acquisition and use of such items. A sufficient supply would have been ensured by economic networks and the spread of specialized artisans and technologies to major sites; there is no evidence for acquisition by force. More important, the acquisition of exotic goods must be seen in the same way as the accumulation of grain or livestock surplus--in an increasing status differentiation between those who have and those who have not.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C29II8FU\">[Kenoyer 1991, p. 345]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 103,
"polity": {
"id": 123,
"name": "pk_kachi_post_urban",
"long_name": "Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period",
"start_year": -1800,
"end_year": -1300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ copper. “Among the objects found there are a few stray artifacts that seem alien in style: a copper shaft hole axe-adze of Iranian or Central Asian design and several daggers with midribs and holes where they had been riveted to metal handles. Similar objects are known at Chanhu-daro, Amri, and Jhukar, including shaft hole axes, copper pins with decorated heads, and round or occasionally square compartmented stamp seals bearing geometric designs, including one resembling a radiating sun or Catherine wheel. [...] In contrast, copper continued in use, perhaps reflecting the development of close trading relations with the Chalcolithic cultures to the east of Gujarat, Ahar-Banas, Jodhpura-Ganeshwar, and Malwa. Significantly, a number of the copper objects are of types known not in the Indus civilization but in the Chalcolthic cultures of Rajasthan and the Deccan. [...] Material from the settlement included handmade pottery decorated with painted bands of geometric patterns, compartmented seals like those from the BMAC, many copper or bronze objects, and terra-cotta figurines depicting camels and horses. [...] . Other materials in these settlements include copper artifacts.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TQJ2CDW6\">[McIntosh 2008, pp. 93-99]</a> “Among the objects found there are a few stray artifacts that seem alien in style: a copper shaft hole axe-adze of Iranian or Central Asian design and several daggers with midribs and holes where they had been riveted to metal handles. [...] Significantly, a number of the copper objects are of types known not in the Indus civilization but in the Chalcolthic cultures of Rajasthan and the Deccan.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TQJ2CDW6\">[McIntosh 2008, pp. 93-94]</a> “Hoards of concealed jewelry and metal objects have been found at Mohenjo-daro and Chanhu-daro, suggesting a prevalent feeling of insecurity.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TQJ2CDW6\">[McIntosh 2008, p. 93]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 104,
"polity": {
"id": 121,
"name": "pk_kachi_urban_1",
"long_name": "Kachi Plain - Urban Period I",
"start_year": -2500,
"end_year": -2100
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 121,
"name": "pk_kachi_urban_1",
"long_name": "Kachi Plain - Urban Period I",
"start_year": -2500,
"end_year": -2100
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ copper; gold; silver. “In the early second millennium, a number of settlements in Sindh were abandoned, including Balakot, Allahdino, and Mohenjo-daro. The latest surviving levels at Mohenjo-daro saw squatter occupations in some dilapidated houses. Among the objects found there are a few stray artifacts that seem alien in style: a copper shaft hole axe-adze of Iranian or Central Asian design and several daggers with midribs and holes where they had been riveted to metal handles. Similar objects are known at Chanhu-daro, Amri, and Jhukar, including shaft hole axes, copper pins with decorated heads, and round or occasionally square compartmented stamp seals bearing geometric designs, including one resembling a radiating sun or Catherine wheel. [...] In contrast, copper continued in use, perhaps reflecting the development of close trading relations with the Chalcolithic cultures to the east of Gujarat, Ahar-Banas, Jodhpura-Ganeshwar, and Malwa. Significantly, a number of the copper objects are of types known not in the Indus civilization but in the Chalcolthic cultures of Rajasthan and the Deccan. [...] Sizable communities had developed in the Ahar-Banas culture in western Rajasthan by the early second millennium, and some may by this time have been towns. Substantial traces of copper slag show that the inhabitants of Ahar were engaged in large-scale industrial activities. [...] It is probable that the technology of copper working was also introduced from farther north, since from this period onward a few copper artifacts began to appear in Southern Neolithic settlements. A small number of gold objects show that the important local sources of this metal were by now being exploited. [...] At Shahr-i Sokhta, the Burnt Building, a large mud brick structure built around a courtyard, which was perhaps a palace, was destroyed by fire: A bronze spearhead and an unburied body have been found among the debris. The settlement was reoccupied by squatters but abandoned around 1800 BCE. [...] Links continued with the Taxila Valley to the south, and with Kashmir where rice cultivation also began and a few copper objects now appeared. [...] A number of caches of distinctive copper artifacts, including antenna-hilted swords, anthropomorphic axes, swords with a hooked tang and a midrib, and barbed and tanged harpoons, were also found in the doab, and they were attributed to a Copper Hoard culture. [...] To the east of Rajasthan, a somewhat different style of OCP was found from around 2000 BCE onward in western Uttar Pradesh at sites such as Lal Qila, Atranjikhera, and Saipai, along with objects made of copper.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TQJ2CDW6\">[McIntosh 2008, pp. 93-100]</a> “A Late Harappan hoard, accidentally discovered in 2000 CE at Mandi in Uttar Pradesh, contained a number of gold necklaces of paper-thin disc beads, spacer beads, and semicircular terminal beads, as well as tubular gold and silver bangles or anklets.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TQJ2CDW6\">[McIntosh 2008, p. 319]</a> “Copper slag indicates that there was a local metallurgical industry, which continued through the next phase, in which Late Harappan material disappeared. Finally around 1800 BCE Daimabad became incorporated into the Malwa culture, which now extended south as far as Sonegaon. [...] It is probable that the technology of copper working was also introduced from farther north, since from this period onward a few copper artifacts began to appear in Southern Neolithic settlements. A small number of gold objects show that the important local sources of this metal were by now being exploited. [...] It was only in the later twentieth century, however, that excavations demonstrated that eastern OCP and copper hoards were made by the same people in the doab, who could now be chronologically pinned down to the early to mid second millennium. [...] Its antecedents lay in the red wares of the Jodhpura-Ganeshwar culture, showing that its makers included the indigenous cultures of the region, which had a long tradition of manufacturing copper artifacts. [...] Many of these settlements had evidence of extensive copper smelting.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TQJ2CDW6\">[McIntosh 2008, pp. 96-101]</a> “The Late Harappans of Gujarat seem to have obtained a steady supply of copper, either from Oman or, more probably, from the Aravalli Hills through cultural contacts and trade links that were developing with the cultures of Rajasthan and the Deccan, areas in which the Late Harappans may also have settled in later centuries.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TQJ2CDW6\">[McIntosh 2008, p. 194]</a> “Hoards of concealed jewelry and metal objects have been found at Mohenjo-daro and Chanhu-daro, suggesting a prevalent feeling of insecurity.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TQJ2CDW6\">[McIntosh 2008, p. 93]</a> “Stone tools and beads were very common, and there were also tools and ornaments in copper, including axes resembling those made by the Jodhpura-Ganeshwar culture.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TQJ2CDW6\">[McIntosh 2008, p. 95]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 105,
"polity": {
"id": 136,
"name": "pk_samma_dyn",
"long_name": "Sind - Samma Dynasty",
"start_year": 1335,
"end_year": 1521
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "“It is observed that mostly vessels were painted in different geometric design as triangles horizontal and vertical lines on red and fine red slip of thin and medium body wall sherds, designs are indicating that poor and local designs are used low level people of Bakhar. The royal people use those vessels, which were made from meals as copper, bronze, gilt, zinc and high precious metal of silver and gold. BK.2K6.71 black design over cream slip from both surface, BK.2k6 72, medium in body wall with black rough circular lines on white glazed” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FASZQQGN\">[Laghari_Gadhi 2022, p. 268]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 106,
"polity": {
"id": 133,
"name": "pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid",
"long_name": "Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period",
"start_year": 854,
"end_year": 1193
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "Gold, silver and copper. “Far more important for the Muslim Arabs was Sind’s role as a passway of the India trade at large. This role it acquired in the seventh century - when Syrian merchants are first noted off Debal…When Debal was conquered, trade between Muslims and the merchants of Sind took off without delay. Sindi, and more generally Arab merchants (on the coast the Azdis of Oman) formed the commercial intermediary between Sind and the rest of India, Kabul, the Himalayas, Gujaray, Malabar, Sri Lanka and beyond, the Malay Peninsula, the Archipelago, and China. Through the same networks of trade, Sind also received its own import articles, such as [...] gold from Tibet [...] And the monetary situation of Sind reflects the development of the transit trade. Beyond doubt, Sind was a very rich kingdom when it was conquered by the Arabs. Huge amounts of gold and silver were found by the Arabs, in treasure or temple decoration or idols but also in money. [...] In addition, silver bullion was of widespread use. The early conquerors collected ‘immense wealth’ in Sind through plunder, although not without generating a reverse flow of African gold (zar-i-maghribi) at the same time. Muhammad al-Qasim ‘collected gold and silver (zar-o-naqra) wherever he could find them’. At Multan the gold idol of the temple and the treasures of gold and jewels found in the fort were all carried away and jammed into ‘a building, ten by eight cubits in dimension, into which whatever was deposited was cast through a window, opening in its roof, (and) from this al-Multan was called “the frontier of the house of gold” (farj bayt adh-dhahab). Al-Qasim’s campaign, in effect, yielded twice as much as he had been spent on it (‘he brought back 120,000,000 dirhams’). And immediately after the conquest, coins were ordered to be struck in the name of the caliph. Of the eight-century Arab governors of Sind about 6,585 silver coins have been found in parts of Marwar, adjoining Sind…The Banbhore collection includes one gold and a number of silver and copper coins of the ninth-century Abbasids, struck in Egypt and Samarqand, except the copper coins which were issued by local governors or chiefs of Sind…In the late tenth and eleventh century, with the rise of the Fatimid connection, it is interesting to note that the dirhams of Sing - at least of Multan - also began to be modelled upon the Fatimid-Egyptian coinage”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AI7QEPE7\">[Wink 1991, pp. 173-175]</a> “Sindi, and more generally Arab merchants (on the coast the Azdis of Oman) formed the commercial intermediary between Sind and the rest of India, Kabul, the Himalayas, Gujaray, Malabar, Sri Lanka and beyond, the Malay Peninsula, the Archipelago, and China. Through the same networks of trade, Sind also received its own import articles, such as…gold from Tibet…From the time of the Indus valley civilization gold had been arriving in Sind from Tibet, as probably also from the south of the peninsula; silver came from Afghanistan and Persia. While the South-Indian supply stopped relatively early, the import of gold from Central Asia and Tibet continued for a very long time. Gold coinage was even brought from Sind further to India”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AI7QEPE7\">[Wink 1991, p. 173]</a> “…an old treasure trove hidden by ancient kings was discovered. Two hundred and thirty mans of gold were obtained from it as well as forty jars filled with hold dust” [footnote: “Chach-Namah, pp.182-184. The total weight of these jars was thirteen thousand two hundred monds weight of gold. This is the only instance in which Muhammad bin Qasim found his way to one of those accumulated hoards of gold and precious stones”]. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8DZ7RPZ8\">[Islam 1990, p. 36]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 107,
"polity": {
"id": 708,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period",
"start_year": 1495,
"end_year": 1579
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "Gold; silver; copper; bronze; brass; tin; lead; mercury. “These were also times when the Portuguese enjoyed remarkable monetary stability. From as early as 1457 access to West African gold had made possible the striking of the Portuguese gold cruzado, a coin that became renowned for exceptional purity and was much sought after throughout Europe. The cruzado was maintained at a fixed value of 390 reais to 1517 and then 400 reais until 1559. To celebrate Vasco da Gama’s pioneer voyage to India, King Manuel also issued a massive ten-cruzado gold coin known as a portugueˆs. This coin was almost pure gold, being assayed at 98.96 per cent.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009, p. 148]</a> Spanish American silver “flowed into Portugal at a rapidly growing rate from approximately the middle of the sixteenth century. Portugal needed silver to pay for wheat imports and to maintain its trade with India. Silver was also essential for trade with China, which displayed a voracious appetite for the white metal. Of course, the Portuguese eagerly searched for precious metals in their own overseas conquests – but, in this period, with negligible success. Portuguese merchants at Macau managed to obtain Japanese silver through Nagasaki. But the main source of supply was always Spanish America, where a reciprocal market developed in Peru and Mexico for Portuguese-procured African slaves.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009, p. 179]</a> “Buyers could buy in whatever quality or quantity they wished and transport their purchases back to Europe in ships owned by the crown, or even in private ones if they thought they could effect savings over the official freight charges. The only restrictions (though some more were added in 1571) were that silver and copper could not be exported to the East by the private interests...” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZV5XKKUP\">[Diffie_Winius 1977, p. 424]</a> “In order to gain an idea of the international quality of such goods, let us join that lisboeta as he inspected the cargoes being unloaded on the wharves of Lisbon in the 1550s… Channelled to Lisbon through Antwerp and later Amsterdam were Nurnberg copper utensils, brassware and glass beads from Germany, bronze, brass, and copper in leaf and in objects such as bowls, silver, mercury, tin, lead… From Spain arrived mercury from the Almadén minesand silver from Central and South America.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SWIK4JIU\">[Russell-Wood 1998, pp. 124-125]</a> “These were also times when the Portuguese enjoyed remarkable monetary stability. From as early as 1457 access to West African gold had made possible the striking of the Portuguese gold cruzado, a coin that became renowned for exceptional purity and was much sought after throughout Europe. The cruzado was maintained at a fixed value of 390 reais to 1517 and then 400 reais until 1559. To celebrate Vasco da Gama’s pioneer voyage to India, King Manuel also issued a massive ten-cruzado gold coin known as a portugueˆs. This coin was almost pure gold, being assayed at 98.96 per cent.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009, p. 148]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 108,
"polity": {
"id": 709,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern",
"start_year": 1640,
"end_year": 1806
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "Gold; silver. “However, there was one respect in which the Portuguese case stood out as exceptional. This was the sudden inflow into the kingdom of wealth from the newly-discovered gold and diamond mines of Brazil. It was especially this fortuitous development that made the first half of the eighteenth century for Portugal an age of gold and Baroque splendour… The earliest recorded intimation that Portugal might be entering a new age of gold dates from 1697, when the French ambassador reported that the equivalent of about 115 kilograms of the metal had arrived in Lisbon from Brazil. By 1711 the annual amount of Brazilian gold legally shipped to Portugal had risen to almost 15,000 kilograms. In other words, imports had grown more than a hundred-fold in just fourteen years. Suddenly Portugal was receiving from its prize overseas possession far more gold than any other European imperial power had ever before extracted from a colony. Legal gold imports into Lisbon eventually peaked at 30,112 kilograms in 1720. A gradual decline then set in; but annual consignments still averaged 18,000 to 20,000 kilograms over the next three decades, before a steeper fall commenced. Of course, these figures are minimums only. They are gleaned from fragmentary sources, they take no account of smuggling and they certainly understate the quantities actually shipped – probably by substantial margins. All guesstimates are just that; but according to João Lucio de Azevedo, during the course of the entire eighteenth century gold worth approximately 100 million pounds sterling was transferred from Brazil to Portugal.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009, pp. 252-253]</a> “By the end of the eighteenth century, no less than 125 different products from Brazil were being unloaded in Lisbon. These may be roughly classified under the following headings:… Into the category of miscellaneous, numbering some forty-four items, would fall topazes, amethysts, gold, silver, and diamonds.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SWIK4JIU\">[Russell-Wood 1998, pp. 128-129]</a> “However, there was one respect in which the Portuguese case stood out as exceptional. This was the sudden inflow into the kingdom of wealth from the newly-discovered gold and diamond mines of Brazil.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009, p. 252]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 109,
"polity": {
"id": 694,
"name": "rw_bugesera_k",
"long_name": "Bugesera",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1799
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. “Some iron \"melting\" and forging was done throughout the area. But certain regions were distinguished for their abundance of minerals and their blacksmithing: southern Burundi, northern Rwanda, southern Kigezi, Bushi, Buhweju, Bunyoro, Buzinza, and Buyungu (northern Buha). Each sector had its specialties: quality of the metal, shape of the hoes, production of arms or bracelets made from braided material (the nyerere), and so on.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, p. 192]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. “Some iron \"melting\" and forging was done throughout the area. But certain regions were distinguished for their abundance of minerals and their blacksmithing: southern Burundi, northern Rwanda, southern Kigezi, Bushi, Buhweju, Bunyoro, Buzinza, and Buyungu (northern Buha). Each sector had its specialties: quality of the metal, shape of the hoes, production of arms or bracelets made from braided material (the nyerere), and so on[…] Hawkers transported these products to rulers' courts or across the countryside.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, pp. 192-193]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. “Some iron \"melting\" and forging was done throughout the area. But certain regions were distinguished for their abundance of minerals and their blacksmithing: southern Burundi, northern Rwanda, southern Kigezi, Bushi, Buhweju, Bunyoro, Buzinza, and Buyungu (northern Buha). Each sector had its specialties: quality of the metal, shape of the hoes, production of arms or bracelets made from braided material (the nyerere), and so on. […] Hawkers transported these products to rulers' courts or across the countryside.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, pp. 192-193]</a> The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. However, by mentioning that hawkers brought salt both to rulers’ courts and the “countryside”, it perhaps also suggests that (perhaps wealthier) commoners might be able to access them. “Salt could be obtained from the ashes of certain reeds or from briny mud, but better-quality, intensive production that yielded standardized packets was developed on three saltworks sites: Kibiro on Lake Albert's shore (in Bunyoro), the salty springs near the confluence of the Malagarasi and the Rutshugi in Uvinza, and Katwe and Kasenyi on the volcanic sites (therefore producing year-round) between Lakes Edward and George. […] Hawkers transported these products to rulers' courts or across the countryside.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, pp. 192-193]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 110,
"polity": {
"id": 692,
"name": "rw_gisaka_k",
"long_name": "Gisaka",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1867
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. “Some iron \"melting\" and forging was done throughout the area. But certain regions were distinguished for their abundance of minerals and their blacksmithing: southern Burundi, northern Rwanda, southern Kigezi, Bushi, Buhweju, Bunyoro, Buzinza, and Buyungu (northern Buha). Each sector had its specialties: quality of the metal, shape of the hoes, production of arms or bracelets made from braided material (the nyerere), and so on.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, p. 192]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. “Some iron \"melting\" and forging was done throughout the area. But certain regions were distinguished for their abundance of minerals and their blacksmithing: southern Burundi, northern Rwanda, southern Kigezi, Bushi, Buhweju, Bunyoro, Buzinza, and Buyungu (northern Buha). Each sector had its specialties: quality of the metal, shape of the hoes, production of arms or bracelets made from braided material (the nyerere), and so on[…] Hawkers transported these products to rulers' courts or across the countryside.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, pp. 192-193]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. “Some iron \"melting\" and forging was done throughout the area. But certain regions were distinguished for their abundance of minerals and their blacksmithing: southern Burundi, northern Rwanda, southern Kigezi, Bushi, Buhweju, Bunyoro, Buzinza, and Buyungu (northern Buha). Each sector had its specialties: quality of the metal, shape of the hoes, production of arms or bracelets made from braided material (the nyerere), and so on. […] Hawkers transported these products to rulers' courts or across the countryside.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, pp. 192-193]</a> The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. However, by mentioning that hawkers brought salt both to rulers’ courts and the “countryside”, it perhaps also suggests that (perhaps wealthier) commoners might be able to access them. “Salt could be obtained from the ashes of certain reeds or from briny mud, but better-quality, intensive production that yielded standardized packets was developed on three saltworks sites: Kibiro on Lake Albert's shore (in Bunyoro), the salty springs near the confluence of the Malagarasi and the Rutshugi in Uvinza, and Katwe and Kasenyi on the volcanic sites (therefore producing year-round) between Lakes Edward and George. […] Hawkers transported these products to rulers' courts or across the countryside.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, pp. 192-193]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 111,
"polity": {
"id": 691,
"name": "rw_mubari_k",
"long_name": "Mubari",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1896
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. “Some iron \"melting\" and forging was done throughout the area. But certain regions were distinguished for their abundance of minerals and their blacksmithing: southern Burundi, northern Rwanda, southern Kigezi, Bushi, Buhweju, Bunyoro, Buzinza, and Buyungu (northern Buha). Each sector had its specialties: quality of the metal, shape of the hoes, production of arms or bracelets made from braided material (the nyerere), and so on.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, p. 192]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. “Some iron \"melting\" and forging was done throughout the area. But certain regions were distinguished for their abundance of minerals and their blacksmithing: southern Burundi, northern Rwanda, southern Kigezi, Bushi, Buhweju, Bunyoro, Buzinza, and Buyungu (northern Buha). Each sector had its specialties: quality of the metal, shape of the hoes, production of arms or bracelets made from braided material (the nyerere), and so on[…] Hawkers transported these products to rulers' courts or across the countryside.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, pp. 192-193]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. “Some iron \"melting\" and forging was done throughout the area. But certain regions were distinguished for their abundance of minerals and their blacksmithing: southern Burundi, northern Rwanda, southern Kigezi, Bushi, Buhweju, Bunyoro, Buzinza, and Buyungu (northern Buha). Each sector had its specialties: quality of the metal, shape of the hoes, production of arms or bracelets made from braided material (the nyerere), and so on. […] Hawkers transported these products to rulers' courts or across the countryside.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, pp. 192-193]</a> The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. However, by mentioning that hawkers brought salt both to rulers’ courts and the “countryside”, it perhaps also suggests that (perhaps wealthier) commoners might be able to access them. “Salt could be obtained from the ashes of certain reeds or from briny mud, but better-quality, intensive production that yielded standardized packets was developed on three saltworks sites: Kibiro on Lake Albert's shore (in Bunyoro), the salty springs near the confluence of the Malagarasi and the Rutshugi in Uvinza, and Katwe and Kasenyi on the volcanic sites (therefore producing year-round) between Lakes Edward and George. […] Hawkers transported these products to rulers' courts or across the countryside.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, pp. 192-193]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 112,
"polity": {
"id": 689,
"name": "rw_ndorwa_k",
"long_name": "Ndorwa",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1800
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. “Some iron \"melting\" and forging was done throughout the area. But certain regions were distinguished for their abundance of minerals and their blacksmithing: southern Burundi, northern Rwanda, southern Kigezi, Bushi, Buhweju, Bunyoro, Buzinza, and Buyungu (northern Buha). Each sector had its specialties: quality of the metal, shape of the hoes, production of arms or bracelets made from braided material (the nyerere), and so on.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, p. 192]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. “Some iron \"melting\" and forging was done throughout the area. But certain regions were distinguished for their abundance of minerals and their blacksmithing: southern Burundi, northern Rwanda, southern Kigezi, Bushi, Buhweju, Bunyoro, Buzinza, and Buyungu (northern Buha). Each sector had its specialties: quality of the metal, shape of the hoes, production of arms or bracelets made from braided material (the nyerere), and so on[…] Hawkers transported these products to rulers' courts or across the countryside.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, pp. 192-193]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. “Some iron \"melting\" and forging was done throughout the area. But certain regions were distinguished for their abundance of minerals and their blacksmithing: southern Burundi, northern Rwanda, southern Kigezi, Bushi, Buhweju, Bunyoro, Buzinza, and Buyungu (northern Buha). Each sector had its specialties: quality of the metal, shape of the hoes, production of arms or bracelets made from braided material (the nyerere), and so on. […] Hawkers transported these products to rulers' courts or across the countryside.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, pp. 192-193]</a> The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. However, by mentioning that hawkers brought salt both to rulers’ courts and the “countryside”, it perhaps also suggests that (perhaps wealthier) commoners might be able to access them. “Salt could be obtained from the ashes of certain reeds or from briny mud, but better-quality, intensive production that yielded standardized packets was developed on three saltworks sites: Kibiro on Lake Albert's shore (in Bunyoro), the salty springs near the confluence of the Malagarasi and the Rutshugi in Uvinza, and Katwe and Kasenyi on the volcanic sites (therefore producing year-round) between Lakes Edward and George. […] Hawkers transported these products to rulers' courts or across the countryside.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, pp. 192-193]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 113,
"polity": {
"id": 687,
"name": "Early Niynginya",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Nyinginya",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1897
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ Copper. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] [I]t is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was widely accessible. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] [I]t is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was not restricted to the elites. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] [I]t is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 114,
"polity": {
"id": 687,
"name": "Early Niynginya",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Nyinginya",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1897
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. “Some iron \"melting\" and forging was done throughout the area. But certain regions were distinguished for their abundance of minerals and their blacksmithing: southern Burundi, northern Rwanda, southern Kigezi, Bushi, Buhweju, Bunyoro, Buzinza, and Buyungu (northern Buha). Each sector had its specialties: quality of the metal, shape of the hoes, production of arms or bracelets made from braided material (the nyerere), and so on.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, p. 192]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. “Some iron \"melting\" and forging was done throughout the area. But certain regions were distinguished for their abundance of minerals and their blacksmithing: southern Burundi, northern Rwanda, southern Kigezi, Bushi, Buhweju, Bunyoro, Buzinza, and Buyungu (northern Buha). Each sector had its specialties: quality of the metal, shape of the hoes, production of arms or bracelets made from braided material (the nyerere), and so on[…] Hawkers transported these products to rulers' courts or across the countryside.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, pp. 192-193]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. “Some iron \"melting\" and forging was done throughout the area. But certain regions were distinguished for their abundance of minerals and their blacksmithing: southern Burundi, northern Rwanda, southern Kigezi, Bushi, Buhweju, Bunyoro, Buzinza, and Buyungu (northern Buha). Each sector had its specialties: quality of the metal, shape of the hoes, production of arms or bracelets made from braided material (the nyerere), and so on. […] Hawkers transported these products to rulers' courts or across the countryside.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, pp. 192-193]</a> The following quote suggests that some varieties of iron were higher-quality than others, and therefore presumably more expensive and/or exclusive. However, by mentioning that hawkers brought salt both to rulers’ courts and the “countryside”, it perhaps also suggests that (perhaps wealthier) commoners might be able to access them. “Salt could be obtained from the ashes of certain reeds or from briny mud, but better-quality, intensive production that yielded standardized packets was developed on three saltworks sites: Kibiro on Lake Albert's shore (in Bunyoro), the salty springs near the confluence of the Malagarasi and the Rutshugi in Uvinza, and Katwe and Kasenyi on the volcanic sites (therefore producing year-round) between Lakes Edward and George. […] Hawkers transported these products to rulers' courts or across the countryside.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, pp. 192-193]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 115,
"polity": {
"id": 676,
"name": "se_baol_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Baol",
"start_year": 1550,
"end_year": 1890
},
"year_from": 1700,
"year_to": 1890,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following suggests that gold circulated in the region, at least by the time the French began trading with it. “Although the Wolof peasants, traders, and elites traded cereals and grains on a daily basis in the Senegal Valley, there is little concrete historical evidence of how much grain was produced, exported, and consumed. French and European trading companies, such as the Compagnie du Sénégal and the Compagnie des Indes, maintained close records of valuable commodities, namely slaves, gum, ivory, and gold, but rarely documented the purchase and exchange of foodstuffs.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HE5C3V32\">[Cropper 2019, p. 92]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 116,
"polity": {
"id": 674,
"name": "se_cayor_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Cayor",
"start_year": 1549,
"end_year": 1864
},
"year_from": 1700,
"year_to": 1890,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following suggests that gold circulated in the region, at least by the time the French began trading with it. “Although the Wolof peasants, traders, and elites traded cereals and grains on a daily basis in the Senegal Valley, there is little concrete historical evidence of how much grain was produced, exported, and consumed. French and European trading companies, such as the Compagnie du Sénégal and the Compagnie des Indes, maintained close records of valuable commodities, namely slaves, gum, ivory, and gold, but rarely documented the purchase and exchange of foodstuffs.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HE5C3V32\">[Cropper 2019, p. 92]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 117,
"polity": {
"id": 681,
"name": "se_great_fulo_emp",
"long_name": "Denyanke Kingdom",
"start_year": 1490,
"end_year": 1776
},
"year_from": 1700,
"year_to": 1890,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following suggests that gold circulated in the region, at least by the time the French began trading with it. “Although the Wolof peasants, traders, and elites traded cereals and grains on a daily basis in the Senegal Valley, there is little concrete historical evidence of how much grain was produced, exported, and consumed. French and European trading companies, such as the Compagnie du Sénégal and the Compagnie des Indes, maintained close records of valuable commodities, namely slaves, gum, ivory, and gold, but rarely documented the purchase and exchange of foodstuffs.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HE5C3V32\">[Cropper 2019, p. 92]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 118,
"polity": {
"id": 679,
"name": "se_jolof_emp",
"long_name": "Jolof Empire",
"start_year": 1360,
"end_year": 1549
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 679,
"name": "se_jolof_emp",
"long_name": "Jolof Empire",
"start_year": 1360,
"end_year": 1549
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "“In Takrur and Jolof the forging of precious metals was a tradition dating back the the kaya tnaghan. The craftsmen of these regions were among the most famous in West Africa.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ERZKPETN\">[Niane_Unesco 1984, pp. 698-700]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 119,
"polity": {
"id": 682,
"name": "se_jolof_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jolof",
"start_year": 1549,
"end_year": 1865
},
"year_from": 1700,
"year_to": 1890,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following suggests that gold circulated in the region, at least by the time the French began trading with it. “Although the Wolof peasants, traders, and elites traded cereals and grains on a daily basis in the Senegal Valley, there is little concrete historical evidence of how much grain was produced, exported, and consumed. French and European trading companies, such as the Compagnie du Sénégal and the Compagnie des Indes, maintained close records of valuable commodities, namely slaves, gum, ivory, and gold, but rarely documented the purchase and exchange of foodstuffs.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HE5C3V32\">[Cropper 2019, p. 92]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 120,
"polity": {
"id": 675,
"name": "se_saloum_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Saloum",
"start_year": 1490,
"end_year": 1863
},
"year_from": 1700,
"year_to": 1890,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following suggests that gold circulated in the region, at least by the time the French began trading with it. “Although the Wolof peasants, traders, and elites traded cereals and grains on a daily basis in the Senegal Valley, there is little concrete historical evidence of how much grain was produced, exported, and consumed. French and European trading companies, such as the Compagnie du Sénégal and the Compagnie des Indes, maintained close records of valuable commodities, namely slaves, gum, ivory, and gold, but rarely documented the purchase and exchange of foodstuffs.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HE5C3V32\">[Cropper 2019, p. 92]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 121,
"polity": {
"id": 677,
"name": "se_sine_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Sine",
"start_year": 1350,
"end_year": 1887
},
"year_from": 1700,
"year_to": 1890,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "A~P",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following suggests that gold circulated in the region, at least by the time the French began trading with it. “Although the Wolof peasants, traders, and elites traded cereals and grains on a daily basis in the Senegal Valley, there is little concrete historical evidence of how much grain was produced, exported, and consumed. French and European trading companies, such as the Compagnie du Sénégal and the Compagnie des Indes, maintained close records of valuable commodities, namely slaves, gum, ivory, and gold, but rarely documented the purchase and exchange of foodstuffs.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HE5C3V32\">[Cropper 2019, p. 92]</a> The following implies that iron was also a very valuable good. “While kings and court retainers may have held special control over precious commodities (slaves, horses, iron), particularly early on, textual references on rural women’s bead assortments from the 16th century onwards hint that over time Atlantic commodities came to elude royal monopolies to fall within the reach of Serer commoners – something also attested by the unrestricted presence of European imports at all levels of Siin’s settlement hierarchy.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 20]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 122,
"polity": {
"id": 678,
"name": "se_waalo_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Waalo",
"start_year": 1287,
"end_year": 1855
},
"year_from": 1700,
"year_to": 1890,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following suggests that gold circulated in the region, at least by the time the French began trading with it. “Although the Wolof peasants, traders, and elites traded cereals and grains on a daily basis in the Senegal Valley, there is little concrete historical evidence of how much grain was produced, exported, and consumed. French and European trading companies, such as the Compagnie du Sénégal and the Compagnie des Indes, maintained close records of valuable commodities, namely slaves, gum, ivory, and gold, but rarely documented the purchase and exchange of foodstuffs.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HE5C3V32\">[Cropper 2019, p. 92]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 123,
"polity": {
"id": 621,
"name": "si_sape",
"long_name": "Sape",
"start_year": 1400,
"end_year": 1550
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 621,
"name": "si_sape",
"long_name": "Sape",
"start_year": 1400,
"end_year": 1550
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "“Sierra Leoneans early learned to mine and utilize their supplies of two important metals - gold and iron. Most of the gold was alluvial and was obtained by panning. Some of this gold was used for the manufacture of jewellery and ornaments, and for religious rituals. Iron was found in rocks in the northern interior and was mined by open-cast methods. Iron workers were organized in close communities of blacksmiths who jealously guarded their secrets of smelting, forging and tempering the metal. Their skills were directed mainly to the production of weapons and tools. The Yalunka became famous blacksmiths, and among them blacksmiths' families constituted a privileged class. Skilled Yalunka and Koranko smiths travelled all over the country to barter their wares such as hoes, matchets and knives.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MGRDTDAE\">[Alie 1990, p. 28]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 124,
"polity": {
"id": 637,
"name": "so_adal_sultanate",
"long_name": "Adal Sultanate",
"start_year": 1375,
"end_year": 1543
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 234,
"name": "et_ethiopian_k",
"long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom",
"start_year": 1270,
"end_year": 1620
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following quote refers to a 16th-century Ethiopian source that mentions trade between Christian Ethiopia and the neighbouring Muslim Sultanates, which would have included this polity. Luxury goods Ethiopia exported to these sultanates included gold. “The Futūḥ al-Ḥabaša, for its part, mentions commercial exchanges and the presence of Christian traders in the Barr Saʿd al-Dīn: “The King of Abyssinia dispatched traders into the country of the Muslims carrying gold, wars [i.e. leguminous plant from the Yemen], ivory, civet cats and slaves – a vast quantity of wealth that belonged to the king. They sold their merchandise in the country of the Muslims and crossed the Sea to aš-Šiḥr and ʿAden and then they turned back and returned, seeking their own country and the presence of the king.” Thus, Christians also participated in long-distance trade. Vital for the economy of the region, this trade led to struggles for control of the areas of breakage between highlands and lowlands. But it also required peace and diplomatic agreements between Christian and Islamic powers, to ensure the safety of caravans and their passage across the neighboring territory.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TA84VGHX\">[Chekroun_Hirsch_Kelly 2020, p. 80]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 125,
"polity": {
"id": 639,
"name": "so_ajuran_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ajuran Sultanate",
"start_year": 1250,
"end_year": 1700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 234,
"name": "et_ethiopian_k",
"long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom",
"start_year": 1270,
"end_year": 1620
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following quote refers to a 16th-century Ethiopian source that mentions trade between Christian Ethiopia and the neighbouring Muslim Sultanates, which would have included this polity. Luxury goods Ethiopia exported to these sultanates included gold. “The Futūḥ al-Ḥabaša, for its part, mentions commercial exchanges and the presence of Christian traders in the Barr Saʿd al-Dīn: “The King of Abyssinia dispatched traders into the country of the Muslims carrying gold, wars [i.e. leguminous plant from the Yemen], ivory, civet cats and slaves – a vast quantity of wealth that belonged to the king. They sold their merchandise in the country of the Muslims and crossed the Sea to aš-Šiḥr and ʿAden and then they turned back and returned, seeking their own country and the presence of the king.” Thus, Christians also participated in long-distance trade. Vital for the economy of the region, this trade led to struggles for control of the areas of breakage between highlands and lowlands. But it also required peace and diplomatic agreements between Christian and Islamic powers, to ensure the safety of caravans and their passage across the neighboring territory.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TA84VGHX\">[Chekroun_Hirsch_Kelly 2020, p. 80]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 126,
"polity": {
"id": 646,
"name": "so_ifat_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ifat Sultanate",
"start_year": 1280,
"end_year": 1375
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 234,
"name": "et_ethiopian_k",
"long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom",
"start_year": 1270,
"end_year": 1620
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following quote refers to a 16th-century Ethiopian source that mentions trade between Christian Ethiopia and the neighbouring Muslim Sultanates, which would have included this polity. Luxury goods Ethiopia exported to these sultanates included gold. “The Futūḥ al-Ḥabaša, for its part, mentions commercial exchanges and the presence of Christian traders in the Barr Saʿd al-Dīn: “The King of Abyssinia dispatched traders into the country of the Muslims carrying gold, wars [i.e. leguminous plant from the Yemen], ivory, civet cats and slaves – a vast quantity of wealth that belonged to the king. They sold their merchandise in the country of the Muslims and crossed the Sea to aš-Šiḥr and ʿAden and then they turned back and returned, seeking their own country and the presence of the king.” Thus, Christians also participated in long-distance trade. Vital for the economy of the region, this trade led to struggles for control of the areas of breakage between highlands and lowlands. But it also required peace and diplomatic agreements between Christian and Islamic powers, to ensure the safety of caravans and their passage across the neighboring territory.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TA84VGHX\">[Chekroun_Hirsch_Kelly 2020, p. 80]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 127,
"polity": {
"id": 638,
"name": "so_tunni_sultanate",
"long_name": "Tunni Sultanate",
"start_year": 800,
"end_year": 1200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ The Tunni Sultanate appears to be an especially obscure polity, with barely information easily available on it anywhere in the relevant literature. List which kinds.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 128,
"polity": {
"id": 44,
"name": "th_ayutthaya",
"long_name": "Ayutthaya",
"start_year": 1593,
"end_year": 1767
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "Gold, silver. “The cosmopolitan character of Southeast Asian cities meant that a wide array of coins was exchanged in the marketplace, as well as gold and silver by weight. The importance of Chinese demand in stimulating the commercial upturn is indicated by the vast influx of Chinese cash, beginning in the fourteenth century but much accelerating in the fifteenth and sixteenth.’’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GTA5M2UD\">[Tarling 2008, p. 485]</a> ‘’’The main royal treasury was sited immediately behind the hall used for audience and residence in the palace, and some European visitors were invited to visit. Count Forbin, who was impressed by nothing else in Siam, waxed lyrical about ‘this heap of gold, silver and precious stones of immense value” which constituted “all the riches of the royal treasure, which are truly worthy of a great king, and enough to make one in love with his court.’ Gervaise recorded that the king had “eight or ten warehouses … that are of unimaginable wealth,” piled “to the roof” with jewels, metals, exotic goods, and “great lumps of gold-dust.’ ‘’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IGUABSUR\">[Baker_Phongpaichit 2017]</a> \"’ The following quote seems to suggest that gold and silver, at least, were relatively widely accessible. “The cosmopolitan character of Southeast Asian cities meant that a wide array of coins was exchanged in the marketplace, as well as gold and silver by weight. The importance of Chinese demand in stimulating the commercial upturn is indicated by the vast influx of Chinese cash, beginning in the fourteenth century but much accelerating in the fifteenth and sixteenth.’’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GTA5M2UD\">[Tarling 2008, p. 485]</a> \"’ The following quote seems to suggest that gold and silver, at least, were not exclusive to the elites. “The cosmopolitan character of Southeast Asian cities meant that a wide array of coins was exchanged in the marketplace, as well as gold and silver by weight. The importance of Chinese demand in stimulating the commercial upturn is indicated by the vast influx of Chinese cash, beginning in the fourteenth century but much accelerating in the fifteenth and sixteenth.’’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GTA5M2UD\">[Tarling 2008, p. 485]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 129,
"polity": {
"id": 462,
"name": "tj_sarasm",
"long_name": "Sarazm",
"start_year": -3500,
"end_year": -2000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 462,
"name": "tj_sarasm",
"long_name": "Sarazm",
"start_year": -3500,
"end_year": -2000
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ Bronze, silver, gold. “ The ten types of metal objects included a bronze dagger with a long haft and a distinct mid-rib…a pin with a conical head, a two-edged knife, two bronze awls, rectangular in cross section, and two bronze hooks.. A small silver cup, forty-nine pierced gold beads, and a bronze mirror with a long handle found in the necropolis round out the inventory of metal artifacts”. (Isakov 1994: 5). [referring to Sarazm Period I and II]. “ A large number of metal objects from Sarazm III and IV were recovered at almost every area of the site, including trail trenches…These articles were made up of copper, bronze, lead and gold” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NWVCFNW7\">[Isakov 1994, p. 8]</a> “These objects[referring to metals recovered in Period I and II] provide evidence that during the Aeneolithic period, metallurgy and the craft of metalworking were in the early stages of development at Sarazm” (Isakov 1994: 5). “In the Bronze Age, Sarazm’s geographical links broadened considerably, and materials from the period are much richer and more varied than those from the late Aneolithic complex.. Metallurgy and the production of metals took on a specialized character”(Isakov 1994: 6). “The basic reason for contact between the tribes of these regions and the Zarafshan valley seems to have been Sarazm’s position as one of the of the major metallurgical centres of Central Asia beginning in the third millennium B.C.” (Isakov 1994: 10). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NWVCFNW7\">[Isakov 1994]</a> \"In the category of objects denoting high status are a small lead stamp or seal, three types of gold beads, a bronze mirror, and a gold, twelve-petalled rosette\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NWVCFNW7\">[Isakov 1994, p. 9]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 130,
"polity": {
"id": 175,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire II",
"start_year": 1517,
"end_year": 1683
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 175,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire II",
"start_year": 1517,
"end_year": 1683
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ Silver, Gold. “Egypt and Syria were vital for the economy of Istanbul and the empire. Provisions for the sultan’s palace, such as rice, wheat, barley, spices or sugar, came by galleon from Egypt, and in the 16th century Syria annually sent 50,000kg. of soap to the Palace. Sudanese gold came to Istanbul from Egypt; and the imperial treasury in the capital took the surplus of the Egyptian budget, amounting to half a million ducats annually” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MXZ7DKD8\">[Halil 1994, p. 128]</a> “Objects of precious metal or rock crystal, often created for ceremonial or personal use, did not partake of this explosion of new design that revolutionised the ornamentation of tiles and textiles created also, if not exclusively, for public display. Tight interlocking patterns, variations of rumi-hatayi or saz designs, covered surfaces and provided the frames upon which precious stones might be mounted. The vast collection of Chinese porcelains at the Ottoman court may be mentioned in this regard: Ottoman craftsmen mounted smaller scale, mostly blue and white objects with precious stones on patterned gold frames, imprinting this distinctive style on porcelains in use at the privy chamber” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9AH3EFTX\">[Faroqhi 2013, p. 502]</a> “Egypt and Syria were vital for the economy of Istanbul and the empire. Provisions for the sultan’s palace, such as rice, wheat, barley, spices or sugar, came by galleon from Egypt, and in the 16th century Syria annually sent 50,000kg. of soap to the Palace. Sudanese gold came to Istanbul from Egypt; and the imperial treasury in the capital took the surplus of the Egyptian budget, amounting to half a million ducats annually” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MXZ7DKD8\">[Halil 1994, p. 128]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 131,
"polity": {
"id": 696,
"name": "tz_buhayo_k",
"long_name": "Buhaya",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1890
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 711,
"name": "om_busaidi_imamate_1",
"long_name": "Imamate of Oman and Muscat",
"start_year": 1749,
"end_year": 1895
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Shaba; Uvira",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ Copper, iron. “Iron was a scarce and precious commodity.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a> “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ NB At the time, much of the Swahili coast was under Omani rule. “Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was widely accessible. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was not restricted to the elites. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 132,
"polity": {
"id": 716,
"name": "tz_early_tana_1",
"long_name": "Early Tana 1",
"start_year": 500,
"end_year": 749
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 716,
"name": "tz_early_tana_1",
"long_name": "Early Tana 1",
"start_year": 500,
"end_year": 749
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "“Imports along the east African coast included fine metalwork and cloth; beads of glass and gold; glass vials for ointments or perfumes; storage jars containing oils or syrups; and decorated bowls probably sought as prestigious display pottery.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EEK9BPGI\">[Pollard_Kinyera 2017, p. 933]</a> “Archaeological evidence reveals that long-distance trade in luxury goods was a feature of coastal life before it was densely settled, and before Islam became a factor in trade relations (e.g., Casson 1989; Chami and Msemwa 1997; Juma 2004). So too was local manufacturing, including the working of metals (e.g., gold, copper and its alloys), stone (e.g., rock crystal, carnelian), and fibers (e.g., cotton) part of coastal life, such that for a number of classes of elite objects, local craftsmanship which developed from a knowledge of the import must be considered (see Table 1).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CQWNU8VF\">[LaViolette 2008, pp. 33-34]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 133,
"polity": {
"id": 717,
"name": "tz_early_tana_2",
"long_name": "Early Tana 2",
"start_year": 750,
"end_year": 999
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 717,
"name": "tz_early_tana_2",
"long_name": "Early Tana 2",
"start_year": 750,
"end_year": 999
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ “Mogadishu, at the northern end of the coast, had early prominence in foreign trade and was, by the ninth century, trading gold from as far away as the Zimbabwe plateau to foreign traders.” .” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JPXGJ8P4\">[LaViolette_Wynne-Jones 2018, p. 7]</a> “Gold featured prominently on the Swahili coast. Starting from the beginning of the second millennium ce, gold became not only pivotal in commerce but the backbone of political and economic power for the rest of the Swahili period.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7EHJX8QC\">[Mapunda 2018, p. 307]</a> “We have some amazing estimates of gold production before the arrival of the Portuguese. Duarte quotes Ian Phimister as saying that the total prePortuguese gold production from the Zimbabwe Plateau was between 6and 8 million ounces. […] Production began slowly at the start of the tenth century, or perhaps earlier, and was at its height in the eleventh to fifteenth centuries: it then declined drastically” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VBIG8HRB\">[Pearson 1998, p. 49]</a> “Archaeological evidence reveals that long-distance trade in luxury goods was a feature of coastal life before it was densely settled, and before Islam became a factor in trade relations (e.g., Casson 1989; Chami and Msemwa 1997; Juma 2004). So too was local manufacturing, including the working of metals (e.g., gold, copper and its alloys), stone (e.g., rock crystal, carnelian), and fibers (e.g., cotton) part of coastal life, such that for a number of classes of elite objects, local craftsmanship which developed from a knowledge of the import must be considered (see Table 1).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CQWNU8VF\">[LaViolette 2008, pp. 33-34]</a> “Mogadishu, at the northern end of the coast, had early prominence in foreign trade and was, by the ninth century, trading gold from as far away as the Zimbabwe plateau to foreign traders.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JPXGJ8P4\">[LaViolette_Wynne-Jones 2018, p. 7]</a> “Gold featured prominently on the Swahili coast. Starting from the beginning of the second millennium ce, gold became not only pivotal in commerce but the backbone of political and economic power for the rest of the Swahili period. Although some gold could have come from the immediate hinterland, especially considering that gold deposits are plentiful in the region (Kulindwa et al. 2003), conclusive evidence is lacking. It could well be possible that the coast received gold from Sasu, a famous gold mine reported by Cosmas Indicopleustes, an Alexandrian merchant and traveller in 525 bce (Freeman-Grenville 1962), as supplying gold to Aksum. But, again, there is no decisive evidence as to whether gold from Sasu, assumed to be located in southern Sudan (Allen 1993) or northern Kenya (Mathew 1963), or even south of the Rufiji River (Chami 2006), ever reached the Swahili coast, whether directly or via Aksum and Adulis. The source that has been ascertained so far is the Mwenemutapa Empire in modern-day Zimbabwe.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7EHJX8QC\">[Mapunda 2018, p. 307]</a> “Somewhat later, shortly after the beginning of the second millennium a.d., we also see the beginnings of gold-mining in the Shashe–Limpopo valley (Miller, Desai and Lee-Thorpe 2000) and especially on the Zimbabwe plateau (Swan 1994), principally to satisfy the demand for this metal on the outside market. As with ivory, it is clear that, although some of the gold was for local use, most of it was destined for export to the Arab world and beyond.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/26V5QB6U\">[Pwiti 2005, p. 383]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 134,
"polity": {
"id": 715,
"name": "tz_east_africa_ia_1",
"long_name": "Early East Africa Iron Age",
"start_year": 200,
"end_year": 499
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ No information could be found in the literature regarding the trade in or consumption of luxury goods in this era. List which kinds.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 135,
"polity": {
"id": 686,
"name": "tz_karagwe_k",
"long_name": "Karagwe",
"start_year": 1500,
"end_year": 1916
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 711,
"name": "om_busaidi_imamate_1",
"long_name": "Imamate of Oman and Muscat",
"start_year": 1749,
"end_year": 1895
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ Copper, iron. “Iron was a scarce and precious commodity.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a> “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ NB At the time, much of the Swahili coast was under Omani rule. “Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was widely accessible. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was not restricted to the elites. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 136,
"polity": {
"id": 710,
"name": "tz_tana",
"long_name": "Classic Tana",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1498
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 710,
"name": "tz_tana",
"long_name": "Classic Tana",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1498
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ Gold; silver; copper; bronze. “At different times different cities were prominent. Kilwa was at its height between roughly 1250 and 1330, and in this period was richer than any other city. Its prosperity was based on its control of the gold exports from Sofala further south.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VBIG8HRB\">[Pearson 1998, p. 43]</a> “We have some amazing estimates of gold production before the arrival of the Portuguese. Duarte quotes Ian Phimister as saying that the total pre-Portuguese gold production from the Zimbabwe Plateau was between 6 and 9 million ounces. This estimate seems to be quite fabulous, for if we convert at one ounce to 28.3 grams, then we have between 170 and 254 tonnes, though it should be noted that this is over a very long period. Production began slowly at the start of the tenth century, or perhaps earlier, and was at its height in the eleventh to fifteenth centuries: it then declined drastically. Placer mining, that is, washing from alluvium, was most common at first, but later, quite sophisticated reef-mining techniques were also employed. This gold was exported through Sofala but marketed at Kilwa, up to 10 tons a year before the decline late in the fifteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VBIG8HRB\">[Pearson 1998, p. 49]</a> “Swahili tombs and mosques often have objects embedded in them… Another example is a bronze lion statuette, which was found at Shanga and that dates from around 1100. It is a real puzzle, for it seems clear it was used inn Hindu puja (worship), and this means it would hardly be sold or used by a non-Hindu. But mosques in Shanga date from around 800. It might have been part of some regalia. The conclusion reached by M. C. Horton and T. R. Blunton is that, taking account of extensive contacts across the Indian Ocean, ‘the Shanga lion must therefore not be so much ‘Indian ’or ‘African but ‘Indian Ocean’ in attribution.’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VBIG8HRB\">[Pearson 1998, p. 44]</a> “Kilwa minted copper coins, but their circulation was very restricted. Recently, Helen Brown as found three gold coins from this port city from the early fourteenth century. Silver coins were produced in Pemba in the eleventh century, and in Mombasa in the sixteenth.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VBIG8HRB\">[Pearson 1998, p. 115]</a> “During the early thirteenth century, Chinese writer Zhao Rugua noted that, each year, the ports of Gujarat and Arabia sent ships to Zanzibar, carrying cotton fabrics, copper and porcelain.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ATUP3H68\">[Beaujard_Wynne-Jones_LaViolette 2018, pp. 372-373]</a> “At different times different cities were prominent. Kilwa was at its height between roughly 1250 and 1330, and in this period was richer than any other city. Its prosperity was based on its control of the gold exports from Sofala further south.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VBIG8HRB\">[Pearson 1998, p. 43]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 137,
"polity": {
"id": 685,
"name": "ug_buganda_k_1",
"long_name": "Buganda I",
"start_year": 1408,
"end_year": 1716
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ Copper. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] [I]t is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was widely accessible. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] [I]t is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was not restricted to the elites. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] [I]t is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 138,
"polity": {
"id": 683,
"name": "ug_buganda_k_2",
"long_name": "Buganda II",
"start_year": 1717,
"end_year": 1894
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 711,
"name": "om_busaidi_imamate_1",
"long_name": "Imamate of Oman and Muscat",
"start_year": 1749,
"end_year": 1895
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Shaba; Uvira",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ Copper, iron. “Iron was a scarce and precious commodity.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a> “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ NB At the time, much of the Swahili coast was under Omani rule. “Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was widely accessible. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was not restricted to the elites. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 139,
"polity": {
"id": 534,
"name": "ug_bunyoro_k_1",
"long_name": "Cwezi Dynasty",
"start_year": 1450,
"end_year": 1699
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ Copper. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] [I]t is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was widely accessible. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] [I]t is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was not restricted to the elites. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] [I]t is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 140,
"polity": {
"id": 535,
"name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2",
"long_name": "Bito Dynasty",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1894
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 711,
"name": "om_busaidi_imamate_1",
"long_name": "Imamate of Oman and Muscat",
"start_year": 1749,
"end_year": 1895
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Shaba; Uvira",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ Copper, iron. “Iron was a scarce and precious commodity.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a> “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ NB At the time, much of the Swahili coast was under Omani rule. “Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was widely accessible. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was not restricted to the elites. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 141,
"polity": {
"id": 688,
"name": "ug_nkore_k_1",
"long_name": "Nkore",
"start_year": 1450,
"end_year": 1749
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ Copper. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] [I]t is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was widely accessible. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] [I]t is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was not restricted to the elites. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] [I]t is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 142,
"polity": {
"id": 695,
"name": "ug_nkore_k_2",
"long_name": "Nkore",
"start_year": 1750,
"end_year": 1901
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 711,
"name": "om_busaidi_imamate_1",
"long_name": "Imamate of Oman and Muscat",
"start_year": 1749,
"end_year": 1895
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Shaba; Uvira",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ Copper, iron. “Iron was a scarce and precious commodity.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a> “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ NB At the time, much of the Swahili coast was under Omani rule. “Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was widely accessible. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was not restricted to the elites. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 143,
"polity": {
"id": 684,
"name": "ug_toro_k",
"long_name": "Toro",
"start_year": 1830,
"end_year": 1896
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 711,
"name": "om_busaidi_imamate_1",
"long_name": "Imamate of Oman and Muscat",
"start_year": 1749,
"end_year": 1895
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Shaba; Uvira",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘ Copper, iron. “Iron was a scarce and precious commodity.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a> “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ NB At the time, much of the Swahili coast was under Omani rule. “Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was widely accessible. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a> ‘‘‘ Copper. The following seems to imply that copper, however valuable, was not restricted to the elites. “The mining of metals and the production of metal goods had taken place in the Great Lakes region for centuries. Current archaeological knowledge dates metal-working in the region to the seventh-century BC. Throughout the Great Lakes region, there existed scattered iron deposits, and iron-working sites. Iron was traded widely, particularly in the form of hoes and jewellery (typically, arm and leg circlets). “Although iron deposits were relatively numerous, copper deposits were much more restricted. One of the most important sources of copper in Central africa was southern Shaba in contemporary Zaire, bordering the southwestern shore of Lake Tanganyika. Archaeological and linguistic investigations have revealed extensive contacts between shaba and many other regions, extending broadly in every direction. […] By importing brass wire and transporting raw material to regions where it became accessible to skilled smiths, and by trading worked metal goods to regions of demand, Arab traders boosted the metals trade. Arab vessels carried copper from Shaba and unworked iron from Uvira. Their overland caravans brought European-produced wire from the East African coast. Burundian smiths and ankle-bracelet (inyerére) craftsmen participated in the newly stimulated metals trade network, procuring from it copper and wire, but it is important to note that artisan families had carried on their craft—and had traded to receive raw materials and distribute their finished goods—long before the mid-nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKP4IB6W\">[Wagner 1993, pp. 157-158]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 144,
"polity": {
"id": 102,
"name": "us_haudenosaunee_2",
"long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late",
"start_year": 1714,
"end_year": 1848
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 102,
"name": "us_haudenosaunee_2",
"long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late",
"start_year": 1714,
"end_year": 1848
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "Gold, silver, and brass body ornaments; iron and copper trade goods and artefacts of material culture manufactured from these metals by Iroquois people. “Before the American Revolution, many of the Mohawks had lived in greater comfort than…struggling white settlers. Thus the whites were only too pleased to loot Indian homes. A cursory glance at some of the articles taken in these raids reflects the wealth of these Indian communities…Among the things whites took were “several Gold Rings, Eight pair silver Buckels; a large quantity of Silver Brooches…” (Johansen and Grinde, 54). […] [Referring to Tiyanoga (c.1680-1755), a Mohawk leader and member of the Wolf Clan known as ‘Hendrick’ by the English] Well known as a man of distinction in his manners and dress, Hendrick visited England again in 1740. At that time, King George II presented him with an […] ornate green coat of satin, fringed with gold, which Hendrick was fond of wearing in combination with his traditional Mohawk ceremonial clothing…Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur…described Hendrick in late middle age, preparing for dinner at the [Sir William] Johnson estate, within a few years of the Albany Congress: “[He] wished to appear at his very best…His head was shaved, with the exception of a little tuft of hair in the back, to which he attached a piece of silver [likely acquired via European contacts, applicable to all precious metal items described in this quote]. To the cartilage of his ears…he attached a little brass wire twisted into very tight spirals…A girondole [girandole-style ornament] was hung from his nose. Wearing a wide silver neckpiece…and a blue cloak adorned with sparkling gold…On his feet, Hendrick wore moccasins of tanned elk…fringed with tiny silver bells (Crevecoeur [1926], 170)””. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9CANBIQJ\">[Johansen_Mann 2000, p. 32]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9CANBIQJ\">[Johansen_Mann 2000, pp. 157-158]</a> “[Referring to silver working and the acquisition of silver artefacts in the post-European contact era, see the following endnote] This subject has been profusely treated. Gillingham [1934, 1937, 1943] finds that between 1758 and 1762 alone 8300 silver ornaments were made for Indians [including Iroquois people] by Philadelphia silversmiths. […] [Referring to several silver brooches illustrated in-text] Silver came to the Iroquois [via Europe] with such other trade goods as broadcloth, beads, and woven sashes, but in time some of the Iroquois took up the craft of silversmithing, usually copying the work of Montreal and other silversmiths engaged in the manufacture of Indian trade goods. […] [Referring to an Iroquois cradle band and attached silver bracelet illustrated in-text, dating to the early C19] These broadcloth bands were wrapped around the infant to hold it in its cradle board…The [attached] bracelet, of German silver, Indian worked, may have served as a trinket to amuse the child”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W7FQCIWT\">[Speck 1945, pp. 48-49]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W7FQCIWT\">[Speck 1945, p. 55]</a> “[Referring to the presence and use of luxury types of material culture acquired via trade with Europeans, including]…silver bracelets and armbands and tubes for coiling hair; rings to hang from nose and ears…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZK2J9SCQ\">[Wallace 2010, p. 25]</a> “[Referring to high-value metal trade goods acquired via Europeans from the mid-C16 onwards, and artefacts of material culture manufactured from these metals by Iroquois people; later examples most relevant though likely all applicable over the Confederacy period] European goods had been trickling into Iroquoia since the middle of the sixteenth century. At first they were limited to a few items, mainly iron axes…and copper kettles…[which] were valued not just as containers, but also for the sheet copper they provided for other things once they wore out. Sheet copper cut from kettles was rolled into tiny tubes then bent into spirals, perhaps symbolic of the panther’s tail. Larger tubes were bent into hoops that could have served as neck ornaments. Straps of copper kettles were bent into bracelets. Conical tinklers [trinkets(?)] made from sheet copper and imported hawks’ bells began to replace the bone phalanges of deer on dancing costumes. Chipped stone arrow points were slowly replaced by cut copper ones. At first the copper points were supplied with stems, but later they came to mimic the triangular chert points more closely. Iroquois men found that they could haft the copper points more easily by sharpening their arrow shafts and bending the softened tips through holes in the copper points before lashing them. […] Later traders added iron needles and long-bladed iron knives to their stocks. There was steady demand for copper kettles. Traders soon found that they could increase demand by suppling thinner brass kettles that would wear out faster. […] Men would…slit their ears, and decorate the openings with…brass on special occasions”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/REE893QZ\">[Snow 1994, pp. 77-78]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/REE893QZ\">[Snow 1994, p. 93]</a> “[Inferred as referring to the Confederacy period given the focus of the publication] The Indian female delights in a profusion of silver ornaments, consisting of silver broaches of various patterns and sizes, from those which are six inches in diameter, and worth as many dollars, down to those of the smallest size, valued at a sixpence. Silver ear-rings and finger-rings of various designs, silver beads, hat bands and crosses, are also found in […] their paraphernalia. These crosses, relics of Jesuit influence, are frequently eight inches in length, of solid silver, and very valuable, but they are looked upon…in the light of ornaments. Finger and ear rings of the same material…were also very common. The most of these silver ornaments in later years have been made by Indian silversmiths, one of whom may be found in nearly every Indian village. They are either made of brass, of silver, or from silver coins pounded out, and then cut into patterns with metallic instruments…Hat bands of silver, or of broaches strung together, or of long silver beads, are indispensable ornaments on public occasions”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WMTZKSQ6\">[Morgan_Llyod 1904, pp. 49-50]</a> “The use of silver by the Iroquois dates from the seventeenth century when the French and Dutch came into the country with metallic instruments. Silver medals, gorgets, beads, ear rings, finger rings, and other ornaments for personal adornment were popular among the western Iroquois during the colonial period and were lavishly used throughout the latter part of the eighteenth century (1720-1850)…Copper and wire bracelets, arm bands, brooches, and ear rings, bronze rings, and copper beads were worn up to the middle of the eighteenth century. The Iroquois of New York were the leading makers of silver jewelry, with a silversmith in almost every Iroquois village. They followed a profitable trade which did not die out until about 1865. Silver arm and head bands for both men and women were also made by White silversmiths and sold in great numbers to the Indians. Silver medals and coins from land purchases were used in making the ornaments for personal wear…Crosses became popular after the coming of the Jesuits in 1654, but seem to have been used chiefly for ornamental purposes rather than their religious significance…Brooches were the most numerous of silver ornaments and were used in abundance to fasten and to decorate the costumes of both men and women, as many as two or three hundred brooches being worn on one costume. The brooches were also used to decorate ribbons, head bands, and sashes and to fasten the wide band of broadcloth used on the baby’s cradle board. […] The number of brooches worn was indicative of the wealth of the wearer…The form and decoration of the brooches closely resembled the silver work of European origin”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKBQW4BG\">[Lyford 1957, p. 66]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKBQW4BG\">[Lyford 1957, p. 69]</a> Gold, silver, and brass body ornaments; iron and copper trade goods and artefacts of material culture manufactured from these metals by Iroquois people. “[Referring to Tiyanoga (c.1680-1755), a Mohawk leader and member of the Wolf Clan known as ‘Hendrick’ by the English, and specifically to his visit to England in 1740]…King George II presented him with an […] ornate green coat of satin, fringed with gold…Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur…described Hendrick in late middle age, preparing for dinner at the [Sir William] Johnson estate…: “[He] wished to appear at his very best…His head was shaved, with the exception of a little tuft of hair in the back, to which he attached a piece of silver [likely acquired via European contacts, applicable to all precious metal items described in this quote]. To the cartilage of his ears…he attached a little brass wire twisted into very tight spirals…A girondole [girandole-style ornament] was hung from his nose. Wearing a wide silver neckpiece…and a blue cloak adorned with sparkling gold…On his feet, Hendrick wore moccasins of tanned elk…fringed with tiny silver bells (Crevecoeur [1926], 170)””. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9CANBIQJ\">[Johansen_Mann 2000, pp. 157-158]</a> “[Referring to silver working and the acquisition of silver artefacts in the post-European contact era, see the following endnote] Gillingham [1934, 1937, 1943] finds that between 1758 and 1762 alone 8300 silver ornaments were made for Indians [including Iroquois people] by Philadelphia silversmiths. […] [Referring to several silver brooches illustrated in-text] Silver came to the Iroquois [via Europe] with such other trade goods as broadcloth, beads, and woven sashes, but in time some of the Iroquois took up the craft of silversmithing, usually copying the work of Montreal and other silversmiths engaged in the manufacture of Indian trade goods. […] [Referring to an Iroquois cradle band and attached silver bracelet illustrated in-text, dating to the early C19] These broadcloth bands were wrapped around the infant to hold it in its cradle board…The [attached] bracelet, of German silver, Indian worked, may have served as a trinket to amuse the child”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W7FQCIWT\">[Speck 1945, pp. 48-49]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W7FQCIWT\">[Speck 1945, p. 55]</a> “[Referring to high-value metal trade goods acquired via Europeans from the mid-C16 onwards, and artefacts of material culture manufactured from these metals by Iroquois people; later examples most relevant though likely all applicable over the Confederacy period] European goods had been trickling into Iroquoia since the middle of the sixteenth century. At first they were limited to a few items, mainly iron axes…and copper kettles…[which] were valued not just as containers, but also for the sheet copper they provided for other things once they wore out. Sheet copper cut from kettles was rolled into tiny tubes then bent into spirals…Larger tubes were bent into hoops that could have served as neck ornaments. Straps of copper kettles were bent into bracelets. Conical tinklers [trinkets(?)] made from sheet copper and imported hawks’ bells began to replace the bone phalanges of deer on dancing costumes. Chipped stone arrow points were slowly replaced by cut copper ones. At first the copper points were supplied with stems, but later they came to mimic the triangular chert points more closely. Iroquois men found that they could haft the copper points more easily by sharpening their arrow shafts and bending the softened tips through holes in the copper points before lashing them. […] Later traders added iron needles and long-bladed iron knives to their stocks. There was steady demand for copper kettles. Traders soon found that they could increase demand by suppling thinner brass kettles that would wear out faster”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/REE893QZ\">[Snow 1994, pp. 77-78]</a> “[Inferred as referring to the Confederacy period given the focus of the publication]…most…silver ornaments in later years…[were] made by Indian silversmiths, one of whom may be found in nearly every Indian village. They are either made of brass, of silver, or from silver coins pounded out, and then cut into patterns with metallic instruments”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WMTZKSQ6\">[Morgan_Llyod 1904, p. 50]</a> “The use of silver by the Iroquois dates from the seventeenth century when the French and Dutch came into the country with metallic instruments…The Iroquois of New York were the leading makers of silver jewelry, with a silversmith in almost every Iroquois village. They followed a profitable trade which did not die out until about 1865. Silver arm and head bands for both men and women were also made by White silversmiths and sold in great numbers to the Indians”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKBQW4BG\">[Lyford 1957, p. 66]</a> Gold, silver, and brass body ornaments. “[Referring to Tiyanoga (c.1680-1755), a Mohawk leader and member of the Wolf Clan known as ‘Hendrick’ by the English] Well known as a man of distinction in his manners and dress, Hendrick visited England again in 1740. At that time, King George II presented him with an […] ornate green coat of satin, fringed with gold, which Hendrick was fond of wearing in combination with his traditional Mohawk ceremonial clothing…Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur…described Hendrick in late middle age, preparing for dinner at the [Sir William] Johnson estate, within a few years of the Albany Congress: “[He] wished to appear at his very best…His head was shaved, with the exception of a little tuft of hair in the back, to which he attached a piece of silver [likely acquired via European contacts, applicable to all precious metal items described in this quote]. To the cartilage of his ears…he attached a little brass wire twisted into very tight spirals…A girondole [girandole-style ornament] was hung from his nose. Wearing a wide silver neckpiece…and a blue cloak adorned with sparkling gold…On his feet, Hendrick wore moccasins of tanned elk…fringed with tiny silver bells (Crevecoeur [1926], 170)””. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9CANBIQJ\">[Johansen_Mann 2000, pp. 157-158]</a> Gold, silver, and brass body ornaments; iron and copper trade goods and artefacts of material culture manufactured from these metals by Iroquois people. “Before the American Revolution, many of the Mohawks had lived in greater comfort than…struggling white settlers. Thus the whites were only too pleased to loot Indian homes. A cursory glance at some of the articles taken in these raids reflects the wealth of these Indian communities…Among the things whites took were “several Gold Rings, Eight pair silver Buckels; a large quantity of Silver Brooches…” (Johansen and Grinde, 54)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9CANBIQJ\">[Johansen_Mann 2000, p. 32]</a> “[Referring to silver working and the acquisition of silver artefacts in the post-European contact era, see the following endnote] Gillingham [1934, 1937, 1943] finds that between 1758 and 1762 alone 8300 silver ornaments were made for Indians [including Iroquois people] by Philadelphia silversmiths. […] [Referring to an Iroquois cradle band and attached silver bracelet illustrated in-text, dating to the early C19] These broadcloth bands were wrapped around the infant to hold it in its cradle board…The [attached] bracelet, of German silver, Indian worked, may have served as a trinket to amuse the child”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W7FQCIWT\">[Speck 1945, p. 48]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W7FQCIWT\">[Speck 1945, p. 55]</a> “[Referring to high-value metal trade goods acquired via Europeans from the mid-C16 onwards, and artefacts of material culture manufactured from these metals by Iroquois people; later examples most relevant though likely all applicable over the Confederacy period] European goods had been trickling into Iroquoia since the middle of the sixteenth century. At first they were limited to a few items, mainly iron axes…and copper kettles…[which] were valued not just as containers, but also for the sheet copper they provided for other things once they wore out. Sheet copper cut from kettles was rolled into tiny tubes then bent into spirals…Larger tubes were bent into hoops that could have served as neck ornaments. Straps of copper kettles were bent into bracelets. Conical tinklers [trinkets(?)] made from sheet copper and imported hawks’ bells began to replace the bone phalanges of deer on dancing costumes. Chipped stone arrow points were slowly replaced by cut copper ones… […] Later traders added iron needles and long-bladed iron knives to their stocks. There was steady demand for copper kettles. Traders soon found that they could increase demand by suppling thinner brass kettles that would wear out faster. […] Men would…slit their ears, and decorate the openings with…brass on special occasions”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/REE893QZ\">[Snow 1994, pp. 77-78]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/REE893QZ\">[Snow 1994, p. 93]</a> “[Inferred as referring to the Confederacy period given the focus of the publication] The Indian female delights in a profusion of silver ornaments, consisting of silver broaches of various patterns and sizes, from those which are six inches in diameter, and worth as many dollars, down to those of the smallest size, valued at a sixpence. Silver ear-rings and finger-rings of various designs, silver beads, hat bands and crosses, are also found in […] their paraphernalia. These crosses, relics of Jesuit influence, are frequently eight inches in length, of solid silver, and very valuable, but they are looked upon…in the light of ornaments. Finger and ear rings of the same material…were also very common…Hat bands of silver, or of broaches strung together, or of long silver beads, are indispensable ornaments on public occasions”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WMTZKSQ6\">[Morgan_Llyod 1904, pp. 49-50]</a> “Silver medals, gorgets, beads, ear rings, finger rings, and other ornaments for personal adornment were popular among the western Iroquois during the colonial period and were lavishly used throughout the latter part of the eighteenth century (1720-1850)…Copper and wire bracelets, arm bands, brooches, and ear rings, bronze rings, and copper beads were worn up to the middle of the eighteenth century…Silver medals and coins from land purchases were used in making the ornaments for personal wear…Crosses became popular after the coming of the Jesuits in 1654, but seem to have been used chiefly for ornamental purposes rather than their religious significance…Brooches were the most numerous of silver ornaments and were used in abundance to fasten and to decorate the costumes of both men and women…The brooches were also used to decorate ribbons, head bands, and sashes and to fasten the wide band of broadcloth used on the baby’s cradle board”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KKBQW4BG\">[Lyford 1957, p. 66]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 145,
"polity": {
"id": 18,
"name": "us_hawaii_2",
"long_name": "Hawaii II",
"start_year": 1200,
"end_year": 1580
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "“[Referring to levels of technology in pre-contact Hawaii, notes to pp.190-207, inferred as applicable to the Hawaii II period]…Hawaiian land use depended exclusively on a “Neolithic” technology in which the main agricultural tools were digging sticks and stone adzes for forest clearance. Lacking metal…there were limits to the Hawaiian farmers’ abilities to modify the landscape. With the introduction of metal tools in the post-contact era, these limits did begin to be surpassed”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 236]</a> “[Referring to the environment of ‘Old Hawaii’, inferred as applicable to the Hawaii II period]…the most serious limitations were the absence of metals, such as copper and iron, in usable form, confining the people to stone age tools and utensils… […] [Referring to trade goods brought to Hawaii by Europeans and others from the late C18 to early C19] Firearms and gunpowder…iron tools…were introduced by the early traders and explorers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJP6A7XN\">[Kuykendall 1938, p. 4]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJP6A7XN\">[Kuykendall 1938, p. 28]</a> “[Inferred as applicable to the Hawaii II period]…The Hawaiians…are usually described as “neolithic”, because they lacked metallurgy…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UENGBNM5\">[Kirch 1985, p. 6]</a> “[Referring specifically to the relationship between the manufacture of statuary and later introduction of metal, emphasising the absence of the latter during the Hawaii II period]…at the time of Captain James Cook’s arrival in the Hawaiian Islands, Hawaiians knew about iron, apparently from bits of it that had come to them imbedded in driftwood, possibly from Asia, but there had not been enough of this metal to be used generally in tools. From the moment of first European contact that situation changed, and the basic stone tool technology…underwent a rapid transformation to metal”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZGP35J48\">[Cox_Davenport 1988]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 146,
"polity": {
"id": 19,
"name": "us_hawaii_3",
"long_name": "Hawaii III",
"start_year": 1580,
"end_year": 1778
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "“[Referring to levels of technology in pre-contact Hawaii, notes to pp.190-207, inferred as applicable to the Hawaii III period]…Hawaiian land use depended exclusively on a “Neolithic” technology in which the main agricultural tools were digging sticks and stone adzes for forest clearance. Lacking metal…there were limits to the Hawaiian farmers’ abilities to modify the landscape. With the introduction of metal tools in the post-contact era, these limits did begin to be surpassed”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 236]</a> “[Referring to the environment of ‘Old Hawaii’, inferred as applicable to the Hawaii III period]…the most serious limitations were the absence of metals, such as copper and iron, in usable form, confining the people to stone age tools and utensils… […] [Referring to trade goods brought to Hawaii by Europeans and others from the late C18 to early C19] Firearms and gunpowder…iron tools…were introduced by the early traders and explorers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJP6A7XN\">[Kuykendall 1938, p. 4]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJP6A7XN\">[Kuykendall 1938, p. 28]</a> “[Inferred as applicable to the Hawaii III period]…The Hawaiians…are usually described as “neolithic”, because they lacked metallurgy…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UENGBNM5\">[Kirch 1985, p. 6]</a> “[Referring specifically to the relationship between the manufacture of statuary and later introduction of metal, emphasising the absence of the latter during the Hawaii III period]…at the time of Captain James Cook’s arrival in the Hawaiian Islands, Hawaiians knew about iron, apparently from bits of it that had come to them imbedded in driftwood, possibly from Asia, but there had not been enough of this metal to be used generally in tools. From the moment of first European contact that situation changed, and the basic stone tool technology…underwent a rapid transformation to metal”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZGP35J48\">[Cox_Davenport 1988]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 147,
"polity": {
"id": 20,
"name": "us_kamehameha_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period",
"start_year": 1778,
"end_year": 1819
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Europe",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "Iron; copper; possibly other precious metals, including items such as nails, pots and pans, firearms and ammunition, and other types of tools and metal goods. “[Referring to the circuit of the ‘long god’ (akua loa), a wooden shaft tipped with a carved human head that represented the god Lono, which was transported through the territorial units comprising Hawaii at European contact in the late C18, as described by Kamakau 1964: 20-21] Much wealth was acquired by the god during this circuit of the island…wealth was presented [to the ‘long god’]…[including] iron (meki), adzes… […] [Notes to Pages 61-66] Kamakau was describing the Makahiki circuit in the time of Kamehameha I, hence this reference to iron, which would have been a highly valued trade item, subject to tribute collection. […] [Notes to Pages 190-207] [Referring to levels of technology in pre and post-contact Hawaii]…Hawaiian land use depended exclusively on a “Neolithic” technology in which the main agricultural tools were digging sticks and stone adzes for forest clearance. Lacking metal…there were limits to the Hawaiian farmers’ abilities to modify the landscape. With the introduction of metal tools in the post-contact era, these limits did begin to be surpassed. For example, in the Waikolu Valley of windward Moloka‘i, taro irrigation systems were extended farther up steeper slopes by cutting and filling terraces (Kirch 2002: 40-41), presumably using metal tools such as picks and spades”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 63]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 226]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 236]</a> “In the early days of the fur trade [referring to the early C19], [Hawaiian] islanders were eager to exchange their goods for a few scraps of iron and nails. Before the Islands were united, their chiefs got arms and ammunition in exchange for their goods. […] Two months before he [Kamehameha] died, Kamehameha bought…eight thousand dollars worth of guns and ammunition [via trade with foreign traders]… […] [Referring to sandalwood being bartered for other goods] In the early years of trade [c. early C19], Hawaiians were offered simple items such as bits of metal scraps and nails. […] [Referring to the introduction of new goods from Europe, the United States and China via the fur trade in the C19] Some imported haole [non-Hawaiian] goods were…nails…iron pots and pans…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, pp. 26-29]</a> “[Referring to the environment of ‘Old Hawaii’ but also relevant at the time of contact with Europeans from the late C18]…the most serious limitations were the absence of metals, such as copper and iron, in usable form, confining the people to stone age tools and utensils… […] [Referring to the arrival of Captain James Cook in Hawaii via the Resolution and Discovery in early 1778]…the Hawaiians learned that the strangers [Cook and his party] had iron in abundance which they were willing to give in exchange for foodstuffs. The natives had only a few small bits of iron and were eager to get more of that precious metal; they fairly loaded the ships with hogs, taro, potatoes, and other products of the soil. Captain Clerke of the Discovery testifies: “This is the cheapest market I ever yet saw, a moderate sized Nail will supply my Ships Company very plentifully with excellent Pork for the Day, and as to the Potatoes and Tarrow, they are attained upon still easier Terms, such is these People’s avidity for Iron”…There was some limit, however, to what the natives would give in exchange for a nail. Lieutenant King notes that at one time “they had brought down some very large hogs, but we had no Iron large enough to purchase them”…During the first day…[water and food was loaded on board the Resolution] by exchanges, chiefly for nails, and pieces of iron… […] [Referring to trade goods brought to Hawaii by foreigners from the late C18 to early C19] Firearms and gunpowder…iron tools…were introduced by the early traders and explorers. […] [Referring to Kamehameha’s preparation for an attack on Kauai]…through his [Kamehameha] trading operations he accumulated a large supply of muskets, cannons, and ammunition”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJP6A7XN\">[Kuykendall 1938, p. 4]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJP6A7XN\">[Kuykendall 1938, p. 13]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJP6A7XN\">[Kuykendall 1938, p. 28]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJP6A7XN\">[Kuykendall 1938, p. 48]</a> “[…] [Referring to the Hawaiian monarchy’s interest in the trade of goods in the late C18] The iron goods that had been the initial European stock-in-trade during Cook’s voyage, particularly those of a domestic or utilitarian sort such as adzes and knives, quickly fell out of chiefly favor - which meant that common people would have all the more difficulty getting them. The Hawaiian elite soon had more than enough. By 1793 it is reported that some of the chiefs “wou’d not even look at an axe, that about three or four years ago would have purchased half their property” (Bell 1929: 1(5): 62). The wars for supremacy put a premium on European arms and ammunition: muskets, powder and shot; swivels, cannon and ball. […] In 1789…Kamehameha had two cannon (two-pounders) and two swivels mounted in front of his house at Kealakekua (Mortimer 1791: 85). He was also accumulating muskets; Vancouver’s people saw 24 or 30…in the same house in 1793 (Menzies, journal, 24 Feb 1793; Bell 1929: 1(6): 78)…The vessel [referring to the Britannia, a small schooner constructed by Kamehameha and Vancouver] was taken to the invasion of O’ahu in 1795 under John Young, carrying 12 guns (three- to six-pounders), powder, shot, and other arms. (At least some of the guns came off the Fair American…). And so the contemporary accounts run, documenting Kamehameha’s progressive accumulation of armaments until, at the time he reoccupied O’ahu (1804), he had a reported arsenal of 600 muskets, 14 cannon, 40 swivels, and 6 small mortars (Lisiansky 1814: 33). Lisiansky reports this information from John Young, who…seems not to exaggerate, as Shaler in 1805 saw four hundred musketeers in a review of Kamehameha’s forces from the vicinity of Honolulu alone (Shaler 1808: 173, cf. 164)…[Referring to a shift in the Hawaiian monarchy’s interests from armaments to the development of a naval fleet] The armament trade was declining in favor of everything that had to do with shipping: building tools, bar iron…copper sheathing… […] [Referring to Kamehameha’s personal trading activities in the early 1800s] [Note 6] Golovnin…provided an inventory of [trade] furnishings in the king’s “dining hall” (perhaps his mua or domestic shrine), where he held audience with important foreign visitors: [which included] a huge trunk containing hand weapons…several guns, cutlasses, and spears, [and] a ship’s cast iron stove…[Golovnin 1979: 182-83]”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 38]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, pp. 42-43]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 60]</a> Iron; copper; possibly other precious metals, including items such as nails, pots and pans, firearms and ammunition, and other types of tools and metal goods. “[Notes to Pages 190-207] [Referring to levels of technology in pre and post-contact Hawaii]…Hawaiian land use depended exclusively on a “Neolithic” technology in which the main agricultural tools were digging sticks and stone adzes for forest clearance. Lacking metal…there were limits to the Hawaiian farmers’ abilities to modify the landscape. With the introduction of metal tools in the post-contact era [largely via Europe], these limits did begin to be surpassed”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 236]</a> “In the early days of the fur trade [referring to the early C19], [Hawaiian] islanders were eager to exchange their goods for a few scraps of iron and nails [via foreign traders]. Before the Islands were united, their chiefs got arms and ammunition [via foreign traders] in exchange for their goods. […] Two months before he [Kamehameha] died, Kamehameha bought…eight thousand dollars worth of guns and ammunition [via trade with foreign traders]… […] [Referring to sandalwood being bartered for other goods] In the early years of trade [with foreign traders, c. early C19], Hawaiians were offered simple items such as bits of metal scraps and nails. […] [Referring to the introduction of new goods from Europe, the United States and China via the fur trade in the C19] Some imported haole [non-Hawaiian] goods were…nails…iron pots and pans…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, pp. 26-29]</a> “[Referring to the environment of ‘Old Hawaii’ but also relevant at the time of contact with Europeans from the late C18]…the most serious limitations were the absence of metals, such as copper and iron, in usable form… […] [Referring to the arrival of Captain James Cook in Hawaii via the Resolution and Discovery in early 1778]…the Hawaiians learned that the strangers [Cook and his party] had iron in abundance which they were willing to give in exchange for foodstuffs. The natives had only a few small bits of iron and were eager to get more of that precious metal…During the first day…[water and food was loaded on board the Resolution] by exchanges, chiefly for nails, and pieces of iron… […] [Referring to trade goods brought to Hawaii by foreigners from the late C18 to early C19] Firearms and gunpowder…iron tools…were introduced by the early traders and explorers. […] [Referring to Kamehameha’s preparation for an attack on Kauai]…through his [Kamehameha] trading operations he accumulated a large supply of muskets, cannons, and ammunition”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJP6A7XN\">[Kuykendall 1938, p. 4]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJP6A7XN\">[Kuykendall 1938, p. 13]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJP6A7XN\">[Kuykendall 1938, p. 28]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJP6A7XN\">[Kuykendall 1938, p. 48]</a> “[Referring to the Hawaiian monarchy’s interest in the trade of goods in the late C18] The iron goods that had been the initial European stock-in-trade during Cook’s voyage, particularly those of a domestic or utilitarian sort such as adzes and knives, quickly fell out of chiefly favor…The wars for supremacy put a premium on European arms and ammunition: [notably] muskets, powder and shot; swivels, cannon and ball. […] The vessel [referring to the Britannia, a small schooner constructed by Kamehameha and Vancouver] was taken to the invasion of O’ahu in 1795 under John Young, carrying 12 guns (three- to six-pounders), powder, shot, and other arms. (At least some of the guns came off the Fair American…)… […] [Referring to Kamehameha’s personal trading activities in the early 1800s] [Note 6] Golovnin…provided an inventory of [trade] furnishings in the king’s “dining hall” (perhaps his mua or domestic shrine), where he held audience with important foreign visitors: [which included] a huge trunk containing hand weapons…several guns, cutlasses, and spears, [and] a ship’s cast iron stove…[Golovnin 1979: 182-83]”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 38]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, pp. 42-43]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 60]</a> Iron; copper; possibly other precious metals, including items such as firearms and ammunition, and other types of metal goods. “Two months before he [Kamehameha] died, Kamehameha bought…eight thousand dollars worth of guns and ammunition…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, p. 27]</a> “[Referring to Kamehameha’s preparation for an attack on Kauai]…through his [Kamehameha] trading operations he accumulated a large supply of muskets, cannons, and ammunition”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJP6A7XN\">[Kuykendall 1938, p. 48]</a> “In 1789…Kamehameha had two cannon (two-pounders) and two swivels mounted in front of his house at Kealakekua (Mortimer 1791: 85). He was also accumulating muskets; Vancouver’s people saw 24 or 30…in the same house in 1793 (Menzies, journal, 24 Feb 1793; Bell 1929: 1(6): 78)…The vessel [referring to the Britannia, a small schooner constructed by Kamehameha and Vancouver] was taken to the invasion of O’ahu in 1795 under John Young, carrying 12 guns (three- to six-pounders), powder, shot, and other arms. (At least some of the guns came off the Fair American…). And so the contemporary accounts run, documenting Kamehameha’s progressive accumulation of armaments until, at the time he reoccupied O’ahu (1804), he had a reported arsenal of 600 muskets, 14 cannon, 40 swivels, and 6 small mortars (Lisiansky 1814: 33). Lisiansky reports this information from John Young, who…seems not to exaggerate, as Shaler in 1805 saw four hundred musketeers in a review of Kamehameha’s forces from the vicinity of Honolulu alone (Shaler 1808: 173, cf. 164)…[Referring to a shift in the Hawaiian monarchy’s interests from armaments to the development of a naval fleet] The armament trade was declining in favor of everything that had to do with shipping: building tools, bar iron…copper sheathing… […] [Referring to Kamehameha’s personal trading activities in the early 1800s] [Note 6] Golovnin…provided an inventory of [trade] furnishings in the king’s “dining hall” (perhaps his mua or domestic shrine), where he held audience with important foreign visitors: [which included] a huge trunk containing hand weapons…several guns, cutlasses, and spears, [and] a ship’s cast iron stove…[Golovnin 1979: 182-83]”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 43]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 60]</a> Iron; possibly other precious metals, including items such as firearms and ammunition, and various types of tools. “In the early days of the fur trade [referring to the early C19], [Hawaiian] islanders were eager to exchange their goods [with foreign traders] for a few scraps of iron and nails. Before the Islands were united, their chiefs got arms and ammunition in exchange for their goods”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, p. 26]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 148,
"polity": {
"id": 29,
"name": "us_oneota",
"long_name": "Oneota",
"start_year": 1400,
"end_year": 1650
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "Indigenous-manufactured copper ornaments and other copper artefacts, inferred as of high-value culturally and/or of high-quality in manufacture; brass and iron trade goods of various types manufactured in Europe i.e. France, inferred as of high-value according to their scarcity over this period. “[Referring to Oneota artefact assemblages discovered at archaeological sites at the Lake Koshkonong locality in southern Wisconsin, dating to the c.C11-15] A number of copper artifacts have been recovered from excavations at CBHC [Crescent Bay Hunt Club], Schmeling Carcajou Point, and KCV [Koshkonong Creek Village], and copious amounts have been collected through metal detection at the Crab Apple Point site (Pozza 2016, 2019). These may represent long-distance procurement or trade with groups in northeastern Wisconsin…(Hill and Jeske 2011). Alternatively, some or all may have been made from float copper, carried down by glaciers and left in glacial till”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GWVT6IXE\">[Edwards 2020, p. 191]</a> “[Referring to the discovery of Oneota artefact assemblages and use of copper in the Lake Koshkonong locality in southern Wisconsin between 1100-1400, which points to the likely presence of some or all of the following-mentioned artefacts in the succeeding period] Over 600 pieces of Oneota copper artifacts originating from four sites were documented and analyzed…These assemblages primarily included awls, beads, pendants…The data set also includes unique items, such as adzes and a copper mace. […] Copper appears in…Oneota contexts as both utilitarian and decorative [inferred as of higher value] items, and includes awls and other smaller tools, objects of personal adornment, and elaboratively embossed plates (Ehrhardt 2009; Hill 2006; Gibbon 1982; Overstreet 1997; Parkinson 2003; Sampson and Esarey 1993). Before copper fell out of favour and was replaced by European trade metals, ethnographers indicated that historic tribes…utilized copper objects and regarded the material as having religious significance (Radin 1970 [1923]; Trevelyan 2004). Some ethnographic accounts indicated that copper ornaments were used to identify prominent individuals and households…(Radin 1970 [1923]; Trevelyan 2004)…By using ethnographic analogy, the mythologies of historic Native American groups, and iconographic depictions found in the archaeological record, it has been speculated that the Oneota viewed copper as having cosmological connections to the underworld and its powerful spirits (Ben 1989; Martin 1999). Because of this ideological significance, it has also been said that copper was used by influential individuals to display their elevated status in the community (Benn 1989; Ehrhardt 2009). […] Copper was frequently used by the Oneota to create utilitarian and decorative [inferred as of higher value] items. Awls, needles, beads, and pendants are among the artifact types commonly found in Oneota contexts (Hill 2006; Jeske 2003; Overstreet 1997)…Some archaeometric work has been done with Oneota copper artifacts…[including the investigation of] copper deposits [exploited by Oneota people]…found in eastern Wisconsin and northern Wisconsin/Michigan…Since glacial till is commonly found in the Lake […] Koshkonong region, it is…likely that copper artifacts found at the Oneota sites in this area…utilized local float copper to manufacture objects (Schneider 2015). […] [Referring to ideological symbols present on Oneota copper artefacts including pendants, which]…demonstrate possible social interactions among the Koshkongong sites and with outside groups….The appearance of serpentine symbols on the material culture [including copper ware] of Oneota groups of various regions hints at the importance of this symbol for establishing a group identity both among clusters of sites and between regions”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PSR4EM72\">[Pozza 2016]</a> “[Referring to the emerging presence of European trade goods in the Oneota and neighbouring region in the period 1550-1650 CE] Competition among polities over European goods in the mid-continent began […] escalating in the early 17th century, when…polities became engaged, albeit distantly and marginally, in the fur, pelt…trade. While the flow of European goods into the interior was limited, consisting primarily of a few brass and iron objects…[such] trade goods…appear…as evidence of the developing and emerging exchange networks. Oneota (Siouan)…sites in northern Illinois reveal a…suite of early 17th century exchange goods, which occur in limited quantities (Mazrim and Esarey 2007, 185-6)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2K5NHDAU\">[Giles_Stauffer_Lambert 2022, p. 90]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2K5NHDAU\">[Giles_Stauffer_Lambert 2022, p. 92]</a> “[Referring earlier in the paragraph to evidence of French trade goods i.e. brass and iron beads, ornaments, bells, and tools in Tunican sites in Missouri and Arkansas acquired via the early fur trade] Oneota (Siouan)…sites in northern Illinois…reveal European artifact assemblages with a suite of similar French trade goods [to those present further south] that date between 1600 and 1650, occurring in small and limited amounts in Illinois (Mazrim and Esarey 2007: 185-186)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3FFU4ZKF\">[Ling_Chacon_Kristiansen 2022, p. 157]</a> Inferred present as per analysis of ethnographies of the Oneota region referred to in literature along with extant archaeological evidence, suggesting possible consumption by elite. Indigenous-manufactured copper ornaments and other copper artefacts, inferred as of high-value culturally and/or of high-quality in manufacture. “[Referring to Oneota artefact assemblages discovered at archaeological sites at the Lake Koshkonong locality in southern Wisconsin, dating to the c.C11-15] A number of copper artifacts have been recovered from excavations at CBHC [Crescent Bay Hunt Club], Schmeling Carcajou Point, and KCV [Koshkonong Creek Village], and copious amounts have been collected through metal detection at the Crab Apple Point site (Pozza 2016, 2019) [inferring possible consumption by elite and/or common people]”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GWVT6IXE\">[Edwards 2020, p. 191]</a> “[Referring to the discovery of Oneota artefact assemblages and use of copper in the Lake Koshkonong locality in southern Wisconsin between 1100-1400, which points to the likely presence of some or all of the following-mentioned artefacts in the succeeding period] Over 600 pieces of Oneota copper artifacts originating from four sites were documented and analyzed…These assemblages primarily included awls, beads, pendants…The data set also includes unique items, such as adzes and a copper mace [inferring possible consumption by elite and/or common people]. […] Copper appears in…Oneota contexts as both utilitarian and decorative [inferred as of higher value] items, and includes awls and other smaller tools, objects of personal adornment, and elaboratively embossed plates (Ehrhardt 2009; Hill 2006; Gibbon 1982; Overstreet 1997; Parkinson 2003; Sampson and Esarey 1993)…ethnographers indicated that historic tribes [including those in the Oneota region]…utilized copper objects and regarded the material as having religious significance (Radin 1970 [1923]; Trevelyan 2004). Some ethnographic accounts indicated that copper ornaments were used to identify prominent individuals and households…(Radin 1970 [1923]; Trevelyan 2004)…By using ethnographic analogy, the mythologies of historic Native American groups, and iconographic depictions found in the archaeological record, it has been speculated that the Oneota viewed copper as having cosmological connections to the underworld and its powerful spirits (Ben 1989; Martin 1999). Because of this ideological significance, it has also been said that copper was used by influential individuals to display their elevated status in the community (Benn 1989; Ehrhardt 2009). […] Copper was frequently used by the Oneota to create utilitarian and decorative [inferred as of higher value] items. Awls, needles, beads, and pendants are among the artifact types commonly found in Oneota contexts (Hill 2006; Jeske 2003; Overstreet 1997)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PSR4EM72\">[Pozza 2016]</a> Inferred present as per analysis of ethnographies of the Oneota region referred to in literature along with extant archaeological evidence, suggesting possible consumption by elite. Indigenous-manufactured copper ornaments and other copper artefacts, inferred as of high-value culturally and/or of high-quality in manufacture; brass and iron trade goods of various types manufactured in Europe i.e. France, inferred as of high-value according to their scarcity over this period. “[Referring to Oneota artefact assemblages discovered at archaeological sites at the Lake Koshkonong locality in southern Wisconsin, dating to the c.C11-15] A number of copper artifacts have been recovered from excavations at CBHC [Crescent Bay Hunt Club], Schmeling Carcajou Point, and KCV [Koshkonong Creek Village], and copious amounts have been collected through metal detection at the Crab Apple Point site (Pozza 2016, 2019) [inferring consumption by common people]”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GWVT6IXE\">[Edwards 2020, p. 191]</a> “[Referring to the discovery of Oneota artefact assemblages and use of copper in the Lake Koshkonong locality in southern Wisconsin between 1100-1400, which points to the likely presence of some or all of the following-mentioned artefacts in the succeeding period] Over 600 pieces of Oneota copper artifacts originating from four sites were documented and analyzed…These assemblages primarily included awls, beads, pendants…The data set also includes unique items, such as adzes and a copper mace [inferring consumption by common people]. […] Copper appears in…Oneota contexts as both utilitarian and decorative [inferred as of higher value] items, and includes awls and other smaller tools, objects of personal adornment, and elaboratively embossed plates (Ehrhardt 2009; Hill 2006; Gibbon 1982; Overstreet 1997; Parkinson 2003; Sampson and Esarey 1993)…ethnographers indicated that historic tribes [including those in the Oneota region]…utilized copper objects and regarded the material as having religious significance (Radin 1970 [1923]; Trevelyan 2004)…By using ethnographic analogy, the mythologies of historic Native American groups, and iconographic depictions found in the archaeological record, it has been speculated that the Oneota viewed copper as having cosmological connections to the underworld and its powerful spirits (Ben 1989; Martin 1999). […] Copper was frequently used by the Oneota to create utilitarian and decorative [inferred as of higher value] items. Awls, needles, beads, and pendants are among the artifact types commonly found in Oneota contexts (Hill 2006; Jeske 2003; Overstreet 1997). […] The appearance of serpentine [and other ideological] symbols on the material culture [including copper ware] of Oneota groups of various regions hints at the importance of this symbol for establishing a group identity both among clusters of sites and between regions”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PSR4EM72\">[Pozza 2016]</a> “[Referring to the emerging presence of European trade goods in the Oneota and neighbouring region in the period 1550-1650 CE]…the flow of European goods into the interior was limited, consisting primarily of a few brass and iron objects…Oneota (Siouan)…sites in northern Illinois reveal a…suite of early 17th century exchange goods, which occur in limited quantities (Mazrim and Esarey 2007, 185-6) [inferring at least some use by common people]”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2K5NHDAU\">[Giles_Stauffer_Lambert 2022, p. 92]</a> “[Referring earlier in the paragraph to evidence of French trade goods i.e. brass and iron beads, ornaments, bells, and tools in Tunican sites in Missouri and Arkansas acquired via the early fur trade] Oneota (Siouan)…sites in northern Illinois…reveal European artifact assemblages with a suite of similar French trade goods [to those present further south] that date between 1600 and 1650, occurring in small and limited amounts in Illinois (Mazrim and Esarey 2007: 185-186) [inferring at least some use by common people]”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3FFU4ZKF\">[Ling_Chacon_Kristiansen 2022, p. 157]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 149,
"polity": {
"id": 469,
"name": "uz_janid_dyn",
"long_name": "Khanate of Bukhara",
"start_year": 1599,
"end_year": 1747
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 469,
"name": "uz_janid_dyn",
"long_name": "Khanate of Bukhara",
"start_year": 1599,
"end_year": 1747
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "‘‘‘Gold, silver. “Historical sources refer to the use of gold and silver in the upper strata of society. Names of goldsmiths in Bukhara and Samarkand are known. In the second half of the sixteenth century, there was a ‘goldsmiths’ bazaar’ in Samarkand; in Bukhara, at the same time, a ‘goldsmiths’ mosque’; and in the late seventeenth–early eighteenth century in Bukhara, a ‘goldsmiths’ madrasa’ with a library” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RNSET6J7\">[Ivanov 2003, p. 639]</a> “Bukhara specialized in the manufacture of jewellery, weaponry, alācha (striped cotton and silk fabric) and wines of which it was said that ‘there were none stronger in all Transoxiana’. Especially renowned were the weapons made here, inlaid with jewels” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AJ87889I\">[Mukminova 2003, p. 43]</a> “Historical sources refer to the use of gold and silver in the upper strata of society. Names of goldsmiths in Bukhara and Samarkand are known. In the second half of the sixteenth century, there was a ‘goldsmiths’ bazaar’ in Samarkand; in Bukhara, at the same time, a ‘goldsmiths’ mosque’; and in the late seventeenth–early eighteenth century in Bukhara, a ‘goldsmiths’ madrasa’ with a library” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RNSET6J7\">[Ivanov 2003, p. 639]</a> “Historical sources refer to the use of gold and silver in the upper strata of society.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RNSET6J7\">[Ivanov 2003, p. 639]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 150,
"polity": {
"id": 370,
"name": "uz_timurid_emp",
"long_name": "Timurid Empire",
"start_year": 1370,
"end_year": 1526
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "present",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_precious_metal",
"which_metals": [],
"comment": "“The handicrafts of the period were characterized by the division of labour and a small commodity production which can roughly be divided as follows: articles intended to satisfy the needs of the numerous local urban inhabitants; articles for sale in the adjacent villages and nomad encampments; goods for the narrow aristocratic circle (such as costly fabrics, jewellery, some kinds of weapons and metal goods, rich clothes, splendid manuscripts, etc.); and products exported to foreign countries as well (fabrics, writing paper, weapons, ready-made clothes)\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CE66HCEQ\">[Ashrafyan_Asimov_Bosworth_C._E. 1998, p. 362]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}