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{
"id": 51,
"polity": {
"id": 242,
"name": "ml_songhai_2",
"long_name": "Songhai Empire - Askiya Dynasty",
"start_year": 1493,
"end_year": 1591
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "North Africa",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Certainly, the Songhai in any case managed to monopolise the Saharan caravan trade which brought rock salt and luxury goods like fine cloth, glassware, sugar, and horses to the Sudan region in exchange for gold, ivory, spices, kola nuts, hides, and slaves. Timbuktu, with a population of around 100,000 in the mid-15th century, continued to thrive as a trade 'port' and as a centre of learning into the 16th and 17th centuries when the city boasted many mosques and 150-180 Koranic schools.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/587CAWSP\">[Cissoko_Niane 1984]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 52,
"polity": {
"id": 444,
"name": "mn_zungharian_emp",
"long_name": "Zungharian Empire",
"start_year": 1670,
"end_year": 1757
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "’\" “Three copper Buddha statues, one silver Eight Auspicious Symbols, one set of red glassware with five offerings, one Laguri incense burner, a pair of cymbals, a pair of bowls, one set of bell hammers, one Gabula drum, a pair of white conch shells, a pair of Suona horns, a pair of gong clappers, a pair of large trumpets, and a pair of drums with accompanying drumsticks. (铜佛三尊、银八吉祥一分、套红玻璃五供一分、拉古里旙一件、铙一对、钵一对、铃杠一分、嘎布拉鼓一件、白海螺一对、唢哪一对、杠动一对、大号一对、鼓一对（随锤一对）。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F2VKTXUF\">[Editorial_Team 2005, p. 291]</a> Note: In the Palace Workshops, it was discovered that the imperial court had previously planned to reward Amursana with a set of \"Buddhist artifacts.\" These are the set of artifacts was divided into three wooden boxes wrapped in black felt for Amursana.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 53,
"polity": {
"id": 774,
"name": "mw_early_maravi",
"long_name": "Early Maravi",
"start_year": 1400,
"end_year": 1499
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 710,
"name": "tz_tana",
"long_name": "Classic Tana",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1498
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“There was some significant change, though, in the way of life of the people at Mankhamba during the fifteenth century, reflected in their use of glass beads from Asia. Some glass beads were also recovered by Davison at Namaso Bay in levels that were dated to the fifteenth century. These beads began to arrive in southern Africa during the first half of that century. The presence of the beads at Mankhamba suggests that the inhabitants of the site were already active players in long-distance trade by the fifteenth century.” […] “Thus, the extraordinary abundance of imported objects at Mankhamba makes the site unique. It shows that it was the Chewa who intensified long-distance trade in the area once they became firmly established at the site. Glass beads from Asia and Europe were one of the commodities obtained from Indian Ocean coastal traders.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WGKGFX2X\">[Juwayeyi 2020, p. 173]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WGKGFX2X\">[Juwayeyi 2020, p. 187]</a> “There was some significant change, though, in the way of life of the people at Mankhamba during the fifteenth century, reflected in their use of glass beads from Asia. Some glass beads were also recovered by Davison13 at Namaso Bay in levels that were dated to the fifteenth century. These beads began to arrive in southern Africa during the first half of that century. The presence of the beads at Mankhamba suggests that the inhabitants of the site were already active players in long-distance trade by the fifteenth century. As demonstrated in the following chapter, it was the secular leadership of the Maravi that coordinated long-distance trade. This evidence shows that the arrival of the Maravi at Mankhamba dates to at least the first half of the fifteenth century.” […] “Early Portuguese records show that the beads originated in India. At least two Indian ports, Cambay on the west coast and Nagapattinam (previously spelled Negapatam) on the south-east coast of India, were the major export centres of the beads.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WGKGFX2X\">[Juwayeyi 2020, p. 173]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WGKGFX2X\">[Juwayeyi 2020, pp. 187-188]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 54,
"polity": {
"id": 773,
"name": "mw_pre_maravi",
"long_name": "Pre-Maravi",
"start_year": 1151,
"end_year": 1399
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Southern Zambezia",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Commenting on the nature and intensity of the trade in southern Zambezia, Chirikure pointed out that imported items, such as glass beads, cowrie shells and bronze items began to appear before ad 900. The earliest glass beads were recovered at many archaeological sites, including Chibuene in southern Mozambique, Makuru in south-central Zimbabwe, Schroda in the Limpopo River Valley, and at sites in northeastern Botswana. They belong to a time that archaeologists refer to as the Zhizo period, dated between ad 600 and 900.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WGKGFX2X\">[Juwayeyi 2020, p. 186]</a> “Commenting on the nature and intensity of the trade in southern Zambezia, Chirikure pointed out that imported items, such as glass beads, cowrie shells and bronze items began to appear before ad 900. The earliest glass beads were recovered at many archaeological sites, including Chibuene in southern Mozambique, Makuru in south-central Zimbabwe, Schroda in the Limpopo River Valley, and at sites in northeastern Botswana.3 They belong to a time that archaeologists refer to as the Zhizo period, dated between ad 600 and 900.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WGKGFX2X\">[Juwayeyi 2020, p. 186]</a> “The distribution of the sites shows that both the elite and ordinary people in southern Zambezia participated in the trade.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WGKGFX2X\">[Juwayeyi 2020, p. 186]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 55,
"polity": {
"id": 659,
"name": "ni_allada_k",
"long_name": "Allada",
"start_year": 1100,
"end_year": 1724
},
"year_from": 1651,
"year_to": 1724,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a very rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed. “As status markers, tobacco and pipes were integrated into religious practices. Along with other European items such as glass bottles and beads, pipes became standard burial effects in upper-class graves and were employed during ritual offerings to Vodun deities.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 130]</a> “According to Muller, one way to tell \"low-status\" men and women from \"distinguished gentlemen\" and \"important ladies\" was by the beads they wore. Ordinary men had \"poor-quality\" beads round their necks; grandees sported gold beads an aggrey beads (prized ornaments of West African origin) in their hair a beards, and on their necks, arms, hands and legs. Ordinary women might \"hang just one large blue bead\" in their hair and had strings of \"common\" beads round their necks, arms and legs. Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair and adorned their neck with \"all kinds of beads-blue, red, brown, white, yellow.\"' Some Africanists sneer at the glass beads Europe brought to Africa. But the vital measure of personal ornaments is surely the pleasure charms they set off, not their cost of production. To call cheap but pretty beads rubbish is to see them through the eyes of a Western sophisticate, not those of an African consumer. \"Genuine value,\" Lewis Mumford \"lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be than a diamond. […] real crystal beads as well as fake ones were brought to the coast of Kwaland, though obviously as presents or for sale to the elite. Crystal earrings are mentioned too. […] These were the status symbols, the privileges of rank and wealth that propped up the egos of African kings, chiefs, grandees, and rich helping to set them apart from the common folk. The roster of trappings would be long: […] glassware” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 23]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 29]</a> “According to Muller, one way to tell \"low-status\" men and women from \"distinguished gentlemen\" and \"important ladies\" was by the beads they wore. Ordinary men had \"poor-quality\" beads round their necks; grandees sported gold beads an aggrey beads (prized ornaments of West African origin) in their hair a beards, and on their necks, arms, hands and legs. Ordinary women might \"hang just one large blue bead\" in their hair and had strings of \"common\" beads round their necks, arms and legs. Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair and adorned their neck with \"all kinds of beads-blue, red, brown, white, yellow.\"' Some Africanists sneer at the glass beads Europe brought to Africa. But the vital measure of personal ornaments is surely the pleasure charms they set off, not their cost of production. To call cheap but pretty beads rubbish is to see them through the eyes of a Western sophisticate, not those of an African consumer. \"Genuine value,\" Lewis Mumford \"lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be than a diamond. […] real crystal beads as well as fake ones were brought to the coast of Kwaland, though obviously as presents or for sale to the elite. Crystal earrings are mentioned too.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 23]</a> “According to Muller, one way to tell \"low-status\" men and women at Fetu from \"distinguished gentlemen\" and \"important ladies\" was by the beads they wore. Ordinary men had \"poor-quality\" beads round their necks; grandees sported gold beads an aggrey beads (prized ornaments of West African origin) in their hair a beards, and on their necks, arms, hands and legs. Ordinary women might \"hang just one large blue bead\" in their hair and had strings of \"common\" beads round their necks, arms and legs. Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair and adorned their neck with \"all kinds of beads-blue, red, brown, white, yellow.\"' Some Africanists sneer at the glass beads Europe brought to Africa. But the vital measure of personal ornaments is surely the pleasure charms they set off, not their cost of production. To call cheap but pretty beads rubbish is to see them through the eyes of a Western sophisticate, not those of an African consumer. \"Genuine value,\" Lewis Mumford \"lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be than a diamond. […] real crystal beads as well as fake ones were brought to the coast of Kwaland, though obviously as presents or for sale to the elite. Crystal earrings are mentioned too.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 23]</a> NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a very rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed. “According to Muller, one way to tell \"low-status\" men and women at Fetu from \"distinguished gentlemen\" and \"important ladies\" was by the beads they wore. Ordinary men had \"poor-quality\" beads round their necks; grandees sported gold beads an aggrey beads (prized ornaments of West African origin) in their hair a beards, and on their necks, arms, hands and legs. Ordinary women might \"hang just one large blue bead\" in their hair and had strings of \"common\" beads round their necks, arms and legs. Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair and adorned their neck with \"all kinds of beads-blue, red, brown, white, yellow.\"' Some Africanists sneer at the glass beads Europe brought to Africa. But the vital measure of personal ornaments is surely the pleasure charms they set off, not their cost of production. To call cheap but pretty beads rubbish is to see them through the eyes of a Western sophisticate, not those of an African consumer. \"Genuine value,\" Lewis Mumford \"lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be than a diamond. […] real crystal beads as well as fake ones were brought to the coast of Kwaland, though obviously as presents or for sale to the elite. Crystal earrings are mentioned too.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 23]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 56,
"polity": {
"id": 669,
"name": "ni_hausa_k",
"long_name": "Hausa bakwai",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1808
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“The Sahara and Azbin sent Arab and European goods to these markets, including mirrors and paper, but particularly horses (the dan Azbin breed, also called bagazam, from Azbin), camels, dates, henna, salt (palma after the city of Bilma), swords and other articles. Part of the salt and sword consignments were in transit and bound ultimately for the south. In return, Hausaland supplied them with slaves, clothes, fabrics, millet, hides, iron, gold dust and kola nuts from Gwanja.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SJ8JS6WR\">[bookSection_The Hausa States]</a> “A reconnaissance carried out in 1970 by Ade Obayemi of ABU’s History Department was followed by rapid excavations at Maleh, which was known by the local people, who quarried the site for building clay, as the location of the old capital Birnin Leka (Obayemi 1977). Excavations cut through three superimposed floors, of which the two lowest were paved with sherds placed flat on their concave side, while the uppermost was made of laterite and gravel. A stone well was uncovered and finds included finely decorated pipes, fragments of glass bracelets, white and multi-coloured glass beads and cowries.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FFTMGRWN\">[Sule_Haour 2014, p. 451]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 57,
"polity": {
"id": 660,
"name": "ni_igodomingodo",
"long_name": "Igodomingodo",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1450
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“The time of the so-called “1st (Ogiso) Dynasty” probably the early 10th first half of 12th centuries, is one of the most mysterious pages of the Benin history. The sources on this period are not abundant. Furthermore, it is obvious that archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence, rather scarce, should be supplemented by an analysis of different records of the oral historical tradition while it is well known that this kind of source is not very much reliable. However, on the other hand, it is generally recognized that it is unreasonable to discredit it completely. Though Benin students have confirmed this conclusion and demonstrated some possibilities of verifying and correcting its evidence, a reconstruction of the early Benin history will inevitably contain many hypothetical suggestions and not so many firm conclusions.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P4DQ36NB\">[Bondarenko_Roese 2001, pp. 185-186]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 58,
"polity": {
"id": 612,
"name": "ni_nok_1",
"long_name": "Middle and Late Nok",
"start_year": -1500,
"end_year": -901
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 59,
"polity": {
"id": 615,
"name": "ni_nok_2",
"long_name": "Middle and Late Nok",
"start_year": -900,
"end_year": 0
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 60,
"polity": {
"id": 668,
"name": "ni_nri_k",
"long_name": "Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì",
"start_year": 1043,
"end_year": 1911
},
"year_from": 1651,
"year_to": 1911,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“As status markers, tobacco and pipes were integrated into religious practices. Along with other European items such as glass bottles and beads, pipes became standard burial effects in upper-class graves and were employed during ritual offerings to Vodun deities.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 130]</a> “According to Muller, one way to tell \"low-status\" men and women from \"distinguished gentlemen\" and \"important ladies\" was by the beads they wore. Ordinary men had \"poor-quality\" beads round their necks; grandees sported gold beads an aggrey beads (prized ornaments of West African origin) in their hair a beards, and on their necks, arms, hands and legs. Ordinary women might \"hang just one large blue bead\" in their hair and had strings of \"common\" beads round their necks, arms and legs. Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair and adorned their neck with \"all kinds of beads-blue, red, brown, white, yellow.\"' Some Africanists sneer at the glass beads Europe brought to Africa. But the vital measure of personal ornaments is surely the pleasure charms they set off, not their cost of production. To call cheap but pretty beads rubbish is to see them through the eyes of a Western sophisticate, not those of an African consumer. \"Genuine value,\" Lewis Mumford \"lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be than a diamond. […] real crystal beads as well as fake ones were brought to the coast of Kwaland, though obviously as presents or for sale to the elite. Crystal earrings are mentioned too. […] These were the status symbols, the privileges of rank and wealth that propped up the egos of African kings, chiefs, grandees, and rich helping to set them apart from the common folk. The roster of trappings would be long: […] glassware” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 23]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 29]</a> NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed, based on the fact that “[i]n the late seventeenth century, there was a rise in the relative importance of slaves from sources from north of the Equator, as opposed to from Angola. […] The Bight of Benin, where Anecho became a Portuguese base in 1645, and Whydah an English one in 1672, was of particular importance for slave exports from West Africa.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NMC66GR7\">[Black 2015, p. 49]</a> “According to Muller, one way to tell \"low-status\" men and women from \"distinguished gentlemen\" and \"important ladies\" was by the beads they wore. Ordinary men had \"poor-quality\" beads round their necks; grandees sported gold beads an aggrey beads (prized ornaments of West African origin) in their hair a beards, and on their necks, arms, hands and legs. Ordinary women might \"hang just one large blue bead\" in their hair and had strings of \"common\" beads round their necks, arms and legs. Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair and adorned their neck with \"all kinds of beads-blue, red, brown, white, yellow.\"' Some Africanists sneer at the glass beads Europe brought to Africa. But the vital measure of personal ornaments is surely the pleasure charms they set off, not their cost of production. To call cheap but pretty beads rubbish is to see them through the eyes of a Western sophisticate, not those of an African consumer. \"Genuine value,\" Lewis Mumford \"lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be than a diamond. […] real crystal beads as well as fake ones were brought to the coast of Kwaland, though obviously as presents or for sale to the elite. Crystal earrings are mentioned too.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 23]</a> “According to Muller, one way to tell \"low-status\" men and women at Fetu from \"distinguished gentlemen\" and \"important ladies\" was by the beads they wore. Ordinary men had \"poor-quality\" beads round their necks; grandees sported gold beads an aggrey beads (prized ornaments of West African origin) in their hair a beards, and on their necks, arms, hands and legs. Ordinary women might \"hang just one large blue bead\" in their hair and had strings of \"common\" beads round their necks, arms and legs. Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair and adorned their neck with \"all kinds of beads-blue, red, brown, white, yellow.\"' Some Africanists sneer at the glass beads Europe brought to Africa. But the vital measure of personal ornaments is surely the pleasure charms they set off, not their cost of production. To call cheap but pretty beads rubbish is to see them through the eyes of a Western sophisticate, not those of an African consumer. \"Genuine value,\" Lewis Mumford \"lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be than a diamond. […] real crystal beads as well as fake ones were brought to the coast of Kwaland, though obviously as presents or for sale to the elite. Crystal earrings are mentioned too.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 23]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 61,
"polity": {
"id": 663,
"name": "ni_oyo_emp_1",
"long_name": "Oyo",
"start_year": 1300,
"end_year": 1535
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "\"Contexts that could shed light on the dynamics of social structure and hierarchies in the metropolis, such as the royal burial site of Oyo monarchs and the residences of the elite population, have not been investigated. The mapping of the palace structures has not been followed by systematic excavations (Soper, 1992); and questions of the economy, military system, and ideology of the empire have not been addressed archaeologically, although their general patterns are known from historical studies (e.g, Johnson, 1921; Law, 1977).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PK7F26DP\">[Ogundiran 2005, pp. 151-152]</a> Regarding this period, however, one of the historical studies mentioned in this quote also notes: \"Of the earliest period of Oyo history, before the sixteenth century, very little is known.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB32ZPCF\">[Law 1977, p. 33]</a> Law does not then go on to provide specific information directly relevant to this variable.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 62,
"polity": {
"id": 662,
"name": "ni_whydah_k",
"long_name": "Whydah",
"start_year": 1671,
"end_year": 1727
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“As status markers, tobacco and pipes were integrated into religious practices. Along with other European items such as glass bottles and beads, pipes became standard burial effects in upper-class graves and were employed during ritual offerings to Vodun deities.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 130]</a> “According to Muller, one way to tell \"low-status\" men and women from \"distinguished gentlemen\" and \"important ladies\" was by the beads they wore. Ordinary men had \"poor-quality\" beads round their necks; grandees sported gold beads an aggrey beads (prized ornaments of West African origin) in their hair a beards, and on their necks, arms, hands and legs. Ordinary women might \"hang just one large blue bead\" in their hair and had strings of \"common\" beads round their necks, arms and legs. Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair and adorned their neck with \"all kinds of beads-blue, red, brown, white, yellow.\"' Some Africanists sneer at the glass beads Europe brought to Africa. But the vital measure of personal ornaments is surely the pleasure charms they set off, not their cost of production. To call cheap but pretty beads rubbish is to see them through the eyes of a Western sophisticate, not those of an African consumer. \"Genuine value,\" Lewis Mumford \"lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be than a diamond. […] real crystal beads as well as fake ones were brought to the coast of Kwaland, though obviously as presents or for sale to the elite. Crystal earrings are mentioned too. […] These were the status symbols, the privileges of rank and wealth that propped up the egos of African kings, chiefs, grandees, and rich helping to set them apart from the common folk. The roster of trappings would be long: […] glassware” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 23]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 29]</a> “According to Muller, one way to tell \"low-status\" men and women from \"distinguished gentlemen\" and \"important ladies\" was by the beads they wore. Ordinary men had \"poor-quality\" beads round their necks; grandees sported gold beads an aggrey beads (prized ornaments of West African origin) in their hair a beards, and on their necks, arms, hands and legs. Ordinary women might \"hang just one large blue bead\" in their hair and had strings of \"common\" beads round their necks, arms and legs. Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair and adorned their neck with \"all kinds of beads-blue, red, brown, white, yellow.\"' Some Africanists sneer at the glass beads Europe brought to Africa. But the vital measure of personal ornaments is surely the pleasure charms they set off, not their cost of production. To call cheap but pretty beads rubbish is to see them through the eyes of a Western sophisticate, not those of an African consumer. \"Genuine value,\" Lewis Mumford \"lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be than a diamond. […] real crystal beads as well as fake ones were brought to the coast of Kwaland, though obviously as presents or for sale to the elite. Crystal earrings are mentioned too.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 23]</a> “According to Muller, one way to tell \"low-status\" men and women at Fetu from \"distinguished gentlemen\" and \"important ladies\" was by the beads they wore. Ordinary men had \"poor-quality\" beads round their necks; grandees sported gold beads an aggrey beads (prized ornaments of West African origin) in their hair a beards, and on their necks, arms, hands and legs. Ordinary women might \"hang just one large blue bead\" in their hair and had strings of \"common\" beads round their necks, arms and legs. Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair and adorned their neck with \"all kinds of beads-blue, red, brown, white, yellow.\"' Some Africanists sneer at the glass beads Europe brought to Africa. But the vital measure of personal ornaments is surely the pleasure charms they set off, not their cost of production. To call cheap but pretty beads rubbish is to see them through the eyes of a Western sophisticate, not those of an African consumer. \"Genuine value,\" Lewis Mumford \"lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be than a diamond. […] real crystal beads as well as fake ones were brought to the coast of Kwaland, though obviously as presents or for sale to the elite. Crystal earrings are mentioned too.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 23]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 63,
"polity": {
"id": 446,
"name": "pg_orokaiva_colonial",
"long_name": "Orokaiva - Colonial",
"start_year": 1884,
"end_year": 1942
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "British Empire; Australia",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Mirrors; glass beads. “[Referring to research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925, and here noting the change in face painting methods from the use of traditional to ‘luxury’ trade goods i.e. goods that were difficult to acquire but highly coveted during the early part of the contact period in particular] Nowadays he [Orokaiva people] uses a trade mirror [acquired via European contacts]; formerly he poured water into a wooden bowl (teva) or one of those stone mortars which are still to be found in the Northern Division, and for which this use, viz. that of a mirror, is the only explanation a native can offer”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3T4XXPM3\">[Williams 1969, p. 37]</a> “[Referring to contact with Europeans from the mid-1880s] The missionaries were most likely to handle threatening situations by giving goods such as…[glass trade] beads and mirrors [via Europe]…Desire for Western goods was…an extremely important element in the initial contact phase”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KECWNXTU\">[Newton 1985, p. 30]</a> Mirrors; glass beads. “[Referring to research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925, and here noting the change in face painting methods from the use of traditional to ‘luxury’ trade goods i.e. goods that were difficult to acquire but highly coveted during the early part of the contact period in particular] Nowadays he [Orokaiva people] uses a trade mirror [acquired via European contacts]…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3T4XXPM3\">[Williams 1969, p. 37]</a> Main contact polities for Western goods inferred from colonial rulers. “In response to Australian pressure, the British government annexed Papua in 1888. Gold was discovered shortly thereafter, resulting in a major movement of prospectors and miners to what was then the Northern District. Relations with the Papuans were bad from the start, and there were numerous killings on both sides. The Protectorate of British New Guinea became Australian territory by the passing of the Papua Act of 1905 by the Commonwealth Government of Australia. The new administration adopted a policy of peaceful penetration, and many measures of social and economic national development were introduced. Local control was in the hands of village constables, paid servants of the Crown. Chosen by European officers, they were intermediaries between the government and the people.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/V2AK2FR7\">[Latham_Beierle 2004]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 64,
"polity": {
"id": 445,
"name": "pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial",
"long_name": "Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial",
"start_year": 1734,
"end_year": 1883
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "The following quote suggests that glass goods were absent in the pre-colonial period. “[Referring to research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925, and here noting the change in face painting methods from the use of traditional to ‘luxury’ trade goods i.e. goods that were difficult to acquire but highly coveted especially in the early part of the contact period of around the mid-1880s onwards] Nowadays he [Orokaiva people] uses a trade mirror [acquired via European contacts]; formerly he poured water into a wooden bowl (teva) or one of those stone mortars which are still to be found in the Northern Division, and for which this use, viz. that of a mirror, is the only explanation a native can offer”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3T4XXPM3\">[Williams 1969, p. 37]</a> “[Referring to contact with Europeans from around the mid-1880s] The missionaries were most likely to handle threatening situations by giving goods such as…[glass trade] beads and mirrors [via Europe]…Desire for Western goods [not before available] was…an extremely important element in the initial contact phase”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KECWNXTU\">[Newton 1985, p. 30]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 65,
"polity": {
"id": 136,
"name": "pk_samma_dyn",
"long_name": "Sind - Samma Dynasty",
"start_year": 1335,
"end_year": 1521
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 136,
"name": "pk_samma_dyn",
"long_name": "Sind - Samma Dynasty",
"start_year": 1335,
"end_year": 1521
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Inferred from the presence of luxury glass goods for elites in the preceding Soomra period. “Glass is made by fusing silica (sand) with soda or potash or both, a process which was discovered accidentally by explorers in the sixteenth century while cooking food. Later on barium oxide, flint, lead oxide and brosilicate were added to prepare ovenware. It was toughened by rapid cooling. Glass crystals were found in hills, were collected and fused to make different ware. It was also used in ornaments. Glass pieces resembling to bangles have been recovered from surface collection of Soomra sites. Glass jars, jugs and other decorative stuff were luxury items among the elite and were imported during the Habaris’ rule of Sindh, which also continued during the Soomra rule, as surface findings show”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K3KQKUXA\">[Panhwar 2003, p. 210]</a> “Separate areas were earmarked for production of materials of everyday use. Ivory, pottery, beads, coins and glassware were manufactured at Mansura as at Banbhore”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K3KQKUXA\">[Panhwar 2003, p. 100]</a> “Glass crystals were found in hills, were collected and fused to make different ware. It was also used in ornaments. Glass pieces resembling to bangles have been recovered from surface collection of Soomra sites. Glass jars, jugs and other decorative stuff were luxury items among the elite and were imported during the Habaris’ rule of Sindh, which also continued during the Soomra rule, as surface findings show”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K3KQKUXA\">[Panhwar 2003, p. 210]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 66,
"polity": {
"id": 133,
"name": "pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid",
"long_name": "Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period",
"start_year": 854,
"end_year": 1193
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Incised glass vessels start to appear at Bet Shean in the Umayyad period, but they are more widespread in the Abbasid-Fatimid periods…Two sherds from the Umayyad period and twenty vessels from the Abbasid-Fatimid periods were discovered at Bet Shean”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PV7GTZP8\">[Hadad 2000, p. 63]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 67,
"polity": {
"id": 708,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period",
"start_year": 1495,
"end_year": 1579
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 708,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period",
"start_year": 1495,
"end_year": 1579
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Sources do record some artisan glass-blowers as early as the fifteenth century, working in Lisbon and Santarém, but the most important factories were in Coina (Aldeia Galega) and Oliveira de Azeméis (Côvo).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VUQ9UWZP\">[Freire_Costa_Lains_Münch_Miranda 2016, p. 73]</a> “In order to gain an idea of the international quality of such goods, let us join that lisboeta as he inspected the cargoes being unloaded on the wharves of Lisbon in the 1550s… Commercialrivalries notwithstanding, from Venice came velvets, silks, apparel, glass beads, and faience… Channelled to Lisbon through Antwerp and later Amsterdam were Nurnberg copper utensils, brassware and glass beads from Germany,” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SWIK4JIU\">[Russell-Wood 1998, pp. 124-125]</a> > “In order to gain an idea of the international quality of such goods, let us join that lisboeta as he inspected the cargoes being unloaded on the wharves of Lisbon in the 1550s… Commercial rivalries notwithstanding, from Venice came velvets, silks, apparel, glass beads, and faience… Channelled to Lisbon through Antwerp and later Amsterdam were Nurnberg copper utensils, brassware and glass beads from Germany,” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SWIK4JIU\">[Russell-Wood 1998, pp. 124-125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 68,
"polity": {
"id": 709,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern",
"start_year": 1640,
"end_year": 1806
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 709,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern",
"start_year": 1640,
"end_year": 1806
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Glassware; crystal; plate glass. “Overall, some 200 manufacturing businesses were created in Portugal during the 1770s. A few were run directly by the crown, but most were privately owned though often in receipt of state aid… The largest single entity was the glass factory, which employed some 550 workers.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009, p. 291]</a> On August 9, 1692, D. Pedro 11 annulled certain provisions of the 1686 pragmatica, thereby acknowledging that Portuguese production of hats, black cloth, glass, and other manufactured items was insufficient to meet demand.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WC4T982R\">[Hanson 1981, p. 267]</a> “Nevertheless, beginning in 1670, both domestic and foreign artisans and merchants joined their efforts in various industrial projects. Late in that year, Venetian master glaziers contributed their expertise to help two Portuguese entrepreneurs construct a furnace in Lisbon for the production of glassware, crystal, and plate glass.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WC4T982R\">[Hanson 1981, p. 164]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 69,
"polity": {
"id": 694,
"name": "rw_bugesera_k",
"long_name": "Bugesera",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1799
},
"year_from": 1801,
"year_to": 1897,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a> “Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 70,
"polity": {
"id": 692,
"name": "rw_gisaka_k",
"long_name": "Gisaka",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1867
},
"year_from": 1801,
"year_to": 1897,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a> “Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 71,
"polity": {
"id": 691,
"name": "rw_mubari_k",
"long_name": "Mubari",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1896
},
"year_from": 1801,
"year_to": 1897,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a> “Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 72,
"polity": {
"id": 689,
"name": "rw_ndorwa_k",
"long_name": "Ndorwa",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1800
},
"year_from": 1801,
"year_to": 1897,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a> “Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 73,
"polity": {
"id": 687,
"name": "Early Niynginya",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Nyinginya",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1897
},
"year_from": 1801,
"year_to": 1897,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a> “Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 74,
"polity": {
"id": 638,
"name": "so_tunni_sultanate",
"long_name": "Tunni Sultanate",
"start_year": 800,
"end_year": 1200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "‘‘‘ The Tunni Sultanate appears to be an especially obscure polity, with barely information easily available on it anywhere in the relevant literature.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 75,
"polity": {
"id": 44,
"name": "th_ayutthaya",
"long_name": "Ayutthaya",
"start_year": 1593,
"end_year": 1767
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "‘’The prosperity of the nobility is evident from the variety of luxury goods in the capital’s markets… The well-off and status-conscious consumer could choose among betel bags in wool and silk… wool pouches for betelnut embroidered in gold and embellished with glass; ordinary betel pouches; pouches for tobacco embroidered in gold embellished with glass; ordinary tobacco pouches; and pan leaf holders in various colors.’’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IGUABSUR\">[Baker_Phongpaichit 2017]</a> “The prosperity of the nobility is evident from the variety of luxury goods in the capital’s markets… The well-off and statusconscious consumer could choose among betel bags in wool and silk… wool pouches for betelnut embroidered in gold and embellished with glass; ordinary betel pouches; pouches for tobacco embroidered in gold embellished with glass; ordinary tobacco pouches; and pan leaf holders in various colors.’’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IGUABSUR\">[Baker_Phongpaichit 2017]</a> ‘’The prosperity of the nobility is evident from the variety of luxury goods in the capital’s markets… The well-off and statusconscious consumer could choose among betel bags in wool and silk… wool pouches for betelnut embroidered in gold and embellished with glass; ordinary betel pouches; pouches for tobacco embroidered in gold embellished with glass; ordinary tobacco pouches; and pan leaf holders in various colors.’’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IGUABSUR\">[Baker_Phongpaichit 2017]</a> ‘’’ The following seems to imply that luxury glass goods were exclusive to the elites. “The prosperity of the nobility is evident from the variety of luxury goods in the capital’s markets… The well-off and statusconscious consumer could choose among betel bags in wool and silk… wool pouches for betelnut embroidered in gold and embellished with glass; ordinary betel pouches; pouches for tobacco embroidered in gold embellished with glass; ordinary tobacco pouches; and pan leaf holders in various colors.’’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IGUABSUR\">[Baker_Phongpaichit 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 76,
"polity": {
"id": 175,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire II",
"start_year": 1517,
"end_year": 1683
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 545,
"name": "it_venetian_rep_4",
"long_name": "Republic of Venice IV",
"start_year": 1564,
"end_year": 1797
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Gifts were another important element of Venetian diplomacy. Inventories indicate that luxurious cloths were most common, but other items included “soap bubbles, small paintings, perfumes, gloves, eyeglasses, mirrors, chests”” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NGNJQJV9\">[Dursteler 0, p. 169]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 77,
"polity": {
"id": 177,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV",
"start_year": 1839,
"end_year": 1922
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "The following quote suggests that luxury glass goods circulated within the Ottoman Empire at this time, and indeed where exported outside of the empire in exchange for other luxury goods. “The regions lying west of Iran were important traditional markets for Iranian goods and during the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century Iran's trade with Turkish Anatolia and Mesopotamia was still very considerable. Iran exported to the Ottoman Empire Indian indigo, Kashmir shawls, silk, gold cloth, printed and flowered Isfahani cloth, coarse printed cloth, cotton, lambskins, tobacco, saffron, gum ammoniac, cochineal and rhubarb. Most of these goods found their way to Istanbul and many must have been re-exported to various European countries. These goods were paid for in velvet, tabbies (coarse watered silk), French and Venetian woollens and other European cloth, lace and gold thread, cloth from Aleppo and Damascus, glassware (including painted glass), mirrors, iron, steel, hardware, opium, wood for dyeing, vermilion, white lead, coral, amber and jewels […].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CS9K7MKS\">[Hambly, 1964, pp. 78-79]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 78,
"polity": {
"id": 696,
"name": "tz_buhayo_k",
"long_name": "Buhaya",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1890
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include anything made of glass as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 79,
"polity": {
"id": 716,
"name": "tz_early_tana_1",
"long_name": "Early Tana 1",
"start_year": 500,
"end_year": 749
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Thus most of the glass beads recovered from Unguja Ukuu were made either of a South Asian mineral-soda fluxed glass (m-Na-Al 1) – most likely from Sri Lanka – or a plant-ash glass (v-Na-Ca) made in the Middle East, probably in the Persian Gulf region..” […] “Recent research including chemical analysis of the glass has demonstrated that, indeed, most of the small drawn monochrome beads from pre-European contexts in eastern Africa came from South Asia (Dussubieux et al. 2008: 798; P. Robertshaw, personal communication), as did many wound monochrome beads.” […] “This study of glass beads brought to Africa’s east coast, from the earliest securely identified examples to the arrival of European beads in the seventeenth century ce, provides us with new insights into Indian Ocean trade with eastern Africa. Unguja Ukuu, Zanzibar, has produced the earliest securely identified glass beads, dating from between the seventh and tenth centuries ce. Probably the first to arrive, made of a mineral-soda high-alumina glass, came from South Asia, possibly from Mantai, Sri Lanka. They were followed before long by beads made of a plant-ash glass mainly produced in the Iran/Iraq region, but most of the beads were probably manufactured elsewhere, some possibly in Thailand. Thus the early bead trade appears to have come mainly from, or through, southern South Asia.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RNWBPSC4\">[Wood 2018, pp. 458-459]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RNWBPSC4\">[Wood 2018, p. 464]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RNWBPSC4\">[Wood 2018, p. 468]</a> “Other high-quality materials were green and clear glass beakers and bowls. This glass has been recorded at Susa and Siraf, in modern Iran, and Samarra and Tell Abu Sarifa, in Iraq. Their location of manufacture has not been established, with the distribution around the Persian Gulf suggesting manufacture in several places. However, identical beakers and bowls have been found at Fustat, in Egypt.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EEK9BPGI\">[Pollard_Kinyera 2017, p. 934]</a> “Archaeological evidence reveals that long-distance trade in luxury goods was a feature of coastal life before it was densely settled, and before Islam became a factor in trade relations (e.g., Casson 1989; Chami and Msemwa 1997; Juma 2004). So too was local manufacturing, including the working of metals (e.g., gold, copper and its alloys), stone (e.g., rock crystal, carnelian), and fibers (e.g., cotton) part of coastal life, such that for a number of classes of elite objects, local craftsmanship which developed from a knowledge of the import must be considered (see Table 1).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CQWNU8VF\">[LaViolette 2008, pp. 33-34]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 80,
"polity": {
"id": 717,
"name": "tz_early_tana_2",
"long_name": "Early Tana 2",
"start_year": 750,
"end_year": 999
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Extensive excavations at Shanga in the Lamu Archipelago (Map 2, p. xxiii) (mid-eighth to midfourteenth century ce; Horton 1996, Horton, this volume), where deposits were sieved with 5 mm mesh, produced just 33 glass beads from pre-eleventh-century levels.” […] “At Manda, also in the Lamu Archipelago (Map 2, p. xxiii) (Kusimba et al., this volume), the beads from Chittick’s 1970s excavations (Chittick 1984) were studied by Helen Morrison (1984). Period I (mid-ninth to early eleventh centuries) produced 79 glass beads, of which 55 were drawn and 24 wound.” […] “In Madagascar, two excavated sites with late first-millennium ce components have produced glass beads. In the northwest, Phase Ia at Mahilaka (Radimilahy, this volume) produced 157 initially dated to the late-ninth to early-tenth centuries (Radimilahy 1998: 183). Subsequent examination based on morphology and LA-ICP-MS analysis suggests the beads actually postdate the mid-tenth century (Robertshaw et al. 2006). In the northeast, the eighth- to twelfth/ thirteenth-century site of Sandrakatsy produced 37 large, drawn tubular yellow beads from an undated pit (Wright and Fanony 1992: 32–3). They formed part of a cache that included 17 spherical carnelian beads, two spherical gold beads, and one of silver. It appears likely that this cache dates toward the later end of the site’s time span, based partially on the observation that at Mahilaka the association of carnelian beads with glass beads is a Phase II (thirteenth–fifteenth century) phenomenon. This combination is also frequently found in burials at the thirteenth to sixteenth site of Vohemar (Rasoarifetra 2000).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RNWBPSC4\">[Wood 2018, pp. 461-462]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RNWBPSC4\">[Wood 2018, p. 468]</a> “Other high-quality materials were green and clear glass beakers and bowls. This glass has been recorded at Susa and Siraf, in modern Iran, and Samarra and Tell Abu Sarifa, in Iraq. Their location of manufacture has not been established, with the distribution around the Persian Gulf suggesting manufacture in several places. However, identical beakers and bowls have been found at Fustat, in Egypt.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EEK9BPGI\">[Pollard_Kinyera 2017, p. 934]</a> “Archaeological evidence reveals that long-distance trade in luxury goods was a feature of coastal life before it was densely settled, and before Islam became a factor in trade relations (e.g., Casson 1989; Chami and Msemwa 1997; Juma 2004). So too was local manufacturing, including the working of metals (e.g., gold, copper and its alloys), stone (e.g., rock crystal, carnelian), and fibers (e.g., cotton) part of coastal life, such that for a number of classes of elite objects, local craftsmanship which developed from a knowledge of the import must be considered (see Table 1).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CQWNU8VF\">[LaViolette 2008, pp. 33-34]</a> “This study of glass beads brought to Africa’s east coast, from the earliest securely identified examples to the arrival of European beads in the seventeenth century ce, provides us with new insights into Indian Ocean trade with eastern Africa. Unguja Ukuu, Zanzibar, has produced the earliest securely identified glass beads, dating from between the seventh and tenth centuries ce. Probably the first to arrive, made of a mineral-soda high-alumina glass, came from South Asia, possibly from Mantai, Sri Lanka. They were followed before long by beads made of a plant-ash glass mainly produced in the Iran/Iraq region, but most of the beads were probably manufactured elsewhere, some possibly in Thailand. Thus the early bead trade appears to have come mainly from, or through, southern South Asia. In the second millennium there was a shift in bead sources. Plant-ash beads declined to very small numbers and were made in the eastern Mediterranean or Egypt, but most beads were made of mineral-soda high-alumina glass from the Indian subcontinent. Early in this period there was a mix of beads – wound from northwest India and drawn from southern India.” […] “The most significant of these changes – those occurring in the second half of the tenth century – related to political upheavals at the time. These included the Chola invasion of Sri Lanka, followed by the abandonment of Mantai and a shift in power in that region to South India. After this, production of m-Na-Al 1 beads apparently ceased, and m-Na-Al 2 beads (wound and drawn) made at various sites in India became the main bead types traded to Africa’s eastern seaboard.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RNWBPSC4\">[Wood 2018, pp. 468-469]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 81,
"polity": {
"id": 715,
"name": "tz_east_africa_ia_1",
"long_name": "Early East Africa Iron Age",
"start_year": 200,
"end_year": 499
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "‘‘‘ No information could be found in the literature regarding the trade in or consumption of luxury goods in this era.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 82,
"polity": {
"id": 686,
"name": "tz_karagwe_k",
"long_name": "Karagwe",
"start_year": 1500,
"end_year": 1916
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include anything made of glass as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 83,
"polity": {
"id": 710,
"name": "tz_tana",
"long_name": "Classic Tana",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1498
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 710,
"name": "tz_tana",
"long_name": "Classic Tana",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1498
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Glass beads. “By the eleventh century it appears that overseas trade had advanced considerably on the northern coast. Iron, again, seems to have been an important trade item, but it is likely that other coastal products such as rhino horn, ivory, ambergris, and animal skins were also exported. To their mainland neighbours coastal dwellers exported shells, shell beads, iron, and overseas imports, while they themselves imported Persian Gulf ceramics, Chinese porcelains, and Indian glass beads.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FHU5GH67\">[Pouwels 1987, p. 21]</a> “By this last phase, some coastal towns appear to have possessed certain distinctive regalia. Among these, the most frequently found were royal drums, spears, turbans, and a side-blown horn (siwa) usually carved from wood or ivory. Additional symbols of power which sometimes would have been encountered were royal palanquins (kiti cha enzi), an umbrella or canopy, a medicine kit, a cloak, a brass or wooden plate, and the privilege of being allowed to wear sandals. Such paraphernalia are known to have been fairly common in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but their existence at some locations already in the late Middle Ages appears equally certain. Ibn Battuta found a cloak, a palanquin, sandals, a turban, drums, and the ubiquitous siwa at Mogadishu in 1331, while two Portuguese witnesses report seeing a chair, a canopy, a turban, and two siwas at Malindi in the late fifteenth and early seventeenth centuries.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FHU5GH67\">[Pouwels 1987, p. 28]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 84,
"polity": {
"id": 683,
"name": "ug_buganda_k_2",
"long_name": "Buganda II",
"start_year": 1717,
"end_year": 1894
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include anything made of glass as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 85,
"polity": {
"id": 535,
"name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2",
"long_name": "Bito Dynasty",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1894
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include anything made of glass as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 86,
"polity": {
"id": 695,
"name": "ug_nkore_k_2",
"long_name": "Nkore",
"start_year": 1750,
"end_year": 1901
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include anything made of glass as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 87,
"polity": {
"id": 684,
"name": "ug_toro_k",
"long_name": "Toro",
"start_year": 1830,
"end_year": 1896
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include anything made of glass as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 88,
"polity": {
"id": 102,
"name": "us_haudenosaunee_2",
"long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late",
"start_year": 1714,
"end_year": 1848
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Window glass; glass beads; mirrors. “Before the American Revolution, many of the Mohawks had lived in greater comfort than…struggling white settlers. Thus the whites were only too pleased to loot Indian homes. A cursory glance at some of the articles taken in these raids reflects the wealth of these Indian communities…Many Mohawk houses were sturdily built and had window glass [acquired via Europe], a rare item on the frontier. […] [Referring to Tiyanoga (c.1680-1755), a Mohawk leader and member of the Wolf Clan known as ‘Hendrick’ by the English] Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur…described Hendrick in late middle age, preparing for dinner at the [Sir William] Johnson estate, within a few years of the Albany Congress: “Hendrick, as was his custom, shunned European breeches for a loincloth fringed with glass beads [acquired via Europe]…(Crevecoeur [1926], 170)”. […] [Referring to the nationally-significant ‘Hiawatha (Five Nations) Wampum Belt’ dating to around the mid-C18 or earlier] A belt [like this one] may have been repaired several times over the centuries, gradually changing as bead-making technology (such as the introduction of glass beads by Europeans) evolved”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9CANBIQJ\">[Johansen_Mann 2000, p. 32]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9CANBIQJ\">[Johansen_Mann 2000, p. 158]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9CANBIQJ\">[Johansen_Mann 2000, p. 164]</a> “[Referring to the presence and use of luxury types of material culture acquired via trade with Europeans, including]…mirrors…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZK2J9SCQ\">[Wallace 2010, p. 25]</a> “[Referring to luxury glass goods acquired via Europeans from the mid-C16 onwards; later examples most relevant over the Confederacy period] European goods had been trickling into Iroquoia since the middle of the sixteenth century. At first they were limited to a few items…[including] glass beads… […] Later…large numbers of round glass beads began to appear, most of them solid white or light blue in colour. These were popular with the Iroquois, for clear, white, or light blue things had very positive symbolic value. By 1600 there were also tubular beads in white or indigo, as well as round or oval black beads. Black still had a negative symbolic connotation for the Iroquois. Some of these items came from the Gulf of St Lawrence, where the Iroquois…were already making their presence felt. Others of them came up from the middle Atlantic coast by way of Susquehannock country. […] [Referring to the continued introduction of luxury glass goods via trade with Europeans] The new trade brought more of the goods the Iroquois already desired, but it brought new items as well…[such as] multicoloured glass beads, many of them with red stripes or layers. Unlike white, black, or blue, red was an ambiguous colour to the Iroquois. It was the colour of blood, positive when it connoted life… […] Red glass beads had the same symbolic power as copper, the red metal, and the Iroquois prized it above all other colours. Chevron beads with interior red layers were sometimes ground down to expose the red as much as possible”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/REE893QZ\">[Snow 1994, pp. 77-78]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/REE893QZ\">[Snow 1994, pp. 81-82]</a> Glass beads. “[Referring to Tiyanoga (c.1680-1755), a Mohawk leader and member of the Wolf Clan known as ‘Hendrick’ by the English] Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur…described Hendrick in late middle age, preparing for dinner at the [Sir William] Johnson estate…: “Hendrick, as was his custom, shunned European breeches for a loincloth fringed with glass beads [acquired via Europe]…(Crevecoeur [1926], 170)””. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9CANBIQJ\">[Johansen_Mann 2000, p. 158]</a> Window glass; glass beads. “Before the American Revolution, many of the Mohawks had lived in greater comfort than…struggling white settlers. Thus the whites were only too pleased to loot Indian homes. A cursory glance at some of the articles taken in these raids reflects the wealth of these Indian communities…Many Mohawk houses were sturdily built and had window glass [acquired via Europe], a rare item on the frontier”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9CANBIQJ\">[Johansen_Mann 2000, p. 32]</a> “[Referring to luxury glass goods acquired via Europeans from the mid-C16 onwards; later examples most relevant over the Confederacy period] European goods had been trickling into Iroquoia since the middle of the sixteenth century. At first they were limited to a few items…[including] glass beads… […] Later…large numbers of round glass beads began to appear, most of them solid white or light blue in colour. These were popular with the Iroquois, for clear, white, or light blue things had very positive symbolic value. By 1600 there were also tubular beads in white or indigo, as well as round or oval black beads. Black still had a negative symbolic connotation for the Iroquois. […] [Referring to the continued introduction of luxury glass goods via trade with Europeans] The new trade brought more of the goods the Iroquois already desired, but it brought new items as well…[such as] multicoloured glass beads, many of them with red stripes or layers. Unlike white, black, or blue, red was an ambiguous colour to the Iroquois. It was the colour of blood, positive when it connoted life… […] Red glass beads had the same symbolic power as copper, the red metal, and the Iroquois prized it above all other colours. Chevron beads with interior red layers were sometimes ground down to expose the red as much as possible”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/REE893QZ\">[Snow 1994, pp. 77-78]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/REE893QZ\">[Snow 1994, pp. 81-82]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 89,
"polity": {
"id": 20,
"name": "us_kamehameha_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period",
"start_year": 1778,
"end_year": 1819
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 2,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_2",
"long_name": "Late Qing",
"start_year": 1796,
"end_year": 1912
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Europe",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Glass goods including drinking glasses; glass beads; mirrors. “[Referring to the introduction of new goods from Europe, the United States and China via the fur trade in the C19] Some imported haole [non-Hawaiian] goods were…glass…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, p. 29]</a> “[Referring to the impact of the fur trade on Hawaii from the late C18 to early C19]…ornaments such as [glass(?)] beads and mirrors…passed in petty commerce [between Europeans and]…Hawaiian common folks especially… […] [Referring to artifact assemblages uncovered in sites occupied by Kamehameha, which included]…beads and mirror fragments…[which] probably came into Waialua along the lines of kinship exchange from sources in the commerce of Hawaiian women (especially) with the shipping (Sahlins 1981, 1985b). […] [Referring to Kamehameha’s personal trading activities in the early 1800s] A surviving invoice of the China goods the king received in 1812…is fair enough testimony to his own royal tastes:…135 pounds of large glass beads…(Marin, invoice, 1812). [Note 6 following the latter quote] Golovnin [1979]…provided an inventory of [trade] furnishings in the king’s [Kamehameha’s] “dining hall” (perhaps his mua or domestic shrine), where he held audience with important foreign visitors:…[which included] some glasses - two ordinary mirrors (“worth not more than five rubles apiece”)…[Golovnin 1979: 182-83]”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 38]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 53]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 60]</a> Glass goods including drinking glasses; glass beads; mirrors. “[Referring to artifact assemblages uncovered in sites occupied by Kamehameha, which included]…beads and mirror fragments…[which] probably came into Waialua along the lines of kinship exchange from sources in the commerce of Hawaiian women (especially) with the shipping (Sahlins 1981, 1985b). […] [Referring to Kamehameha’s personal trading activities in the early 1800s] A surviving invoice of the China goods the king received in 1812…is fair enough testimony to his own royal tastes:…135 pounds of large glass beads…(Marin, invoice, 1812). [Note 6 following the latter quote] Golovnin [1979]…provided an inventory of [trade] furnishings in the king’s [Kamehameha’s] “dining hall” (perhaps his mua or domestic shrine), where he held audience with important foreign visitors:…[which included] some glasses - two ordinary mirrors (“worth not more than five rubles apiece”)…[Golovnin 1979: 182-83]”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 53]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 60]</a> Glass beads; mirrors. “[Referring to artifact assemblages uncovered in sites occupied by Kamehameha, which included]…beads and mirror fragments…[which] probably came into Waialua along the lines of kinship exchange from sources in the commerce of Hawaiian women (especially) with the shipping (Sahlins 1981, 1985b)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 53]</a> “[Referring to the impact of the fur trade on Hawaii from the late C18 to early C19]…ornaments such as [glass(?)] beads and mirrors…passed in petty commerce [between Europeans and]…Hawaiian common folks especially…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 38]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 90,
"polity": {
"id": 29,
"name": "us_oneota",
"long_name": "Oneota",
"start_year": 1400,
"end_year": 1650
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Glass trade beads of European manufacture, inferred as of high-value according to their scarcity over this period. “[Referring to the emerging presence of European trade goods including glass beads in the period 1550-1650 CE] Competition among polities over European goods in the mid-continent began […] escalating in the early 17th century, when…polities became engaged, albeit distantly and marginally, in the fur, pelt…trade. While the flow of European goods into the interior was limited…[including among other artefacts] small numbers of glass beads, [such] trade goods…appear…as evidence of the developing and emerging exchange networks. Oneota (Siouan)…sites in northern Illinois reveal a…suite of early 17th century exchange goods, which occur in limited quantities (Mazrim and Esarey 2007, 185-6). […] [Referring to the circulation of Mississippian artefacts in the Oneota region in the late 16th and early 17th century including face mask gorgets originally derived from southern Appalachian marine shell crafting, as evidenced from their presence in Oneota archaeological sites] For example…a shell mask, associated with copper and glass beads [goods inferred as potentially part of or directly linked with such masks] was…found in Allamakee County, Iowa…James Collins (1995, 258)…[suggests that] “the Allamakee County shell mask gorget was presented to an Orr phase Oneota…child as the result of participation in a Calumet ceremony [which became widely established throughout eastern North America] that created fictive kinship between members of his group and those of an external group”. Thus, the circulation of face mask gorgets [and associated goods]…reflects widespread connections during the…fur trade in the early 17th century (Dye 2021b)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2K5NHDAU\">[Giles_Stauffer_Lambert 2022, p. 90]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2K5NHDAU\">[Giles_Stauffer_Lambert 2022, p. 92]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2K5NHDAU\">[Giles_Stauffer_Lambert 2022, p. 99]</a> “[Referring to the proto-historic part of the Oneota period and presence during the latter of particular trade goods including glass beads]…the brief span of time during which European-manufactured items, such as glass beads, were traded to groups [including the Oneota] through Native exchange systems before these groups were directly contacted by Europeans”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UFUVHDSF\">[Theler_Boszhardt 2005, p. 163]</a> “[Referring to the emerging presence of and desire for European trade goods including glass beads in the period 1600-1650 CE] Initial competition over and cooperation for European goods in the mid-continent took place within the 1600 to 1650 period, when relatively intact polities [i.e. the Oneota] were fully engaged in the early phase of the fur trade. The exchange of Western items was conservative and limited, consisting primarily of…limited classes of glass beads…[Referring mid-paragraph to evidence of French trade goods in Tunican sites in Missouri and Arkansas acquired via the early fur trade, including blue glass beads] Oneota (Siouan)…sites in northern Illinois…reveal European artifact assemblages with a suite of similar French trade goods [to those present further south] that date between 1600 and 1650, occurring in small and limited amounts in Illinois (Mazrim and Esarey 2007: 185-186)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3FFU4ZKF\">[Ling_Chacon_Kristiansen 2022, p. 157]</a> Glass trade beads of European manufacture, inferred as of high-value according to their scarcity over this period. “[Referring to the emerging presence of European trade goods including glass beads in the period 1550-1650 CE] Competition among polities over European goods in the mid-continent began […] escalating in the early 17th century, when…polities became engaged, albeit distantly and marginally, in the fur, pelt…trade. While the flow of European goods into the interior was limited…[including among other artefacts] small numbers of glass beads, [such] trade goods…appear…as evidence of the developing and emerging exchange networks. Oneota (Siouan)…sites in northern Illinois reveal a…suite of early 17th century exchange goods, which occur in limited quantities (Mazrim and Esarey 2007, 185-6) [inferring at least some consumption by common people]. […] [Referring to the circulation of Mississippian artefacts in the Oneota region in the late 16th and early 17th century including face mask gorgets originally derived from southern Appalachian marine shell crafting, as evidenced from their presence in Oneota archaeological sites] For example…a shell mask, associated with copper and glass beads [goods inferred as potentially part of or directly linked with such masks] was…found in Allamakee County, Iowa…James Collins (1995, 258)…[suggests that] “the Allamakee County shell mask gorget was presented to an Orr phase Oneota…child as the result of participation in a Calumet ceremony [which became widely established throughout eastern North America] that created fictive kinship between members of his group and those of an external group”. Thus, the circulation of face mask gorgets [and associated goods]…reflects widespread connections [between common people of different regions] during the…fur trade in the early 17th century (Dye 2021b)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2K5NHDAU\">[Giles_Stauffer_Lambert 2022, p. 90]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2K5NHDAU\">[Giles_Stauffer_Lambert 2022, p. 92]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2K5NHDAU\">[Giles_Stauffer_Lambert 2022, p. 99]</a> “[Referring to the proto-historic part of the Oneota period and presence during the latter of particular trade goods including glass beads]…the brief span of time during which European-manufactured items, such as glass beads, were traded to groups [including the Oneota, inferring consumption by common people] through Native exchange systems before these groups were directly contacted by Europeans”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UFUVHDSF\">[Theler_Boszhardt 2005, p. 163]</a> “[Referring to the emerging presence of and desire for European trade goods including glass beads in the period 1600-1650 CE] Initial competition over and cooperation for European goods in the mid-continent took place within the 1600 to 1650 period, when relatively intact polities [i.e. the Oneota] were fully engaged in the early phase of the fur trade. The exchange of Western items was conservative and limited, consisting primarily of…limited classes of glass beads [inferring at least some consumption by common people]…[Referring mid-paragraph to evidence of French trade goods in Tunican sites in Missouri and Arkansas acquired via the early fur trade, including blue glass beads] Oneota (Siouan)…sites in northern Illinois…reveal European artifact assemblages with a suite of similar French trade goods [to those present further south] that date between 1600 and 1650, occurring in small and limited amounts in Illinois (Mazrim and Esarey 2007: 185-186) [inferring at least some consumption by common people]”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3FFU4ZKF\">[Ling_Chacon_Kristiansen 2022, p. 157]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 91,
"polity": {
"id": 541,
"name": "ye_qasimid_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1637,
"end_year": 1805
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“The present article examines seven pieces that are older, and that differ in style and technique from similar classic objects. These are four scabbards for the Yemeni dagger (janbīya), a pair of anklets, and a bracelet. Six of them are stamped with a dated Imamic hallmark, and signed, in Hebrew, by their maker. They date to the 18th century. […] Let us begin with the anklets (ḥijl) stamped al-Mahdī […] They are made from silver […] the dark red “stones” are glass. This is interesting, as the stones of another similar pair have gone missing. In a piece of Yemeni jewellery, and such a sumptuous one by that, one would expect agates, and not glass which we would think of as a cheaper substitute. […] but close examination of our anklets shows that the glass is original, and the settings made for them. […] With a valuable piece of jewellery such as these bangles, glass must therefore have been esteemed more than the beautiful locally available agates. We find the explanation in Niebuhr who mentions the few rare and small coloured glass panes in Sanaa, ‘welche sie von Venedig erhalten.’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8RW2JA6V\">[Daum 2016, p. 197]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 93,
"polity": {
"id": 652,
"name": "et_harar_emirate",
"long_name": "Emirate of Harar",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1875
},
"year_from": 1650,
"year_to": 1799,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "A~P",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not explicitly label almost any of the goods that circulated in this polity at this time as notably luxurious. However, given that Harar was a major trade centre in the nineteenth century, importing and exporting a broad range of items from across the Indian Ocean and East Africa, it seems reasonable to infer that luxury glass goods were traded there. “Fitawrari Tackle Hawariyat was nine year old when he entered Harar with Menelik’s army that defeated Amir Abdullah’s small army at Chelenque battle[ in 1987]. He had been living at Addis Ababa just before he left and came to Harar which he described as follows: ‘[…] The shops and stores are stuffed with various types of goods imported from abroad. […]’ As the boy stated the shops and stores were stuffed with goods and merchandises imported from abroad, i.e. Yemen, Arabia, India, China, etc.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that only a relatively small number of items were a royal monopoly, which suggests that many luxurious items were broadly accessible to anyone who could afford them, regardless of social extraction. “Even though the trading of ivory, ostrich feathers, and other items were monopolized by some Amirs and their families; the basic value related to property right was respected i.e. economic freedom: the rights to acquire, use, transfer and dispose of private property. ” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 94,
"polity": {
"id": 659,
"name": "ni_allada_k",
"long_name": "Allada",
"start_year": 1100,
"end_year": 1724
},
"year_from": 1100,
"year_to": 1650,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a very rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed. “As status markers, tobacco and pipes were integrated into religious practices. Along with other European items such as glass bottles and beads, pipes became standard burial effects in upper-class graves and were employed during ritual offerings to Vodun deities.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 130]</a> “According to Muller, one way to tell \"low-status\" men and women from \"distinguished gentlemen\" and \"important ladies\" was by the beads they wore. Ordinary men had \"poor-quality\" beads round their necks; grandees sported gold beads an aggrey beads (prized ornaments of West African origin) in their hair a beards, and on their necks, arms, hands and legs. Ordinary women might \"hang just one large blue bead\" in their hair and had strings of \"common\" beads round their necks, arms and legs. Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair and adorned their neck with \"all kinds of beads-blue, red, brown, white, yellow.\"' Some Africanists sneer at the glass beads Europe brought to Africa. But the vital measure of personal ornaments is surely the pleasure charms they set off, not their cost of production. To call cheap but pretty beads rubbish is to see them through the eyes of a Western sophisticate, not those of an African consumer. \"Genuine value,\" Lewis Mumford \"lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be than a diamond. […] real crystal beads as well as fake ones were brought to the coast of Kwaland, though obviously as presents or for sale to the elite. Crystal earrings are mentioned too. […] These were the status symbols, the privileges of rank and wealth that propped up the egos of African kings, chiefs, grandees, and rich helping to set them apart from the common folk. The roster of trappings would be long: […] glassware” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 23]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 29]</a> “According to Muller, one way to tell \"low-status\" men and women from \"distinguished gentlemen\" and \"important ladies\" was by the beads they wore. Ordinary men had \"poor-quality\" beads round their necks; grandees sported gold beads an aggrey beads (prized ornaments of West African origin) in their hair a beards, and on their necks, arms, hands and legs. Ordinary women might \"hang just one large blue bead\" in their hair and had strings of \"common\" beads round their necks, arms and legs. Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair and adorned their neck with \"all kinds of beads-blue, red, brown, white, yellow.\"' Some Africanists sneer at the glass beads Europe brought to Africa. But the vital measure of personal ornaments is surely the pleasure charms they set off, not their cost of production. To call cheap but pretty beads rubbish is to see them through the eyes of a Western sophisticate, not those of an African consumer. \"Genuine value,\" Lewis Mumford \"lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be than a diamond. […] real crystal beads as well as fake ones were brought to the coast of Kwaland, though obviously as presents or for sale to the elite. Crystal earrings are mentioned too.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 23]</a> “According to Muller, one way to tell \"low-status\" men and women at Fetu from \"distinguished gentlemen\" and \"important ladies\" was by the beads they wore. Ordinary men had \"poor-quality\" beads round their necks; grandees sported gold beads an aggrey beads (prized ornaments of West African origin) in their hair a beards, and on their necks, arms, hands and legs. Ordinary women might \"hang just one large blue bead\" in their hair and had strings of \"common\" beads round their necks, arms and legs. Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair and adorned their neck with \"all kinds of beads-blue, red, brown, white, yellow.\"' Some Africanists sneer at the glass beads Europe brought to Africa. But the vital measure of personal ornaments is surely the pleasure charms they set off, not their cost of production. To call cheap but pretty beads rubbish is to see them through the eyes of a Western sophisticate, not those of an African consumer. \"Genuine value,\" Lewis Mumford \"lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be than a diamond. […] real crystal beads as well as fake ones were brought to the coast of Kwaland, though obviously as presents or for sale to the elite. Crystal earrings are mentioned too.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 23]</a> NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a very rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed. “According to Muller, one way to tell \"low-status\" men and women at Fetu from \"distinguished gentlemen\" and \"important ladies\" was by the beads they wore. Ordinary men had \"poor-quality\" beads round their necks; grandees sported gold beads an aggrey beads (prized ornaments of West African origin) in their hair a beards, and on their necks, arms, hands and legs. Ordinary women might \"hang just one large blue bead\" in their hair and had strings of \"common\" beads round their necks, arms and legs. Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair and adorned their neck with \"all kinds of beads-blue, red, brown, white, yellow.\"' Some Africanists sneer at the glass beads Europe brought to Africa. But the vital measure of personal ornaments is surely the pleasure charms they set off, not their cost of production. To call cheap but pretty beads rubbish is to see them through the eyes of a Western sophisticate, not those of an African consumer. \"Genuine value,\" Lewis Mumford \"lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be than a diamond. […] real crystal beads as well as fake ones were brought to the coast of Kwaland, though obviously as presents or for sale to the elite. Crystal earrings are mentioned too.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 23]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 95,
"polity": {
"id": 668,
"name": "ni_nri_k",
"long_name": "Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì",
"start_year": 1043,
"end_year": 1911
},
"year_from": 1043,
"year_to": 1650,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“As status markers, tobacco and pipes were integrated into religious practices. Along with other European items such as glass bottles and beads, pipes became standard burial effects in upper-class graves and were employed during ritual offerings to Vodun deities.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 130]</a> “According to Muller, one way to tell \"low-status\" men and women from \"distinguished gentlemen\" and \"important ladies\" was by the beads they wore. Ordinary men had \"poor-quality\" beads round their necks; grandees sported gold beads an aggrey beads (prized ornaments of West African origin) in their hair a beards, and on their necks, arms, hands and legs. Ordinary women might \"hang just one large blue bead\" in their hair and had strings of \"common\" beads round their necks, arms and legs. Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair and adorned their neck with \"all kinds of beads-blue, red, brown, white, yellow.\"' Some Africanists sneer at the glass beads Europe brought to Africa. But the vital measure of personal ornaments is surely the pleasure charms they set off, not their cost of production. To call cheap but pretty beads rubbish is to see them through the eyes of a Western sophisticate, not those of an African consumer. \"Genuine value,\" Lewis Mumford \"lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be than a diamond. […] real crystal beads as well as fake ones were brought to the coast of Kwaland, though obviously as presents or for sale to the elite. Crystal earrings are mentioned too. […] These were the status symbols, the privileges of rank and wealth that propped up the egos of African kings, chiefs, grandees, and rich helping to set them apart from the common folk. The roster of trappings would be long: […] glassware” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 23]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 29]</a> NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed, based on the fact that “[i]n the late seventeenth century, there was a rise in the relative importance of slaves from sources from north of the Equator, as opposed to from Angola. […] The Bight of Benin, where Anecho became a Portuguese base in 1645, and Whydah an English one in 1672, was of particular importance for slave exports from West Africa.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NMC66GR7\">[Black 2015, p. 49]</a> “According to Muller, one way to tell \"low-status\" men and women from \"distinguished gentlemen\" and \"important ladies\" was by the beads they wore. Ordinary men had \"poor-quality\" beads round their necks; grandees sported gold beads an aggrey beads (prized ornaments of West African origin) in their hair a beards, and on their necks, arms, hands and legs. Ordinary women might \"hang just one large blue bead\" in their hair and had strings of \"common\" beads round their necks, arms and legs. Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair and adorned their neck with \"all kinds of beads-blue, red, brown, white, yellow.\"' Some Africanists sneer at the glass beads Europe brought to Africa. But the vital measure of personal ornaments is surely the pleasure charms they set off, not their cost of production. To call cheap but pretty beads rubbish is to see them through the eyes of a Western sophisticate, not those of an African consumer. \"Genuine value,\" Lewis Mumford \"lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be than a diamond. […] real crystal beads as well as fake ones were brought to the coast of Kwaland, though obviously as presents or for sale to the elite. Crystal earrings are mentioned too.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 23]</a> “According to Muller, one way to tell \"low-status\" men and women at Fetu from \"distinguished gentlemen\" and \"important ladies\" was by the beads they wore. Ordinary men had \"poor-quality\" beads round their necks; grandees sported gold beads an aggrey beads (prized ornaments of West African origin) in their hair a beards, and on their necks, arms, hands and legs. Ordinary women might \"hang just one large blue bead\" in their hair and had strings of \"common\" beads round their necks, arms and legs. Grandes dames, like their men, wore \"precious stones and golden ornaments\" in their hair and adorned their neck with \"all kinds of beads-blue, red, brown, white, yellow.\"' Some Africanists sneer at the glass beads Europe brought to Africa. But the vital measure of personal ornaments is surely the pleasure charms they set off, not their cost of production. To call cheap but pretty beads rubbish is to see them through the eyes of a Western sophisticate, not those of an African consumer. \"Genuine value,\" Lewis Mumford \"lies in the power to sustain or enrich life: a glass bead may be than a diamond. […] real crystal beads as well as fake ones were brought to the coast of Kwaland, though obviously as presents or for sale to the elite. Crystal earrings are mentioned too.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 23]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 96,
"polity": {
"id": 694,
"name": "rw_bugesera_k",
"long_name": "Bugesera",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1799
},
"year_from": 1650,
"year_to": 1800,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a> “Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 97,
"polity": {
"id": 692,
"name": "rw_gisaka_k",
"long_name": "Gisaka",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1867
},
"year_from": 1650,
"year_to": 1800,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a> “Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 98,
"polity": {
"id": 691,
"name": "rw_mubari_k",
"long_name": "Mubari",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1896
},
"year_from": 1650,
"year_to": 1800,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a> “Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 99,
"polity": {
"id": 689,
"name": "rw_ndorwa_k",
"long_name": "Ndorwa",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1800
},
"year_from": 1650,
"year_to": 1800,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a> “Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 100,
"polity": {
"id": 687,
"name": "Early Niynginya",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Nyinginya",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1897
},
"year_from": 1650,
"year_to": 1800,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a> “Judging from the objects found in the tomb of the Rwandese mwami who died in about 1635, or the traditions concerning Yuhi Mazimpaka, articles from the Indian Ocean coast, including glass beads and ornamental shells, would appear to have spread through the region from one centre to another, in the seventeenth century. Trade in copper (from present-day Shaba?) is also thought to have existed from the eighteenth century onwards in Burundi, Karagwe and Buganda. But it was only in the nineteenth century that rulers in Rusubi, Karagwe, and Rwanda made attempts, as had been done in Buganda, to control this trade in luxury articles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 826]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}