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"count": 99,
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{
"id": 1,
"polity": {
"id": 137,
"name": "af_durrani_emp",
"long_name": "Durrani Empire",
"start_year": 1747,
"end_year": 1826
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
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"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“The main trade goods carried between Russia and Bukhara included various types of cloth, predictable given the caravan traders’ economic need to carry goods with a high value to weight ratio, as well as cotton. Additionally, goods such as leather, gold and silver lace, copper, cooking pots, satin, Russian-made Chinaware, dye, knives, scissors, needles, paper, locks, sugar, glassware and beads were traded”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/M94XDPKV\">[Hopkins 2008, p. 141]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 2,
"polity": {
"id": 134,
"name": "af_ghur_principality",
"long_name": "Ghur Principality",
"start_year": 1025,
"end_year": 1215
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "ir_seljuk_emp",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "‘\" ‘We also recovered shards of glass and a couple of small coins, the better preserved of which is Seljuk in origin and has been dated to the early twelfth century (Thomas et al. 2004, 117-8). Although limited, these finds indicate the import of luxury items, a relatively high standard of living and concern for aesthetics amongst the twelfth-century inhabitants of Jam, thus giving some substance to Juzjani’s accounts of the city.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VD7NPQJ9\">[Thomas_Gascoigne_van_Krieken-Pieters 2006, pp. 156-157]</a> ’\" ‘We also recovered shards of glass and a couple of small coins, the better preserved of which is Seljuk in origin and has been dated to the early twelfth century (Thomas et al. 2004, 117-8). Although limited, these finds indicate the import of luxury items, a relatively high standard of living and concern for aesthetics amongst the twelfth-century inhabitants of Jam, thus giving some substance to Juzjani’s accounts of the city.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VD7NPQJ9\">[Thomas_Gascoigne_van_Krieken-Pieters 2006, pp. 156-157]</a> ‘’' RA’s note: The following quote discusses glass sherd founds at modern-day Jam (Firuzkuh), which was a royal court city. ‘We also recovered shards of glass and a couple of small coins, the better preserved of which is Seljuk in origin and has been dated to the early twelfth century (Thomas et al. 2004, 117-8). Although limited, these finds indicate the import of luxury items, a relatively high standard of living and concern for aesthetics amongst the twelfth-century inhabitants of Jam, thus giving some substance to Juzjani’s accounts of the city.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VD7NPQJ9\">[Thomas_Gascoigne_van_Krieken-Pieters 2006, pp. 156-157]</a> ’Most importantly, some of these objects include impressed inscriptions that mention the names of two rulers of the Ghaznavid dynasty (977-1186), as well as that of an emir of the Gourds (c. 1011-1215). These royal figures are Bahram Shah (r. 1117-1157), Khusrow Malik (r. 1160-1186; Fig. 3), and the emir Shams al-Din Muhammad Pahlavan (mentioned in the sources in 1181-1182; Fig 4).26 These names, and the royal or courtly figural designs associated with them, would have come to life when seen through transmitted light (that is, when sun or moonlight shone through the windows of palaces in cities such as Ghana, Tirmidh, Kunduz, and Maymana, most of which are in modern Afghanistan)’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AS6Z5TCN\">[Carboni 2001, pp. 128-129]</a> RA’s note: The following quote discusses glass sherds found at Jam, which was a royal court city. ‘We also recovered shards of glass and a couple of small coins, the better preserved of which is Seljuk in origin and has been dated to the early twelfth century (Thomas et al. 2004, 117-8). Although limited, these finds indicate the import of luxury items, a relatively high standard of living and concern for aesthetics amongst the twelfth-century inhabitants of Jam, thus giving some substance to Juzjani’s accounts of the city.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VD7NPQJ9\">[Thomas_Gascoigne_van_Krieken-Pieters 2006, pp. 156-157]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 3,
"polity": {
"id": 129,
"name": "af_hephthalite_emp",
"long_name": "Hephthalite Empire",
"start_year": 408,
"end_year": 561
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 72,
"name": "tr_east_roman_emp",
"long_name": "East Roman Empire",
"start_year": 395,
"end_year": 631
},
{
"id": 388,
"name": "in_gupta_emp",
"long_name": "Gupta Empire",
"start_year": 320,
"end_year": 550
},
{
"id": 258,
"name": "cn_northern_wei_dyn",
"long_name": "Northern Wei",
"start_year": 386,
"end_year": 534
},
{
"id": 130,
"name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2",
"long_name": "Sasanid Empire II",
"start_year": 488,
"end_year": 642
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "‘Controlling the Silk Road in its Central Asian part, the Hephthalites took part in world trade, with Iran, Byzantium, India and China. [...] According to the reports from Byzantine, Syrian and Chinese sources, the main trade goods between China and Byzantium were silk, glass, spices, jewels andpaints.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2CD5KQTU\">[Kurbanov 2010, p. 91]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 4,
"polity": {
"id": 127,
"name": "af_kushan_emp",
"long_name": "Kushan Empire",
"start_year": 35,
"end_year": 319
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "‘Thanks to the Chinese sources, we know that glassware was known in Far East and they associated its production with Mediterranean world, RES Sea said that it is from the Indian ports of Axum, Muziris, Nelcynda, Becarae, Barbaricum and Barygaza where the glassware arrived in Kushan Kingdom, Afghanistan region and China.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XDM43DT8\">[Lopez_et_al 2011, p. 49]</a> ‘The Begram hoard included footstools, disassembled furniture legs, and large panels from chairs adorned with low-relief decorative ivory and bone carvings, produced somewhere in the Indian subcontinent (the precise location remains unclear). There were also a dozen lacquered boxes and cups manufactured in state and private workshops of Han China, and locally made bronze vessels, in addition to worked ostrich eggs and glazed pottery of unclear provenance. But the most diverse and plentiful group of individual artefacts in this hoard were made in the Roman Empire. Although it is difficult to locate precise places of production within this complex cultural koine through macroscopic observations alone, it seems at least likely that many objects in this group were made in Roman Egypt (Coarelli 1962, 318). Solely for brevity, I hereafter gloss this group as ‘‘Roman objects.’’ The Roman objects comprised almost two hundred glass vessels produced through a diverse manufacturing and decorative techniques, in addition to bronze basins, elaborate bronze ‘‘aquariums’’ with mobile elements, bronze figural balsamaria and figurines, over fifty plaster casts apparently taken from designs on metalwork, and vessels of alabaster, porphyry, and rock crystal.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X77N72HV\">[Morris_Mairs 2020, p. 580]</a> ‘Thanks to the Chinese sources, we know that glassware was known in Far East and they associated its production with Mediterranean world, RES Sea said that it is from the Indían ports ot Axum, Muziris, Nelcynda, Becarae, Barbaricum and Barygaza where the glassware arrived in Kushan Kingdom, Afghanistan region and China.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XDM43DT8\">[Lopez_et_al 2011, p. 49]</a> ‘Decades before the Greek kingdoms of Central Asia finally began to materialise in the archaeology of Afghanistan, over two hundred objects from the Roman Empire were uncovered during the DAFA’s excavations at the urban site of Begram (1936–1942; 1946). The vast majority of this corpus was found within a hoard of over 400 ornate and unusual objects from far-flung places of production, concealed in two former reception rooms (Rooms 10 and 13) of an erstwhile elite residence at Begram’s “new royal city,” i.e. the southern tepe (Hackin and Hackin 1939 [RAB]; Hackin et al. 1954 [NRAB]). The components of this hoard were perhaps drawn from the possessions of an elite residence and an associated atelier in a moment of danger (MacDowall and Taddei 1978, 257) but never recovered after its abandonment. The remaining objects were recovered from an apparently unsealed room adjacent to the hoard rooms (Room T), which remains only poorly documented in the excavation publications.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X77N72HV\">[Morris_Mairs 2020, p. 580]</a> ‘The Begram hoard included footstools, disassembled furniture legs, and large panels from chairs adorned with low-relief decorative ivory and bone carvings, produced somewhere in the Indian subcontinent (the precise location remains unclear). [...] The Roman objects comprised almost two hundred glass vessels produced through a diverse manufacturing and decorative techniques, in addition to bronze basins, elaborate bronze ‘‘aquariums’’ with mobile elements, bronze figural balsamaria and figurines, over fifty plaster casts apparently taken from designs on metalwork, and vessels of alabaster, porphyry, and rock crystal.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X77N72HV\">[Morris_Mairs 2020, p. 580]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 5,
"polity": {
"id": 409,
"name": "bd_bengal_sultanate",
"long_name": "Bengal Sultanate",
"start_year": 1338,
"end_year": 1538
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Altogether nine sites have been plotted in this compartment from the surface survey yielding highest number of artefacts of all categories comprising the finest quality of porcelain sherds (47.26%), celadon ware (6.08%), sherds of buff-coloured ceramics (1.42%), coarse pottery (19.68%), decorated bricks (5.88%), glazed tiles (5.88%), glazed roof tiles (2.23%), cowrie-shells (0.81%), glass bangles and miniature glass bowls” 39 <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JH5KFTFS\">[Sinha 2013, p. 39]</a> The following quote suggests use of \"deluxe\" glass goods in a royal palace. “The third compartment of the palace is traditionally known as the Zenana Mahal or Haremsara, the living apartment of the women. It was separated from the second compartment by a brick wall, though it can only be traced from the partly existing foundation of the wall beneath the surface. Entire wall has collapsed and a long hollow tunnel can be found as a result of continuous brick hunting even from the foundation. A stone paved tank on its eastern side marks this quarter. Only five sites have been identified from the cluster of artefacts and architectural fragments on the surface which yielded the usual assemblage of porcelain (48.42%), celadon (5.03%), coarse pottery (18.87%) and decorated bricks (9.43%) of deluxe quality whereas glass ware, glass objects occurred in higher number, i.e. 12.32%.”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JH5KFTFS\">[Sinha 2013, p. 40]</a> The following quote suggests use of \"deluxe\" glass goods in a royal palace. “Only five sites have been identified from the cluster of artefacts and architectural fragments on the surface which yielded the usual assemblage of porcelain (48.42%), celadon (5.03%), coarse pottery (18.87%) and decorated bricks (9.43%) of deluxe quality whereas glass ware, glass objects occurred in higher number, i.e. 12.32%. Therefore the evidence of the surface findings neither denies nor supports the theory that this compartment was exclusively inhabited by the womenfolk of the Palace. Though one might raise a point that the occurrence of higher percentage of glass objects including miniature pots, glass bangles and other delicate objects is an indication of feminine occupation yet, this evidence is not strong enough to arrive at any conclusion”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JH5KFTFS\">[Sinha 2013, p. 40]</a> \"The surface findings of the former zone consist mostly of sherds of coarse pottery, pieces of porcelain and glassware, glass bangles and cowries of medium quality. This indicates that the area was occupied by common people.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JH5KFTFS\">[Sinha 2013, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 6,
"polity": {
"id": 780,
"name": "bd_chandra_dyn",
"long_name": "Chandra Dynasty",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1050
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Tarafdar himself admits that epigraphic records prepared during Deva, Chandra and Varman rule give no indication of trade, which renders impossible the determination of the extent of commercialisation of the contemporary society.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SPVKQ8S\">[Thakur 1987, p. 202]</a> “Not a single new commercial centre sprang up in Bengal between the 8th and 13th centuries A.D. and it appears that this region had hardly a place in external trade for at least 500 years.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SPVKQ8S\">[Thakur 1987, p. 206]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 7,
"polity": {
"id": 781,
"name": "bd_nawabs_of_bengal",
"long_name": "Nawabs of Bengal",
"start_year": 1717,
"end_year": 1757
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“The third compartment of the palace is traditionally known as the Zenana Mahal or Haremsara, the living apartment of the women. It was separated from the second compartment by a brick wall, though it can only be traced from the partly existing foundation of the wall beneath the surface. Entire wall has collapsed and a long hollow tunnel can be found as a result of continuous brick hunting even from the foundation. A stone paved tank on its eastern side marks this quarter. Only five sites have been identified from the cluster of artefacts and architectural fragments on the surface which yielded the usual assemblage of porcelain (48.42%), celadon (5.03%), coarse pottery (18.87%) and decorated bricks (9.43%) of deluxe quality whereas glass ware, glass objects occurred in higher number, i.e. 12.32%.”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N7TESZ4B\">[Sinha 2013, p. 40]</a> “Only five sites have been identified from the cluster of artefacts and architectural fragments on the surface which yielded the usual assemblage of porcelain (48.42%), celadon (5.03%), coarse pottery (18.87%) and decorated bricks (9.43%) of deluxe quality whereas glass ware, glass objects occurred in higher number, i.e. 12.32%. Therefore the evidence of the surface findings neither denies nor supports the theory that this compartment was exclusively inhabited by the womenfolk of the Palace. Though one might raise a point that the occurrence of higher percentage of glass objects including miniature pots, glass bangles and other delicate objects is an indication of feminine occupation yet, this evidence is not strong enough to arrive at any conclusion”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N7TESZ4B\">[Sinha 2013, p. 40]</a> The following quote suggests that common people could access glass goods \"of medium quality\". “The surface findings of the former zone consist mostly of sherds of coarse pottery, pieces of porcelain and glassware, glass bangles and cowries of medium quality. This indicates that the area was occupied by common people. The area is full of structural mounds, some of which are cut through to accommodate modern pathways”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N7TESZ4B\">[Sinha 2013, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 8,
"polity": {
"id": 619,
"name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_red_1",
"long_name": "West Burkina Faso Red I",
"start_year": 701,
"end_year": 1100
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Not mentioned in recent and seemingly comprehensive literature (e.g. Dueppen 2012 <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PCGIB556\">[Dueppen 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 9,
"polity": {
"id": 617,
"name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_red_2",
"long_name": "West Burkina Faso Red II and III",
"start_year": 1100,
"end_year": 1400
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Not mentioned in recent and seemingly comprehensive literature (e.g. Dueppen 2012 <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PCGIB556\">[Dueppen 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 10,
"polity": {
"id": 618,
"name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_red_4",
"long_name": "West Burkina Faso Red IV",
"start_year": 1401,
"end_year": 1500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Not mentioned in recent and seemingly comprehensive literature (e.g. Dueppen 2012 <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PCGIB556\">[Dueppen 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 11,
"polity": {
"id": 613,
"name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_yellow_5",
"long_name": "West Burkina Faso Yellow I",
"start_year": 100,
"end_year": 500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Not mentioned in recent and seemingly comprehensive literature (e.g. Dueppen 2012 <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PCGIB556\">[Dueppen 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 12,
"polity": {
"id": 622,
"name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_yellow_6",
"long_name": "West Burkina Faso Yellow II",
"start_year": 501,
"end_year": 700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Not mentioned in recent and seemingly comprehensive literature (e.g. Dueppen 2012 <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PCGIB556\">[Dueppen 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 13,
"polity": {
"id": 690,
"name": "bu_burundi_k",
"long_name": "Burundi",
"start_year": 1680,
"end_year": 1903
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include anything made of glass as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 14,
"polity": {
"id": 470,
"name": "cn_hmong_1",
"long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing",
"start_year": 1701,
"end_year": 1895
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Though scattered across Guizhou, Guizhou, and Anshun, the “Flower Miao” were mainly concentrated in the northwestern Guizhou region and northeastern Yunnan's Zhaotong City during the Ming and Qing dynasties... This disparity stemmed from the Tusi system, prevalent in Yuan, Ming, and early Qing eras. These hereditary rulers, often from other ethnicities, dominated much of Southwest China. By the time the Hmong migrated, existing Tusi systems in Yunnan and Guizhou had already formed powerful political and economic forces. Consequently, the Hmong often found themselves exploited and enslaved within these Tusi regions, relegated to roles like tenant farmers for the Tusi lords... In areas like Xinqu County and Guangshun Prefecture, the Flower Miao, Eastern Miao, Western Miao, and Guyang Miao all suffered under similar burdens, paying rent and performing labor considered comparable to \"commoners,\" pushing them deeper into poverty. By \"commoners,\" we mean the state's registered households and Han Chinese citizens. These Hmong farmers, tilling landlord-owned land like their non-Hmong counterparts, were even worse off than most Han farmers… From 1855-1872, following the lead of Zhang Xiumei and the others, the Hmong in Guizhou and Hunan provinces led a series of rebellions against the Qing dynasty… The Han Chinese landlords, merchants, soldiers, and garrison troops who entered the Hmong areas often used usury to exploit the Hmong peasants… the Hmong peasants were already impoverished. When natural disasters occurred, they were even more miserable. The Hmong epic poems vividly describe this situation.（“花苗”，在遵义、贵阳、安顺地区虽有分布，但明清之际主要集中在黔西北毕节地区和滇东北昭通市地区……由于元明和清初居于土司阶层的多为别的民族，加之云南、贵州不少地区当苗族徙入时，其他民族已经建立了土司制度，形成了较强的政治和经济势力，故苗族在土司地区一般处于被剥削、被奴役的地位。他们多充当土司土目的佃户……新贵县和广顺州一带的“花苗”“东苗”“西苗”“牯羊苗”等，“输租服役，比于良民，故其贫尤甚”。所谓“良民”，即国家的编户齐民和汉族百姓。这些地区的苗民，同他们一样耕种地主土地……比一般汉族农民更为贫困……咸丰五年至同治十一年（1855-1872）……苗族地区，爆发了由张秀眉等人领导的苗族人民起义……在贵州和在湘西一样，进入苗区的汉族地主、奸商、官兵和驻军，掠夺苗族农民的一个主要手段就是放高利贷……苗族农民已穷困不堪，如处水火之中，遇上天灾年荒，就更是饥寒交加，苦楚难言。苗族地区流传的史诗对这种情景有不少生动的记述。）” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQ69GKQ8\">[Wu 2017, p. 116]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQ69GKQ8\">[Wu 2017, p. 148]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQ69GKQ8\">[Wu 2017, p. 150]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQ69GKQ8\">[Wu 2017, p. 261]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQ69GKQ8\">[Wu 2017, p. 263]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 15,
"polity": {
"id": 471,
"name": "cn_hmong_2",
"long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese",
"start_year": 1895,
"end_year": 1941
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Local Hmong people, Yang Hanxian, who graduated from the Sociology Department of West China University, wrote: \"The Hmong society of Weining in modern times was full of serious ethnic and class contradictions. The Yi ethnic minority landlords, who accounted for a very small number of the population, ruled and oppressed the vast majority of Hmong people... According to Hmong elders in the early 20th century, under the rule of the Yi 'nuo' (landlord),... (the above four classes are all Yi ethnic minorities) and those at the bottom of the society, or called the people under the ground, are the 'Miao (Hmong)'.\" ... In modern times, the feudal landlord system with the nature of slavery still existed in the Wumeng Mountains, and the Hmong tenant farmers were strongly dependent on the Yi ethnic minority landlords. In the Qing Dynasty, historian Zhao Yi served as an official in Shuixi. Based on his own observations, he wrote: \"The relationship between the local officials and the local people is the most severe between master and servant... \"The Hmong people wear clothes that they weave themselves from hemp, coarse hemp and worn cloth. They wear a grass belt around their waists, tie their legs with bandages, and wear straw shoes. The old records say that they \"lack clothes, sleep without beds or bedding, cook without pots and cauldrons, and have no food for the next day at home.\"（当地苗族，华西大学社会学系毕业的杨汉先写道：“近代的威宁苗族社会，充满着严重的民族和阶级的矛盾。占人口极少数的彝族土目地主，统治和压迫着广大的苗族劳苦大众……据二十世纪初期苗族老人说，在彝族’诺’（大地主）的统治下……（上述四等人皆为彝族）而处在最底层的或叫地底下的人，即’苗子’。”近代乌蒙山区还残存着带有奴隶制度性质的封建领主制，苗族佃农的人身强烈地依附于彝族土目地主。清代史学家赵翼在水西为官，以其亲见亲历写道：“凡土官之于土民，其主仆之分最严……”苗族穿的衣服是自己绩麻，粗葛败布自己纺织。腰系草带，腿裹绑带，足登草鞋。旧志说他们“身缺衣覆，寝无床被，炊缺锅釜，家无隔夜之粮。”）” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VF523UN9\">[Zhang 2009, pp. 25-26]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VF523UN9\">[Zhang 2009, p. 30]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 16,
"polity": {
"id": 245,
"name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn",
"long_name": "Jin",
"start_year": -780,
"end_year": -404
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“During this era (referring to the late Spring and Autumn period), a notable presence of glass products imported from Western Asia emerged. One of the most significant items was the \"dragonfly-eye bead,\" a colloquial term used in modern archaeological discussions, while in the Western context, they are referred to as \"eye beads\"... In the book \"Zhao Qing's Tomb of the Jin State in Taiyuan\" (published in 1996), when analyzing the dating of Zhao Qing's tomb, it is noted that the M270 tomb in Changzhi Fenshui Ridge corresponds to the mid-Spring and Autumn period... Among the tombs from this timeframe, the tomb of Zhao Qing from the Jin State in Taiyuan stands out for unearthing the largest number of dragonfly eye beads – a total of thirteen. (这个时期（指春秋晚期）还有颇多的西亚进口的玻璃制品出现，其中最主要的就算是蜻蜓眼珠了：“蜻蜓眼珠”是近代文物界的俗称，西方称为眼珠（eyebeads）……在《太原晋国赵卿墓》（1996年出版）一书对赵卿墓进行断代时提到长治分水岭m270墓属春秋中期……这个时期出土蜻蜓眼珠最多的墓葬，为太原晋国赵卿墓，共十三枚。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QHKICGMR\">[Kwan 2001, pp. 17-22]</a> “During the early period, the dragonfly eye beads not only shared similar compositions with Western counterparts but also displayed a distinctive pattern not native to China and absent from other objects: these particular dragonfly eye pattern beads were commonly discovered in the Mediterranean and Western Asia regions in the past, showcasing various designs... It's evident that there's a strong connection between the dragonfly eye beads from China's late Spring and Autumn period and those from Western Asia. It's highly plausible that these early dragonfly eye beads were imported from foreign sources.(早期的蜻蜓眼珠除了成分与西方配方相同之外，所谓的蜻蜓眼纹本物亦非中国固有纹饰，也不见于其他器物之上：这类蜻蜓眼纹珠过去在地中海及西亚地区出土甚多，并且款式多样……不难从当中见到中国春秋晚期蜻蜓眼珠与西亚眼珠的紧密关系，这些早期蜻蜓眼珠是外国进口物的可能性是很高的。)”( <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QHKICGMR\">[Kwan 2001, pp. 17-18]</a> “Back in the late Spring and Autumn period, these dragonfly-eye beads were brought in from West Asia, which required a long journey. They were really valuable and rare, and therefore were initially only accessible to those of noble status… As time went on into the Warring States period, China started making its own dragonfly-eye beads. But in the beginning, their production was limited by technology and remained exclusive to the people with higher social status… (春秋末蜻蜓眼珠属进口品，从西亚输入，路途遥远，珍贵难得，价值十分高昂，故此最起初只为士级以上所能拥有……战国以后虽出现了中国自产的蜻蜓眼珠，但在起初的技术及产量都有限的情况下，加上受到诸侯所辖管，蜻蜓眼珠仍只保留在社会上较高身份的一层。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QHKICGMR\">[Kwan 2001, p. 26]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 17,
"polity": {
"id": 269,
"name": "cn_ming_dyn",
"long_name": "Great Ming",
"start_year": 1368,
"end_year": 1644
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 269,
"name": "cn_ming_dyn",
"long_name": "Great Ming",
"start_year": 1368,
"end_year": 1644
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“During the Ming Dynasty, there were glass Go game pieces, which came in black and white. A set of these pieces was discovered in the tomb of Zhu Tan, King Lu of Zou County in Shandong. The game board was 41.7 centimeters long and included 175 black glass pieces and 181 white glass pieces. These Ming Dynasty glass Go pieces were flat and circular, each with a diameter of around 2.0 centimeters…The ornaments presented by the emperor to the top scholar were crafted from \"Yao jade,\" which was actually made of glass. This is why Ming Dynasty glass imitations reached an exceptional level of quality. Whether it's the clarity, color, or texture, they closely resembled real jade... Sun Tingquan (1613-1674) noted in his work \"Yan Shan Zaji: Glass\" in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, \"The most highly regarded type of glass is known as 'qinglian'... it represents the highest of the nation's craftsmanship.\" In the Ming Dynasty, the most famous glassware was referred to as \"qinglian.\" It was made using a recipe that included crystal glass and cobalt oxide as a coloring agent for blue beads. This glass had remarkable transparency and was crafted by pulling molten glass into rod-like shapes and then cutting them into beads.（明代圍棋子，有用玻璃製成，分黑白二色，山東鄒縣明魯王朱檀墓曾出土一副，棋盤長41.7厘米，棋子為玻璃製，黑色175枚，白色181枚，明代玻璃棋子成扁圓形直徑約為2.0厘米左右⋯⋯皇帝頒賜給狀元的配飾都是玻璃制的“藥玉佩”，所以明代仿玉製品水平甚高，不論透明度、色澤及質感均與真玉無異⋯⋯明末清初人孫廷銓（1613-1674）在他的著作《顏山雜記·琉璃》中說明：“琉璃之貴者，為青簾⋯⋯以稱國工。”明代最著名的玻璃器稱為“青簾”，從孫廷銓的記述，是用水晶玻璃配方，加以回青（氧化鈷）作為著色劑的藍色管珠，透明度較高，是用拉管法拉出筷子狀的長管，再切割成的管珠。）” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QHKICGMR\">[Kwan 2001, pp. 85-87]</a> “In the tenth year of the Chongzhen era (1637) during the Ming Dynasty, Song Yingxing published the renowned work \"Tiangong Kaiwu\" (the Exploitation of the Works of Nature). Within this comprehensive record of ancient Chinese craftsmanship predating the mid-Ming era, there is a dedicated section named \"Pearls and Jade\" that delves into the world of glass... Firstly, it's important to note that glass was originally a product from the Western Regions... crafted through human ingenuity rather than a natural occurrence. Both crystal and the raw materials used for making glass were primarily of quartz origin. This is why Song Yingxing grouped them together as part of the same category. Secondly, the Chinese developed a taste for these Western products, prompting them to dispatch skilled artisans to learn and, ultimately, successfully emulate these crafts. The end result was the creation of various items such as glass tiles, glass bowls, and beads... During the Ming Dynasty, the tradition of maritime trade in porcelain and glassware, which had been the principal export to Southeast Asia since the Southern Song Dynasty, persisted… A description of this can be found in Ma Huan's \"Yingya Shenglan,\" a book he wrote in the second year of the Jingtail era (1451). The document reveals the strong admiration South and Southeast Asian nations held for \"Chinese blue porcelain plates and bowls, silk, satin, and items like glass beads.\" These glass beads, known as \"liuli beads,\" were crafted using low-temperature glass. (明崇祯十年（1637年），宋应星刊行了著名的《天工开物》。书中记录了明朝中叶以前中国古代的各种手工技术，其中“珠玉”一卷专门谈到了琉璃……第一，琉璃是西域物产……即人工烧造的工艺。水晶和烧造琉璃的原料都是石英质，所以宋应星称它们为一类。第二，中国人喜欢西方的这种产品，便派工巧去学习然后效仿成功，能烧造出琉璃瓦、琉璃碗和珠子等……明代继续了南宋以来主要出口东南亚的瓷器和琉璃海上贸易……明朝马欢著于景泰二年（1451年）的《瀛涯胜览》，书中记载了南亚和东南亚各国对“中国青瓷盘碗等品，丝、绫、绢、烧珠等物，甚爱之”对情形，烧珠就是被称为琉璃珠的低温玻璃珠……)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5Z6SAERV\">[Zhu 2010, p. 253]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 18,
"polity": {
"id": 250,
"name": "cn_qin_emp",
"long_name": "Qin Empire",
"start_year": -338,
"end_year": -207
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "‘\" “The earliest examples of primitive glassware in a style resembling \"Faience\" appeared in China during the early Western Zhou period or possibly a bit earlier, around the 11th century BC. However, true Chinese glass didn't really come onto the scene until around the 5th century BC… During the period (inferring to Late Spring and Autumn Period) there was a noticeable influx of glass products imported from West Asia. Among these, the most notable are what we commonly call \"dragonfly eye beads,\" while in the Western world, they're known as \"eyebeads.\"...In the tombs of the Earl of Yu and his wife Jingji, archaeologists found over a thousand of Faience tubes and beads. This clearly suggests that the quantity of these items is connected to their social status… During the mid to later Warring States period, the state of Qin expanded its borders to the west, continually pushing its territory outward. The areas where we've found these dragonfly eye beads today—like Gansu, Sichuan, and Shaanxi—all fell within the domain of Qin… Provinces in China where these dragonfly eye glass beads have turned up include Hunan, Hubei, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Guangdong, Yunnan, Gansu, Xinjiang, Jiangsu, and Jiangxi.” (中国最早的“费昂斯”式原始玻璃器物，出现于西周前期或稍早时间，约公元前十一世纪前后，而真正的中国玻璃则大约要到公元前五世纪才告诞生……这个时期（指春秋晚期）还有颇多的西亚进口的玻璃制品出现，其中最主要的就算是蜻蜓眼珠了：“蜻蜓眼珠”是近代文物界的俗称，西方称为眼珠（eyebeads）……鱼(yú)伯墓及其妻子井姬墓共出土费昂斯管、珠过千件，显然拥有的数量跟其身份地位有关。……秦国于战国中期以后在西边扩大，版图不断往西开拓：现今所见甘肃、四川、陕西出土蜻蜓眼珠的地方均属于秦领土……中国出土有蜻蜓眼玻璃珠的省份有湖南、湖北、河北、山西、山东、陕西、四川、广东、云南、甘肃、新疆、江苏和江西。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QHKICGMR\">[Kwan 2001, p. 6]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QHKICGMR\">[Kwan 2001, p. 13]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QHKICGMR\">[Kwan 2001, p. 17]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QHKICGMR\">[Kwan 2001, pp. 23-24]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QHKICGMR\">[Kwan 2001, p. 33]</a> note from RA: The appearance of these glass beads, which originally as foreign objects after the Spring and Autumn period, saw a surge in popularity during the Warring States period. Locally produced beads dominated the scene. Since in the Han Dynasty, these beads still presented occasionally, it can be assumed that dragonfly-eye beads were also present during the Qin Dynasty, which served as a transitional period between the Warring States and the Han Dynasty. “From the late Spring and Autumn period to the early Warring States period, people didn't just bring in “dragonfly eye beads” – they also brought along the way to make them and the skills to do it. After a bit of learning, the Chinese started making these beads themselves…Back in the late Spring and Autumn period, these dragonfly-eye beads were brought in from West Asia, which required a long journey. They were really valuable and rare, and therefore were initially only accessible to those of noble status… As time went on into the Warring States period, China started making its own dragonfly-eye beads. But in the beginning, their production was limited by technology and remained exclusive to the people with higher social status… It was not until the middle of the Warring States period more and more dragonfly-eye beads were being made locally… They were found in graves in Hunan and Hubei, including some tombs of the populace… The majority of dragonfly-eye beads were uncovered within tombs from the Warring States period. Scattered instances of discovery from the Han Dynasty through the Wei and Jin Dynasties are rare, and these beads are believed to be remnants of earlier times.” (在春秋末期至战国初期输入中国的不只是一种蜻蜓眼珠制成品，还可能包括了制造的工艺及技术，经过一段较短的学习期以后，蜻蜓眼珠的生产随即进入本土化阶段…… 春秋末蜻蜓眼珠属进口品，从西亚输入，路途遥远，珍贵难得，价值十分高昂，故此最起初只为士级以上所能拥有……战国以后虽出现了中国自产的蜻蜓眼珠，但在起初的技术及产量都有限的情况下，加上受到诸侯所辖管，蜻蜓眼珠仍只保留在社会上较高身份的一层……大概到了战国中期以后，本土生产蜻蜓眼珠数量较多……湖南、湖北地区墓葬多有出土，其中更有身份属下士、庶人墓葬。……蜻蜓眼珠大部分出土于战国墓葬，汉代至两晋出土的只有零星几个，相信只属前代遗物。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QHKICGMR\">[Kwan 2001, pp. 22-26]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 19,
"polity": {
"id": 1,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_1",
"long_name": "Early Qing",
"start_year": 1644,
"end_year": 1796
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 1,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_1",
"long_name": "Early Qing",
"start_year": 1644,
"end_year": 1796
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Europe",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“In 1696, during the 35th year of the Kangxi reign in the early Qing Dynasty, a \"glass factory\" was established within the palace, overseen by missionaries like Gerbillon to manage its production. (清初康熙三十五年（1696年）开始命宫中造办处设立“玻璃厂”由传教士纪理安等负责监造。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QHKICGMR\">[Kwan 2001, p. 404]</a> “Between the 44th and 51st years of Kangxi's reign (1705-1712), Lang Tingji oversaw the production of porcelain in Jingdezhen. Evidence suggests that Jingdezhen might have been involved in creating painted enamel products, considering Lang Tingji's presentation of Western-style glass-backed painted enamel vases and flower baskets. He understood the Emperor's interests at the time and offered these Western-style glass-backed painted enamel items for the Emperor to appreciate and possibly use as references… The earliest records indicate that Lang Tingji, the governor of Jiangxi, presented two Western-style \"polychrome glass vases\" and \"polychrome glass flower baskets\" to Emperor Kangxi. These items were imported from the West. In Kangxi's 55th year, during September, Chen Yuanlong, the governor of Guangxi, was granted an Imperial polychrome red glass snuff bottle. This product was manufactured within the Imperial palace and also crafted from polychrome glass, specifically designed as a snuff bottle. It's plausible that the Imperial palace had already begun producing glass-backed painted enamel items relatively early. (康熙四十四年至五十一年 ( 1705—1712) 郎廷极在景德镇督造瓷器，从他进献西洋玻璃胎画珐琅花瓶与花篮来看，景德镇可能也在创烧画珐琅制品，他知道皇帝 当时的关心所在，进献西洋玻璃胎画珐琅器物供皇帝欣赏和参考……最早的资料记载江西巡抚郎廷极向康熙帝进了西洋“五彩玻璃花瓶”“五彩玻璃花篮”两件五彩玻璃珐琅制品，属于西洋的进口货。康熙五十五年九月广西巡抚陈元龙谢恩被赏赐御制珐琅五彩红玻璃鼻烟壶，则是御制的清宫产品，也是五彩的玻璃制品，物件则是鼻烟壶。可能清宫较早烧成了玻璃胎画珐琅。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/56UIBWDJ\">[Chang 2020, p. 172]</a> “In September of the fifty-fifth year during Kangxi's rule (1716), Chen Yuanlong, the Governor of Guangxi, was granted special favors from the Emperor. These included exquisite imperial enamel gifts such as a multicolored red glass snuff bottle, an octagonal inkstone box, a water cistern, and a round incense box… Chen Yuanlong greatly valued these \"precious treasures\" and felt deeply honored to receive such “exceptional favors”... (康熙五十五年九月，广西巡抚陈元龙得到皇帝恩赐御制珐琅五彩红玻璃鼻烟壶、八角盒砚、水丞、圆香盒……陈元龙深感首得“重宝”，享此“殊恩”……)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/56UIBWDJ\">[Chang 2020, p. 165]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/56UIBWDJ\">[Chang 2020, p. 172]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 20,
"polity": {
"id": 2,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_2",
"long_name": "Late Qing",
"start_year": 1796,
"end_year": 1912
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 2,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_2",
"long_name": "Late Qing",
"start_year": 1796,
"end_year": 1912
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Clark Abel, who traveled to China between 1816 and 1817 as part of the mission led by William Pitt Amherst, noted in his travel journal that during his expedition, he encountered expensive glass products being sold in the streets of Guangzhou, the only open port for foreign trade at the time. However, he did not observe the use of glass in any other regions of China during his travels. (追隨阿美士德(William Pitt Amherst)使團來華的 Clark Abel，在 1816 至 1817 年期間的旅行紀錄也顯示，旅途中，他除 了在當時一口通商的廣州看到街上一些玻璃店鋪有售賣價格高昂的玻璃製品之外，沒有在中國的其他地方看到玻璃使用的情況。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/I8GPSUG4\">[Cao 2012, p. 85]</a> “After the end of the Taiping Rebellion there is a period known as the Tongzhi Restoration, when things began to pick-up again economically and fine quality glass carving was encouraged once more, to continue to the end of the dynasty. Under the frugal hand of the Jiaqing Emperor, the output of glass from the Imperial glassworks had been reduced in 1820 to one hundred and sixty pieces a year in total… A portrait of the Daoguang Emperor probably from around the mid reign shows him with two glass overlay snuff bottles, one obviously decorated with the ubiquitous chi dragons so popular on courtly objects…” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Q4TTNQAA\">[M._Moss 2004, pp. 25-26]</a> “A realgar glass bottle bearing the hallmark of the first Prince Cheng, Yongxiang, who died in 1823 (fig. 89) can be confidently dated to some time within the thirty or forty years preceding that date, while a particular shape can be associated with the first half of the nineteenth century, represented by figures 90 and 91. The first is identical in material to a bottle bearing the hall name of the fifth Prince Ding, who died in 1854. In this example the shape is distinctive, with its horizontally ridged shoulders, and we find confirmation of the date of this form from figure 91, which bears a Daoguang mark.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Q4TTNQAA\">[M._Moss 2004, pp. 22-23]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 21,
"polity": {
"id": 424,
"name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states",
"long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty",
"start_year": -445,
"end_year": -225
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 424,
"name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states",
"long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty",
"start_year": -445,
"end_year": -225
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“During this era (referring to the late Spring and Autumn period), a notable presence of glass products imported from Western Asia emerged. One of the most significant items was the \"dragonfly-eye bead,\" a colloquial term used in modern archaeological discussions, while in the Western context, they are referred to as \"eye beads\"... Back in the late Spring and Autumn period, these dragonfly-eye beads were brought in from West Asia, which required a long journey. They were really valuable and rare, and therefore were initially only accessible to those of noble status… As time went on into the Warring States period, China started making its own dragonfly-eye beads. But in the beginning, their production was limited by technology and remained exclusive to the people with higher social status… (这个时期（指春秋晚期）还有颇多的西亚进口的玻璃制品出现，其中最主要的就算是蜻蜓眼珠了：“蜻蜓眼珠”是近代文物界的俗称，西方称为眼珠（eyebeads）……春秋末蜻蜓眼珠属进口品，从西亚输入，路途遥远，珍贵难得，价值十分高昂，故此最起初只为士级以上所能拥有……战国以后虽出现了中国自产的蜻蜓眼珠，但在起初的技术及产量都有限的情况下，加上受到诸侯所辖管，蜻蜓眼珠仍只保留在社会上较高身份的一层。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QHKICGMR\">[Kwan 2001, pp. 17-22]</a> Note: In the 'Table of Excavated Chinese Dragonfly-eye Beads' on page 20 of Early Chinese Glass, Dragonfly-eye Beads numbered 35 and 36 are from Guweicun, Huixian, Henan. The ancient tombs excavated here are presumed to be tombs from the Wei state.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 22,
"polity": {
"id": 268,
"name": "cn_yuan_dyn",
"long_name": "Great Yuan",
"start_year": 1271,
"end_year": 1368
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 268,
"name": "cn_yuan_dyn",
"long_name": "Great Yuan",
"start_year": 1271,
"end_year": 1368
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Archaeological records show that there were workshops for the production of glass in Boshan and Xinjiang during the Yuan Dynasty. A small number of glassware and glass beads have been preserved…“Shaozhu” is a type of low-temperature glass bead produced in Boshan. It is also known as “liuli,” “nitro bead,” and “five-color shaozhu” in historical records…The production of glass beads and small glass ornaments was quite extensive at that time…(考古资料显示元代的博山和新疆都有烧造琉璃（玻璃）的作坊，并有少量琉璃制品和琉璃珠实物留存下来……“烧珠”就是博山生产的低温玻璃珠，文献称为“琉璃”、“硝珠”、“五色烧珠”等……当时的琉璃珠和琉璃小饰件的制作具备相当的规模……)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5Z6SAERV\">[Zhu 2010, p. 249]</a> “The use of glassware in the Yuan Dynasty was more active than in the Song and Liao dynasties. Excavated Yuan Dynasty glass includes lotus cups, trays, and glass jades, as well as a number of other small ornaments…Glass ornaments unearthed from Yuan Dynasty tombs are mainly found in the north, and have not been found in the Jiangnan region. The most popular Yuan Dynasty glass ornaments were flower-shaped ornaments, beads, earrings, and hairpins…White and light blue were the main colors, while other colors were rare. (元代玻璃器的使用，較兩宋及遼金兩代更為活躍，出土的元代玻璃有蓮花盞、托及玻璃圭等物，其他較小形的飾物亦屬不少⋯⋯元代墓葬出土玻璃飾物，地區上以北方為主，江南一帶未見出土。元代玻璃飾物以花瓣形飾、珠飾、耳飾及髮簪最為流行⋯⋯以白色及淺藍色為主，其他顏色則較為少見。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QHKICGMR\">[Kwan 2001, p. 81]</a> “Figure 85: A glass lotus cup and tray from the Yuan Wang Shixian family tomb in Zhang County, Gansu Province (圖八十五 元 玻璃蓮花盞、托 甘肅漳縣元汪世顯家族墓)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QHKICGMR\">[Kwan 2001, p. 81]</a> Note: Yuan Dynasty imperial tombs have not been discovered or excavated in large numbers. Therefore, most of the tombs excavated by archaeologists are tombs of nobles and commoners. Wang Shixian, mentioned in the text, was the Yuan Dynasty's commander-in-chief, responsible for the military of 20 prefectures, including Qinzhou and Longzhou.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 23,
"polity": {
"id": 367,
"name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate",
"start_year": 1171,
"end_year": 1250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 367,
"name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate",
"start_year": 1171,
"end_year": 1250
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Enamelling and gilding on glass had its first great flowering in the Ayyubid period, when Syrian glassmakers were able to bring their experimentation with these techniques to successful results and thus pave the way for future developments. The most distinctive of these objects are elongated beakers with small circular bases and flaring curved walls. Among these, the earliest datable example carries a dedication to the ruler of Mosul, Sanjar Shah (r. 1180-1209)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DXCZCCUC\">[Ekhtiar 2011, p. 138]</a> “Excavations from the major Mqargrdzeli city of Dvin have found evidence for the extensive import of glazed ceramics from Iran and glass from Aleppo and Damascus, and from Rustavi in Georgia. The city also had its own local manufacturing expertise”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SSSSMMNG\">[Eastmond 2017, p. 160]</a> “Once the caravans reached a city, they [travellers] would find suqs (markets) selling an impressive range of goods: silk, perfume, jewellery, gold, spices, glassware, metalwork and ceramic vessels…Techniques in enamelled and gilded glass were highly developed in 6th-/12th-century Syria, particularly in the Raqqa region. The decorative repertoire was wide, including gilded and enamelled cups for courtly settings, striped, marvered and moulded glass bottles and jars for perfume and kohl, and a variety of glass vessels mounted with precious or semi-precious stones such as lapis lazuli”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/53A8W2KU\">[Abdal-Razzaq_et_al 2015]</a> “Under the Ayyubids, Syria became the leader in the manufacture of both luxury objects and the less expensive and sophisticated works made for the middle class and the bazaars. Metalwork, glass, and ceramics - the three principal media - were all produced there”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DXCZCCUC\">[Ekhtiar 2011, pp. 137-138]</a> “Techniques in enamelled and gilded glass were highly developed in 6th-/12th-century Syria, particularly in the Raqqa region. The decorative repertoire was wide, including gilded and enamelled cups for courtly settings…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/53A8W2KU\">[Abdal-Razzaq_et_al 2015]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 24,
"polity": {
"id": 521,
"name": "eg_kushite",
"long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period",
"start_year": -747,
"end_year": -656
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Vessels; beads; inlay. “Gold and silver jewellery of a very fine quality was found in the ba-chapel of Queen Amanishakheto’s [a Kandake of Kush] pyramid. Bracelets, armlets, shield rings and pendants richly decorated with gold wire, granulation and fused-glass inlays demonstrate the continuity of late Napatan and Meroitic goldsmith’s art and indicate the impact of Egyptian imports”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J9FB64ZQ\">[Torok 2015, p. 528]</a> “[Referring to beads and pendant finds from graves in the Meroitic cemetery at Berber] …the bead assemblage is dominated by…glass, and metal-in-glass, with the latter type (gold-in-glass and silver-in-glass beads) constituting a quarter of the finds. […] Almost 450 beads are made of glass. The majority of the drawn specimens consist of single- and multiple-segment beads which are usually small and oblate… […] About 600 drawn metal-in-glass beads were found at Berber. Also called sandwich beads, they are made of two layers of glass with gold or silver foil in between…Luxurious gold-in-glass beads with diverse figurative motifs and dotted or lozenge patterns are rare on the whole. They have been found primarily in Nubia…Egypt, southern Russia, and Iran…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/32AMNQZX\">[Then-Obluska 2018, p. 31]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/32AMNQZX\">[Then-Obluska 2018, pp. 36-37]</a> Inlay. “Gold and silver jewellery of a very fine quality was found in the ba-chapel of Queen Amanishakheto’s [a Kandake of Kush] pyramid. Bracelets, armlets, shield rings and pendants richly decorated with gold wire, granulation and fused-glass inlays demonstrate the continuity of late Napatan and Meroitic goldsmith’s art and indicate the impact of Egyptian imports”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J9FB64ZQ\">[Torok 2015, p. 528]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 25,
"polity": {
"id": 203,
"name": "eg_saite",
"long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period",
"start_year": -664,
"end_year": -525
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Syria; Palestine; Cyprus",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Vessels. “[Referring to core-formed products such as amphoriskoi or amphoriskos glass vessels, probably made in Syria, Palestine and Cyprus] Others were imported into Egypt, where a renaissance in all branches of the arts took place during the Saite Twenty-Sixth Dynasty (c.664-525 BC). The technique of inlaying glass into another material re-emerged during the reign of Amasis [II, AKA Ahmose II] (c.570-526 BC)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BFBHXP5G\">[Davison_Newton 2008, p. 21]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 26,
"polity": {
"id": 647,
"name": "er_medri_bahri",
"long_name": "Medri Bahri",
"start_year": 1310,
"end_year": 1889
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "‘‘‘ Based on the literature consulted, Eritrean history appears to be especially obscure. No information could be found on the topic of trade or consumption habits in Eritrea in any era before the late 19th century.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 27,
"polity": {
"id": 84,
"name": "es_spanish_emp_1",
"long_name": "Spanish Empire I",
"start_year": 1516,
"end_year": 1715
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 84,
"name": "es_spanish_emp_1",
"long_name": "Spanish Empire I",
"start_year": 1516,
"end_year": 1715
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Glass ware; glass beads. “In 1585, the city of Antwerp…was conquered by the Spanish…However, the Antwerp glass manufacture did not completely stop at this time. As of 1598, under the leadership of Phillipo Gridolphi, the manufacture of glass experienced its most important expansion. The Antwerp glassmakers of that era obtained the exclusive privilege to import and sell genuine Venetian glass into the Spanish Low Countries. In the city centre of Antwerp, during several archaeological excavations, domestic cesspits have been unearthed containing numerous fragments of intricate, as well as more utilitarian, glass vessels in uncoloured glass. Many of these objects are dated on typological grounds to the sixteenth century, while a second group corresponds to the middle of the seventeenth century. Very luxurious glass vessels of the era were found at the site of the palace of the Bishops of Antwerp”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FSVT55N7\">[Janssens_et_al 2013, p. 538]</a> “Spanish writers have not…acquainted us with the precise means by which the Venetian methods of working [in glassware] were brought to their country; but Gaspar Baneiros in his Chronographia, published in 1562, says that the glass made at Barcelona was almost equal to that of Venice, and during this and the next century large quantities were exported. Venetian glass was imitated in several other places in Spain, and with considerable success, as several examples in the South Kensington Museum [now known as the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, England] testify…In Spain glass was made in 1680, at San Martin de Valdeiglesias, in imitation of Venetian [glass]; and Barcelona, Valdemaquada, and Villafranca are named in a royal schedule of the same date, fixing the prices at which glass was to be sold in Madrid, as places where wares imitative of Venetian were made. There was also an important manufactory at La Granja (see Introduction to Cat. of Spanish Glass in South Kensington Museum, by Señor Riano). Some of the products of the Spanish furnaces closely resemble those of Murano [referring here to Murano glass from Murano island in Venice]…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9RE64N2W\">[W._Baynes 1891, p. 583]</a> “[Referring to Cortés’ meeting with Montezuma in 1519 as part of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire] …the Spanish and Aztec leaders exchanged gifts: Cortés gave glass beads…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/U3I9MDFA\">[Seaman 2013, p. 106]</a> Glass ware. “In 1585, the city of Antwerp…was conquered by the Spanish…However, the Antwerp glass manufacture did not completely stop at this time. As of 1598, under the leadership of Phillipo Gridolphi, the manufacture of glass experienced its most important expansion. The Antwerp glassmakers of that era obtained the exclusive privilege to import and sell genuine Venetian glass into the Spanish Low Countries”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FSVT55N7\">[Janssens_et_al 2013, p. 538]</a> “Spanish writers have not…acquainted us with the precise means by which the Venetian methods of working [in glassware] were brought to their country; but Gaspar Baneiros in his Chronographia, published in 1562, says that the glass made at Barcelona was almost equal to that of Venice, and during this and the next century large quantities were exported. Venetian glass was imitated in several other places in Spain, and with considerable success…In Spain glass was made in 1680, at San Martin de Valdeiglesias, in imitation of Venetian [glass]; and Barcelona, Valdemaquada, and Villafranca are named in a royal schedule of the same date, fixing the prices at which glass was to be sold in Madrid, as places where wares imitative of Venetian were made. There was also an important manufactory at La Granja (see Introduction to Cat. of Spanish Glass in South Kensington Museum, by Señor Riano)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9RE64N2W\">[W._Baynes 1891, p. 583]</a> Glass ware; glass beads. “In Spain glass was made in 1680, at San Martin de Valdeiglesias, in imitation of Venetian [glass]; and Barcelona, Valdemaquada, and Villafranca are named in a royal schedule of the same date, fixing the prices at which glass was to be sold in Madrid, as places where wares imitative of Venetian were made”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9RE64N2W\">[W._Baynes 1891, p. 583]</a> Glass ware. “[Referring to glass manufacture during the C17 in Antwerp, Belgium, following the conquering of the city by the Spanish] …during several archaeological excavations…Very luxurious glass vessels of the era were found at the site of the palace of the Bishops of Antwerp”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FSVT55N7\">[Janssens_et_al 2013, p. 538]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 28,
"polity": {
"id": 652,
"name": "et_harar_emirate",
"long_name": "Emirate of Harar",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1875
},
"year_from": 1800,
"year_to": 1875,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not explicitly label almost any of the goods that circulated in this polity at this time as notably luxurious. However, given that Harar was a major trade centre in the nineteenth century, importing and exporting a broad range of items from across the Indian Ocean and East Africa, it seems reasonable to infer that luxury glass goods were traded there. “Fitawrari Tackle Hawariyat was nine year old when he entered Harar with Menelik’s army that defeated Amir Abdullah’s small army at Chelenque battle[ in 1987]. He had been living at Addis Ababa just before he left and came to Harar which he described as follows: ‘[…] The shops and stores are stuffed with various types of goods imported from abroad. […]’ As the boy stated the shops and stores were stuffed with goods and merchandises imported from abroad, i.e. Yemen, Arabia, India, China, etc.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that only a relatively small number of items were a royal monopoly, which suggests that many luxurious items were broadly accessible to anyone who could afford them, regardless of social extraction. “Even though the trading of ivory, ostrich feathers, and other items were monopolized by some Amirs and their families; the basic value related to property right was respected i.e. economic freedom: the rights to acquire, use, transfer and dispose of private property. ” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 29,
"polity": {
"id": 460,
"name": "fr_bourbon_k_1",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon",
"start_year": 1589,
"end_year": 1660
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 460,
"name": "fr_bourbon_k_1",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon",
"start_year": 1589,
"end_year": 1660
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "It could be inferred that the luxury glass goods mentioned were luxury items, as governmental assistance was required to maintain the industry (unlike the high-output industry of low-quality cloth making). “Under Henri IV a number of industries did receive help, which might also include tax exemptions and special permission for nobles to participate; they included silk production, tapestry and rug making, glass making and soapboiling. Another assumption was that the state would regulate manufacture, to preserve the quality of the product and ensure its continued viability.[...] The results of Henri IV’s initiatives seem to have been very modest, even in the relatively successful case of the silk industry, and the major manufacturing industry remained the production of low-quality cloth, which owed little or nothing to royal support.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/D2KEIVTF\">[Briggs 1998, p. 65]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 30,
"polity": {
"id": 461,
"name": "fr_bourbon_k_2",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon",
"start_year": 1660,
"end_year": 1815
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "It is unclear, based on the literature consulted, if there were any distinctions in quality between the mirrors available to those with significant wealth, and those of comparatively modest means. “Brightly colored or patterned wallpapers and fabrics began to replace heavy drab tapestries on the walls. Mirrors, clocks, paintings, and statuettes, once a mark of significant wealth, became widespread, as did a range of utilitarian objects such as umbrellas, fans, snuffboxes, watches, and books. More and more families ate from matching sets of decorated earthenware instead of tin or pewter plates.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K6CGKKVT\">[Maza 1997, p. 215]</a> It is unclear, based on the literature consulted, if there were any distinctions in quality between the mirrors available to those with significant wealth, and those of comparatively modest means. “Brightly colored or patterned wallpapers and fabrics began to replace heavy drab tapestries on the walls. Mirrors, clocks, paintings, and statuettes, once a mark of significant wealth, became widespread, as did a range of utilitarian objects such as umbrellas, fans, snuffboxes, watches, and books. More and more families ate from matching sets of decorated earthenware instead of tin or pewter plates.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K6CGKKVT\">[Maza 1997, p. 215]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 31,
"polity": {
"id": 457,
"name": "fr_capetian_k_1",
"long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom",
"start_year": 987,
"end_year": 1150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 75,
"name": "tr_byzantine_emp_2",
"long_name": "Byzantine Empire II",
"start_year": 867,
"end_year": 1072
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“High-quality glass-ware, which is definitely be [sic] as luxury goods, eventually came to Europe during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, as a result of the more intensive contacts with Byzantium and the Near East resulting from the Crusades. Among these are the thick-walled ‘Hedwig beakers’, with their characteristic cut decoration, of which several remain in Treasure Cabinets, having been used in aristocratic circles. More common, although still rare, are blue glasses with gold paint, which are thought to be Byzantine products.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DDR55KSX\">[Felgenhauer-Schmiedt_et_al 2007, pp. 243-244]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 32,
"polity": {
"id": 458,
"name": "fr_capetian_k_2",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian",
"start_year": 1150,
"end_year": 1328
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 544,
"name": "it_venetian_rep_3",
"long_name": "Republic of Venice III",
"start_year": 1204,
"end_year": 1563
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“In the later Middle Ages the Venetian Republic had for long been the foremost producer of glass in Europe. Glass was no longer produced in the city itself: because of the fire hazards in the closely built-up central islands of thirteenth-century Venice, the glass makers’ furnaces had been banished across the lagoon to the island of Murano in 1291. Like European silk, cotton and paper, European glass-manufacture began as an import substitute. The glass-making skills of Venetian artisans were ultimately derived from Syria. Inferior glass had long been made in Venice, in Torcello as early as the eighth century and in Venice itself by the tenth. The transition to superior glass came in the thirteenth century, with the import of the peculiarly appropriate alkaline ash, rich in sodium, from Syria in the place of ash obtained from burning local plants (see pp.273 - 4). The Venetians had a near monopoly of this import.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N7ZCQTEW\">[Spufford 2006, p. 270]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 33,
"polity": {
"id": 311,
"name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2",
"long_name": "Carolingian Empire II",
"start_year": 840,
"end_year": 987
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 311,
"name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2",
"long_name": "Carolingian Empire II",
"start_year": 840,
"end_year": 987
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Based on the literature consulted, it isn’t clear if the ceramics and glass being exported were luxury items. “Our knowledge of trade relations between the Frankish empire and northern Europe, mainly with England and Scandinavia, is for the larger part based on archaeological evidence, confirmed from time to time by written texts. The products exported from the Carolingian empire to the north - ceramics, glass, quern-stones, metallic objects - are archaeological whereas those imported from the north - furs, hides and fells, wax and amber, even slaves - have never or seldom left material traces.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/U95RGM7Z\">[Verhulst 2004, pp. 108-109]</a> “Our knowledge of trade relations between the Frankish empire and northern Europe, mainly with England and Scandinavia, is for the larger part based on archaeological evidence, confirmed from time to time by written texts. The products exported from the Carolingian empire to the north - ceramica, glass, quern-stones, metallic objects - are archaeological whereas those imported from the north - furs, hides and fells, wax and amber, even slaves - have never or seldom left material traces.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/U95RGM7Z\">[Verhulst 2004, pp. 108-109]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 34,
"polity": {
"id": 587,
"name": "gb_british_emp_1",
"long_name": "British Empire I",
"start_year": 1690,
"end_year": 1849
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 587,
"name": "gb_british_emp_1",
"long_name": "British Empire I",
"start_year": 1690,
"end_year": 1849
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“While flint glass provided a new British luxury, the glass industry in which it was set also supplied windows for medium-sized houses, standardized bottles, and thousands of ordinary drinking glasses supplied to the middling classes and to taverns spread throughout the British regions.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZMJC6WXA\">[Berg 2005, p. 120]</a> “The aristocracy, gentry, and middle classes of the north-east ordered most of their glass from London.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZMJC6WXA\">[Berg 2005, p. 122]</a> Note: Carlton House was known as the town residence of George IV, the interior decoration of glasses might indicate the consumption of glass by ruler. “Holland’s estimate for the first stage of the work on Carlton House in 1784 amounted to £30,250 – the equivalent possibly of £1.5–£2 million in today’s money…The decoration and furnishing of the interior was lavish. Carving, gilding, marble and ormolu decorations, glasses, windows and furniture ‘for the 2 Seasons’ were estimated in 1784 to cost £35,000 plus extra for crystal chandeliers and girandoles.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TGSQZBAD\">[Smith 1999, p. 52]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 35,
"polity": {
"id": 153,
"name": "id_iban_1",
"long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1841
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "China; Malaysia",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Glass body ornaments; glass trade(?) beads; glass telescopes, inferred as ‘luxury’ glass goods owing to their potential value and novelty as items likely acquired via trade. “[The following quotes inferred as likely applicable to this period according to the early date of publication] Entelo (bentelo), a girdle of glass, stone, and shell beads attached to the lowest portion of a woman’s brass bodice (rawai). […] Kacha (bekacha), s. glass, potsherd, fragment of a bottle…adj. fond of wearing ornaments, flashy. [Example of how might be used in a sentence] Kacha amai sanu enggau utai. So-and-so is fond of wearing ornaments. […] Klam (beklam), a glass [trade?] bead. […] Tropong (v. f. nropong; betropong), s. a spy-glass, telescope, v. to look with a glass”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 44]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 69]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 79]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 177]</a> “[Referring to trade for various types of sought-after goods over a long but unspecified period of time, inferred as likely applicable to this period] Despite…many upriver Iban express[ing] pride at their ability to be…almost completely self-sufficient…the desire of even far upriver Iban for many non-locally made products is undisputable and their dependence on…market items extends as far back into the past as does oral Iban history…Freeman…suggests that “it is probable that for many centuries the Iban have maintained economic relationships with Chinese and Malay traders, with metal objects, ceramics and [glass trade?] beads as their principal purchases” (1970: 175)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FBZ5P8TK\">[Padoch 1982, p. 106]</a> Glass beads, inferred as ‘luxury’ glass goods owing to their perceived value and novelty as items likely acquired via trade. “[Referring to trade for various types of sought-after goods over a long but unspecified period of time, inferred as likely applicable to this period] Despite…many upriver Iban express[ing] pride at their ability to be…almost completely self-sufficient…the desire of even far upriver Iban for many non-locally made products is undisputable and their dependence on…market items extends as far back into the past as does oral Iban history…Freeman…suggests that “it is probable that for many centuries the Iban have maintained economic relationships with Chinese and Malay traders, with metal objects, ceramics and [glass trade?] beads as their principal purchases” (1970: 175)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FBZ5P8TK\">[Padoch 1982, p. 106]</a> Glass body ornaments; glass trade(?) beads; glass telescopes, inferred as ‘luxury’ glass goods owing to their potential value and novelty as items likely acquired via trade. “[The following quotes inferred as likely applicable to this period according to the early date of publication] Entelo (bentelo), a girdle of glass, stone, and shell beads attached to the lowest portion of a woman’s brass bodice (rawai). […] Kacha (bekacha), s. glass, potsherd, fragment of a bottle…adj. fond of wearing ornaments, flashy. [Example of how might be used in a sentence] Kacha amai sanu enggau utai. So-and-so is fond of wearing ornaments. […] Tropong (v. f. nropong; betropong), s. a spy-glass, telescope, v. to look with a glass”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 44]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 69]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 177]</a> Note that Iban society at this time was relatively egalitarian, suggesting that luxury goods were available to many. ’Unlike the Kayan, Kenyah, pagan Melanau and several other Bornean peoples, the Iban are not divided into social classes. Nor is there any form of institutionalized leadership based upon hereditary succession, or some other socially divisive principle. Instead Iban society is characterized by a strongly egalitarian ethos. In this respect, each bilik -family jurally constitutes a discrete and autonomous social unit, which manages its own affairs and recognizes no higher authority than that of its own household head.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5U8X7Q5P\">[Davison_Sutlive_Sutlive 1991, p. 159]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 36,
"polity": {
"id": 154,
"name": "id_iban_2",
"long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial",
"start_year": 1841,
"end_year": 1987
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Glass body ornaments; glass trade(?) beads; glass telescopes, inferred as ‘luxury’ glass goods owing to their perceived value and novelty as items likely acquired via trade. “[The following quotes inferred as applicable to this period according to the date of publication] Entelo (bentelo), a girdle of glass, stone, and shell beads attached to the lowest portion of a woman’s brass bodice (rawai). […] Kacha (bekacha), s. glass, potsherd, fragment of a bottle…adj. fond of wearing ornaments, flashy. [Example of how might be used in a sentence] Kacha amai sanu enggau utai. So-and-so is fond of wearing ornaments. […] Klam (beklam), a glass [trade?] bead. […] Tropong (v. f. nropong; betropong), s. a spy-glass, telescope, v. to look with a glass”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 44]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 69]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 79]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 177]</a> “[Referring to trade for various types of sought-after goods over a long but unspecified period of time, inferred as likely applicable to this period] Despite…many upriver Iban express[ing] pride at their ability to be…almost completely self-sufficient…the desire of even far upriver Iban for many non-locally made products is undisputable and their dependence on…market items extends as far back into the past as does oral Iban history…Freeman…suggests that “it is probable that for many centuries the Iban have maintained economic relationships with Chinese and Malay traders, with metal objects, ceramics and [glass trade?] beads as their principal purchases” (1970: 175)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FBZ5P8TK\">[Padoch 1982, p. 106]</a> Glass body ornaments; glass trade(?) beads; glass telescopes, inferred as ‘luxury’ glass goods owing to their perceived value and novelty as items likely acquired via trade. “[The following quotes inferred as applicable to this period according to the date of publication] Entelo (bentelo), a girdle of glass, stone, and shell beads attached to the lowest portion of a woman’s brass bodice (rawai). […] Kacha (bekacha), s. glass, potsherd, fragment of a bottle…adj. fond of wearing ornaments, flashy. [Example of how might be used in a sentence] Kacha amai sanu enggau utai. So-and-so is fond of wearing ornaments. […] Tropong (v. f. nropong; betropong), s. a spy-glass, telescope, v. to look with a glass”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 44]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 69]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 177]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 37,
"polity": {
"id": 111,
"name": "in_achik_1",
"long_name": "Early A'chik",
"start_year": 1775,
"end_year": 1867
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Glass goods not included in lists found of items the Garos considered valuable and/or obtained from frontier markets. ‘They visited markets at bordering plains with their produce from the hills like raw cotton, chillies, ginger, wax, rubber, lac and other things to barter for essential items such as salt, dried fish and jewellery of all kinds and most important metal implements and weapons which they needed so desperately.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CS3PXEIH\">[Marak 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 38,
"polity": {
"id": 112,
"name": "in_achik_2",
"long_name": "Late A'chik",
"start_year": 1867,
"end_year": 1956
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Glass goods not included in lists found of items the Garos considered valuable and/or obtained from frontier markets. ‘They visited markets at bordering plains with their produce from the hills like raw cotton, chillies, ginger, wax, rubber, lac and other things to barter for essential items such as salt, dried fish and jewellery of all kinds and most important metal implements and weapons which they needed so desperately.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CS3PXEIH\">[Marak 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 39,
"polity": {
"id": 792,
"name": "in_kanva_dyn",
"long_name": "Magadha - Kanva Dynasty",
"start_year": -75,
"end_year": -30
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“scholars know very little about the Kanva dynasty or its rulers. Most information is based on a few ancient coins, on accounts of the history of the geographical area, and on the Puranas, an ancient account of the Hindu religion that is more useful for genealogical information than for political history. According to the Puranas, the Kanva dynasty had four kings…who ruled for a total of only forty-five years…the short-lived Kanva dynasty left little mark on the history of India…” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7N3PNVCB\">[Middleton 2015, p. 486]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 40,
"polity": {
"id": 385,
"name": "in_sunga_emp",
"long_name": "Magadha - Sunga Empire",
"start_year": -187,
"end_year": -65
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“The importance of trade during the third phase, which began in about 200 B.C.E., is seen in the reference to Ujjain as Ozene, a site noted for its trade with Rome, in the PERIPLUS OF THE ERYTHAEAN SEA. During the centuries to the middle of the first millennium C.E., Ujjain reveals SUNGA, KUSHAN, and GUPTA periods of occupation. An extremely rich material culture has been unearthed, including beads from a wide range of precious or semiprecious stones, glass, bone, and ivory; ivory combs; many animal figurines; and coins.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JBEBEPPM\">[Higham 2004, p. 361]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 41,
"polity": {
"id": 704,
"name": "in_thanjavur_nayaks",
"long_name": "Nayaks of Thanjavur",
"start_year": 1532,
"end_year": 1676
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 632,
"name": "nl_dutch_emp_1",
"long_name": "Dutch Empire",
"start_year": 1648,
"end_year": 1795
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "E.g. mirrors of European manufacture. “High-profile Dutch embassies carried valuable presents (elephants, Persian horses, Bengal and Persian silks and textiles, sandalwood, rose water, various types of fine spices, etc.) and curiosities (exotic birds and animals, European manufactures, including various types of pistols and matchlocks, glasses and glass mirrors, compasses, and so forth) to members of the Nayaka court. The 1668 mission under Captain Hendrik van Rheede, for instance, carried presents with a total value of 13,110 guilders” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CE94UU3H\">[RAVICHANDRAN 2011, p. 96]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 42,
"polity": {
"id": 509,
"name": "ir_qajar_dyn",
"long_name": "Qajar Dynasty",
"start_year": 1794,
"end_year": 1925
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 542,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy",
"long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period",
"start_year": 1873,
"end_year": 1920
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Afghanistan; Russia",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“The regions lying west of Iran were important traditional markets for Iranian goods and during the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century Iran's trade with Turkish Anatolia and Mesopotamia was still very considerable. Iran exported to the Ottoman Empire Indian indigo, Kashmir shawls, silk, gold cloth, printed and flowered Isfahani cloth, coarse printed cloth, cotton, lambskins, tobacco, saffron, gum ammoniac, cochineal and rhubarb. Most of these goods found their way to Istanbul and many must have been re-exported to various European countries. These goods were paid for in velvet, tabbies (coarse watered silk), French and Venetian woollens and other European cloth, lace and gold thread, cloth from Aleppo and Damascus, glassware (including painted glass), mirrors, iron, steel, hardware, opium, wood for dyeing, vermilion, white lead, coral, amber and jewels. […] Like the trade with the Ottoman Empire, the Russian trade was favourable to Iran, in so far as Iran imported from Russia a considerable quantity of specie in gold and silver, as well as iron, steel, cutlery of all descriptions, lead, brass, pistols, guns and gunpowder, clocks and watches, locks, glass- ware, mirrors, paper and stationery of various kinds, senubar (deal-wood), whales' teeth, cochineal, oil, some Kashmir shawls (presumably via the Oxus region), gold lace and thread, velvet, broad cloth, printed and plain cloth of coarse quality, chintzes and dimities of European manufacture, Russian leather for boots and water-containers, as well as small quantities of wines and spirits. This import was amply paid for by the export from Iran to Russia of raw and manufactured silk, cotton, cotton thread, Isfahani gold cloth, Kirman shawls, coarse cloth and coarse chintz manufactured in Iran, some cloth and chintz manufactured in India, coarse lambskins, fox skins, pearls, fish, rice, fuel-wood, naphtha, saffron, sulphur and gall-nuts” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CS9K7MKS\">[Hambly, 1964, pp. 78-79]</a> “The regions lying west of Iran were important traditional markets for Iranian goods and during the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century Iran's trade with Turkish Anatolia and Mesopotamia was still very considerable. Iran exported to the Ottoman Empire Indian indigo, Kashmir shawls, silk, gold cloth, printed and flowered Isfahani cloth, coarse printed cloth, cotton, lambskins, tobacco, saffron, gum ammoniac, cochineal and rhubarb. Most of these goods found their way to Istanbul and many must have been re-exported to various European countries. These goods were paid for in velvet, tabbies (coarse watered silk), French and Venetian woollens and other European cloth, lace and gold thread, cloth from Aleppo and Damascus, glassware (including painted glass), mirrors, iron, steel, hardware, opium, wood for dyeing, vermilion, white lead, coral, amber and jewels […] Like the trade with the Ottoman Empire, the Russian trade was favourable to Iran, in so far as Iran imported from Russia a considerable quantity of specie in gold and silver, as well as iron, steel, cutlery of all descriptions, lead, brass, pistols, guns and gunpowder, clocks and watches, locks, glass- ware, mirrors, paper and stationery of various kinds, senubar (deal-wood), whales' teeth, cochineal, oil, some Kashmir shawls (presumably via the Oxus region), gold lace and thread, velvet, broad cloth, printed and plain cloth of coarse quality, chintzes and dimities of European manufacture, Russian leather for boots and water-containers, as well as small quantities of wines and spirits. This import was amply paid for by the export from Iran to Russia of raw and manufactured silk, cotton, cotton thread, Isfahani gold cloth, Kirman shawls, coarse cloth and coarse chintz manufactured in Iran, some cloth and chintz manufactured in India, coarse lambskins, fox skins, pearls, fish, rice, fuel-wood, naphtha, saffron, sulphur and gall-nuts” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CS9K7MKS\">[Hambly, 1964, pp. 78-79]</a> “Since there were no tables, these recesses and mantels, in particular in the andaruni, were used for placing objects such as crystal candle holders with tulip shaped glass jars on top, candelabra, crystal pitchers, sherbet glasses, tea glasses and saucers, fruit dishes and other fine china and crystal used for entertaining” (Mahdavi 2012: 367) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P27ZMRHT\">[Mahdavi 2012]</a> (describing life in an urban upper class household).",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 43,
"polity": {
"id": 374,
"name": "ir_safavid_emp",
"long_name": "Safavid Empire",
"start_year": 1501,
"end_year": 1722
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Apart from these staple items, tin and iron were required and a wide variety of luxuries such as furs, jewels, watches, glassware, cutlery, amber for beads, coral, porcelain, ivory, falcons, exotic animals and fashionable bric-a-brac” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/87MQJ3QG\">[Ferrier,_R 1986, p. 484]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 44,
"polity": {
"id": 191,
"name": "it_papal_state_2",
"long_name": "Papal States - Renaissance Period",
"start_year": 1378,
"end_year": 1527
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 544,
"name": "it_venetian_rep_3",
"long_name": "Republic of Venice III",
"start_year": 1204,
"end_year": 1563
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“the goods arriving at the customs dock in early fifteenth century Rome were rich […] as an example, the consignment from one ship arriving at the docks in the mid-fifteenth century contain […] 65 glass vials, a case of coloured crystal glass, 2 barrels of glass rosaries […]Bolognese-based merchant, Alberto de Almania, […] imported 27 categories of goods […] including […] eyeglasses […] a few days later, another merchant, Bartolomeo Vitalis de Grassis paid 24 lire in taxes on barrels and boxes that were packed with […] glass paternoster beads […] German glass, eyeglasses […] mirrors […] and glass. […] historian Duccio Balestracci indicates that this increase in supply was not limited to the demands of an urban elite but was integrated into rural lifestyles lower down the social scale” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SXKA7S3D\">[Welch 2005, p. 12]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SXKA7S3D\">[Welch 2005, p. 75]</a> “By the beginning of the 14th century, the furnaces of Murano were manufacturing a variety of products. These included, of course, blown glass of both common and luxury categories. […] The expansion of the glass trade was not limited to other parts of Europe. Records exist which clearly indicate Venetian glass was being widely distributed throughout northern Italy. Glassmakers from Murano are recorded in a great number of cities (Treviso, Padua, Verona, Ancona, Mantua, Ferrara, Ravenna, Bologna) […] Glass production in the Renaissance, especially luxury glass, was a high technology and knowledge-based industry. Once the process of making cristallo glass had been developed, market response operating in conjunction with positive feedbacks and increasing returns reinforced the product's success (invention vs. innovation). Venetian glass manufacture, competing for a market share of glass and luxury good consumption with other industries, gained an early lead, competing technologies and processes were locked out, and the market was cornered. Small and random events, such as State involvement and raw material availability, also contributed to the self-catalyzing success of the Venetian glass industry.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QVN7J7JF\">[McCray 2016, pp. 172-205]</a> “the wealthy and moderately well-off families who fought over inheritance, and […] glassware in the cupboards of widows who took over their husband’s estates […] historian Duccio Balestracci indicates that this increase in supply was not limited to the demands of an urban elite but was integrated into rural lifestyles lower down the social scale” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SXKA7S3D\">[Welch 2005, p. 12]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SXKA7S3D\">[Welch 2005, p. 75]</a> “A naive cultural analysis could say that people surrounded themselves with luxury goods solely to reflect their status and social aspirations. This simple equation may work for precious materials such as gold. However, this does little to explain why items such as glass […] made from relatively cheap materials, were consumed. […] glass was generally reserved for the wealthier members of society […] The new eating habits and behaviors of the Renaissance Italians also stimulated demand for a greater variety of luxury glassware. Different types of goblets, plates, bowls, and other vessels used to display and serve food and drink at the table began to appear. New and diverse forms and functions for luxury glass objects emerged in the 15th and 16th century partly in response to behavioral changes in Renaissance society associated with eating habits. […] Venice had a great number of private collections of objects in Italy during the Renaissance, possibly the largest outside of the Papal court in Rome during the 16th and 17th century […] glass itself was also collected for its own sake and by the very wealthy of Renaissance society” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QVN7J7JF\">[McCray 2016, pp. 144-221]</a> “Glass was often purchased by members of non-elite classes in order to own objects which imitated those made of other more expensive materials. […] Persons from different social strata collected luxury glass either as a substitute for another material, for the fact that it was glass, or perhaps for both reasons.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QVN7J7JF\">[McCray 2016, pp. 215-223]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 45,
"polity": {
"id": 192,
"name": "it_papal_state_3",
"long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period I",
"start_year": 1527,
"end_year": 1648
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 545,
"name": "it_venetian_rep_4",
"long_name": "Republic of Venice IV",
"start_year": 1564,
"end_year": 1797
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“Communal drinking goblets evolved into individual glasses intended solely for water, wine (specifically red, white, or dessert), aperitifs, or particular spirits, to be drunk from by a single diner. The wide, shallow cups of tazze used for red wine would have been cumbersome to drink from, and therefore would have required the skill of a knowledgeable diner in order to not spill any liquid. […] The navicella, an elaborate glass serving-dish created in the form of a ship and decorated with bright aquamarine-coloured pastilles, may have been inspired by similar dishes made elsewhere in Europe in metal or shell […] In the second half of the 16th century, false pearls and other beads made to replicate precious stones gained popularity, using the opalescent type of glass called girasole by the year 1600” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, pp. 71-99]</a> “By the beginning of the 14th century, the furnaces of Murano were manufacturing a variety of products. These included, of course, blown glass of both common and luxury categories. […] The expansion of the glass trade was not limited to other parts of Europe. Records exist which clearly indicate Venetian glass was being widely distributed throughout northern Italy. Glassmakers from Murano are recorded in a great number of cities (Treviso, Padua, Verona, Ancona, Mantua, Ferrara, Ravenna, Bologna) […] Glass production in the Renaissance, especially luxury glass, was a high technology and knowledge-based industry. Once the process of making cristallo glass had been developed, market response operating in conjunction with positive feedbacks and increasing returns reinforced the product's success (invention vs. innovation). Venetian glass manufacture, competing for a market share of glass and luxury good consumption with other industries, gained an early lead, competing technologies and processes were locked out, and the market was cornered. Small and random events, such as State involvement and raw material availability, also contributed to the self-catalyzing success of the Venetian glass industry.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QVN7J7JF\">[McCray 2016, pp. 172-205]</a> “The celebrated Venetian crystal mirrors were products of the 16th century; prior to this, mirrors found in Venice were small, flawed, and frequently imported from abroad. […] In the second half of the 16th century, false pearls and other beads made to replicate precious stones gained popularity, using the opalescent type of glass called girasole by the year 1600 […] The versatility of Venetian bead-making allowed their trade to flourish across the world, where their beads were traded for furs or other commodities, or given as gifts” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, pp. 97-99]</a> “the wealthy and moderately well-off families who fought over inheritance, and […] glassware in the cupboards of widows who took over their husband’s estates […] historian Duccio Balestracci indicates that this increase in supply was not limited to the demands of an urban elite but was integrated into rural lifestyles lower down the social scale” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SXKA7S3D\">[Welch 2005, p. 12]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SXKA7S3D\">[Welch 2005, p. 75]</a> “A naive cultural analysis could say that people surrounded themselves with luxury goods solely to reflect their status and social aspirations. This simple equation may work for precious materials such as gold. However, this does little to explain why items such as glass […] made from relatively cheap materials, were consumed. […] glass was generally reserved for the wealthier members of society […] The new eating habits and behaviors of the Renaissance Italians also stimulated demand for a greater variety of luxury glassware. Different types of goblets, plates, bowls, and other vessels used to display and serve food and drink at the table began to appear. New and diverse forms and functions for luxury glass objects emerged in the 15th and 16th century partly in response to behavioral changes in Renaissance society associated with eating habits. […] Venice had a great number of private collections of objects in Italy during the Renaissance, possibly the largest outside of the Papal court in Rome during the 16th and 17th century […] glass itself was also collected for its own sake and by the very wealthy of Renaissance society” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QVN7J7JF\">[McCray 2016, pp. 144-221]</a> “Communal drinking goblets evolved into individual glasses intended solely for water, wine (specifically red, white, or dessert), aperitifs, or particular spirits, to be drunk from by a single diner. The wide, shallow cups of tazze used for red wine would have been cumbersome to drink from, and therefore would have required the skill of a knowledgeable diner in order to not spill any liquid. […] The navicella, an elaborate glass serving-dish created in the form of a ship and decorated with bright aquamarine-coloured pastilles, may have been inspired by similar dishes made elsewhere in Europe in metal or shell” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, p. 71]</a> “Glass was often purchased by members of non-elite classes in order to own objects which imitated those made of other more expensive materials. […] Persons from different social strata collected luxury glass either as a substitute for another material, for the fact that it was glass, or perhaps for both reasons.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QVN7J7JF\">[McCray 2016, pp. 215-223]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 46,
"polity": {
"id": 193,
"name": "it_papal_state_4",
"long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period II",
"start_year": 1648,
"end_year": 1809
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Republic of Venice",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“The unarrogant Roman aristocrat still considered his first obligation that of making a good appearance […] carriages were the great obsession of Rome, her surest status symbol […] fringes on the roof […] only the noble families, registered in the Golden Book of the patriciate […] were entitled to the special privilege of a glass coach or carrozza a cristalli and went by in view of all beholders.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QRRAV2CU\">[Andrieux 1968, pp. 44-45]</a> “The embellishments on Roman furniture consisted of the most various materials: […] glass” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RJVDNIG4\">[Bowron 2000, p. 158]</a> “Communal drinking goblets evolved into individual glasses intended solely for water, wine (specifically red, white, or dessert), aperitifs, or particular spirits, to be drunk from by a single diner. The wide, shallow cups of tazze used for red wine would have been cumbersome to drink from, and therefore would have required the skill of a knowledgeable diner in order to not spill any liquid. […] The navicella, an elaborate glass serving-dish created in the form of a ship and decorated with bright aquamarine-coloured pastilles, may have been inspired by similar dishes made elsewhere in Europe in metal or shell” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, p. 71]</a> “In the fifteenth century, as Near Eastern glass production declined, Venice established itself as the world leader in glassmaking. Murano’s primacy was due to the incomparable quality of its crystal glassware, which in turn derived from the use of pure raw materials and the training of skilled workers. […] During the seventeenth century, and more intensively during its last twenty-five years, revolutionary inventions and innovations introduced in England, Bohemia, and France challenged the supremacy of Venetian glass technology. […] These developments are generally considered to have halted Venetian competitiveness in the production of blown-glass objects, especially crystal glass. […] In Murano, at least from the 1690s onwards, some producers began to use new materials as both vitrifying and fluxing agents in order to reduce production costs while maintaining the high quality that made Venetian products attractive. […] The Murano guild was in charge of the entire production process of all blown objects, whether made of crystal or common glass, as well as of the preliminary preparation of windowpanes, mirror plates, enamels and glass rods, which were then turned over to guilds based in the town centre […] Mirror plates served primarily the internal and Italian markets” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8BSUDQVX\">[Trivaletto 2006, pp. 150-166]</a> “The scene was the chief salon of the palace […] there were marble tables with their load of figurines and crystal vases […] Clement XIV would sit happily with a looking glass in his window in the Quirinal and dazzle passers-by with reflected rays of sunshine. […] cafés in great numbers sprang up to satisfy luxurious requirements […] they began to cover their walls with looking-glass” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QRRAV2CU\">[Andrieux 1968, p. 152]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 47,
"polity": {
"id": 545,
"name": "it_venetian_rep_4",
"long_name": "Republic of Venice IV",
"start_year": 1564,
"end_year": 1797
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 545,
"name": "it_venetian_rep_4",
"long_name": "Republic of Venice IV",
"start_year": 1564,
"end_year": 1797
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“By the post-medieval period, the glass factories of Murano dominated the production and international trade of high-quality glassware. The allure of Venetian glass was felt throughout the early-modern world: missionaries and merchants transported these goods as far away as eastern China, while glass beads were traded in Africa and the Americas. […] Glass as a material was also the product of attempts to recreate the ancient world. Through much experimentation, glassmakers were able to reinvent glass recipes invented by the Romans which had since been lost. The most important of these innovations was cristallo, a fine, colourless glass resembling valuable rock crystal, which had been perfected over two centuries […] Multi-coloured millefiori and other coloured glass mimicking precious and semiprecious gems were also motivated by antiquarian enthusiasts. These objects could hold a multitude of symbolic meanings synchronously, as could many other luxury goods in the Early Modern period, making them objects of both admiration and criticism […]. ’Magnificence’ […] was a virtue which could only be enjoyed by the wealthy […] material displays of honour meant purchasing a wide variety of objects for a multitude of different uses and made of a range of different materials in an effort to make family and guests comfortable, and perhaps a little envious. […] ingenious manipulation of virtuous materials, such as glass made to look like agate or other semi-precious stones, was acceptable and encouraged. […] The navicella, an elaborate glass serving-dish created in the form of a ship and decorated with bright aquamarine-coloured pastilles, may have been inspired by similar dishes made elsewhere in Europe in metal or shell, but in Venice they also invoked the seafaring ethos of the city and its people” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, pp. 59-85]</a> “In the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries there was a continual tug of war between Venice and other cities over the production of […] some products, luxuries in particular were as a rule reserved to Venice: glass and mirror manufacture” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AAV6AW74\">[Ciriacono 1988, p. 44]</a> “By incorporating the different technical and artistic knowledge and practices of the Eastern Mediterranean, Venice was able to distinguish itself from other European glass producers, and to ultimately take the lead in luxury glass manufacturing by the end of the 15th century. […] Glass as a material was particularly suitable for being adapted to the evolving needs and tastes of early-modern society […] it could be manipulated by the masters of Venice, the most skilled glassmakers of the era, to form progressively elaborate, purely decorative objects of admiration amongst the elite.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, p. 1]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, p. 89]</a> “Glass as a material was particularly suitable for being adapted to the evolving needs and tastes of early-modern society […] it could be manipulated by the masters of Venice, the most skilled glassmakers of the era, to form progressively elaborate, purely decorative objects of admiration amongst the elite. […] ‘Magnificence’ […] was a virtue which could only be enjoyed by the wealthy […] material displays of honour meant purchasing a wide variety of objects for a multitude of different uses and made of a range of different materials in an effort to make family and guests comfortable, and perhaps a little envious. […] ingenious manipulation of virtuous materials, such as glass made to look like agate or other semi-precious stones, was acceptable and encouraged.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, p. 1]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, pp. 67-68]</a> “Venetian […] hollow glassware […] is connected with a high dining culture focused on wine consumption so that exchange of silver for glass had not only a trade but also important cultural context.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KS9WXDDE\">[Zoaral 2011, pp. 285-288]</a> “Glass as a material was particularly suitable for being adapted to the evolving needs and tastes of early-modern society […] it could be manipulated by the masters of Venice, the most skilled glassmakers of the era, to form progressively elaborate, purely decorative objects of admiration amongst the elite. […] ’Magnificence’ […] was a virtue which could only be enjoyed by the wealthy […] material displays of honour meant purchasing a wide variety of objects for a multitude of different uses and made of a range of different materials in an effort to make family and guests comfortable, and perhaps a little envious. […] ingenious manipulation of virtuous materials, such as glass made to look like agate or other semi-precious stones, was acceptable and encouraged.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, p. 1]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, pp. 67-68]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 48,
"polity": {
"id": 151,
"name": "jp_azuchi_momoyama",
"long_name": "Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama",
"start_year": 1568,
"end_year": 1603
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 84,
"name": "es_spanish_emp_1",
"long_name": "Spanish Empire I",
"start_year": 1516,
"end_year": 1715
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Portugal; Spain.“The kind of commodities introduced from the outside was indicated by the new words, derived from Portugese or Spanish […] Such articles as clocks, telescope lenses, and eyeglasses were introduced.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QW6KBXR7\">[Hane 1991, pp. 128-129]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 49,
"polity": {
"id": 152,
"name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate",
"long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate",
"start_year": 1603,
"end_year": 1868
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "“The richest lords brought thousands of retainers with them to Edo and required all kinds of services, from fresh food to new clothing and housing, paper and glass” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DTHP9XA2\">[McNabb 2016, p. 185]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 50,
"polity": {
"id": 229,
"name": "ml_mali_emp",
"long_name": "Mali Empire",
"start_year": 1230,
"end_year": 1410
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 708,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period",
"start_year": 1495,
"end_year": 1579
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "North Africa; other African polities",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_glass_goods",
"comment": "Glass ornaments; glass beads. “Ibn Battuta describes Mali’s trade with the north in the 1350s: caravans brought slaves and gold from the south and exchanged them for cloth, pottery, and glass trinkets from the north”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T9ZG2RC6\">[Hansen_Curtis 2015, p. 234]</a> “[Referring to the important role of trade in the Mali Empire] Trade gave rise to towns with highly important markets along the Gambia - Sutuco and Jamnam Sura - which were regular stops for Portuguese traders selling…glass trinkets…The Mandingo merchants whom they met there impressed them with their experience in trade”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XTE5GGEJ\">[Niane 1984, p. 185]</a> “[Referring to the recovery of imported objects at the Mali settlement site of Sorotomo] Long-distance trade items are relatively rare at Sorotomo…compromising: 7 glass/faience beads…Glass beads from the site include two tubular, drawn (striped) glass beads, probably of Venetian origin…Given the 15th-century date of this layer [in which the beads were found], these correspond well with the initial 15th-century floruit of Venetian glass bead making. Finds [from another layer]…include…a fragmentary black glass bracelet of notional Maghrebian origin”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QS6RPIHU\">[MacDonald_et_al 0, p. 61]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}