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"count": 103,
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{
"id": 51,
"polity": {
"id": 16,
"name": "mx_aztec_emp",
"long_name": "Aztec Empire",
"start_year": 1427,
"end_year": 1526
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 16,
"name": "mx_aztec_emp",
"long_name": "Aztec Empire",
"start_year": 1427,
"end_year": 1526
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Flavorings featured vanilla, bees’ honey, maguey sap, and chilis again. Seasonings such as salt and epazote were widely available. Cacao enhanced nobles’ meals, tobacco aided digestion, mushrooms buoyed ceremonial feasts, and pulque from maguey provided an element of euphoria to certain ceremonies. Aromatic flowers (some consumed, some not) elevated the festive mood of special occasions. [...] Offerings included, for instance, snakes, flowers, and tamales during the month of Toçoztontli, quail during Toxcatl, and amaranth dough formed into little hills during Tepeihuitl. Men enthusiastically hunted deer during the autumn month of Quecholli when the deer were their fattest (Durán, 1971). Most statewide ceremonies included a household component such as making tamales, stringing flowers, or feasting. Other rituals requiring food were largely performed in households, especially those pertaining to life-cycle celebrations.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P4UCU45A\">[Berdan 2023, pp. 13-19]</a> “According to the Codex Mendoza, clothing and other textiles, staple foodstuffs (maize, beans, chia, andamaranth), and feathered warrior costumes were the most common tribute items, delivered by thirty-six, twenty, and twenty-nine provinces, respectively. Other foods consisted of chilis, honey, cacao, and salt. [...] Diego Durán (1994: 202–207) provides a long and detailed list of tributes, mentioning goods such as marine fauna, live snakes, bees in their hives, weapons and cotton armor, and a variety of fruits and flowers, above and beyond those goods contained in abovementioned tribute tallies. [...] Additional documentary sources mention even more diverse tributes for city-states under the imperial umbrella: turkeys, wildgame, fine woods for carving, live deer, obsidian blades, fish, shellfish, and even alligator teeth (Berdan,1996:127–129).”” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P4UCU45A\">[Berdan 2023, pp. 42-44]</a> “It is interesting that the Aztecs extended their empire to include coastal Chiapas and coastal Guatemala, important to them for cacao. Cacao, the source of chocolate and other tasty beverages, grows well in many parts of Mesoamerica, but some of the very best came from this area.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JRFZPUXU\">[Cowgill 2015, p. 138]</a> “These lands were prized by the Aztecs as sources of cacao, cotton, precious stones, jaguar pelts, and exquisite feathers. [...] The Aztec empire targeted this zone for staple foodstuffs and localized resources such as bees’ honey, dyes and pigments, paper, gold, copper, and turquoise. [...] In Aztec times, tierra fria supplied resources such as staple foodstuffs, maguey, timber, obsidian, reeds, clay for pottery, and salt on its abundant arable lands, pine-oak forests, and mountain-rimmed basins with large lakes. [...] Under these conditions, crops including maize, beans, tomatoes, amaranth, chilis, and various greens, herbs, and ornamentals thrived. [...] Planting on calmilli was opportunistic and situational: maize, vegetables, herbs, medicines, and ornamentals might be planted, whether for immediate household needs, social and ceremonial exchanges, or trading in the marketplace.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P4UCU45A\">[Berdan 2023, pp. 6-15]</a> “Azcapotzalco was renowned for silverwork, Coyoacan for masons and wood products, and other communities for basket weaving, mat making, maguey processing, carpentry, sculpting, and specific styles of pottery (Berdan, 2014: 107; Blanton, 1996; Blanton and Hodge, 1996). [...] Specialists such as pulque makers, dyers, painters, gold workers, mat makers, stone workers, curers, and professional merchants were localized in specific Tenochtitlan–Tlatelolco calpolli (López Austin, 1973: 65–75; Monzon, 1949).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P4UCU45A\">[Berdan 2023, p. 56]</a> “Molotecatl paid ninety-four cotton textiles, 1800 cacao beans, thirteen turkeys, and several other food items, in addition to labor service (provided by his dependants). These goods must have constituted either the tax obligations of his ten dependent households, or perhaps the combined obligations of Molotecatl himself and his dependent households. Molotecatl’s tenants paid him seven textiles, plus food and labor services.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FZ7RIDHM\">[Smith 2015, pp. 86-87]</a> “Cacao enhanced nobles’ meals, tobacco aided digestion, mushrooms buoyed ceremonial feasts, and pulque from maguey provided an element of euphoria to certain ceremonies. Aromatic flowers (some consumed, some not) elevated the festive mood of special occasions.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P4UCU45A\">[Berdan 2023, p. 13]</a> “In addition to human sacrificial ceremonies, the delivery of tributes from near and far was featured: vast amounts of gold, precious feathers and stones, clothing and adornments, cacao, and all manner of foods. These goods were managed by the royal treasurer…” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P4UCU45A\">[Berdan 2023, p. 48]</a> “Molotecatl paid ninety-four cotton textiles, 1800 cacao beans, thirteen turkeys, and several other food items, in addition to labor service (provided by his dependants). These goods must have constituted either the tax obligations of his ten dependent households, or perhaps the combined obligations of Molotecatl himself and his dependent households. Molotecatl’s tenants paid him seven textiles, plus food and labor services. This can be considered the non-tax rent on their lands. The ninety four textiles that Molotecatl paid out to higher authorities were almost certainly produced by his dependent commoner women.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FZ7RIDHM\">[Smith 2015, pp. 86-87]</a> “Rulers were expected to be generous, and tribute stores provided the means by which they could support widows and orphans and distribute food to their populace at specified ceremonies. Rulers also routinely compensated artisans, construction workers, bureaucratic officials, and traveling merchants with goods ranging from cloaks and cacao to foods and pottery.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P4UCU45A\">[Berdan 2023, p. 46]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 52,
"polity": {
"id": 532,
"name": "mx_monte_alban_5",
"long_name": "Monte Alban V",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1520
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“The division into commoners and nobles was accompanied by sumptuary rules pertaining to kinds of dress and ornamentation, diet, and linguistic habits. […] Also, at Huitzo only caciques and principales were allowed to eat turkeys, deer, hares, and rabbits. In Mitla as well, only nobles consumed rabbits and maize or were allowed to dress in cotton clothing; like their Huitzo counterparts, Mitla commoners had clothing only of maguey. Nobles in Tlalixtac ate maize and turkeys; macehuales ate only beans and nopal fruit. A similar phenomenon is reported for Teitipac, although there nobles feasted on rabbits, turkeys, deer, and other animals while commoners consumed only grasses and wild fruits. While these accounts, especially with regard to the consumption of maize, are probably exaggerations—for nearly everywhere commoners must have consumed maize—they do serve to emphasize the strong status distinctions in Zapotee society. Other relaciones pertaining to Zapotec-speaking towns supplement these accounts.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4K7TZ6GA\">[Whitecotton 1984, p. 137]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4K7TZ6GA\">[Whitecotton 1984, p. 140]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4K7TZ6GA\">[Whitecotton 1984, p. 143]</a> “The division into commoners and nobles was accompanied by sumptuary rules pertaining to kinds of dress and ornamentation, diet, and linguistic habits. […] Also, at Huitzo only caciques and principales were allowed to eat turkeys, deer, hares, and rabbits. In Mitla as well, only nobles consumed rabbits and maize or were allowed to dress in cotton clothing; like their Huitzo counterparts, Mitla commoners had clothing only of maguey. Nobles in Tlalixtac ate maize and turkeys; macehuales ate only beans and nopal fruit. A similar phenomenon is reported for Teitipac, although there nobles feasted on rabbits, turkeys, deer, and other animals while commoners consumed only grasses and wild fruits. While these accounts, especially with regard to the consumption of maize, are probably exaggerations—for nearly everywhere commoners must have consumed maize—they do serve to emphasize the strong status distinctions in Zapotee society.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4K7TZ6GA\">[Whitecotton 1984, p. 140]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4K7TZ6GA\">[Whitecotton 1984, p. 143]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 53,
"polity": {
"id": 659,
"name": "ni_allada_k",
"long_name": "Allada",
"start_year": 1100,
"end_year": 1724
},
"year_from": 1651,
"year_to": 1724,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown; inferred absent",
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a very rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed. Also, a note on vocabulary: The Gbe region is/was the area where Gbe languages were spoken. This includes the Allada polity. “As a result of the slave trade, the influx of foreign goods and their social use as status markers were pronounced phenomena in the Gbe region. […] Even gastronomic habits were influenced by the Atlantic trade: The king and the grandees, even the wealthy common people, eat like the French. Their table is set in the same manner; they have […] marmalades, which they buy from the Europeans; they take pride in excelling each other with regard to the meals they serve.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 125]</a> “Exotic Foods: chocolate,, preserves, candied fruit, white biscuits, butter, cheese, pickled herring, barrels of salt beef or salt pork, casks of flour, […] any item, it would seem, that a European ship carried as provisions for its own officers and crew or for European residents of the coast-made suitable, often solicited, gifts for the African elite.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 28]</a> NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a very rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed. “As a result of the slave trade, the influx of foreign goods and their social use as status markers were pronounced phenomena in the Gbe region. […] Even gastronomic habits were influenced by the Atlantic trade: The king and the grandees, even the wealthy common people, eat like the French. Their table is set in the same manner; they have […] marmalades, which they buy from the Europeans; they take pride in excelling each other with regard to the meals they serve.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 54,
"polity": {
"id": 667,
"name": "ni_igala_k",
"long_name": "Igala",
"start_year": 1600,
"end_year": 1900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "‘The high-value products passing through the region in the early trade included horses and cowries from the north and kola from the south, and it was normally from control over the movement of high-value goods, not over agricultural productivity, that kings accumulated wealth and built their authority and power’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QFNJH3ZD\">[Weise 2013, p. 275]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 55,
"polity": {
"id": 660,
"name": "ni_igodomingodo",
"long_name": "Igodomingodo",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1450
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“The time of the so-called “1st (Ogiso) Dynasty” probably the early 10th first half of 12th centuries, is one of the most mysterious pages of the Benin history. The sources on this period are not abundant. Furthermore, it is obvious that archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence, rather scarce, should be supplemented by an analysis of different records of the oral historical tradition while it is well known that this kind of source is not very much reliable. However, on the other hand, it is generally recognized that it is unreasonable to discredit it completely. Though Benin students have confirmed this conclusion and demonstrated some possibilities of verifying and correcting its evidence, a reconstruction of the early Benin history will inevitably contain many hypothetical suggestions and not so many firm conclusions.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P4DQ36NB\">[Bondarenko_Roese 2001, pp. 185-186]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 56,
"polity": {
"id": 612,
"name": "ni_nok_1",
"long_name": "Middle and Late Nok",
"start_year": -1500,
"end_year": -901
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 57,
"polity": {
"id": 615,
"name": "ni_nok_2",
"long_name": "Middle and Late Nok",
"start_year": -900,
"end_year": 0
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 58,
"polity": {
"id": 668,
"name": "ni_nri_k",
"long_name": "Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì",
"start_year": 1043,
"end_year": 1911
},
"year_from": 1651,
"year_to": 1911,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“As a result of the slave trade, the influx of foreign goods and their social use as status markers were pronounced phenomena in the Gbe region. […] Even gastronomic habits were influenced by the Atlantic trade: The king and the grandees, even the wealthy common people, eat like the French. Their table is set in the same manner; they have […] marmalades, which they buy from the Europeans; they take pride in excelling each other with regard to the meals they serve.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 125]</a> “Exotic Foods: chocolate,, preserves, candied fruit, white biscuits, butter, cheese, pickled herring, barrels of salt beef or salt pork, casks of flour, […] any item, it would seem, that a European ship carried as provisions for its own officers and crew or for European residents of the coast-made suitable, often solicited, gifts for the African elite.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 28]</a> NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed, based on the fact that “[i]n the late seventeenth century, there was a rise in the relative importance of slaves from sources from north of the Equator, as opposed to from Angola. […] The Bight of Benin, where Anecho became a Portuguese base in 1645, and Whydah an English one in 1672, was of particular importance for slave exports from West Africa.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NMC66GR7\">[Black 2015, p. 49]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 59,
"polity": {
"id": 663,
"name": "ni_oyo_emp_1",
"long_name": "Oyo",
"start_year": 1300,
"end_year": 1535
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "\"Contexts that could shed light on the dynamics of social structure and hierarchies in the metropolis, such as the royal burial site of Oyo monarchs and the residences of the elite population, have not been investigated. The mapping of the palace structures has not been followed by systematic excavations (Soper, 1992); and questions of the economy, military system, and ideology of the empire have not been addressed archaeologically, although their general patterns are known from historical studies (e.g, Johnson, 1921; Law, 1977).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PK7F26DP\">[Ogundiran 2005, pp. 151-152]</a> Regarding this period, however, one of the historical studies mentioned in this quote also notes: \"Of the earliest period of Oyo history, before the sixteenth century, very little is known.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB32ZPCF\">[Law 1977, p. 33]</a> Law does not then go on to provide specific information directly relevant to this variable.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 60,
"polity": {
"id": 661,
"name": "ni_oyo_emp_2",
"long_name": "Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́",
"start_year": 1601,
"end_year": 1835
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 661,
"name": "ni_oyo_emp_2",
"long_name": "Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́",
"start_year": 1601,
"end_year": 1835
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Luxury foodstuffs and manufactured goods of high quality could, however, be profitably traded over considerable distances. […] Kola nuts were imported from the forest areas of Yorubaland, especially from the Ijesa kingdom, to the savanna.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB32ZPCF\">[Law 1977, p. 208]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB32ZPCF\">[Law 1977, p. 218]</a> The following quote refers to archaeological findings at Ede-Ile, a colony linking Atlantic commerce with the hinterlands “Contemporary documentary sources indicate that equines in general (asses and horses) were coveted as sources of meat, and were occasionally the object of feasting by the elite and members of their household. As Richard Lander noted, ass-flesh is agreeable to the \"refined palate of the higher ranks; the lower orders being forbidden to eat of it…”” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Q9PVIZNG\">[Ogundiran 2009, p. 371]</a> Existence of at least one type of luxury food that was forbidden to commo people. The following quote refers to archaeological findings at Ede-Ile, a colony linking Atlantic commerce with the hinterlands “Contemporary documentary sources indicate that equines in general (asses and horses) were coveted as sources of meat, and were occasionally the object of feasting by the elite and members of their household. As Richard Lander noted, ass-flesh is agreeable to the \"refined palate of the higher ranks; the lower orders being forbidden to eat of it…”” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Q9PVIZNG\">[Ogundiran 2009, p. 371]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 61,
"polity": {
"id": 666,
"name": "ni_sokoto_cal",
"long_name": "Sokoto Caliphate",
"start_year": 1804,
"end_year": 1904
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“From the south-west, along the very important Ashanti-Kano caravan trail which features in many Hausa folk tales and proverbs, came two most important commodities, gold and cola-nuts. Much of the gold went on, through Bornu and Wadai, to the Nile Valley and Cairo, but Barth reported that it was always on sale in Kano market and that one hundred mithqals could easily be bought at any time. As for colas, the demand for them seems to have been even keener than it is today and Barth reported that, while an onion or a needle could often be bought for as little as one cowry, a cola-nut from the new season’s crop had been known to fetch as much as 120 cowries.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/E92Q4IPV\">[Johnson 1967, p. 162]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 62,
"polity": {
"id": 662,
"name": "ni_whydah_k",
"long_name": "Whydah",
"start_year": 1671,
"end_year": 1727
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "inferred absent",
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "‘‘‘ Also, a note on vocabulary: The Gbe region is/was the area where Gbe languages were spoken. This includes the Allada polity. “As a result of the slave trade, the influx of foreign goods and their social use as status markers were pronounced phenomena in the Gbe region. […] Even gastronomic habits were influenced by the Atlantic trade: The king and the grandees, even the wealthy common people, eat like the French. Their table is set in the same manner; they have […] marmalades, which they buy from the Europeans; they take pride in excelling each other with regard to the meals they serve.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 125]</a> “Exotic Foods: chocolate,, preserves, candied fruit, white biscuits, butter, cheese, pickled herring, barrels of salt beef or salt pork, casks of flour, […] any item, it would seem, that a European ship carried as provisions for its own officers and crew or for European residents of the coast-made suitable, often solicited, gifts for the African elite.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 28]</a> ‘‘‘ “As a result of the slave trade, the influx of foreign goods and their social use as status markers were pronounced phenomena in the Gbe region. […] Even gastronomic habits were influenced by the Atlantic trade: The king and the grandees, even the wealthy common people, eat like the French. Their table is set in the same manner; they have […] marmalades, which they buy from the Europeans; they take pride in excelling each other with regard to the meals they serve.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 63,
"polity": {
"id": 116,
"name": "no_norway_k_2",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II",
"start_year": 1262,
"end_year": 1396
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Iceland",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Fish. “One of the chief articles of Norwegian export at this time [in the C14] was dried codfish, a commodity for which the Hanseatic merchants had created such demand that the Norwegian traders began to import it from Iceland in the early part of the fourteenth century. We have already seen that in a memorial to the king [unnamed in text] in 1320 the Icelanders asked that in periods of famine no more codfish should be exported than the merchants needed for their table. But in 1340 we read in an old Norwegian state document: “Not long ago little codfish was imported from Iceland, which at that time was called table codfish. Most of the exports from there consisted of vaomál. Now, however, the most and best exports from Iceland consist of codfish…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/89DTVBIP\">[Gjerset 1924, p. 244]</a> “[Referring to the effect of the ‘colonization’ of Iceland by Norway on the Icelandic economy] Other responses may have included the adoption of new economic strategies, including the rise of fishing as a primary component of the…export economy in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries (Jóhannesson 1974; Gelsinger 1981; Amorosi, this volume [1995])”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/D39N8C4F\">[Smith_et_al 1995, p. 185]</a> Fish. “One of the chief articles of Norwegian export at this time [in the C14] was dried codfish, a commodity…that the Norwegian traders began to import…from Iceland in the early part of the fourteenth century…in 1340 we read in an old Norwegian state document: “Not long ago little codfish was imported from Iceland…Now…the most and best exports from Iceland consist of codfish…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/89DTVBIP\">[Gjerset 1924, p. 244]</a> Fish. “One of the chief articles of Norwegian export at this time [in the C14] was dried codfish, a commodity for which the Hanseatic merchants had created such demand that the Norwegian traders began to import it from Iceland in the early part of the fourteenth century…in a memorial to the king [unnamed in text] in 1320 the Icelanders asked that in periods of famine no more codfish should be exported than the merchants needed for their table”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/89DTVBIP\">[Gjerset 1924, p. 244]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 64,
"polity": {
"id": 83,
"name": "pe_inca_emp",
"long_name": "Inca Empire",
"start_year": 1375,
"end_year": 1532
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 83,
"name": "pe_inca_emp",
"long_name": "Inca Empire",
"start_year": 1375,
"end_year": 1532
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“The Llullaillaco mummies, for example, show that the children had a diet especially rich in highly valued foods over a period of time leading up to their deaths, most likely meat and maize (Wilson et al . 2007).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AA5PS4Q4\">[D’Altroy 2015, p. 285]</a> “Royal estate projects constructed palaces and transformed parts of the Cuzco countryside, creating country palaces, parkland, corrals, coca plantations, and huge areas of irrigated valley-bottom agricultural terraces. 40 [...] At first, most of the Inca conquests created subjects among the highland farming communities, but as the empire grew, the Inca ruling elites began to understand their civilization as a universal project that would bind together the diverse landscapes of the Andean world under their rule. The Incas were highland maize farmers from the warm valley-bottom lands, but they extended imperial power up into the high grasslands of the Lake Titicaca basin and down to the lowlands of the Pacific coast and Amazonian jungles. This meant gaining control over many valued products—gold, coca leaf, cotton, colorful feathers, shell—which signaled the capacity to reach far beyond the kin-based labor networks of highland farming and herding societies who were their first conquests.[...] Chinchaysuyu, a vast territory lying to the west and north of Cuzco, took its name from the coastal kingdom of Chincha, a realm whose king ruled over a large population of specialized farmers, fishers, and merchants. Condesuyu consisted of small farming societies living in the valleys to the south of Cuzco, including the Condes, for whom the region was named. Collasuyu, which covered the high grasslands of the Titicaca basin and regions to the south, was named for the Collas, a Titicaca basin group whose leaders possessed large flocks of llamas and alpacas” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L8TC8ITM\">[Covey 2020, pp. 53-57]</a> “Like the first ancestors in their origin stories, men and women went into these empty lands to turn over the wild earth, creating a patchwork of small rainfall-fed plots that they worked with their relatives and friends, pooling seeds and environmental knowledge to raise a diverse array of potatoes, quinoa, and other upland crops. 67 They built houses together in which to raise their children, and corrals for their domesticated animals.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L8TC8ITM\">[Covey 2020, p. 64]</a> “After that, Huayna Capac went off to battle, not to prove himself as a military commander worthy of his legendary father and grandfather, but for the purpose of acquiring the things he would need to stage an elaborate public funeral for his mother: coca leaf, ceremonial foods, plunder, and captives who would become servants of Mama Ocllo’s mummy.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L8TC8ITM\">[Covey 2020, p. 33]</a> “To maintain the universe, the Inca nobility in Cuzco focused on the worship of the Sun, who they claimed was their progenitor. The Incas distinguished themselves from other highland farmers through their devotion to maize, which they preferred to grow on irrigated terraces in valley-bottom locations. The warmth of the Sun kept frost and hail away from the fragile crop, and Inca rulers presided over a ritual calendar that tracked solar movements and tied them to cycles of maize production. [...] In Cuzco, the Inca nobility kept an irrigated terrace as a ceremonial maize eld, which they worked each year to inaugurate the annual maize cycle (Figure 1.5). After watching the sun’s transit to determine the correct date, noble men and women performed a ritual plowing in an “ancient” field called Collcampata, said to be the first eld that their ancestors had ever dedicated to the Sun. The highest-ranking Inca men and women took part in the symbolic labor, dressed in their best clothing and wearing their richest jewelry.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L8TC8ITM\">[Covey 2020, pp. 65-66]</a> “Much of the care given to nurturing the Sun was done by religious women. In the Coricancha temple, priestesses lived with the Sun’s golden image and made sure that it received food, drink, and fine cloth. Inca priestesses managed other sun temples at provincial centers throughout the central Andes, performing rituals intended to safeguard maize agriculture. The Incas took less responsibility for the religious actions that were important to the hillside farmers, herders, and sherfolk.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L8TC8ITM\">[Covey 2020, p. 66]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 65,
"polity": {
"id": 446,
"name": "pg_orokaiva_colonial",
"long_name": "Orokaiva - Colonial",
"start_year": 1884,
"end_year": 1942
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 446,
"name": "pg_orokaiva_colonial",
"long_name": "Orokaiva - Colonial",
"start_year": 1884,
"end_year": 1942
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Animals and food products of high-value such as pigs, also taro, bananas, and coconuts in the context of bride-price and in food distribution at feasts, and sago, tauga [AKA Okari] nuts and the fruit of the cycad puga plant in the context of scarcity in certain parts of the region. “[Referring to research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925] The [bride-] price is called dorobu…[and] varies considerably in quantity, but always comprises…one or more pigs. In one typical instance the bride-price consisted of…a great tower of taro, bananas, and coco-nuts, and of a pig…In many cases the whole payment is not made on one occasion. A man of Wasida, for instance, has given six pigs for his wife in instalments of 2, 1, 1, and 2”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3T4XXPM3\">[Williams 1969, p. 137]</a> “[Referring to research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925, and in the first two quotes to the ‘Garden Culture’ of the Orokaiva and the effect of drought on crops]…the swamps subside and sago-making is made difficult by lack of water. The hunting of small game and the fishing in creeks are hindered. The result of all this may be a real scarcity. To eke out their supplies the people… […] …will fall back on sago, which is plentiful by the coast but rare in the interior. […] The native is…a pig-keeper, and one who is constantly obtaining fresh recruits for domestication in the shape of captive sucking-pigs from the bush. But pigs are meant for feasts and ceremonies; there is no regular supply of butcher’s meat…meat food is to the Orokaiva…rather a dainty than a diet. […] …there is never real famine and…scarcity is…rare…Tauga [AKA Okari] nuts and Puga [are stored where they are grown]. But…[they] are not common except in the south of the Division. […] Tauga (AKA Okari) are a very valuable asset, though I believe they are rare among the Aiga and the river people…The fruit of the cycad Puga has to be immersed in running water for several months before it is edible. A man will take you down to some dark overgrown little stream, remove a stone from the bed, and reveal a nest of Puga nuts, from which the poison is slowly soaking away. When ready for eating the shell contains a brown pulpy material, strong flavoured, and highly appreciated in cookery. Coco-nuts are accumulated, under strict taboo, for a feast. The huge coco-nut-laden tripod in the centre of the village, or the long lines of dry nuts on the ground, indicate that there is some entertainment pending towards which all the villagers will contribute”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NNJDDX2E\">[Williams 1969, pp. 112-114]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NNJDDX2E\">[Williams 1969, pp. 144-145]</a> “[Referring to research gathered by Williams during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925, and to supplementary research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the same region in 1951] Wealth is valued, because the possession of enough pigs and a good supply of taro makes it possible for a man to hold a feast. Holding feasts is the epitome of generosity, which is the most important Orokaiva virtue”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/STQX9J3D\">[Reay 1953, p. 111]</a> Animals and food products of high-value such as pigs, also taro, bananas, and coconuts in the context of bride-price and in food distribution at feasts, and sago, tauga [AKA Okari] nuts and the fruit of the cycad puga plant in the context of scarcity in certain parts of the region. “[Referring to research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925] In one typical instance the bride-price consisted of…a great tower of taro, bananas, and coco-nuts, and of a pig [all of which are grown or sourced locally]…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3T4XXPM3\">[Williams 1969, p. 137]</a> “[Referring to research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925, and in the first two quotes to the ‘Garden Culture’ of the Orokaiva and the effect of drought on crops]…the swamps subside and sago-making is made difficult by lack of water. The hunting of small game and the fishing in creeks are hindered. The result of all this may be a real scarcity. To eke out their supplies the people… […] …will fall back on sago, which is plentiful by the coast but rare in the interior. […] The native is…a pig-keeper, and one who is constantly obtaining fresh recruits for domestication in the shape of captive sucking-pigs from the bush…[but] there is no regular supply of butcher’s meat…meat food is to the Orokaiva…rather a dainty than a diet. […] …there is never real famine and…scarcity is rare [in the Orokaiva region]…Tauga [AKA Okari] nuts and Puga [are stored where they are grown]. But…[they] are not common except in the south of the Division. […] Tauga (AKA Okari)…are rare among the Aiga and the river people…The fruit of the cycad Puga has to be immersed in running water for several months before it is edible. A man will take you down to some dark overgrown little stream, remove a stone from the bed, and reveal a nest of Puga nuts, from which the poison is slowly soaking away…Coco-nuts are accumulated, under strict taboo, for a feast. The huge coco-nut-laden tripod in the centre of the village, or the long lines of dry nuts on the ground, indicate that there is some entertainment pending towards which all the villagers will contribute”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NNJDDX2E\">[Williams 1969, pp. 112-114]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NNJDDX2E\">[Williams 1969, pp. 144-145]</a> “[Referring to research gathered by Williams during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925, and to supplementary research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the same region in 1951] Wealth is valued, because the possession of enough pigs and a good supply of taro [both of which are sourced and grown locally] makes it possible for a man to hold a feast”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/STQX9J3D\">[Reay 1953, p. 111]</a> “[Referring to research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925, and in the first two quotes to the ‘Garden Culture’ of the Orokaiva and the effect of drought on crops]…the swamps subside and sago-making is made difficult by lack of water. The hunting of small game and the fishing in creeks are hindered. The result of all this may be a real scarcity. To eke out their supplies the people… […] …will fall back on sago, which is plentiful by the coast but rare in the interior. […] The native is…a pig-keeper, and one who is constantly obtaining fresh recruits for domestication in the shape of captive sucking-pigs from the bush. But pigs are meant for feasts and ceremonies; there is no regular supply of butcher’s meat…meat food is to the Orokaiva…rather a dainty than a diet. […] Tauga (AKA Okari) are a very valuable asset [to Orokaiva people], though…they are rare among the Aiga and the river people…The fruit of the cycad Puga has to be immersed in running water for several months before it is edible. A man will take you down to some dark overgrown little stream, remove a stone from the bed, and reveal a nest of Puga nuts, from which the poison is slowly soaking away. When ready for eating the shell contains a brown pulpy material, strong flavoured, and highly appreciated in cookery. Coco-nuts are accumulated, under strict taboo, for a feast. The huge coco-nut-laden tripod in the centre of the village, or the long lines of dry nuts on the ground, indicate that there is some entertainment pending towards which all the villagers will contribute”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NNJDDX2E\">[Williams 1969, pp. 112-114]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NNJDDX2E\">[Williams 1969, p. 145]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 66,
"polity": {
"id": 445,
"name": "pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial",
"long_name": "Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial",
"start_year": 1734,
"end_year": 1883
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 445,
"name": "pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial",
"long_name": "Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial",
"start_year": 1734,
"end_year": 1883
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Animals and food products of high value such as pigs, also taro, bananas, and coconuts in the context of bride-price and in food distribution at feasts, and sago, tauga [AKA Okari] nuts and the fruit of the cycad puga plant in the context of scarcity in certain parts of the region. “[Referring to research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925; also likely to be applicable prior to European contact in the mid-1880s, although the author does not specify this in-text] The [bride-] price is called dorobu…[and] varies considerably in quantity, but always comprises…one or more pigs. In one typical instance the bride-price consisted of…a great tower of taro, bananas, and coco-nuts, and of a pig…In many cases the whole payment is not made on one occasion”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3T4XXPM3\">[Williams 1969, p. 137]</a> “[Referring to research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925, and in the first two quotes to the ‘Garden Culture’ of the Orokaiva and the effect of drought on crops; again, likely to be applicable prior to European contact in the mid-1880s, although the author does not specify this in-text]…the swamps subside and sago-making is made difficult by lack of water. The hunting of small game and the fishing in creeks are hindered. The result of all this may be a real scarcity. To eke out their supplies the people… […] …will fall back on sago, which is plentiful by the coast but rare in the interior. […] The native is…a pig-keeper, and one who is constantly obtaining fresh recruits for domestication in the shape of captive sucking-pigs from the bush. But pigs are meant for feasts and ceremonies; there is no regular supply of butcher’s meat…meat food is to the Orokaiva…rather a dainty than a diet. […] …there is never real famine and…scarcity is…rare…Tauga [AKA Okari] nuts and Puga [are stored where they are grown]. But…[they] are not common except in the south of the Division. […] Tauga (AKA Okari) are a very valuable asset, though I believe they are rare among the Aiga and the river people…The fruit of the cycad Puga has to be immersed in running water for several months before it is edible. A man will take you down to some dark overgrown little stream, remove a stone from the bed, and reveal a nest of Puga nuts, from which the poison is slowly soaking away. When ready for eating the shell contains a brown pulpy material, strong flavoured, and highly appreciated in cookery. Coco-nuts are accumulated, under strict taboo, for a feast. The huge coco-nut-laden tripod in the centre of the village, or the long lines of dry nuts on the ground, indicate that there is some entertainment pending towards which all the villagers will contribute”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NNJDDX2E\">[Williams 1969, pp. 112-114]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NNJDDX2E\">[Williams 1969, pp. 144-145]</a> “[Referring to research gathered by Williams during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925, and to supplementary research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the same region in 1951; again, likely to be applicable prior to European contact in the mid-1880s, although the author does not specify this in-text] Wealth is valued, because the possession of enough pigs and a good supply of taro makes it possible for a man to hold a feast. Holding feasts is the epitome of generosity, which is the most important Orokaiva virtue”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/STQX9J3D\">[Reay 1953, p. 111]</a> Animals and food products of high-value such as pigs, also taro, bananas, and coconuts in the context of bride-price and in food distribution at feasts, and sago, tauga [AKA Okari] nuts and the fruit of the cycad puga plant in the context of scarcity in certain parts of the region. “[Referring to research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925; also likely to be applicable prior to European contact in the mid-1880s, although the author does not specify this in-text] In one typical instance the bride-price consisted of…a great tower of taro, bananas, and coco-nuts, and of a pig [all of which are grown or sourced locally]…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3T4XXPM3\">[Williams 1969, p. 137]</a> “[Referring to research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925, and in the first two quotes to the ‘Garden Culture’ of the Orokaiva and the effect of drought on crops; again, likely to be applicable prior to European contact in the mid-1880s, although the author does not specify this in-text]…the swamps subside and sago-making is made difficult by lack of water. The hunting of small game and the fishing in creeks are hindered. The result of all this may be a real scarcity. To eke out their supplies the people… […] …will fall back on sago, which is plentiful by the coast but rare in the interior. […] The native is…a pig-keeper, and one who is constantly obtaining fresh recruits for domestication in the shape of captive sucking-pigs from the bush…[but] there is no regular supply of butcher’s meat…meat food is to the Orokaiva…rather a dainty than a diet. […] …there is never real famine and…scarcity is rare [in the Orokaiva region]…Tauga [AKA Okari] nuts and Puga [are stored where they are grown]. But…[they] are not common except in the south of the Division. […] Tauga (AKA Okari)…are rare among the Aiga and the river people…The fruit of the cycad Puga has to be immersed in running water for several months before it is edible. A man will take you down to some dark overgrown little stream, remove a stone from the bed, and reveal a nest of Puga nuts, from which the poison is slowly soaking away…Coco-nuts are accumulated, under strict taboo, for a feast. The huge coco-nut-laden tripod in the centre of the village, or the long lines of dry nuts on the ground, indicate that there is some entertainment pending towards which all the villagers will contribute”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NNJDDX2E\">[Williams 1969, pp. 112-114]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NNJDDX2E\">[Williams 1969, pp. 144-145]</a> “[Referring to research gathered by Williams during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925, and to supplementary research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the same region in 1951; again, likely to be applicable prior to European contact in the mid-1880s, although the author does not specify this in-text] Wealth is valued, because the possession of enough pigs and a good supply of taro [both of which are sourced and grown locally] makes it possible for a man to hold a feast”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/STQX9J3D\">[Reay 1953, p. 111]</a> Animals and food products of high-value such as pigs, also taro, bananas, and coconuts in the context of bride-price and in food distribution at feasts, and sago, tauga [AKA Okari] nuts and the fruit of the cycad puga plant in the context of scarcity in certain parts of the region. “[Referring to research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925; also likely to be applicable prior to European contact in the mid-1880s, although the author does not specify this in-text] The [bride-] price is called dorobu…[and] varies considerably in quantity, but always comprises…one or more pigs. In one typical instance the bride-price consisted of…a great tower of taro, bananas, and coco-nuts, and of a pig…In many cases the whole payment is not made on one occasion”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3T4XXPM3\">[Williams 1969, p. 137]</a> “[Referring to research gathered by the author during fieldwork in the Orokaiva region of Papua New Guinea from September 1923 to March 1925, and in the first two quotes to the ‘Garden Culture’ of the Orokaiva and the effect of drought on crops; again, likely to be applicable prior to European contact in the mid-1880s, although the author does not specify this in-text]…the swamps subside and sago-making is made difficult by lack of water. The hunting of small game and the fishing in creeks are hindered. The result of all this may be a real scarcity. To eke out their supplies the people… […] …will fall back on sago, which is plentiful by the coast but rare in the interior. […] The native is…a pig-keeper, and one who is constantly obtaining fresh recruits for domestication in the shape of captive sucking-pigs from the bush. But pigs are meant for feasts and ceremonies; there is no regular supply of butcher’s meat…meat food is to the Orokaiva…rather a dainty than a diet. […] Tauga (AKA Okari) are a very valuable asset [to Orokaiva people], though…they are rare among the Aiga and the river people…The fruit of the cycad Puga has to be immersed in running water for several months before it is edible. A man will take you down to some dark overgrown little stream, remove a stone from the bed, and reveal a nest of Puga nuts, from which the poison is slowly soaking away. When ready for eating the shell contains a brown pulpy material, strong flavoured, and highly appreciated in cookery. Coco-nuts are accumulated, under strict taboo, for a feast. The huge coco-nut-laden tripod in the centre of the village, or the long lines of dry nuts on the ground, indicate that there is some entertainment pending towards which all the villagers will contribute”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NNJDDX2E\">[Williams 1969, pp. 112-114]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NNJDDX2E\">[Williams 1969, p. 145]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 67,
"polity": {
"id": 126,
"name": "pk_indo_greek_k",
"long_name": "Indo-Greek Kingdom",
"start_year": -180,
"end_year": -10
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Inferred from information on a similar polity (the Greek kingdom in Bactria). ‘We have an image of more ‘pure’ consumption in palatial and court contexts under the Greek Kingdoms through the palace excavated at Ai Khanum, which was certainly the seat of the king and court of east Bactria under the Graeco-Bactrians when the inner circle was not on campaign. [...] Presuming that certain items discovered in Ai Khanum’s treasury (which had survived the city’s looting post-abandonment) were intended for use in the palace, we can assume that consumption in this space included the accumulation and use of everything from imported prestige furniture (such as a throne inlaid with agate and rock crystal), art objects, incense, apparently precious foodstuffs like olive oil (presumably not a native product of Bactria) and cinnamon, to intellectual materials like philosophical and dramatic texts.22’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RE52VX8J\">[Morris_Reden 2022, p. 164]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 68,
"polity": {
"id": 117,
"name": "pk_kachi_enl",
"long_name": "Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic",
"start_year": -7500,
"end_year": -5500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "The following is relevant does not imply or indicate the presence of luxury foods in the sense of luxury foods. “On the basis of dental comparisons, the Neolithic population at Mehrgarh appears to have Asian, rather than westerly, affinities (Lukacs, 1989), and the early levels of the site document a regional transition to food production and an economy based on wheat-barley, sheep/goat, and cattle (Costantini, 1984; Meadow, 1984a). Some of these domesticates may derive from farther west, but related processes of domestication were occurring simultaneously in the highlands and in the piedmont of Baluchistan.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C29II8FU\">[Kenoyer 1991, p. 343]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 69,
"polity": {
"id": 118,
"name": "pk_kachi_lnl",
"long_name": "Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic",
"start_year": -5500,
"end_year": -4000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 118,
"name": "pk_kachi_lnl",
"long_name": "Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic",
"start_year": -5500,
"end_year": -4000
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "cattle. “Throughout period I at Mehrgarh, cattle and sheep increased in importance, and by the end of the period (around 5500 or 5000 BCE), the people of the village had come to rely mainly on domestic cattle, sheep, and goats for their meat, rather than on hunted game. Genetic studies show that the world’s domestic cattle belong to two separate lineages: one including both European cattle and the African zebu, the other containing the Indian zebu (Bos indicus). The latter is probably descended from Bos namadicus, the wild cattle of Pleistocene South Asia, which may have been the variety of wild cattle being hunted at Mehrgarh. Studies of the bones of cattle from Mehrgarh show the progressive diminution in size that is a characteristic of domestication in many species. (Size diminution alone, however, is not sufficient evidence of domestication because it also occurred during the postglacial period in a number of species that were not domesticated.) As time went on, cattle became progressively important in the economy of Mehrgarh’s inhabitants.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TQJ2CDW6\">[McIntosh 2008, p. 60]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 70,
"polity": {
"id": 136,
"name": "pk_samma_dyn",
"long_name": "Sind - Samma Dynasty",
"start_year": 1335,
"end_year": 1521
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Inferred from Ibn Battuta's account, which immediatelyt precedes the period under consideration. “Ibn Battutta describes food dishes offered by Qazi Khudawand Zadeh between Multan and Delhi in 1333 AD and these were: Chapati (bread), roast mutton, round bread filled with Sabuni sweets (similar to sweet bread or Sindhi Mitha Lola), Alkhishti bread made of flour, sugar and ghee (called Busri in today’s Sindh), Samosak (Samosa), which was thin bread filled with minced meat, almonds, walnuts, pistachio, onion, spices and fried in ghee or butter and chicken Biryani. Food was followed by fruit juices and lastly by Pan”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K3KQKUXA\">[Panhwar 2003, p. 144]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 71,
"polity": {
"id": 133,
"name": "pk_sind_abbasid_fatimid",
"long_name": "Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period",
"start_year": 854,
"end_year": 1193
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Dry fruits. “During the Arab and the Sultanate periods the main items of import from [the] outside world were horses, slaves, arms, and weapons, silk, dry fruits, clothes and gold etc. Sugar was imported from Makran and dates from Basrah. These various items were in much demand not only [in] Sind but other parts of the country as well”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8DZ7RPZ8\">[Islam 1990, p. 240]</a> “During the Arab and the Sultanate periods the main items of import from outside world were horses, slaves, arms, and weapons, silk, dry fruits, clothes and gold etc. Sugar was imported from Makran and dates from Basrah”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8DZ7RPZ8\">[Islam 1990, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 72,
"polity": {
"id": 708,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period",
"start_year": 1495,
"end_year": 1579
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 708,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period",
"start_year": 1495,
"end_year": 1579
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Sugar; honey; dates; grapes; pineapples; tomatoes; potatoes. “Portugal was already re-exporting exotic overseas products well before Manuel’s accession. This is most clearly demonstrated in the country’s trading pattern with Flanders, a major external market as well as point of access to Germany and other parts of northern Europe. The Flanders feitoria was importing sugar from Portuguese Madeira by the mid-fifteenth century and soon afterwards began to take goods from the Portuguese West Africa trade…” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009, p. 147]</a> “During the 1670s, Portugal’s international trade imbalance began to reach alarming proportions. European demand for Portuguese colonial products was then declining, as England, France and Holland turned increasingly to their own West Indian possessions for sugar, tobacco and other tropical products they had previously acquired through Portugal from Brazil.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009, p. 245]</a> “In order to gain an idea of the international quality of such goods, let us join that lisboeta as he inspected the cargoes being unloaded on the wharves of Lisbon in the 1550s… From ports of Morocco came an even more varied assortment of foods and other commodities. These included barley, wheat, honey, dates, grapes…” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SWIK4JIU\">[Russell-Wood 1998, p. 124]</a> “At court, the ostentation and luxury extended to the dining table. Beef, the most expensive meat and out of the reach of most people, was the main dish. In 1524 the palace pantry received 3 tonnes of it, compared with half a tonne of pork, according to modern research by Maria José Azevedo Santos. The common people mostly made do with boiled fish and bad wine. The European overseas exploration changed royal eating habits: the palace pantry now featured tomatoes, chocolate, potatoes and pineapples. The sugar cane planted in Madeira in the fifteenth century brought another cultural shift. With sugar abundant in Lisbon, the Portuguese invented all kinds of new desserts. At convents and monasteries, after egg whites had been used to make wafers, or starch clothes, use was found for the yolks by dreaming up a wide variety of puddings which came to be called conventuais. Someof the names they were given are mischievously comical: nun’s belly, nun’s kisses, abbot’s ears and blessed mothers.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/URZAQIM6\">[Hatton 2018, p. 55]</a> “At court, the ostentation and luxury extended to the dining table. Beef, the most expensive meat and out of the reach of most people, was the main dish. In 1524 the palace pantry received 3 tonnes of it, compared with half a tonne of pork, according to modern research by Maria José Azevedo Santos. The common people mostly made do with boiled fish and bad wine. The European overseas exploration changed royal eating habits: the palace pantry now featured tomatoes, chocolate, potatoes and pineapples. The sugar cane planted in Madeira in the fifteenth century brought another cultural shift. With sugar abundant in Lisbon, the Portuguese invented all kinds of new desserts. At convents and monasteries, after egg whites had been used to make wafers, or starch clothes, use was found for the yolks by dreaming up a wide variety of puddings which came to be called conventuais. Some of the names they were given are mischievously comical: nun’s belly, nun’s kisses, abbot’s ears and blessed mothers.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/URZAQIM6\">[Hatton 2018, p. 55]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 73,
"polity": {
"id": 709,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern",
"start_year": 1640,
"end_year": 1806
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 709,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern",
"start_year": 1640,
"end_year": 1806
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Olives; olive oil; orchard fruits; dried fruits; oranges; sugar; rice; tapioca; molasses; sesame; cashew nuts; beans. “Olives and olive oil, cork and cork objects, traditional orchard fruits and dried fruits were all quite buoyant. One relatively new commodity starting to make an impact was the sweet orange (citrus sinensis) from China, now widely grown in the Algarve. While Seville oranges had been produced in southern Portugal for centuries, sweet oranges were introduced much later, most probably in the 1630s. But the new variety spread rapidly and in the eighteenth century was regularly exported to northern Europe, mainly from orchards around Faro and Monchique.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009, p. 258]</a> “In 1751, an English entrepreneur called Henry Smith was allowed to establish a sugar refinery in Lisbon, provided he used only Brazilian raw sugar and trained Portuguese apprentices in the art of refining.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009, p. 290]</a> “Although the government of Maria I maintained broadly similar economic settings to those of Pombal in his later years, it partially phased out reliance on monopolistic trading companies… By then these companies had achieved much of their original purpose, havingstimulated new colonial export industries, such as cotton, rice and coffee, and re-invigorated older ones like sugar, tobacco and hides.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009, p. 314]</a> “By the end of the eighteenth century, no less than 125 different products from Brazil were being unloaded in Lisbon. These may be roughly classified under the following headings: twenty-seven different foodstuffs and beverages, including brandy, sugar, rice, coffee, honey, pork, manioc flour, cocoa, tapioca, molasses, sesame, cashew nuts, cloves, beans, and vegetables...” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SWIK4JIU\">[Russell-Wood 1998, p. 128]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 74,
"polity": {
"id": 694,
"name": "rw_bugesera_k",
"long_name": "Bugesera",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1799
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "The following quote suggests that certain good varieties were higher-quality or more “renowed” than others, which may mean they were also more expensive and/or exclusive. “Certainly, the region was familiar with short-distance seasonal bartering of food and cattle products, as a function of complementarity between ecological sectors. Some food products won greater renown: palm oil from the shores of Lake Tanganyika (in Burundi and Buvira), dried bananas from Buganda, coffee from Bunyoro and Buhaya, dried fish from Burundi and Bujiji or from Lakes Edward and George, and, of course, livestock (goats, bull calves, and sterile cows) and butter from Rwanda and Burundi.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, p. 191]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 75,
"polity": {
"id": 692,
"name": "rw_gisaka_k",
"long_name": "Gisaka",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1867
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "The following quote suggests that certain good varieties were higher-quality or more “renowed” than others, which may mean they were also more expensive and/or exclusive. “Certainly, the region was familiar with short-distance seasonal bartering of food and cattle products, as a function of complementarity between ecological sectors. Some food products won greater renown: palm oil from the shores of Lake Tanganyika (in Burundi and Buvira), dried bananas from Buganda, coffee from Bunyoro and Buhaya, dried fish from Burundi and Bujiji or from Lakes Edward and George, and, of course, livestock (goats, bull calves, and sterile cows) and butter from Rwanda and Burundi.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, p. 191]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 76,
"polity": {
"id": 691,
"name": "rw_mubari_k",
"long_name": "Mubari",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1896
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "The following quote suggests that certain good varieties were higher-quality or more “renowed” than others, which may mean they were also more expensive and/or exclusive. “Certainly, the region was familiar with short-distance seasonal bartering of food and cattle products, as a function of complementarity between ecological sectors. Some food products won greater renown: palm oil from the shores of Lake Tanganyika (in Burundi and Buvira), dried bananas from Buganda, coffee from Bunyoro and Buhaya, dried fish from Burundi and Bujiji or from Lakes Edward and George, and, of course, livestock (goats, bull calves, and sterile cows) and butter from Rwanda and Burundi.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, p. 191]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 77,
"polity": {
"id": 689,
"name": "rw_ndorwa_k",
"long_name": "Ndorwa",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1800
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "The following quote suggests that certain good varieties were higher-quality or more “renowed” than others, which may mean they were also more expensive and/or exclusive. “Certainly, the region was familiar with short-distance seasonal bartering of food and cattle products, as a function of complementarity between ecological sectors. Some food products won greater renown: palm oil from the shores of Lake Tanganyika (in Burundi and Buvira), dried bananas from Buganda, coffee from Bunyoro and Buhaya, dried fish from Burundi and Bujiji or from Lakes Edward and George, and, of course, livestock (goats, bull calves, and sterile cows) and butter from Rwanda and Burundi.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, p. 191]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 78,
"polity": {
"id": 687,
"name": "Early Niynginya",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Nyinginya",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1897
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "The following quote suggests that certain good varieties were higher-quality or more “renowed” than others, which may mean they were also more expensive and/or exclusive. “Certainly, the region was familiar with short-distance seasonal bartering of food and cattle products, as a function of complementarity between ecological sectors. Some food products won greater renown: palm oil from the shores of Lake Tanganyika (in Burundi and Buvira), dried bananas from Buganda, coffee from Bunyoro and Buhaya, dried fish from Burundi and Bujiji or from Lakes Edward and George, and, of course, livestock (goats, bull calves, and sterile cows) and butter from Rwanda and Burundi.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, p. 191]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 79,
"polity": {
"id": 676,
"name": "se_baol_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Baol",
"start_year": 1550,
"end_year": 1890
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Elite women. NB The following refers to the “precolonial era”, suggesting it is relevant to this polity. Note too that it includes fruit and seemingly some kinds of fish as luxury goods. “With strong ties to the powerful and centralized Wolof (Jolof) states of Waalo, Kayor, Baol, Sine, and Saloum, Wolof women had notable impacts on trade relations with Europeans. […] They also held positions in powerful ruling families that gave them entry to a large network from which to draw resources from military forces and highly skilled artisan castes. […] Wolof women broadly were members of these networks and political councils, and female members of the royal family—sisters, wives, aunts, grandmothers, and Queen mothers (linguere)—held power over areas of production as well as people’s lives. They oversaw territory inhabited by people who paid them taxes; monopolized certain domains of luxury trade in the region that included ivory, wax, cloth, baobab fruit, salt, and certain types of fishing; and collected taxes from long-distance traders including foreigners and local agents.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AT6ZQAF3\">[Fourshey 2019]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 80,
"polity": {
"id": 674,
"name": "se_cayor_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Cayor",
"start_year": 1549,
"end_year": 1864
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Elite women. NB The following refers to the “precolonial era”, suggesting it is relevant to this polity. Note too that it includes fruit and seemingly some kinds of fish as luxury goods. “With strong ties to the powerful and centralized Wolof (Jolof) states of Waalo, Kayor, Baol, Sine, and Saloum, Wolof women had notable impacts on trade relations with Europeans. […] They also held positions in powerful ruling families that gave them entry to a large network from which to draw resources from military forces and highly skilled artisan castes. […] Wolof women broadly were members of these networks and political councils, and female members of the royal family—sisters, wives, aunts, grandmothers, and Queen mothers (linguere)—held power over areas of production as well as people’s lives. They oversaw territory inhabited by people who paid them taxes; monopolized certain domains of luxury trade in the region that included ivory, wax, cloth, baobab fruit, salt, and certain types of fishing; and collected taxes from long-distance traders including foreigners and local agents.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AT6ZQAF3\">[Fourshey 2019]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 81,
"polity": {
"id": 681,
"name": "se_great_fulo_emp",
"long_name": "Denyanke Kingdom",
"start_year": 1490,
"end_year": 1776
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Elite women. NB The following refers to the “precolonial era”, suggesting it is relevant to this polity. Note too that it includes fruit and seemingly some kinds of fish as luxury goods. “With strong ties to the powerful and centralized Wolof (Jolof) states of Waalo, Kayor, Baol, Sine, and Saloum, Wolof women had notable impacts on trade relations with Europeans. […] They also held positions in powerful ruling families that gave them entry to a large network from which to draw resources from military forces and highly skilled artisan castes. […] Wolof women broadly were members of these networks and political councils, and female members of the royal family—sisters, wives, aunts, grandmothers, and Queen mothers (linguere)—held power over areas of production as well as people’s lives. They oversaw territory inhabited by people who paid them taxes; monopolized certain domains of luxury trade in the region that included ivory, wax, cloth, baobab fruit, salt, and certain types of fishing; and collected taxes from long-distance traders including foreigners and local agents.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AT6ZQAF3\">[Fourshey 2019]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 82,
"polity": {
"id": 682,
"name": "se_jolof_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jolof",
"start_year": 1549,
"end_year": 1865
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Elite women. NB The following refers to the “precolonial era”, suggesting it is relevant to this polity. Note too that it includes fruit and seemingly some kinds of fish as luxury goods. “With strong ties to the powerful and centralized Wolof (Jolof) states of Waalo, Kayor, Baol, Sine, and Saloum, Wolof women had notable impacts on trade relations with Europeans. […] They also held positions in powerful ruling families that gave them entry to a large network from which to draw resources from military forces and highly skilled artisan castes. […] Wolof women broadly were members of these networks and political councils, and female members of the royal family—sisters, wives, aunts, grandmothers, and Queen mothers (linguere)—held power over areas of production as well as people’s lives. They oversaw territory inhabited by people who paid them taxes; monopolized certain domains of luxury trade in the region that included ivory, wax, cloth, baobab fruit, salt, and certain types of fishing; and collected taxes from long-distance traders including foreigners and local agents.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AT6ZQAF3\">[Fourshey 2019]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 83,
"polity": {
"id": 675,
"name": "se_saloum_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Saloum",
"start_year": 1490,
"end_year": 1863
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Elite women. NB The following refers to the “precolonial era”, suggesting it is relevant to this polity. Note too that it includes fruit and seemingly some kinds of fish as luxury goods. “With strong ties to the powerful and centralized Wolof (Jolof) states of Waalo, Kayor, Baol, Sine, and Saloum, Wolof women had notable impacts on trade relations with Europeans. […] They also held positions in powerful ruling families that gave them entry to a large network from which to draw resources from military forces and highly skilled artisan castes. […] Wolof women broadly were members of these networks and political councils, and female members of the royal family—sisters, wives, aunts, grandmothers, and Queen mothers (linguere)—held power over areas of production as well as people’s lives. They oversaw territory inhabited by people who paid them taxes; monopolized certain domains of luxury trade in the region that included ivory, wax, cloth, baobab fruit, salt, and certain types of fishing; and collected taxes from long-distance traders including foreigners and local agents.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AT6ZQAF3\">[Fourshey 2019]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 84,
"polity": {
"id": 677,
"name": "se_sine_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Sine",
"start_year": 1350,
"end_year": 1887
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Elite women. NB The following refers to the “precolonial era”, suggesting it is relevant to this polity. Note too that it includes fruit and seemingly some kinds of fish as luxury goods. “With strong ties to the powerful and centralized Wolof (Jolof) states of Waalo, Kayor, Baol, Sine, and Saloum, Wolof women had notable impacts on trade relations with Europeans. […] They also held positions in powerful ruling families that gave them entry to a large network from which to draw resources from military forces and highly skilled artisan castes. […] Wolof women broadly were members of these networks and political councils, and female members of the royal family—sisters, wives, aunts, grandmothers, and Queen mothers (linguere)—held power over areas of production as well as people’s lives. They oversaw territory inhabited by people who paid them taxes; monopolized certain domains of luxury trade in the region that included ivory, wax, cloth, baobab fruit, salt, and certain types of fishing; and collected taxes from long-distance traders including foreigners and local agents.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AT6ZQAF3\">[Fourshey 2019]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 85,
"polity": {
"id": 678,
"name": "se_waalo_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Waalo",
"start_year": 1287,
"end_year": 1855
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Elite women. NB The following refers to the “precolonial era”, suggesting it is relevant to this polity. Note too that it includes fruit and seemingly some kinds of fish as luxury goods. “With strong ties to the powerful and centralized Wolof (Jolof) states of Waalo, Kayor, Baol, Sine, and Saloum, Wolof women had notable impacts on trade relations with Europeans. […] They also held positions in powerful ruling families that gave them entry to a large network from which to draw resources from military forces and highly skilled artisan castes. […] Wolof women broadly were members of these networks and political councils, and female members of the royal family—sisters, wives, aunts, grandmothers, and Queen mothers (linguere)—held power over areas of production as well as people’s lives. They oversaw territory inhabited by people who paid them taxes; monopolized certain domains of luxury trade in the region that included ivory, wax, cloth, baobab fruit, salt, and certain types of fishing; and collected taxes from long-distance traders including foreigners and local agents.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AT6ZQAF3\">[Fourshey 2019]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 86,
"polity": {
"id": 637,
"name": "so_adal_sultanate",
"long_name": "Adal Sultanate",
"start_year": 1375,
"end_year": 1543
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 234,
"name": "et_ethiopian_k",
"long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom",
"start_year": 1270,
"end_year": 1620
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following quote refers to a 16th-century Ethiopian source that mentions trade between Christian Ethiopia and the neighbouring Muslim Sultanates, which would have included this polity. Luxury goods Ethiopia exported to these sultanates included a legume. “The Futūḥ al-Ḥabaša, for its part, mentions commercial exchanges and the presence of Christian traders in the Barr Saʿd al-Dīn: “The King of Abyssinia dispatched traders into the country of the Muslims carrying gold, wars [i.e. leguminous plant from the Yemen], ivory, civet cats and slaves – a vast quantity of wealth that belonged to the king. They sold their merchandise in the country of the Muslims and crossed the Sea to aš-Šiḥr and ʿAden and then they turned back and returned, seeking their own country and the presence of the king.” Thus, Christians also participated in long-distance trade. Vital for the economy of the region, this trade led to struggles for control of the areas of breakage between highlands and lowlands. But it also required peace and diplomatic agreements between Christian and Islamic powers, to ensure the safety of caravans and their passage across the neighboring territory.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TA84VGHX\">[Chekroun_Hirsch_Kelly 2020, p. 80]</a> The following quote refers to a 16th-century Ethiopian source that mentions trade between Christian Ethiopia and the neighbouring Muslim Sultanates, which would have included this polity. Luxury goods Ethiopia exported to these sultanates included gold. “The Futūḥ al-Ḥabaša, for its part, mentions commercial exchanges and the presence of Christian traders in the Barr Saʿd al-Dīn: “The King of Abyssinia dispatched traders into the country of the Muslims carrying gold, wars [i.e. leguminous plant from the Yemen], ivory, civet cats and slaves – a vast quantity of wealth that belonged to the king. They sold their merchandise in the country of the Muslims and crossed the Sea to aš-Šiḥr and ʿAden and then they turned back and returned, seeking their own country and the presence of the king.” Thus, Christians also participated in long-distance trade. Vital for the economy of the region, this trade led to struggles for control of the areas of breakage between highlands and lowlands. But it also required peace and diplomatic agreements between Christian and Islamic powers, to ensure the safety of caravans and their passage across the neighboring territory.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TA84VGHX\">[Chekroun_Hirsch_Kelly 2020, p. 80]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 87,
"polity": {
"id": 639,
"name": "so_ajuran_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ajuran Sultanate",
"start_year": 1250,
"end_year": 1700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 234,
"name": "et_ethiopian_k",
"long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom",
"start_year": 1270,
"end_year": 1620
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following quote refers to a 16th-century Ethiopian source that mentions trade between Christian Ethiopia and the neighbouring Muslim Sultanates, which would have included this polity. Luxury goods Ethiopia exported to these sultanates included a legume. “The Futūḥ al-Ḥabaša, for its part, mentions commercial exchanges and the presence of Christian traders in the Barr Saʿd al-Dīn: “The King of Abyssinia dispatched traders into the country of the Muslims carrying gold, wars [i.e. leguminous plant from the Yemen], ivory, civet cats and slaves – a vast quantity of wealth that belonged to the king. They sold their merchandise in the country of the Muslims and crossed the Sea to aš-Šiḥr and ʿAden and then they turned back and returned, seeking their own country and the presence of the king.” Thus, Christians also participated in long-distance trade. Vital for the economy of the region, this trade led to struggles for control of the areas of breakage between highlands and lowlands. But it also required peace and diplomatic agreements between Christian and Islamic powers, to ensure the safety of caravans and their passage across the neighboring territory.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TA84VGHX\">[Chekroun_Hirsch_Kelly 2020, p. 80]</a> The following quote refers to a 16th-century Ethiopian source that mentions trade between Christian Ethiopia and the neighbouring Muslim Sultanates, which would have included this polity. Luxury goods Ethiopia exported to these sultanates included gold. “The Futūḥ al-Ḥabaša, for its part, mentions commercial exchanges and the presence of Christian traders in the Barr Saʿd al-Dīn: “The King of Abyssinia dispatched traders into the country of the Muslims carrying gold, wars [i.e. leguminous plant from the Yemen], ivory, civet cats and slaves – a vast quantity of wealth that belonged to the king. They sold their merchandise in the country of the Muslims and crossed the Sea to aš-Šiḥr and ʿAden and then they turned back and returned, seeking their own country and the presence of the king.” Thus, Christians also participated in long-distance trade. Vital for the economy of the region, this trade led to struggles for control of the areas of breakage between highlands and lowlands. But it also required peace and diplomatic agreements between Christian and Islamic powers, to ensure the safety of caravans and their passage across the neighboring territory.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TA84VGHX\">[Chekroun_Hirsch_Kelly 2020, p. 80]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 88,
"polity": {
"id": 642,
"name": "so_geledi_sultanate",
"long_name": "Sultanate of Geledi",
"start_year": 1750,
"end_year": 1911
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“In the middle of the last century it seems that neither tea nor coffee, as a drink, was known in Geledi. Their equivalent, as a snack, a mild, stimulant, and the refreshment invariably offered to guests, was the preparation of fried coffee beans known as bun. […] [I]t is likely that Geledi itself contributed a proportion[ of grain to the markets in Mogadishu]; the fact that they were buying cotton, metal goods, and luxuries like bunfrom outside suggests that they were selling something. They had clearly reached a certain level of comfort and prosperity, and though they collected dues from passing caravans (see below) it is not likely that this alone would have accounted for the prosperity of more than a few families.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3VINCVDJ\">[Luling 1971, p. 76]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3VINCVDJ\">[Luling 1971, p. 102]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 89,
"polity": {
"id": 646,
"name": "so_ifat_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ifat Sultanate",
"start_year": 1280,
"end_year": 1375
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 234,
"name": "et_ethiopian_k",
"long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom",
"start_year": 1270,
"end_year": 1620
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "‘‘‘ The following quote refers to a 16th-century Ethiopian source that mentions trade between Christian Ethiopia and the neighbouring Muslim Sultanates, which would have included this polity. Luxury goods Ethiopia exported to these sultanates included a legume. “The Futūḥ al-Ḥabaša, for its part, mentions commercial exchanges and the presence of Christian traders in the Barr Saʿd al-Dīn: “The King of Abyssinia dispatched traders into the country of the Muslims carrying gold, wars [i.e. leguminous plant from the Yemen], ivory, civet cats and slaves – a vast quantity of wealth that belonged to the king. They sold their merchandise in the country of the Muslims and crossed the Sea to aš-Šiḥr and ʿAden and then they turned back and returned, seeking their own country and the presence of the king.” Thus, Christians also participated in long-distance trade. Vital for the economy of the region, this trade led to struggles for control of the areas of breakage between highlands and lowlands. But it also required peace and diplomatic agreements between Christian and Islamic powers, to ensure the safety of caravans and their passage across the neighboring territory.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TA84VGHX\">[Chekroun_Hirsch_Kelly 2020, p. 80]</a> The following quote refers to a 16th-century Ethiopian source that mentions trade between Christian Ethiopia and the neighbouring Muslim Sultanates, which would have included this polity. Luxury goods Ethiopia exported to these sultanates included gold. “The Futūḥ al-Ḥabaša, for its part, mentions commercial exchanges and the presence of Christian traders in the Barr Saʿd al-Dīn: “The King of Abyssinia dispatched traders into the country of the Muslims carrying gold, wars [i.e. leguminous plant from the Yemen], ivory, civet cats and slaves – a vast quantity of wealth that belonged to the king. They sold their merchandise in the country of the Muslims and crossed the Sea to aš-Šiḥr and ʿAden and then they turned back and returned, seeking their own country and the presence of the king.” Thus, Christians also participated in long-distance trade. Vital for the economy of the region, this trade led to struggles for control of the areas of breakage between highlands and lowlands. But it also required peace and diplomatic agreements between Christian and Islamic powers, to ensure the safety of caravans and their passage across the neighboring territory.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TA84VGHX\">[Chekroun_Hirsch_Kelly 2020, p. 80]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 90,
"polity": {
"id": 638,
"name": "so_tunni_sultanate",
"long_name": "Tunni Sultanate",
"start_year": 800,
"end_year": 1200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "‘‘‘ The Tunni Sultanate appears to be an especially obscure polity, with barely information easily available on it anywhere in the relevant literature.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 91,
"polity": {
"id": 44,
"name": "th_ayutthaya",
"long_name": "Ayutthaya",
"start_year": 1593,
"end_year": 1767
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Inferred from the long distances travelled by some food items. “The commercial boom also made it possible for large cities and substantial populations to import their food by sea… Other foodstuffs such as vegetables, dried fish and fermented fish-paste, coconut oil, salt, and palm-wine also travelled long distances by sea to feed the flourishing cities.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GTA5M2UD\">[Tarling 2008, p. 471]</a> ‘’As Europeans replaced Persians in employment at court, the source of cultural influence changed in parallel. According to La Loubère, Narai was “curious to the highest degree.”… In the latter few years of the reign, Europe (and especially France) replaced Persia as the source of cultural influence on the court. Narai wore French clothing on the hunt. Phaulkon’s Japanese-Christian wife is credited with introducing Portuguese desserts into Siamese cuisine’’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IGUABSUR\">[Baker_Phongpaichit 2017]</a> “As Europeans replaced Persians in employment at court, the source of cultural influence changed in parallel. According to La Loubère, Narai was “curious to the highest degree.”… In the latter few years of the reign, Europe (and especially France) replaced Persia as the source of cultural influence on the court. Narai wore French clothing on the hunt. Phaulkon’s Japanese-Christian wife is credited with introducing Portuguese desserts into Siamese cuisine’’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IGUABSUR\">[Baker_Phongpaichit 2017]</a> “The commercial boom also made it possible for large cities and substantial populations to import their food by sea… Other foodstuffs such as vegetables, dried fish and fermented fish-paste, coconut oil, salt, and palm-wine also travelled long distances by sea to feed the flourishing cities.’’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GTA5M2UD\">[Tarling 2008, p. 471]</a> “A clear picture is available of Ayutthaya, thanks largely to 17th Century French visitors who characteristically devoted a considerable amount of space to the subject of food in their accounts of the kingdom. Simon De La Loubere, for instance, who came with a diplomatic mission in 1687, was struck by the fact that people ate sparingly. Good salt, he found, was a rare commodity, and fresh fish was seldom eaten, despite its abnundance.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B2NZ9JF9\">[Narisa 2005, p. 63]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 92,
"polity": {
"id": 175,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire II",
"start_year": 1517,
"end_year": 1683
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 545,
"name": "it_venetian_rep_4",
"long_name": "Republic of Venice IV",
"start_year": 1564,
"end_year": 1797
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Gifts were another important element of Venetian diplomacy. Inventories indicate that luxurious cloths were most common, but other items included “soap bubbles, small paintings, perfumes, gloves, eyeglasses, mirrors, chests”. Delicacies such as pistachios, almonds, marzipan, and other sweets were also common offerings” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NGNJQJV9\">[Dursteler 0, p. 169]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 93,
"polity": {
"id": 716,
"name": "tz_early_tana_1",
"long_name": "Early Tana 1",
"start_year": 500,
"end_year": 749
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Imports along the east African coast included fine metalwork and cloth; beads of glass and gold; glass vials for ointments or perfumes; storage jars containing oils or syrups; and decorated bowls probably sought as prestigious display pottery.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EEK9BPGI\">[Pollard_Kinyera 2017, p. 933]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 94,
"polity": {
"id": 717,
"name": "tz_early_tana_2",
"long_name": "Early Tana 2",
"start_year": 750,
"end_year": 999
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Imports along the east African coast included fine metalwork and cloth; beads of glass and gold; glass vials for ointments or perfumes; storage jars containing oils or syrups; and decorated bowls probably sought as prestigious display pottery.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EEK9BPGI\">[Pollard_Kinyera 2017, p. 933]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 95,
"polity": {
"id": 715,
"name": "tz_east_africa_ia_1",
"long_name": "Early East Africa Iron Age",
"start_year": 200,
"end_year": 499
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "‘‘‘ No information could be found in the literature regarding the trade in or consumption of luxury goods in this era.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 96,
"polity": {
"id": 18,
"name": "us_hawaii_2",
"long_name": "Hawaii II",
"start_year": 1200,
"end_year": 1580
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 18,
"name": "us_hawaii_2",
"long_name": "Hawaii II",
"start_year": 1200,
"end_year": 1580
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Pigs; dogs; chickens(?); dried fish(?); potentially other luxury or ‘prestige’ foods. “[Referring to ‘ancient Hawaii’ and rivalry between rulers and other elites, inferred as potentially applicable to the Hawaii II period; third quote, this paragraph, refers specifically to the c.1680-1790 part of the Phase III period in the context of war and wealth] The nonperishables and prestige goods (waiwai, wealth) provided by the common people included dogs, chickens, and pigs on the hoof, dried fish…These items, supplied at the demand of the ruling chiefs in their capacity as government officials, are referred to as in-kind taxes (`auhau) but can also be considered rent due the chiefs in their role as landlords. […] In the Hawaiian world, the ultimate prize of war for rulers and war leaders was waiwai, “wealth”, including pigs and other prestige foods… […] …traditional accounts during Phase III refer explicitly to chiefs’ perceptions of shortages of or reduced accessibility to the flow of [prized] items of wealth (waiwai [such as pigs]) to which they had evidently become accustomed during decades of economic growth and increasing revenue”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 18]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 32]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 237]</a> “[Referring to the production and consumption of luxury or ‘prestige’ foods during the contact period, inferred as potentially applicable to the Hawaii II period] One way in which food could be stored [successfully versus staple crops that were difficult to store]…was to convert staple starch calories into protein, in the form of domestic pigs and dogs, of which the Hawaiian elites were notably fond (Sahlins 1992: 28)…among the regular tribute items demanded by the ali‘i [Hawaiian nobility] were significant quantities of these two animals, especially large hogs, which were also among the obligatory sacrificial offerings at the state temples”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 51]</a> Pigs; dogs; chickens(?); dried fish(?); potentially other luxury or ‘prestige’ foods. “[Referring to ‘ancient Hawaii’ and rivalry between rulers and other elites, inferred as potentially applicable to the Hawaii II period; third quote, this paragraph, refers specifically to the c.1680-1790 part of the Phase III period in the context of war and wealth] The nonperishables and prestige goods (waiwai, wealth) [originating in Hawaii and] provided by the common people included dogs, chickens, and pigs on the hoof, dried fish… […] In the Hawaiian world, the ultimate prize of war for rulers and war leaders was waiwai, “wealth” [originating in Hawaii], including pigs and other prestige foods… […] …traditional accounts during Phase III refer explicitly to chiefs’ perceptions of shortages of or reduced accessibility to the flow of [prized] items of wealth (waiwai) [originating in Hawaii, such as pigs] to which they had evidently become accustomed during decades of economic growth and increasing revenue”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 18]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 32]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 237]</a> “[Referring to the production and consumption of luxury or ‘prestige’ foods during the contact period, inferred as potentially applicable to the Hawaii II period] One way in which food could be stored [successfully versus staple crops that were difficult to store]…was to convert staple starch calories into protein, in the form of domestic pigs and dogs…among the regular tribute items demanded by the ali‘i [Hawaiian nobility] were significant quantities of these two animals, especially large hogs…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 51]</a> Pigs; dogs; chickens(?); dried fish(?); potentially other prestige foods. “[Referring to ‘ancient Hawaii’ and rivalry between rulers and other elites, inferred as potentially applicable to the Hawaii II period; third quote, this paragraph, refers specifically to the c.1680-1790 part of the Phase III period in the context of war and wealth] The nonperishables and prestige goods (waiwai, wealth) provided by the common people included dogs, chickens, and pigs on the hoof, dried fish…These items, supplied at the demand of the ruling chiefs in their capacity as government officials, are referred to as in-kind taxes (`auhau) but can also be considered rent due the chiefs in their role as landlords. […] In the Hawaiian world, the ultimate prize of war for rulers and war leaders was waiwai, “wealth”, including pigs and other prestige foods… […] …traditional accounts during Phase III refer explicitly to chiefs’ perceptions of shortages of or reduced accessibility to the flow of [prized] items of wealth (waiwai [such as pigs]) to which they had evidently become accustomed during decades of economic growth and increasing revenue”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 18]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 32]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 237]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 97,
"polity": {
"id": 19,
"name": "us_hawaii_3",
"long_name": "Hawaii III",
"start_year": 1580,
"end_year": 1778
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 19,
"name": "us_hawaii_3",
"long_name": "Hawaii III",
"start_year": 1580,
"end_year": 1778
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Pigs; dogs; chickens(?); dried fish(?); potentially other luxury or ‘prestige’ foods. “[Referring to ‘ancient Hawaii’ and rivalry between rulers and other elites, inferred as potentially applicable to the Hawaii III period; third quote, this paragraph, refers specifically to the c.1680-1790 part of the Phase III period in the context of war and wealth] The nonperishables and prestige goods (waiwai, wealth) provided by the common people included dogs, chickens, and pigs on the hoof, dried fish…These items, supplied at the demand of the ruling chiefs in their capacity as government officials, are referred to as in-kind taxes (`auhau) but can also be considered rent due the chiefs in their role as landlords. […] In the Hawaiian world, the ultimate prize of war for rulers and war leaders was waiwai, “wealth”, including pigs and other prestige foods… […] …traditional accounts during Phase III refer explicitly to chiefs’ perceptions of shortages of or reduced accessibility to the flow of [prized] items of wealth (waiwai [such as pigs]) to which they had evidently become accustomed during decades of economic growth and increasing revenue”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 18]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 32]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 237]</a> “[Referring to the production and consumption of luxury or ‘prestige’ foods during the contact period, inferred as potentially applicable to the Hawaii III period] One way in which food could be stored [successfully versus staple crops that were difficult to store]…was to convert staple starch calories into protein, in the form of domestic pigs and dogs, of which the Hawaiian elites were notably fond (Sahlins 1992: 28)…among the regular tribute items demanded by the ali‘i [Hawaiian nobility] were significant quantities of these two animals, especially large hogs, which were also among the obligatory sacrificial offerings at the state temples”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 51]</a> Pigs; dogs; chickens(?); dried fish(?); potentially other luxury or ‘prestige’ foods. “[Referring to ‘ancient Hawaii’ and rivalry between rulers and other elites, inferred as potentially applicable to the Hawaii III period; third quote, this paragraph, refers specifically to the c.1680-1790 part of the Phase III period in the context of war and wealth] The nonperishables and prestige goods (waiwai, wealth) [originating in Hawaii and] provided by the common people included dogs, chickens, and pigs on the hoof, dried fish… […] In the Hawaiian world, the ultimate prize of war for rulers and war leaders was waiwai, “wealth” [originating in Hawaii], including pigs and other prestige foods… […] …traditional accounts during Phase III refer explicitly to chiefs’ perceptions of shortages of or reduced accessibility to the flow of [prized] items of wealth (waiwai) [originating in Hawaii, such as pigs] to which they had evidently become accustomed during decades of economic growth and increasing revenue”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 18]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 32]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 237]</a> “[Referring to the production and consumption of luxury or ‘prestige’ foods during the contact period, inferred as potentially applicable to the Hawaii III period] One way in which food could be stored [successfully versus staple crops that were difficult to store]…was to convert staple starch calories into protein, in the form of domestic pigs and dogs…among the regular tribute items demanded by the ali‘i [Hawaiian nobility] were significant quantities of these two animals, especially large hogs…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 51]</a> Pigs; dogs; chickens(?); dried fish(?); potentially other prestige foods. “[Referring to ‘ancient Hawaii’ and rivalry between rulers and other elites, inferred as potentially applicable to the Hawaii III period; third quote, this paragraph, refers specifically to the c.1680-1790 part of the Phase III period in the context of war and wealth] The nonperishables and prestige goods (waiwai, wealth) provided by the common people included dogs, chickens, and pigs on the hoof, dried fish…These items, supplied at the demand of the ruling chiefs in their capacity as government officials, are referred to as in-kind taxes (`auhau) but can also be considered rent due the chiefs in their role as landlords. […] In the Hawaiian world, the ultimate prize of war for rulers and war leaders was waiwai, “wealth”, including pigs and other prestige foods… […] …traditional accounts during Phase III refer explicitly to chiefs’ perceptions of shortages of or reduced accessibility to the flow of [prized] items of wealth (waiwai [such as pigs]) to which they had evidently become accustomed during decades of economic growth and increasing revenue”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 18]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 32]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UVG4PEED\">[Hommon 2013, p. 237]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 98,
"polity": {
"id": 20,
"name": "us_kamehameha_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period",
"start_year": 1778,
"end_year": 1819
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 20,
"name": "us_kamehameha_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period",
"start_year": 1778,
"end_year": 1819
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Pork, dogs. “[Referring to agricultural production during the contact period] The primary root, tuber, and tree crops that formed the Hawaiian subsistence base were not generally amenable to storage, limiting the possibility of a magazine economy. …One way in which food could be stored, however, was to convert staple starch calories into protein, in the form of domestic pigs and dogs, of which the Hawaiian elites were notably fond (Sahlins 1992: 28)…among the regular tribute items demanded by the ali‘i [Hawaiian nobility] were significant quantities of these two animals, especially large hogs, which were also among the obligatory sacrificial offerings at the state temples. […]\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 39]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, pp. 50-51]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, pp. 53-54]</a> “[Referring to fur trade ships stopping in Hawaii during the reign of Kamehameha]…fresh fruits and vegetables, available in the [Hawaiian] Islands, were necessary to prevent scurvy… […] …traders [stopping in Hawaii in the early 1800s] obtained…salt for curing hides. […] [Referring to the introduction of new goods from Europe, the United States and China via the fur trade in the C19] Some imported haole [non-Hawaiian] goods were…Guayaquil cocoa, flour…rice, hemp…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, pp. 25-26]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, p. 29]</a> Pork, dogs. “[Referring to agricultural production during the contact period] The primary root, tuber, and tree crops that formed the Hawaiian subsistence base were not generally amenable to storage…Both taro and sweet potato…dominated Hawaiian farming systems…One way in which food could be stored…was to convert staple starch calories into protein…in the form of domestic pigs and dogs, of which the Hawaiian elites were notably fond (Sahlins 1992: 28)… […] [Referring to the ‘Kona field system’ as mentioned by members of Cook’s 1779 expedition] “…Their sweet potatoes are mostly raised here [in Hawaii], and indeed are the principle object of their agriculture…We saw a few patches of sugar cane…[and] we also passed several groups of plantain-trees” (Ledyard 1963: 118-19). […] …Hawaiians…did not limit their exploitation of littoral and inshore resources to capturing the natural fish and shellfish fauna…they developed true fishpond aquaculture (Summers 1964; Kikuchi 1976)…the ponds consisted of…enclose[d] areas in which mullet and milkfish could be farmed”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 51]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, pp. 53-54]</a> Pork, dogs. “[Referring to the role of the kalaimoku or King’s chief councilor in the royal household during European contact] Among his chief duties was to oversee the royal storehouses “in which to collect food, fish…” (Malo 1951: 195). […] One [other] way in which food could be stored…was to convert staple starch calories into protein, in the form of domestic pigs and dogs, of which the Hawaiian elites were notably fond (Sahlins 1992: 28)…among the regular tribute items demanded by the ali‘i [Hawaiian nobility] were significant quantities of these two animals, especially large hogs, which were also among the obligatory sacrificial offerings at the state temples”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, pp. 50-51]</a> Pork; dog meat. “[Referring to the role of the kalaimoku or King’s chief councilor in the royal household during European contact] Among his chief duties was to oversee the royal storehouses “in which to collect food, fish…” (Malo 1951: 195). […] One [other] way in which food could be stored…was to convert staple starch calories into protein, in the form of domestic pigs and dogs, of which the Hawaiian elites were notably fond (Sahlins 1992: 28)…among the regular tribute items demanded by the ali‘i [Hawaiian nobility] were significant quantities of these two animals, especially large hogs, which were also among the obligatory sacrificial offerings at the state temples”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, pp. 50-51]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 99,
"polity": {
"id": 372,
"name": "ye_tahirid_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1454,
"end_year": 1517
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 409,
"name": "bd_bengal_sultanate",
"long_name": "Bengal Sultanate",
"start_year": 1338,
"end_year": 1538
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Malacca Sultanate; Hanthawaddy Kingdom; Early Ayutthaya",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "The following quote comes from a source covering up to 1454 (the lower bound of this polity period – and therefore the Rasulid dynasty), but it is a 16th century record of a visitor to a port in this polity location. Thus, it seems to refer to the Tahirid dynasty. An expert should be consulted on this. “Eunuchs formed part of royal courts in a broad range of historical settings […] by the 9th century, eunuchs had […] become indispensable to three key institutions constituting Islamic polities: the royal household, the political administration, and the military […] he eats meat and butter and is sustained by it.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RBIE6P77\">[Kloss 2021, pp. 6-9]</a> It is not clear whether rice and sugar would be considered luxury food but perhaps this quote suggests that they were valuable. Additionally, in another part of this text, ‘basic commodities’ are listed as sorghum, millet, sesame, and ghee. Rice and sugar, at least, are not in this list. “In 880/1475 the sultan gave out sadaqah, in Ta’izz which amounted to 4,000 ashrafi worth of cloth and coins as well as grain and rice and sugar.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UIGEVVB5\">[Porter 1992, p. 160]</a> “I went to another city […] which is called Zibit […] It is a place of very considerable extent by the Red Sea, and is supplied with an immense quantity of sugar” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4D4PR7IR\">[Varthema 1863, p. 82]</a> The following quote refers to ‘basic commodity’ foods but the last sentence suggests that these costs may have brought these foods out of reach of the common person and made them a luxury at this time. A note on terms, ‘mudd’ is the term used for measuring dry goods. “In 905/1499 Ahmad al-Dhayh bought all the food which was in the royal storehouse and he paid for it 70 Yemeni dinars per mudd. In 914/1508 sorghum reached 10 dirhams, millet, 11 dirhams - presumably per mudd and sesame cost 6 dinar-dirhams, while 5 uqiyyahs of ghee, as was mentioned above, cost at its cheapest 1 dirham saghir. It is interesting in passing to compare these prices with those of a hundred years earlier. In 801/1398 the price of dhurah was one dirham per Zabidi mudd.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UIGEVVB5\">[Porter 1992, pp. 164-165]</a> “The Adenis also traded goods from Malacca and Pegu in exchange for […] rice from Bengal, rice from Siam” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MNDWDXQ9\">[Baldry 1982, p. 41]</a> “Eunuchs formed part of royal courts in a broad range of historical settings […] by the 9th century, eunuchs had […] become indispensable to three key institutions constituting Islamic polities: the royal household, the political administration, and the military […] he eats meat and butter and is sustained by it.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RBIE6P77\">[Kloss 2021, pp. 6-9]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 101,
"polity": {
"id": 669,
"name": "ni_hausa_k",
"long_name": "Hausa bakwai",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1808
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "UND",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "uncoded",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Political and religious leaders gave kola as gifts to subordinates and visitors, while commoners found kola an excellent present for such occasions as weddings, funerals, and naming ceremonies. The spread of Islam had a particularly advantageous effect on the demand for kola. The nuts were the only readily available stimulant which Islam did not condemn; thus as more people in the savanna region of West Africa became Muslim, the trade in kola increased.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DZUG9CDW\">[Lovejoy 1980, p. 2]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}