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{
"id": 1,
"polity": {
"id": 137,
"name": "af_durrani_emp",
"long_name": "Durrani Empire",
"start_year": 1747,
"end_year": 1826
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
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"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "\" “Jalalabad and then on to Peshawar via the Khyber Pass. Reportedly known as the ‘Switzerland of Khorrasan [sic]’ according to Masson, Jalalabad was a lively city with a considerable amount of its own agricultural produce, including rice, sugar cane, dates, grape, figs, plums and pomegranates. Like Ghazni, it fell under Kabul’s political paramountcy, providing the Kabul exchequer with Rs. 3,50,000 of revenue, mainly from land taxes.91 Yet in terms of trade and mercantile activity, Jalalabad was relatively poor. It produced only Rs. 12,000 in duty receipts, from a trade total of Rs. 48 lakhs of trade goods. 92 And despite his expectations of a lakh of rupees, Dost Muhammad’s extractions from the small Hindu trading community produced an anaemic Rs. 26,000”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/M94XDPKV\">[Hopkins 2008, p. 149]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 2,
"polity": {
"id": 780,
"name": "bd_chandra_dyn",
"long_name": "Chandra Dynasty",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1050
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Tarafdar himself admits that epigraphic records prepared during Deva, Chandra and Varman rule give no indication of trade, which renders impossible the determination of the extent of commercialisation of the contemporary society.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SPVKQ8S\">[Thakur 1987, p. 202]</a> “Not a single new commercial centre sprang up in Bengal between the 8th and 13th centuries A.D. and it appears that this region had hardly a place in external trade for at least 500 years.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SPVKQ8S\">[Thakur 1987, p. 206]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 3,
"polity": {
"id": 781,
"name": "bd_nawabs_of_bengal",
"long_name": "Nawabs of Bengal",
"start_year": 1717,
"end_year": 1757
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 781,
"name": "bd_nawabs_of_bengal",
"long_name": "Nawabs of Bengal",
"start_year": 1717,
"end_year": 1757
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "\" “Murshidabad under the Nawabs adapted classic Mughal dishes to local tastes and ingredients, and a festive meal for the Muslim elites included roomali or roghni roti and shami kabab before the main course of pulao (the term preferred by Murshidabad over biriyani), which could be made with not only meat but also pineapples (aanaras pulao), mango (aam pulao, a local luxury), and fish (mahi pulao), among others. Desserts included zarda, meetha tukra, the classic shahi tukra, meetha paratha, and nimas – a sweetened milk froth similar to malai of the northern India, and made by low-heat simmering of milk overnight”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X6WT86V7\">[Sengupta 2023, p. 137]</a> \" “Murshidabad under the Nawabs adapted classic Mughal dishes to local tastes and ingredients”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X6WT86V7\">[Sengupta 2023, p. 137]</a> “Apart from meat-based dishes and pilao, another addition made by the Turko-Afghans to Dhaka’s cuisine was the firni – the dessert made with sweetened milk, rice, nuts, and aromatic spices (or sheer birinj, the version with no sugar) – which is still often referred to as the “Afghan custard.” Upper-class Muslims in Dhaka lived extravagant lifestyles during this period, and their food included “smoked and roasted beef and mutton, banana, jackfruit and pomegranate.” Meals were often followed by a course of honey and sweetened rose-water, and drinking wine – including a kind prepared from palm – was common among the elite, consisting of the Saiyids, Mughals, and Pathans. Gradually in the Mughal period banquets and feasts with music and dance became almost a part of the daily routine of rich Muslim aristocrats and officers, who maintained a grand lifestyle and made a cult of display” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X6WT86V7\">[Sengupta 2023, p. 132]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 4,
"polity": {
"id": 470,
"name": "cn_hmong_1",
"long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing",
"start_year": 1701,
"end_year": 1895
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“The Book of Qian, Tian Wen [Qing Dynasty]: The Flower Hmong: Men and women weave their clothes from strips of discarded fabric, creating garments without collars or openings that simply slip over the head. They wrap their heads in blue indigo cloth. Their diet mostly consists of millet, weeds, and wild vegetables, with occasional rice. Their food is stored for special occasions or to offer guests. Some Hmong people never eat grains for their entire life. (黔書 （清）田雯: 花苗 男女拆敗布緝條以織，衣無衿竅而納諸首，以青蘭布裹頭。所食多以麥稗雜野蔬，間有稻，皆儲以待正供或享賓。有終身不穀食者。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/M3NM386Q\">[Zhang 2018, p. 17]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 5,
"polity": {
"id": 471,
"name": "cn_hmong_2",
"long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese",
"start_year": 1895,
"end_year": 1941
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Local Hmong people, Yang Hanxian, who graduated from the Sociology Department of West China University, wrote: \"The Hmong society of Weining in modern times was full of serious ethnic and class contradictions. The Yi ethnic minority landlords, who accounted for a very small number of the population, ruled and oppressed the vast majority of Hmong people... According to Hmong elders in the early 20th century, under the rule of the Yi 'nuo' (landlord),... (the above four classes are all Yi ethnic minorities) and those at the bottom of the society, or called the people under the ground, are the 'Miao (Hmong)'.\" ... In modern times, the feudal landlord system with the nature of slavery still existed in the Wumeng Mountains, and the Hmong tenant farmers were strongly dependent on the Yi ethnic minority landlords. In the Qing Dynasty, historian Zhao Yi served as an official in Shuixi. Based on his own observations, he wrote: \"The relationship between the local officials and the local people is the most severe between master and servant... \"The Hmong people wear clothes that they weave themselves from hemp, coarse hemp and worn cloth. They wear a grass belt around their waists, tie their legs with bandages, and wear straw shoes. The old records say that they \"lack clothes, sleep without beds or bedding, cook without pots and cauldrons, and have no food for the next day at home.\"（当地苗族，华西大学社会学系毕业的杨汉先写道：“近代的威宁苗族社会，充满着严重的民族和阶级的矛盾。占人口极少数的彝族土目地主，统治和压迫着广大的苗族劳苦大众……据二十世纪初期苗族老人说，在彝族’诺’（大地主）的统治下……（上述四等人皆为彝族）而处在最底层的或叫地底下的人，即’苗子’。”近代乌蒙山区还残存着带有奴隶制度性质的封建领主制，苗族佃农的人身强烈地依附于彝族土目地主。清代史学家赵翼在水西为官，以其亲见亲历写道：“凡土官之于土民，其主仆之分最严……”苗族穿的衣服是自己绩麻，粗葛败布自己纺织。腰系草带，腿裹绑带，足登草鞋。旧志说他们“身缺衣覆，寝无床被，炊缺锅釜，家无隔夜之粮。”）” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VF523UN9\">[Zhang 2009, pp. 25-26]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VF523UN9\">[Zhang 2009, p. 30]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 6,
"polity": {
"id": 245,
"name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn",
"long_name": "Jin",
"start_year": -780,
"end_year": -404
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 245,
"name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn",
"long_name": "Jin",
"start_year": -780,
"end_year": -404
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "‘’' “During the Pre-Qin period, meat was a delicacy reserved for the noble class, and regular people rarely got to taste it. The \"Book of Rites - Regulations of the Kings\" states: \"Feudal lords shouldn't kill cattle without reason, high officials shouldn't kill sheep without reason, intellectuals shouldn't kill dogs or pigs without reason, and common people shouldn't eat rare delicacies without reason.\"(先秦时期，肉食是贵族阶层才能享受的食物，一般平民是难得吃到的。《礼记·王制》：“诸侯无故不杀牛，大夫无故不杀羊，士无故不杀犬豕，庶人无故不食珍。”) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TUQM9JGB\">[Xu 2004, pp. 6-7]</a> “(Duke Ling of Jin) had a chef executed because the chef cooked bear's paws that were not well-prepared.”(宰夫胹熊蹯不熟，杀之。) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FGMED4BQ\">[Zuo 2022]</a> \"The most delicious fish include the catfish from Dongting Lake and the flatfish from the East China Sea. (鱼之美者：洞庭之鱄，东海之鲕。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/27RF4E3V\">[Lü 2014]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 7,
"polity": {
"id": 269,
"name": "cn_ming_dyn",
"long_name": "Great Ming",
"start_year": 1368,
"end_year": 1644
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“The culinary traditions of the Ming Dynasty weren't static. They went through a transformation from frugality to extravagance, mirroring the broader trend of extravagance in late Ming society. Late Ming extravagance was particularly evident in the realm of dining, especially in upper-class banquets.Wealthy households in this era went all out when it came to food. Xie Zhaozhe, who lived from 1567 to 1624, detailed these grand displays of opulence in his work \"Wuzazu\", pointed out the lavish feasts of wealthy households. “These feasts featured delicacies from different regions, from mountains to oceans, from delicacies like oysters of the South, to bear paws of the North, from baked Abalone of the East, to the horses’ milk from the West. These extravagant gatherings cost a small fortune, often surpassing the annual income of an average family…” The height of this extravagant dining culture was reflected in late Ming royal banquets… The early Ming period saw simple dishes, with tofu, pork, chicken, and geese dominating the imperial menu. However, as time passed, the imperial cuisine embraced more exotic and wild ingredients... Liu Ruoyu recollected the dishes served in the Tianqi Palace. The menu for January included dishes such as winter bamboo shoots, Salangidae, pigeon eggs, spicy rabbits, as well as regional specialties like rodents and brown eared pheasant from the territory, and a variety of fruits from the southern China like honey mandarins, fengwei oranges, Zhangzhou oranges, olives, small golden oranges, fengling, tender lotus roots… as per local food, there were shihua seaweed from the East Sea, hai baicai (a type of seaweed), Asparagus schoberioides, sea kale, deer antlers, nori seaweed, bamboo shoots, marinated bamboo shoots, special mushrooms. Additionally, pine nuts from Liaodong and daylilies from Jibei were also part of the extravagant feasts… One grand event during the Tianqi era involved a feast centered around shad fish, where guests “enjoyed their meal while admiring blooming lotus flowers and cricket fights”. Shad fish are a rare and sought-after delicacy. They are migratory, living most of their lives in the ocean but swimming upstream to spawn in spring and summer… Their season is brief… Shad fish were considered one of the \"newly recommended treasures\" for April... These fish were transported to Beijing by tribute ships, offered at the ancestral temple, presented at the royal table, and distributed by the emperor to high-ranking officials… Receiving shad fish as a reward was considered an honor among officials in the capital city. (有明一代之御膳，并非一成不变的。从最初崇俭，到明中叶以降转趋奢华，实与晚明社会奢华风尚互为表里。晚明的奢侈风气中，饮食消费的奢华是一大特色。上层阶级宴会的奢侈消费更显突出，明人谢肇淛（一五六七年～一六二四年）在《五杂俎》中就指出富家巨室的豪奢场面：今之富家巨室，穷山之珍，竭水之错，南方之蛎房，北方之熊掌，东海之鳆炙（烤鲍鱼），西域之马奶，真昔人所谓富有小四海者，一筵之费，竭中家之产，不能办也……饮食奢华之风，在明中叶以后的皇家御膳，更达登峰造极……明初的御膳肉肴多用豆腐及猪肉鸡鹅等家常畜禽。明中后期则多用山珍野味……刘若愚回忆天启宫中饮食时说，正月所崇尚的是冬笋、银鱼、鸽蛋、麻辣活兔，塞外之黄鼠、半翅鹖鸡，江南之蜜罗柑、凤尾橘、漳州橘、橄榄、小金橘、风菱、脆藕……至于本地的食品，则有……东海的石花、海白菜、龙须、海带、鹿角、紫菜，江南乌笋、糟笋、香蕈，辽东之松子，蓟北的黄花金针……天启年间，“七月食鲥鱼，为盛会，赏荷花，斗促织”。江南珍稀的鲥鱼属洄游性鱼类，大部分时间生活在海洋，每年春夏之交成群从海洋溯江而上产卵繁殖……鱼汛相当短暂……鲥鱼是四月份当令的“荐新仪物”之一……鲥鱼由鲜贡船运抵北京后，祭祀太庙，再供皇室品馔，最后由皇帝分赏辅臣……京城官员皆以获赏鲥鱼为荣。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z38GA6X7\">[Lin 2015, pp. 36-37]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z38GA6X7\">[Lin 2015, pp. 41-44]</a> “In the elite social circles of the Ming Dynasty, the edible bird's nest was considered a culinary treasure. For example, in the \"Jingong Yilu,\" it's mentioned that “Emperor Chongzhen had a particular fondness for edible bird's nest soup. The imperial chefs would prepare the soup, give it to their superior to taste it, ensuring it met the emperor's preferences, and then serve it”. Li Le also documented an incident in his work \"Jianwen Zaji,\" illustrating that the edible bird's nest, a highly esteemed delicacy, had made its way into the banquets hosted by magistrates and officials. These occasions showcased the rarity of bird's nests and the considerable expense associated with it… During the Ming Dynasty, edible bird's nests from Southeast Asia primarily “arrived with trading ships”. After the government opened Zhangzhou Yue harbour as an overseas trade port in the first year of the Longqing reign (1567), various valuable objects, including edible bird's nests, rhinoceros horns, ivory, sandalwood, beeswax, and more, started to flow in. These precious items has given immense profits for affluent merchants and business magnates. (明朝上流社会群体，都将燕窝视为饮食珍品。如《烬宫遗录》记载，“上（崇祯帝）嗜燕窝羹，膳夫煮就羹汤，先呈所司尝，递尝四六人，参酌盐淡，方进御。”又李乐在《见闻杂纪》中记载徐阶（1503-1583）巡按松江府时，知府与推官宴客的事例，表明珍贵的燕窝已经出现在官员们的宴席之上，且费用非常昂贵……在明代，东南亚的燕窝多“随舶至广”，但自隆庆元年（1567），明朝政府解禁开放漳州月港为海外贸易口岸后，燕窝、犀角、象牙、檀香、蜂蜡等贵重物品纷纷而至，富商巨贾尽享其利。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZUDTD4TM\">[Feng 2015, pp. 105-107]</a> “The height of this extravagant dining culture was reflected in late Ming royal banquets… The early Ming period saw simple dishes, with tofu, pork, chicken, and geese dominating the imperial menu. However, as time passed, the imperial cuisine embraced more exotic and wild ingredients... Liu Ruoyu recollected the dishes served in the Tianqi Palace. The menu for January included dishes such as winter bamboo shoots, Salangidae, pigeon eggs, spicy rabbits, as well as regional specialties like rodents and brown eared pheasant from the territory, and a variety of fruits from the southern China like honey mandarins, fengwei oranges, Zhangzhou oranges, olives, small golden oranges, fengling, tender lotus roots… as per local food, there were shihua seaweed from the East Sea, hai baicai (a type of seaweed), Asparagus schoberioides, sea kale, deer antlers, nori seaweed, bamboo shoots, marinated bamboo shoots, special mushrooms. Additionally, pine nuts from Liaodong and daylilies from Jibei were also part of the extravagant feasts… One grand event during the Tianqi era involved a feast centered around shad fish, where guests “enjoyed their meal while admiring blooming lotus flowers and cricket fights”. Shad fish are a rare and sought-after delicacy. They are migratory, living most of their lives in the ocean but swimming upstream to spawn in spring and summer… Their season is brief… Shad fish were considered one of the \"newly recommended treasures\" for April... These fish were transported to Beijing by tribute ships, offered at the ancestral temple, presented at the royal table, and distributed by the emperor to high-ranking officials… Receiving shad fish as a reward was considered an honor among officials in the capital city. (饮食奢华之风，在明中叶以后的皇家御膳，更达登峰造极……明初的御膳肉肴多用豆腐及猪肉鸡鹅等家常畜禽。明中后期则多用山珍野味……刘若愚回忆天启宫中饮食时说，正月所崇尚的是冬笋、银鱼、鸽蛋、麻辣活兔，塞外之黄鼠、半翅鹖鸡，江南之蜜罗柑、凤尾橘、漳州橘、橄榄、小金橘、风菱、脆藕……至于本地的食品，则有……东海的石花、海白菜、龙须、海带、鹿角、紫菜，江南乌笋、糟笋、香蕈，辽东之松子，蓟北的黄花金针……天启年间，“七月食鲥鱼，为盛会，赏荷花，斗促织”。江南珍稀的鲥鱼属洄游性鱼类，大部分时间生活在海洋，每年春夏之交成群从海洋溯江而上产卵繁殖……鱼汛相当短暂……鲥鱼是四月份当令的“荐新仪物”之一……鲥鱼由鲜贡船运抵北京后，祭祀太庙，再供皇室品馔，最后由皇帝分赏辅臣……京城官员皆以获赏鲥鱼为荣。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z38GA6X7\">[Lin 2015, pp. 36-37]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z38GA6X7\">[Lin 2015, pp. 41-44]</a> “Xie Zhaozhe, who lived from 1567 to 1624, detailed these grand displays of opulence in his work \"Wuzazu\", pointed out the lavish feasts of wealthy households. “These feasts featured delicacies from different regions, from mountains to oceans, from delicacies like oysters of the South, to bear paws of the North, from baked Abalone of the East, to the horses’ milk from the West. These extravagant gatherings cost a small fortune, often surpassing the annual income of an average family…” One grand event during the Tianqi era involved a feast centered around shad fish, where guests “enjoyed their meal while admiring blooming lotus flowers and cricket fights”. Shad fish are a rare and sought-after delicacy. They are migratory, living most of their lives in the ocean but swimming upstream to spawn in spring and summer… Their season is brief… Shad fish were considered one of the \"newly recommended treasures\" for April... These fish were transported to Beijing by tribute ships, offered at the ancestral temple, presented at the royal table, and distributed by the emperor to high-ranking officials… Receiving shad fish as a reward was considered an honor among officials in the capital city. (明人谢肇淛（一五六七年～一六二四年）在《五杂俎》中就指出富家巨室的豪奢场面：今之富家巨室，穷山之珍，竭水之错，南方之蛎房，北方之熊掌，东海之鳆炙（烤鲍鱼），西域之马奶，真昔人所谓富有小四海者，一筵之费，竭中家之产，不能办也……天启年间，“七月食鲥鱼，为盛会，赏荷花，斗促织”。江南珍稀的鲥鱼属洄游性鱼类，大部分时间生活在海洋，每年春夏之交成群从海洋溯江而上产卵繁殖……鱼汛相当短暂……鲥鱼是四月份当令的“荐新仪物”之一……鲥鱼由鲜贡船运抵北京后，祭祀太庙，再供皇室品馔，最后由皇帝分赏辅臣……京城官员皆以获赏鲥鱼为荣。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z38GA6X7\">[Lin 2015, pp. 36-37]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z38GA6X7\">[Lin 2015, pp. 41-44]</a> “Xie Zhaozhe, who lived from 1567 to 1624, detailed these grand displays of opulence in his work \"Wuzazu\", pointed out the lavish feasts of wealthy households. “These feasts featured delicacies from different regions, from mountains to oceans, from delicacies like oysters of the South, to bear paws of the North, from baked Abalone of the East, to the horses’ milk from the West. These extravagant gatherings cost a small fortune, often surpassing the wealth of an average family…”(明人谢肇淛（一五六七年～一六二四年）在《五杂俎》中就指出富家巨室的豪奢场面：今之富家巨室，穷山之珍，竭水之错，南方之蛎房，北方之熊掌，东海之鳆炙（烤鲍鱼），西域之马奶，真昔人所谓富有小四海者，一筵之费，竭中家之产，不能办也……)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z38GA6X7\">[Lin 2015, pp. 36-37]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 8,
"polity": {
"id": 250,
"name": "cn_qin_emp",
"long_name": "Qin Empire",
"start_year": -338,
"end_year": -207
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 250,
"name": "cn_qin_emp",
"long_name": "Qin Empire",
"start_year": -338,
"end_year": -207
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "‘’' “The tastiest meats are: Xing xing (likely a type of monkeys or apes, possibly macaques) lips, barbecued badger feet, Junyan (a bird) meat, Shudang’s hooves, and Maoxiang’s short tail. (肉之美者，猩猩之唇，獾獾之炙，隽燕之翠，述汤之，旄象之约。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/27RF4E3V\">[Lü 2014]</a> The most delicious fish include the catfish from Dongting Lake and the flatfish from the East China Sea. (鱼之美者：洞庭之鱄，东海之鲕。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/27RF4E3V\">[Lü 2014]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 9,
"polity": {
"id": 1,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_1",
"long_name": "Early Qing",
"start_year": 1644,
"end_year": 1796
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 1,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_1",
"long_name": "Early Qing",
"start_year": 1644,
"end_year": 1796
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Korea; Dutch Empire",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Detailed records of the emperor's daily meals during the Qing Dynasty are found in the archives. For instance, on the 1st day of the 10th month in the 12th year of the Qianlong reign (1747), the menu included dishes like edible bird's nest with shredded chicken, shredded shiitake, smoked ham (?), shredded white cabbage, with Pinganguo… baked Siberian roe deer… (皇帝平时的膳食，在清代档案中有比较详细的记载。例如：乾隆十二年（1747年）十月初一未正……所摆的食品有：燕窝鸡丝香蕈丝火熏丝白菜丝镶平安果一品……烧麅子……)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7JIG96VT\">[Wan_Wang_Lu 2014, p. 172]</a> “Rushes for pearls, sea turtle shells, and sea cucumber (also called trepang or beche-de-mer) likewise defined the period. Chinese merchants on the Tumen and Yalu rivers had long bought sea cucumber at the Korean border market towns of Kyo ̆ng’wo ̆n and Hoeryo ̆ng, and Koreans brought sea cucumber to Beijing as tribute throughout the eighteenth century. Sea cucumber poaching, however, became a recognized issue on the Pacific coast of Manchuria only in the period from 1785 to 1818, when beachcombing took off. In the South China Sea, sea cucumber harvesting grew from the 1760s in the Sulu Sultanate and from the 1780s in Sulawesi, in the Dutch East Indies… And Liu Deshan was hardly alone: The mushroom trade was booming in Chifeng. Each year, after the early summer rains, pickers set off for the foothills of the Greater Khinggan to collect mushrooms. Fantastic stories swirled of getting rich quick: Pickers told of men who stumbled into giant rings formed of dozens of white mushrooms, with every stalk capped by four- to five-inch heads the size of “plates.” Those who stumbled into such a ring got rich; it was like winning a gritty lottery. A picker usually collected three or four catties of fresh mushroom from an average “fairy ring” (as we call them in English), but fortunate ones might harvest six or seven catties’ worth of mushrooms, or five pounds of mushrooms in a single haul. When dried, the mushrooms lost as much as three-quarters of their weight, but the reward for selling even a small amount could be high: A mere pound of the right kind of mushrooms meant a fortune.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HJZKD2JG\">[Schlesinger 2017, p. 52]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HJZKD2JG\">[Schlesinger 2017, p. 105]</a> “The rulers of Sulu obtained edible bird's nest, and they didn't exclusively trade them within their local region. They also engaged in direct edible bird's nest trade between Sulu and the Qing Dynasty by presenting these nests as tributes, receiving substantial rewards in return. For detailed information, please refer to Table 1…” (苏禄统治者采购到的燕窝，并不全部于本地交易，亦通过向清王朝进贡的形式直接参与苏禄与中国的燕窝贸易，换取丰厚的赏赐。具体情况请参考表1……)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZUDTD4TM\">[Feng 2015, p. 110]</a> Note: Table 1 details the tribute of the edible bird's nest from Sulu to the Qing Court. This information spans from the fourth year of Yongzheng's reign in 1726 to the forty-ninth year of Qianlong's reign in 1784. “Detailed records of the emperor's daily meals during the Qing Dynasty are found in the archives. For instance, on the 1st day of the 10th month in the 12th year of the Qianlong reign (1747), the menu included dishes like bird's nest with shredded chicken, shredded shiitake, smoked ham (?), shredded white cabbage, with Pinganguo… baked Siberian roe deer… (皇帝平时的膳食，在清代档案中有比较详细的记载。例如：乾隆十二年（1747年）十月初一未正……所摆的食品有：燕窝鸡丝香蕈丝火熏丝白菜丝镶平安果一品……烧麅子……)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7JIG96VT\">[Wan_Wang_Lu 2014, p. 172]</a> “During the Qianlong era, Wang Qishu, who held the position of Assistant Minister of War, remarked, \"In recent times, the feasts have been celebrating the delights from the sea,\" including delicacies like abalones, clams, Edible bird's nest, and sea cucumbers, and more...By that time, “Edible bird's nest was a luxury item not used casually”, and it held a special place as a symbol of wealth in official banquets…”. (曾于乾隆年间官居兵部郎中的汪启淑曾言：“近时酒筵所尚海错”，鲍鱼、淡菜、燕窝、海参之属……其时，“燕窝贵物，原不轻用”，燕窝为官员们宴客夸富的重要肴品。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZUDTD4TM\">[Feng 2015, p. 108]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 10,
"polity": {
"id": 2,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_2",
"long_name": "Late Qing",
"start_year": 1796,
"end_year": 1912
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 2,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_2",
"long_name": "Late Qing",
"start_year": 1796,
"end_year": 1912
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Sulu Archipelago; Borneo; Java",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Empress Dowager Cixi, who had to hastily leave during the Boxer Rebellion, made sure to have edible bird's nests and sea cucumbers with her after settling in Xi'an. In the imperial menu for December 29th, 1910 (the second year of the Xuantong era), edible bird's nests were featured in 16 dishes, highlighting the royal family's love for it. This fondness wasn't limited to the royals; officials, wealthy individuals, and the elite also followed the royal family… During that era, “the edible bird's nest was a luxury item not used casually”, and it held a special place as a symbol of wealth in official banquets… “In the Daoguang era, extravagance reached its peak”, and marine delicacies like sea cucumbers, shark fins, and edible bird's nests were highly sought after, in which “the finest ones sometimes went for as much as thirty to forty gold per catty”... As time went on, from the Guangxu to the Xuantong eras, the consumption of the edible bird's nest spread from major cities like Beijing to towns and well-off households across different provinces. Banquets started “featuring dishes like edible bird's nests and shark fins more frequently”... “solidifying these culinary practices as symbols of extravagance”. (在因庚子事变而仓皇出逃的慈禧太后，在驻跸西安后，燕窝、海参等亦随后而至。在宣统二年（1910）十二月二十九日的御膳清单中，用燕窝作为食材的竟有16款，足见皇室对燕窝的嗜爱程度。皇室如此，其他官绅富贾亦趋之……其时，“燕窝贵物，原不轻用”，燕窝为官员们宴客夸富的重要肴品……“至道光年间，竞尚奢侈”，海参、鱼翅以及燕窝等海菜，“佳者价至三四十金一斤”。及至光绪、宣统年间，燕窝的食用已由京师等大城市渐至州县城镇大姓之家，宴会“多用燕窝、鱼翅”……“相沿成习，渐趋华靡”。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZUDTD4TM\">[Feng 2015, p. 104]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZUDTD4TM\">[Feng 2015, pp. 107-108]</a> “Certain wild plants and fungi carried a similar charisma. Thus palace chefs often paired game meats with “steppe mushrooms” (Ch: koumo, lit. “mushrooms from beyond the [Great Wall] pass”): It only added to the wild flavor of its dishes. Qianlong, along these lines, savored “venison tendon with braised steppe mushroom” (Ch: lujin shaokoumo) and “salt-fried meat with steppe mushrooms” (Ch: koumo yanjianrou) on his tour of Mukden, the Manchu homeland. His son, the Jiaqing emperor (r. 1795–1820), like- wise ate steppe mushrooms while out on hunts. Steppe mushrooms, in fact, never went out of fashion at court. In 1911, on the eve of revolution, the four-year-old emperor Puyi ate steppe mushrooms four times in his final month in power…” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HJZKD2JG\">[Schlesinger 2017, p. 23]</a> “And Liu Deshan was hardly alone: The mushroom trade was booming in Chifeng. Each year, after the early summer rains, pickers set off for the foothills of the Greater Khinggan to collect mushrooms. Fantastic stories swirled of getting rich quick: Pickers told of men who stumbled into giant rings formed of dozens of white mushrooms, with every stalk capped by four- to five-inch heads the size of “plates.” Those who stumbled into such a ring got rich; it was like winning a gritty lottery. A picker usually collected three or four catties of fresh mushroom from an average “fairy ring” (as we call them in English), but fortunate ones might harvest six or seven catties’ worth of mushrooms, or five pounds of mushrooms in a single haul. When dried, the mushrooms lost as much as three-quarters of their weight, but the reward for selling even a small amount could be high: A mere pound of the right kind of mushrooms meant a fortune.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HJZKD2JG\">[Schlesinger 2017, p. 105]</a> “The widespread belief in the health benefits of the edible bird's nest led to a competitive race among the upper classes to acquire them. This, coupled with a growing population of the edible bird's nest consumers, resulted in a significant increase in demand. Consequently, the domestic edible bird's nest market experienced shortages in supply, leading to surging prices and even the proliferation of counterfeit products. This scenario gave rise to extensive edible bird's nest trade between China and Southeast Asia. The edible bird's nest was also found in “precipitous and hard-to-reach cliffs on islands in Hainan's Yazhou and Wanzhou”. They were considered “superior to the edible bird's nest in foreign lands. Their annual yield was only a few pounds, making them exceptionally rare”. As a result, most of the edible bird's nest sold in China were imported from Southeast Asia… The Sulu Archipelago, Northern Borneo, and Java were the primary regions where edible bird's nests were harvested, and they engaged in thriving trade with China. (燕窝补益功效广为传颂所引发的上流社会竞相追求，以及食燕窝群体的扩大，使得燕窝需求量大幅增加，从而导致国内燕窝市场供不应求，价格腾贵，甚至假货充斥市场。中国与东南亚之间的燕窝贸易因之得以大规模发生。燕窝在海南的“崖州、万州海岛中石岩陡绝处亦产”，且“较洋燕窝更佳，但岁出不过数斤，最难得”，故“燕窝多售自番舶”，即中国所需燕窝更多依赖从东南亚进口……苏禄群岛、北婆罗洲和爪哇岛为燕窝主要产区，其与中国的燕窝贸易也最为繁盛。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZUDTD4TM\">[Feng 2015, pp. 108-109]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 11,
"polity": {
"id": 424,
"name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states",
"long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty",
"start_year": -445,
"end_year": -225
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“During the Pre-Qin period, meat was a delicacy reserved for the noble class, and regular people rarely got to taste it. The \"Book of Rites - Regulations of the Kings\" states: \"Feudal lords shouldn't kill cattle without reason, high officials shouldn't kill sheep without reason, intellectuals shouldn't kill dogs or pigs without reason, and common people shouldn't eat rare delicacies without reason.\"(先秦时期，肉食是贵族阶层才能享受的食物，一般平民是难得吃到的。《礼记·王制》：“诸侯无故不杀牛，大夫无故不杀羊，士无故不杀犬豕，庶人无故不食珍。”) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TUQM9JGB\">[Xu 2004, pp. 6-7]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 12,
"polity": {
"id": 268,
"name": "cn_yuan_dyn",
"long_name": "Great Yuan",
"start_year": 1271,
"end_year": 1368
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“While they clung tenaciously to some culinary traditions, over time the Mongols began to borrow and adapt to their own tastes and needs the diverse foodways of their numerous sedentary subjects. When Friar Carpini attended Güyüg’s enthronement in 1246 the only food mentioned at the celebratory feast is salted and unsalted meat in broth, certainly standard Mongolian fare. When, however, Rubruck arrived in the imperial city of Qara Qorum, less than a decade later, he found the food, although short in supply, to be somewhat more diversified: millet with butter, boiled dough, sour milk, unleavened bread, cooking oil, wine, mead, vinegar, and a variety of fruits and nuts, including almonds, grapes, and dried plums. While improved, for people from agricultural societies Mongolian imperial cooking still seemed undistinguished, if not downright primitive. This, however, changed during Qubilai’s reign when the eastern Mongolian court, the seat of the nominal qaghan, was transferred from the steppe to North China with its vast agricultural resources and rich culinary traditions. This is what Marco Polo encountered during his stay at the court. He describes in some detail and with evident astonishment the “great hall” which held thou- sands for sumptuous feasts. The qaghan, a most generous host, provided his fortunate guests with a wide range of drinks: wine, spiced drinks, mares’ milk (kumys) and camels’ milk. But of the food which is brought to the tables [he continues] I will tell you nothing, because each must believe that in so magnificent a court it is there in great and lavish abundance of every sort; that he [the qaghan] has dishes and viands many and various of different flesh of animals and birds, wild and domestic, and of fish, when it is the season for this and when he pleases, prepared in various and different ways most deli- cately as befits his magnificence and his dignity. Such productions, most certainly, had moved beyond the rough fare of the steppe and had achieved the status of haute cuisine. While specifics are lacking, except in the matter of drinks, it is apparent that the Yuan court now strove to provide for the discriminating tastes of the qaghan’s diverse retain- ers and guests, and that this required ingredients and cooking skills from all over Eurasia…Presented to the throne in 1330 by Hu Ssu-hui, an official of the Hsuan-hui yuan, as a guide to good health and long life, the Yin-shan cheng-yao contains several hundred recipes and makes reference to innumerable ingredients. The major- ity are therapeutic, designed for specific ills, while a minority are for pure culinary enjoyment. On the surface at least, the work appears to follow and conform to Chinese models on materia medica, but in fact there are various other cultural layers evident as well – Mongolian, Turkic, and Perso- Islamic. This culinary cosmopolitanism hardly began with the presentation of this work. As its preface points out, “valuable food items” from “near and far” had long flowed into the Yuan court and the compilation of materials included in the Yin-shan cheng-yao had already begun in Qubilai’s day. Thus, Bolad may have contributed to its formative stages while in China and even afterward in Iran where he was exposed to West Asian dishes and dietary methods. There was nothing to prevent him from sending recipes to his old friends in China. In any event, the Yin-shan cheng-yao exhibits a pronounced West Asian flavor. In Buell’s analysis of this document these influences include the follow- ing: ● extensive use of wheat products and pasta ● wide use of legumes, particularly chickpeas ● heavy use of nuts, particularly walnuts and pistachios ● use of certain vegetables such as eggplant ● importance of sugars and syrups as ingredients ● use of spices of West Asian provenance…tsa-fu-lan: Arabo-Persian, zafaran, “saffron.” Discussed by Rashıd al-Dın at length, who says it was widely grown in Iran. Saffron had, of course, been known in China well before the Mongols. In T’ang times saffron was in use, but as an incense or perfume. It is only in Yuan times that it is used as a food flavoring following West Asian practice. This preference can be seen in the Baghdad cookbook of 1226, which includes no fewer than twenty-one recipes calling for saffron.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FVZIAB53\">[Allsen 2001, pp. 129-131]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FVZIAB53\">[Allsen 2001, p. 133]</a> “While they clung tenaciously to some culinary traditions, over time the Mongols began to borrow and adapt to their own tastes and needs the diverse foodways of their numerous sedentary subjects. When Friar Carpini attended Güyüg’s enthronement in 1246 the only food mentioned at the celebratory feast is salted and unsalted meat in broth, certainly standard Mongolian fare. When, however, Rubruck arrived in the imperial city of Qara Qorum, less than a decade later, he found the food, although short in supply, to be somewhat more diversified: millet with butter, boiled dough, sour milk, unleavened bread, cooking oil, wine, mead, vinegar, and a variety of fruits and nuts, including almonds, grapes, and dried plums. While improved, for people from agricultural societies Mongolian imperial cooking still seemed undistinguished, if not downright primitive. This, however, changed during Qubilai’s reign when the eastern Mongolian court, the seat of the nominal qaghan, was transferred from the steppe to North China with its vast agricultural resources and rich culinary traditions. This is what Marco Polo encountered during his stay at the court. He describes in some detail and with evident astonishment the “great hall” which held thou- sands for sumptuous feasts. The qaghan, a most generous host, provided his fortunate guests with a wide range of drinks: wine, spiced drinks, mares’ milk (kumys) and camels’ milk. But of the food which is brought to the tables [he continues] I will tell you nothing, because each must believe that in so magnificent a court it is there in great and lavish abundance of every sort; that he [the qaghan] has dishes and viands many and various of different flesh of animals and birds, wild and domestic, and of fish, when it is the season for this and when he pleases, prepared in various and different ways most deli- cately as befits his magnificence and his dignity. Such productions, most certainly, had moved beyond the rough fare of the steppe and had achieved the status of haute cuisine. While specifics are lacking, except in the matter of drinks, it is apparent that the Yuan court now strove to provide for the discriminating tastes of the qaghan’s diverse retain- ers and guests, and that this required ingredients and cooking skills from all over Eurasia…” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FVZIAB53\">[Allsen 2001, pp. 129-131]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 13,
"polity": {
"id": 197,
"name": "ec_shuar_2",
"long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian",
"start_year": 1831,
"end_year": 1931
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“The children, especially young boys, have almost complete liberty to do as they please” (although children who break clay pots or stole meat, the availability of which was unpredictable, could be punished through the use of stinging nettles or the smoke of hot peppers; Stirling 1938:111; see also Harner 1984:89–90).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8AR7ATVU\">[Rubenstein 2012, p. 47]</a> “Another tempting bait to these South American porters of mine was the possibility of getting deer’s meat or the flesh of tapir to feast upon. Such things were a great luxury to those who could seldom afford anything save corn and potatoes.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MF532MK2\">[Dyott 1926, p. 38]</a> “Most meats are usually taboo for women, but Inza was expecting a baby, and if she had eaten of the monkey, her offspring would have been hairy like the animal. The men devoured the meat greedily, believing that in so doing they would assimilate all the agility and nimbleness characteristic of this forest animal.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MF532MK2\">[Dyott 1926, p. 168]</a> “The odd chirping sound of the jungle turkey became more distinct, until it sounded right overhead. Peering up amidst the branches, I saw a fine, fat bird, his glossy plumage blue-black against the green leaves of the trees. The next moment a lucky shot brought him to earth. The paujil is a good-sized bird, about as fat as a small turkey. The meat is white, and considered a tender delicacy by the Indians.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MF532MK2\">[Dyott 1926, p. 238]</a> “The last named dish must have been the ambrosia of the gods; it is delicious beyond description; the peanuts are not cooked, but dried in the sun just enough to remove the raw taste and the honey is pure white and of a fragrance finer than the finest perfume.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H2GCD3XI\">[Up_de_Graff 1923, p. 199]</a> “Here we had a chance of making some highly interesting experiments with that freak of nature, the electric eel. The water at this point was teeming with these fish and with rays, both of which are con- sidered as great delicacies by all who inhabit the banks of the Amazon rivers. [...] Their peculiar internal organism makes it possible to prepare them for eating by simply slicing them as one does a loaf of bread, no cleaning being necessary. Their meat is pure white and firm, and they make an excellent dish when fried. In this respect they are superior to the rays of which we also caught many.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H2GCD3XI\">[Up_de_Graff 1923, pp. 255-256]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 14,
"polity": {
"id": 367,
"name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate",
"start_year": 1171,
"end_year": 1250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“[Referring to Al-Ashraf, a Kurdish ruler of the Ayyubid Sultanate, the Syriac chronicler Bar Hebraeus writes:] There was no limit to the generosity of this man, and he was a great lover of dainty meats and luxurious repasts”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SSSSMMNG\">[Eastmond 2017, p. 243]</a> “[Referring to Al-Ashraf, a Kurdish ruler of the Ayyubid Sultanate, the Syriac chronicler Bar Hebraeus writes:] There was no limit to the generosity of this man, and he was a great lover of dainty meats and luxurious repasts. Whilst such excess was no doubt resented by those whose taxes funded it, it was also a necessary element in the exercise of power: the display of conspicuous wealth reinforced the ruler’s authority and confirmed his legitimacy”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SSSSMMNG\">[Eastmond 2017, pp. 243-244]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 15,
"polity": {
"id": 521,
"name": "eg_kushite",
"long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period",
"start_year": -747,
"end_year": -656
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Meat; olive oil; honey. “Kushites imported…wine, olive oil, and honey from Egypt and western Asia…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X7H5K9B2\">[Lockard 2014, p. 186]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 16,
"polity": {
"id": 239,
"name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3",
"long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III",
"start_year": 1412,
"end_year": 1517
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 239,
"name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3",
"long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III",
"start_year": 1412,
"end_year": 1517
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Balsam oil was one of the precious Mamluk gifts, and its value was said to be equivalent to gold. Egyptian balsam was reputed to be of superior quality, unparalleled anywhere else, and the state held the monopoly of its production and trade. The balsam oil was obtained in small quantities by making an incision in a tree, or rather a shrub, grown in a walled heavily guarded garden at Matariyya/‘Ayn Shams (Heliopolis) on the northern outskirts of Cairo. It was harvested in a special ceremony attended by state employees and sometimes foreign dignitaries, who then brought it to the royal treasury, from where it was dispatched, only with special authorisation from the sultan, to various hospitals in Egypt and Syria” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AXH6NK7D\">[Behrens-Abouseif 2016, p. 8]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 17,
"polity": {
"id": 203,
"name": "eg_saite",
"long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period",
"start_year": -664,
"end_year": -525
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 203,
"name": "eg_saite",
"long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period",
"start_year": -664,
"end_year": -525
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Greece",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Food imported from abroad. “Naukratis was part of the complex trade network that linked the Mediterranean and connected the two civilisations of Greece and Egypt, with Greek ships docking at Naukratis to trade such goods as silver, wine and oil in exchange for grain, linen, papyrus and natron. […] …exports [from Egypt] included grain… […] [Referring to the finding of amphorae from outside Egypt in Egypt, probably originally containing oil, milk or grain] …suggesting widespread access to products from the Mediterranean world. This may also relate to the consumption of new types of foodstuff and may have resulted in changes in food preparation techniques”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8TBVWFGD\">[Forshaw 2019, p. 91]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8TBVWFGD\">[Forshaw 2019, p. 181]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8TBVWFGD\">[Forshaw 2019, p. 187]</a> Grain; oil; possibly other luxury foods. “Naukratis was part of the complex trade network that linked the Mediterranean and connected the two civilisations of Greece and Egypt, with Greek ships docking at Naukratis to trade such goods as silver, wine and oil in exchange for grain, linen, papyrus and natron. […] …exports [from Egypt] included grain… […] [Referring to the finding of amphorae from outside Egypt in Egypt, probably originally containing oil, milk or grain] …suggesting widespread access to products from the Mediterranean world”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8TBVWFGD\">[Forshaw 2019, p. 91]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8TBVWFGD\">[Forshaw 2019, p. 181]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8TBVWFGD\">[Forshaw 2019, p. 187]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 18,
"polity": {
"id": 647,
"name": "er_medri_bahri",
"long_name": "Medri Bahri",
"start_year": 1310,
"end_year": 1889
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "‘‘‘ Based on the literature consulted, Eritrean history appears to be especially obscure. No information could be found on the topic of trade or consumption habits in Eritrea in any era before the late 19th century.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 19,
"polity": {
"id": 84,
"name": "es_spanish_emp_1",
"long_name": "Spanish Empire I",
"start_year": 1516,
"end_year": 1715
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 84,
"name": "es_spanish_emp_1",
"long_name": "Spanish Empire I",
"start_year": 1516,
"end_year": 1715
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Grain; fish, fresh and salted; olive oil; salt; chocolate; meat including lard; dairy products including milk and cheese; sugar; vinegar. “[Referring to Dutch trade with Spain] From the 1650s Dutch commerce with the peninsula increased…They brought grain, fish…from the north; in return they collected from the peninsula…olive oil…and occasionally salt”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R6DHVMR5\">[Kamen 2003, p. 413]</a> “From these lands of Seville and Cordoba came the grain…and olive oil which were exported in quantity to Rome… […] [Referring to the heyday of the Spanish Empire]…Lady Ann Fanshawe, wife of the British ambassador [was impressed during the mid-1660s] with the…chocolate (still a novelty) from America… […] [Referring in the previous paragraph to the Cortes of 1593] Meat was consumed in small quantities, averaging out at about 50 grams a day per person according to random calculations for Murcia, Valladolid and Valencia. But it was 350 grams which was being served up to each person every day at the table of the duchess of Gandia in 1676. On Fridays, on vigils of religious feasts and during the forty days of Lent - in all perhaps a third of the year - meat was not permitted anyway, though the special Bull of Crusade allowed its purchasers to consume milk, cheese and lard. Inevitably, therefore, as the jurats of Valencia told the king about 1643, ‘the most necessary part of the diet of the inhabitants of this city is fresh and salt fish’. Even in inland La Mancha the peasants mention fish as an important food in the Relaciones of 1575. […] The villages of La Mancha…had often to import their…fish…olive oil…Manzanares, with its 700 mostly peasant families, ‘brings in its olive oil from Andalusia and its fish from Seville, Cartagena and Malaga… […] The great memorandum of 4 December 1593 to the Cortes of Castile, denounc[ed] the widespread problem of peasant debt…[including] contact with the mores of the town and its luxuries. No one should…sell them [the peasants] on credit…sugar… […] Until the 1570s exports to the Indies were dominated by grain, oil…creating some prosperity in the countryside round Seville. […] [Referring to the protection of trade routes]…trade embargoes proved very difficult to enforce. The government…had to issue contraband licences…authorising Dutch ships to visit the precious Iberian salt-pans…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 4]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 6]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 36]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 54]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 58]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 73]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 76]</a> “[Referring to sources of government revenue in Castile] By far the most important grant…was the millones*, a tax on basic foodstuffs (meat…oil and vinegar)…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8WWEAV4N\">[Darby 1994, p. 13]</a> Grain; fish; olive oil; salt; chocolate. “[Referring to Dutch trade with Spain] From the 1650s Dutch commerce with the peninsula increased…They brought grain, fish…from the north; in return they collected from the peninsula…olive oil…and occasionally salt”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R6DHVMR5\">[Kamen 2003, p. 413]</a> “[Referring to the heyday of the Spanish Empire]…Lady Ann Fanshawe, wife of the British ambassador [was impressed during the mid-1660s] with the…chocolate (still a novelty) from America… […] The villages of La Mancha…had often to import their…fish…olive oil…Manzanares, with its 700 mostly peasant families, ‘brings in its olive oil from Andalusia and its fish from Seville, Cartagena and Malaga…’ […] Until the 1570s exports to the Indies were dominated by grain, oil…creating some prosperity in the countryside round Seville. […] [Referring to the protection of trade routes]…trade embargoes proved very difficult to enforce. The government…had to issue contraband licences…authorising Dutch ships to visit the precious Iberian salt-pans…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 6]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 54]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 73]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 76]</a> Meat. “[Referring in the previous paragraph to the Cortes of 1593] Meat was consumed in small quantities…But it was 350 grams which was being served up to each person every day at the table of the duchess of Gandia in 1676”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 36]</a> Meat; fish, fresh and salted; olive oil; sugar. “[Referring in the previous paragraph to the Cortes of 1593] Meat was consumed in small quantities, averaging out at about 50 grams a day per person according to random calculations for Murcia, Valladolid and Valencia…On Fridays, on vigils of religious feasts and during the forty days of Lent - in all perhaps a third of the year - meat was not permitted anyway…Inevitably, therefore, as the jurats of Valencia told the king about 1643, ‘the most necessary part of the diet of the inhabitants of this city is fresh and salt fish’. Even in inland La Mancha the peasants mention fish as an important food in the Relaciones of 1575. […] Manzanares, with its 700 mostly peasant families, ‘brings in its olive oil from Andalusia and its fish from Seville, Cartagena and Malaga…’ […] The great memorandum of 4 December 1593 to the Cortes of Castile, denounc[ed] the widespread problem of peasant debt…[including] contact with the mores of the town and its luxuries. No one should…sell them [the peasants] on credit…sugar”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 36]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 54]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 58]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 20,
"polity": {
"id": 652,
"name": "et_harar_emirate",
"long_name": "Emirate of Harar",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1875
},
"year_from": 1800,
"year_to": 1875,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not explicitly label almost any of the goods that circulated in this polity at this time as notably luxurious. However, given that Harar was a major trade centre in the nineteenth century, importing and exporting a broad range of items from across the Indian Ocean and East Africa, it seems reasonable to infer that luxury food items were traded there. “Fitawrari Tackle Hawariyat was nine year old when he entered Harar with Menelik’s army that defeated Amir Abdullah’s small army at Chelenque battle[ in 1987]. He had been living at Addis Ababa just before he left and came to Harar which he described as follows: ‘[…] The shops and stores are stuffed with various types of goods imported from abroad. […]’ As the boy stated the shops and stores were stuffed with goods and merchandises imported from abroad, i.e. Yemen, Arabia, India, China, etc. […] Locally woven clothes, which according to Burton (ibid, 194) surpassed the produce of England’s manufactures in beauty and durability, ear-rings, bracelets, wax, butter, honey, mules, sorghum, wheat karanji-a kind of bread used by travelers-ghee and all sorts of tallow were also brought to Harar and then exported to different parts of the world (Harris, 1844: 222, Burton, 1966: 193 Pankhurst, 1968:53-55).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that only a relatively small number of items were a royal monopoly, which suggests that many luxurious items were broadly accessible to anyone who could afford them, regardless of social extraction. “Even though the trading of ivory, ostrich feathers, and other items were monopolized by some Amirs and their families; the basic value related to property right was respected i.e. economic freedom: the rights to acquire, use, transfer and dispose of private property. ” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 21,
"polity": {
"id": 636,
"name": "et_jimma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jimma",
"start_year": 1790,
"end_year": 1932
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 636,
"name": "et_jimma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jimma",
"start_year": 1790,
"end_year": 1932
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Inferring that honey was a luxury good (or used in the preparation of luxury foods) from the fact that bee keepers were specifically required to bring it to the palace. “Bee keepers brought honey to the palace.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NRZVWSCD\">[Lewis 2001, p. 98]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 22,
"polity": {
"id": 58,
"name": "fm_truk_2",
"long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk",
"start_year": 1886,
"end_year": 1948
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Germany; Japan",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Rice; biscuits; salmon; canned fish. “[Referring to rice acquired by Trukese people for a major Christmas feast that took place in 1947, over the period research for this publication was undertaken; it was through occasions such as feasts that Trukese social groups competed] One of the Romonum lineages, by virtue of contributions from its members, acquired a 100-pound bag of rice for the 1947 Christmas feast. Half of this rice remained after the feast was over, and the mwääniici [‘head’(?) of the lineage] declared it would be kept as pisekin sööpw [corporate property in movables AKA ‘lineage movables’]. It could be used only with his permission for occasions of importance to the lineage, such as the celebration of a child’s birthday, the entertainment of an important guest, or the payment of some obligation incurred by the lineage as a corporation. […] After the feast was over, half of the [Jacaw] rice [purchased in this instance from the storekeeper at the Navy commissary] remained. Simiron [the old head of the lineage in question] and Jakiwo [Simiron’s nephew] decided to keep it as the corporate property of their lineage to be used only for special occasions, rice being considered a luxury food”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5UGZG6X2\">[Goodenough 1966, p. 36]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5UGZG6X2\">[Goodenough 1966, p. 58]</a> “[Referring to the preparation of food for a communal festival, inferred c.C19-20) Very rich ones [islanders]…bring such European goods as rice, biscuits, salmon…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XV8IQ8W4\">[Bollig 1927, p. 200]</a> “[Referring to changes within Truk over the period the latter was administered by the Japanese] The Trukese began to…eat (although not depend[ent] upon) rice and canned fish [the former of which in the earlier period was regarded as a luxury and not a staple food]…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T6IX2JEB\">[Gladwin_Seymour 1953, p. 43]</a> Rice; biscuits; salmon. “[Referring to the preparation of food for a communal festival, inferred c.C19-20) Very rich ones [islanders]…bring such European goods as rice, biscuits, salmon…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XV8IQ8W4\">[Bollig 1927, p. 200]</a> Exchange partners inferred from the following: “Japan replaced Germany as the ruling power in World War I and was in turn replaced by the United States under United Nations Trusteeship in 1945.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5IETI75E\">[Goodenough 1999]</a> Rice; biscuits; salmon; canned fish. “[Referring to the preparation of food for a communal festival, inferred c.C19-20) Very rich ones [islanders]…bring such European goods as rice, biscuits, salmon…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XV8IQ8W4\">[Bollig 1927, p. 200]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 23,
"polity": {
"id": 460,
"name": "fr_bourbon_k_1",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon",
"start_year": 1589,
"end_year": 1660
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Braudel gives the example of the small French town of Montpezat whose only slightly declining population supported 18 butchers in 1550, 10 in 1556, 6 in 1641, 2 in 1660 and just one in 1763. Formerly, veal had been for the master and beef for the servants; but by 1650 the real distinction was between those who ate quantities of meat (any meat) on a regular basis, and those who did not. The effect was particularly pronounced in southern Europe, whereas in parts of northern Europe the decline in meat consumption was less marked, such as Hungary, Poland and England.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BNKRI6HF\">[Gentilcore 2015, p. 57]</a> “His sumptuary legislation long behind him, Henry’s obesity became the subject of ridicule by Catholic propagandists, who linked his unrestrained gourmandizing to his break with Rome. But Henry and his court were in no way unique, such that during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries the most persistent dietary critiques revolved around princely courts. The medical writers of the dietary manuals no longer considered themselves aspirants to this uppermost culture, as they were less and less connected to courtly patrons. They increasingly disassociated themselves from the luxurious eating style and symbols of courtly refinement and rejected the most extravagant foods. They had nothing to lose in making these condemnations, and perhaps they were just a little chagrined at finding themselves excluded. How much notice the elites took is another matter.[...] Magnificent fowl such as peacocks, swans and pheasants were stereotypical foods served at court, but increasingly condemned by dietary writers as tough and difficult to digest, as were large fish like sturgeon and aphrodisiac foods or anything overly expensive, especially when done to excess. And if individual foodstuffs were condemned, so too was the banqueting of which they were a part: surfeit, inebriation, a harmful variety of foods, and expensive and unhealthy dishes eaten without order late into the night.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BNKRI6HF\">[Gentilcore 2015, pp. 54-55]</a> They increasingly disassociated themselves from the luxurious eating style and symbols of courtly refinement and rejected the most extravagant foods. They had nothing to lose in making these condemnations, and perhaps they were just a little chagrined at finding themselves excluded. How much notice the elites took is another matter.[...] Magnificent fowl such as peacocks, swans and pheasants were stereotypical foods served at court, but increasingly condemned by dietary writers as tough and difficult to digest, as were large fish like sturgeon and aphrodisiac foods or anything overly expensive, especially when done to excess. And if individual foodstuffs were condemned, so too was the banqueting of which they were a part: surfeit, inebriation, a harmful variety of foods, and expensive and unhealthy dishes eaten without order late into the night.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BNKRI6HF\">[Gentilcore 2015, pp. 54-55]</a> “They increasingly disassociated themselves from the luxurious eating style and symbols of courtly refinement and rejected the most extravagant foods. They had nothing to lose in making these condemnations, and perhaps they were just a little chagrined at finding themselves excluded. How much notice the elites took is another matter.[...] Magnificent fowl such as peacocks, swans and pheasants were stereotypical foods served at court, but increasingly condemned by dietary writers as tough and difficult to digest, as were large fish like sturgeon and aphrodisiac foods or anything overly expensive, especially when done to excess. And if individual foodstuffs were condemned, so too was the banqueting of which they were a part: surfeit, inebriation, a harmful variety of foods, and expensive and unhealthy dishes eaten without order late into the night.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BNKRI6HF\">[Gentilcore 2015, pp. 54-55]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 24,
"polity": {
"id": 461,
"name": "fr_bourbon_k_2",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon",
"start_year": 1660,
"end_year": 1815
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Braudel gives the example of the small French town of Montpezat whose only slightly declining population supported 18 butchers in 1550, 10 in 1556, 6 in 1641, 2 in 1660 and just one in 1763. Formerly, veal had been for the master and beef for the servants; but by 1650 the real distinction was between those who ate quantities of meat (any meat) on a regular basis, and those who did not. The effect was particularly pronounced in southern Europe, whereas in parts of northern Europe the decline in meat consumption was less marked, such as Hungary, Poland and England.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BNKRI6HF\">[Gentilcore 2015, p. 57]</a> “Meanwhile the conspicuous outlets for consumption were increasingly channelled away from the table, to jewellery, music, dress, houses, art and carriages. The modern dinner was a more private affair than its medieval predecessor. The coded messages of land and money remained the same, but refinement and affluence were expressed by different means.[...] Although some of the hallmarks of aristocratic cuisine lingered on - game, in particular - even aristocrats turned to simpler and fresher flavours. Across all orders of society (except the poor, who never had much choice) there was a shift to simpler, more local flavours. In place of transmutation sought after by medieval cook the new ideal was that food should taste of itself.[...] In the cookbooks of the later seventeenth century food begins to appear recognisably modern.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MBSQH8EA\">[Turner 2005, p. 349]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 25,
"polity": {
"id": 457,
"name": "fr_capetian_k_1",
"long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom",
"start_year": 987,
"end_year": 1150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 457,
"name": "fr_capetian_k_1",
"long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom",
"start_year": 987,
"end_year": 1150
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Intimately entangled with the spectacle of ostentatiousconsumption within palace and castle venues were the principal activities undertaken within the landscapes of northwest Europe that came to mark high aristocratic status and functional roles, between the tenth and mid twelfth centuries.[...] Those activities comprised, firstly, hunting and falconry: acts of conspicuous public leisure, over managed ‘wild’ landscapes and sometimes farmed landscapes; [...] The consumption of the wild game can be seen as the end of a two-part process of display: firstly, the action of crossing both managed ‘wild’ and cultivated spaces in the landscape to capture and kill the prey, emphasising lordly power and rights over game to the wider populace; and secondly, its consumption in a man-made theatre provided by a communal dining hall. [...] It is also clear from the colloquy of Ӕlfric that specialist huntsmen and fowlers were also linked to aristocratic households, or were elements within them by the early eleventh century at the latest, in England; and the same can be assumed for West Francia (Swanton 1975, 111). Indeed, huntsmen and fowlers are recorded in Carolingian royal households from the ninth century (Hincmar of Rheims, De ordine palatti, 76 -8, Gross and Schieffer 1980, 395-407).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5W4WVDW9\">[Loveluck 2013, pp. 256-257]</a> “Intimately entangled with thespectacle of ostentatious consumption within palace and castle venues were the principal activities undertaken within the landscapes of northwest Europe that came to mark high aristocratic status and functional roles, between the tenth and mid twelfth centuries.[...] Those activities comprised, firstly, hunting and falconry: acts of conspicuous public leisure, over managed ‘wild’ landscapes and sometimes farmed landscapes; [...] The consumption of the wild game can be seen as the end of a two-part process of display: firstly, the action of crossing both managed ‘wild’ and cultivated spaces in the landscape to capture and kill the prey, emphasising lordly power and rights over game to the wider populace; and secondly, its consumption in a man-made theatre provided by a communal dining hall. [...] It is also clear from the colloquy of Ӕlfric that specialist huntsmen and fowlers were also linked to aristocratic households, or were elements within them by the early eleventh century at the latest, in England; and the same can be assumed for West Francia (Swanton 1975, 111). Indeed, huntsmen and fowlers are recorded in Carolingian royal households from the ninth century (Hincmar of Rheims, De ordine palatti, 76 -8, Gross and Schieffer 1980, 395-407).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5W4WVDW9\">[Loveluck 2013, pp. 256-257]</a> “Intimatelyentangled with the spectacle of ostentatious consumption within palace and castle venues were the principal activities undertaken within the landscapes of northwest Europe that came to mark high aristocratic status and functional roles, between the tenth and mid twelfth centuries.[...] Those activities comprised, firstly, hunting and falconry: acts of conspicuous public leisure, over managed ‘wild’ landscapes and sometimes farmed landscapes; [...] The consumption of the wild game can be seen as the end of a two-part process of display: firstly, the action of crossing both managed ‘wild’ and cultivated spaces in the landscape to capture and kill the prey, emphasising lordly power and rights over game to the wider populace; and secondly, its consumption in a man-made theatre provided by a communal dining hall. [...] It is also clear from the colloquy of Ӕlfric that specialist huntsmen and fowlers were also linked to aristocratic households, or were elements within them by the early eleventh century at the latest, in England; and the same can be assumed for West Francia (Swanton 1975, 111). Indeed, huntsmen and fowlers are recorded in Carolingian royal households from the ninth century (Hincmar of Rheims, De ordine palatti, 76 -8, Gross and Schieffer 1980, 395-407).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5W4WVDW9\">[Loveluck 2013, pp. 256-257]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 26,
"polity": {
"id": 458,
"name": "fr_capetian_k_2",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian",
"start_year": 1150,
"end_year": 1328
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“ [Of Jehan Maillart’s early-fourteenth-century Roman du comte d’Anjou] “The heroine is pursued by one trial after another, forced to conceal her noble ancestry and live incognito off the kindness of strangers, all the while pining for the life of comfort and ease she knew in her father’s castle. At one point in her wanderings she is offered a piece of bread by an old peasant woman, but finding it black and mouldy she breaks down and abandoning her disguise, recites the delights she knew at her father’s table, [...] including capons, peacocks, swan, partridge, pheasants, hare, venison, rabbits, boar, congers, cod, mullet, bream, lampreys, eels and sole, all served with the appropriate spicy sauce: black pepper sauce, green sauce with ginger, tawny brown with cinnamon and cloves. These are followed by confections such as spiced apples and pastries, washed down with spiced and precious wines from all over France, [...]. In the real world, however, spices were generally put to more prosaic purposes. And while this instinct to display was common to the European nobility and senior clergy, they found their most exuberant expression at the apex of society: namely at court. Royal superiority may have been divinely sanctioned, but still the message had to be hammered home. Along with an increasingly elaborate courtly etiquette, the architecture and the art, a royal meal was propaganda on a plate (or, more accurately, a trencher).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MBSQH8EA\">[Turner 2005, pp. 152-153]</a> “Far to the south, up to a month’s travel away on roads subject to tolls and rendered hazardous by bandits, towns on the Mediterranean coast acted as hubs for luxury long-distance trade in goods such as precious metals, silk, cloth of gold and jewels as well as consumables like spices, oil, rice, wine and sugar. All these commodities were highly desirable to the élites of the north and merchants were prepared to take major risks to realise great rewards. Dominant amongst these cities were Marseilles and Montpellier, both outside France’s borders: Aigues-Mortes was conceived as a Capetian-controlled trading port to rival them.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/66GFGV49\">[Hallam_West 2019, p. 282]</a> “And while this instinct to display was common to the European nobility and senior clergy, they found their most exuberant expression at the apex of society: namely at court. Royal superiority may have been divinely sanctioned, but still the message had to be hammered home. Along with an increasingly elaborate courtly etiquette, the architecture and the art, a royal meal was propaganda on a plate (or, more accurately, a trencher).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MBSQH8EA\">[Turner 2005, pp. 152-153]</a> “As the population of Europe grew in the thirteenth century, the standard of living of the bulk of its people declined. They became increasingly dependent for their nourishment on bread, porridge, gruel, and other grain-based foods. The import of adequate quantities of grain mattered most in the first half of the fourteenth century. The people of the great cities were the most vulnerable to dearth, and city governments took special care to ensure that adequate quantities of grain were available.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N7ZCQTEW\">[Spufford 2006, p. 286]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 27,
"polity": {
"id": 311,
"name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2",
"long_name": "Carolingian Empire II",
"start_year": 840,
"end_year": 987
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Around the time of the break-up of Charlemagne’s empire in the ninth century, a monk or scribe prepared a ‘form-letter’ from a bishop to his ruler, begging to be excused from attending a council on account of illness. The request is sweetened with spices, among various other exclusive goods, described self-deprecatingly as ‘trifling but exotic little gifts from over the sea, such as I believe befit the honour of your divine piety’. Cinnamon, galangal, cloves, mastic and pepper are recommended gifts, complementing a dark green cloth, date palms and their fruits, figs, pomegranates, an ivory comb, vermilion, parrots, and ‘a very long spike of a sea-fish’ (a narwhal spike?) besides.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MBSQH8EA\">[Turner 2005, p. 104]</a> “ The request is sweetened with spices, among various other exclusive goods, described self-deprecatingly as ‘trifling but exotic little gifts from over the sea, such as I believe befit the honour of your divine piety’. Cinnamon, galangal, cloves, mastic and pepper are recommended gifts, complementing a dark green cloth, date palms and their fruits, figs, pomegranates, an ivory comb, vermilion, parrots, and ‘a very long spike of a sea-fish’ (a narwhal spike?) besides.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MBSQH8EA\">[Turner 2005, p. 104]</a> ““Around the time of the break-up of Charlemagne’s empire in the ninth century, a monk or scribe prepared a ‘form-letter’ from a bishop to his ruler, begging to be excused from attending a council on account of illness. The request is sweetened with spices, among various other exclusive goods, described self-deprecatingly as ‘trifling but exotic little gifts from over the sea, such as I believe befit the honour of your divine piety’. Cinnamon, galangal, cloves, mastic and pepper are recommended gifts, complementing a dark green cloth, date palms and their fruits, figs, pomegranates, an ivory comb, vermilion, parrots, and ‘a very long spike of a sea-fish’ (a narwhal spike?) besides.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MBSQH8EA\">[Turner 2005, p. 104]</a> “Cinnamon, galangal, cloves, mastic and pepper are recommended gifts, complementing a dark green cloth, date palms and their fruits, figs, pomegranates, an ivory comb, vermilion, parrots, and ‘a very long spike of a sea-fish’ (a narwhal spike?) besides. Like the papal offering the clear implication is that spices were apt for nobility: the one was closely identified with the other. They were grouped among the trappings of wealth and power, and therein, as ever, lay much of their attraction.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MBSQH8EA\">[Turner 2005, p. 104]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 28,
"polity": {
"id": 306,
"name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2",
"long_name": "Middle Merovingian",
"start_year": 543,
"end_year": 687
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "The following quote alludes to a food hierarchy, but what foods were retained for elites is unclear. “The overwhelming majority of foodstuff were made available for local consumption either by peasants who produced it or by their lords. [...] Great aristocrats, whether Frankish or Roman, supported their followers and members of their followers and the members of their households by supplying them with food, clothing, arms and other necessities of their livelihood and social rank.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TDTZCPGM\">[Geary_Geary 1988, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 29,
"polity": {
"id": 587,
"name": "gb_british_emp_1",
"long_name": "British Empire I",
"start_year": 1690,
"end_year": 1849
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 587,
"name": "gb_british_emp_1",
"long_name": "British Empire I",
"start_year": 1690,
"end_year": 1849
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“An especially sorrowful essay on the refinement of British food came in the form of a letter from ‘An Old Fellow’, first printed in the London Magazine in 1773…Alas, he woefully continued, ‘Now mark the picture of the present time: instead of that firm roast beef, that fragrant pudding, our tables groan with the luxuries of France and India. Here a lean fricassee rises in the room of our majestic ribs; and there a scoundrel syllabub occupies the place of our well-beloved home-brewed.’ Such a travesty, he declared, was simply anti-British.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7D2UIF7G\">[Bickham 2020, pp. 134-135]</a> “The King’s Champion appeared in ‘bright armour’ with helm and gauntlet. The banquet itself was lavish: 160 each of tureens of soup (turtle, rice, or vermicelli), dishes of fish (turbot, trout, and salmon), hot joints (venison, roast beef, including three barons, mutton, and veal), and dishes of vegetables. Eighty dishes each of braised ham, savoury pies, dishes of goose, of savoury cakes, of braised beef and of braised capons were accompanied by 1,190 side dishes.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TGSQZBAD\">[Smith 1999, p. 249]</a> “Authors regularly lambasted the British elite and those who aped them for latching on to French cuisine for the sake of fashion. As Glasse remarked in her book’s preface, ‘Such is the blind Folly of this Age, that they would rather be imposed on by a French Booby, than give Encouragement to a good English Cook.’ Commentators ridiculed foreign cuisine not so much for its lack of appeal to the palate, but for its unnecessary complexity and ostentatiousness. In consequence, virtually all of the popular books discussed here openly adopted and adapted French recipes, terminology and techniques, but not without some premeditation and the occasional justification.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7D2UIF7G\">[Bickham 2020, p. 151]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 30,
"polity": {
"id": 113,
"name": "gh_akan",
"long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti",
"start_year": 1501,
"end_year": 1701
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Sugar. “Saharan salt, as we have seen, looms large in the early accounts of trade between the greater entrepots to the Western Sudan and the goldfields… Its commercial importance however should not be allowed to obscure the fact that the inventory of the traders was a much more extensive and varied one. Duarte Pacheco Pereira, for example, learned that, at Jenne [Akan trading town], ‘brass and copper are worth very much, as well as red and blue cloths and salt, and all is sold by weight except the cloths. And also cloves, pepper, saffron, fine silk threads and sugar are highly valued there.’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2MY9LKN8\">[Wilks_Internet_Archive 1993, p. 22]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 31,
"polity": {
"id": 608,
"name": "gm_kaabu_emp",
"long_name": "Kaabu",
"start_year": 1500,
"end_year": 1867
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Iles de Los",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "The following quote refers to food items that seem to have been considered luxury goods in the region more broadly: “tasty pumpkins that were renowned in West Africa” and kola nuts from the Iles de Los. “The Iles de Los were a haven for shipping, for they were conveniently located for provisioning and afforded safe anchorage for ship repairs. Tamara and Kassa Islands were inhabited by Bullom, the former having the larger population and a stream of delicious water used for supplying vessels. The abundant provisions for sale included rice, sun-dried fish, dried bananas, tasty pumpkins that were renowned in western Africa, and palm wine made into a drink “like malmsey wine”. The kola from the trees in this area were larger and harder and kept fresher for longer than those trees from elsewhere, and they sold at premium prices (Hair 1985, chap. 9: 21).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AFMX78JZ\">[Brooks 2003, p. 168]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 32,
"polity": {
"id": 153,
"name": "id_iban_1",
"long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1841
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Iban Pre-Brooke Raj (domestic)",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Honey, tindoh grubs, potentially other types of ‘delicacies’, inferred as ‘luxury’ foods owing to their being consumed infrequently and/or on special occasions. “[The following quotes inferred as likely applicable to this period according to the publication focus; referring specifically in the first quote to the organisation of the Gawai Burong or ‘Bird Feast’, AKA Gawai Tenyalang (the ‘Hornbill Feast’) or Gawai Pala (the ‘Head Feast’), the most important Iban feast held in the past in honour of a successful war expedition, and to a delay in the return of Uyut (Badilang Besi?), the patron of the feast, and his men from a head-hunting expedition]…before they came back, all the food which had been gathered for the feast, including tuak wine and many different delicacies, began to go bad. So a brother-in-law of Uyut named Malang (Pengarah) decided to go ahead and hold the feast anyway, without the war-leader and his men. No sooner was it over than Uyut and his party returned from a victorious expedition. They were naturally outraged. […] [Referring to conflict between communities in the Saribas and Sebuyau regions of Sarawak]…[an] incident of Saribas-Sebuyau hostility took place as the result of a quarrel over a bee tree. It occurred in the days when the small stream called Bangkit, lying between the Paku and Rimbas rivers in Saribas, contained two longhouses, one under the joint leadership of Anal and Sana, and one under Senabong. In those days when sugar was unheard of among the Dayaks, honey was extremely valuable, and bee trees (tapang) were…often the subject of dispute. In this case Sana and Anal had ordered their people to collect honey from a tree located between the two longhouses, without consulting Senabong, whose people claimed to own the same tree. Senabong took his revenge the next season by clearing away jungle at the edge of farmland belonging to Anal and Sana, a practice specifically forbidden by Iban custom. The tree itself remained the subject of an increasingly involved quarrel”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UCWP6S4F\">[Sandin 1967, p. 39]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UCWP6S4F\">[Sandin 1967, p. 66]</a> “[The following quotes inferred as likely applicable to this period according to the early date of publication] Tindoh (betindoh), the grub that is found in the trunks of sago and cocoanut palms. It is esteemed a delicacy”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 175]</a> Honey, tindoh grubs, potentially other types of ‘delicacies’, inferred as ‘luxury’ foods owing to their being consumed infrequently and/or on special occasions. “[The following quotes inferred as likely applicable to this period according to the publication focus; referring specifically in the first quote to the organisation of the Gawai Burong or ‘Bird Feast’, AKA Gawai Tenyalang (the ‘Hornbill Feast’) or Gawai Pala (the ‘Head Feast’), the most important Iban feast held in the past in honour of a successful war expedition, and to a delay in the return of Uyut (Badilang Besi?), the patron of the feast, and his men from a head-hunting expedition]…before they came back, all the food which had been gathered for the feast, including tuak wine and many different delicacies [inferred as all locally manufactured], began to go bad. So a brother-in-law of Uyut named Malang (Pengarah) decided to go ahead and hold the feast anyway… […] [Referring to conflict between communities in the Saribas and Sebuyau regions of Sarawak]…[an] incident of Saribas-Sebuyau hostility took place as the result of a quarrel over a bee tree. It occurred in the days when the small stream called Bangkit, lying between the Paku and Rimbas rivers in Saribas, contained two longhouses, one under the joint leadership of Anal and Sana, and one under Senabong. In those days when sugar was unheard of among the Dayaks, honey was extremely valuable, and bee trees (tapang) were…often the subject of dispute. In this case Sana and Anal had ordered their people to collect honey from a tree located between the two longhouses, without consulting Senabong, whose people claimed to own the same tree. Senabong took his revenge the next season by clearing away jungle at the edge of farmland belonging to Anal and Sana, a practice specifically forbidden by Iban custom. The tree itself remained the subject of an increasingly involved quarrel”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UCWP6S4F\">[Sandin 1967, p. 39]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UCWP6S4F\">[Sandin 1967, p. 66]</a> Honey, tindoh grubs, potentially other types of ‘delicacies’, inferred as ‘luxury’ foods owing to their being consumed infrequently and/or on special occasions. “[The following quotes inferred as likely applicable to this period according to the publication focus; referring specifically in the first quote to the organisation of the Gawai Burong or ‘Bird Feast’, AKA Gawai Tenyalang (the ‘Hornbill Feast’) or Gawai Pala (the ‘Head Feast’), the most important Iban feast held in the past in honour of a successful war expedition, and to a delay in the return of Uyut (Badilang Besi?), the patron of the feast, and his men from a head-hunting expedition]…before they came back, all the food which had been gathered for the feast, including tuak wine and many different delicacies, began to go bad. So a brother-in-law of Uyut named Malang (Pengarah) decided to go ahead and hold the feast anyway… […] [Referring to conflict between communities in the Saribas and Sebuyau regions of Sarawak]…[an] incident of Saribas-Sebuyau hostility took place as the result of a quarrel over a bee tree. It occurred in the days when the small stream called Bangkit, lying between the Paku and Rimbas rivers in Saribas, contained two longhouses, one under the joint leadership of Anal and Sana, and one under Senabong. In those days when sugar was unheard of among the Dayaks, honey was extremely valuable, and bee trees (tapang) were…often the subject of dispute. In this case Sana and Anal had ordered their people to collect honey from a tree located between the two longhouses, without consulting Senabong, whose people claimed to own the same tree. Senabong took his revenge the next season by clearing away jungle at the edge of farmland belonging to Anal and Sana, a practice specifically forbidden by Iban custom. The tree itself remained the subject of an increasingly involved quarrel”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UCWP6S4F\">[Sandin 1967, p. 39]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UCWP6S4F\">[Sandin 1967, p. 66]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 33,
"polity": {
"id": 154,
"name": "id_iban_2",
"long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial",
"start_year": 1841,
"end_year": 1987
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 154,
"name": "id_iban_2",
"long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial",
"start_year": 1841,
"end_year": 1987
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Tindoh grubs; salt-fish; pig, game and poultry meat; cakes and ‘other delicacies’; trade foods of various types; inferred as ‘luxury’ foods owing to their being consumed infrequently and/or on special occasions. “[The following quote inferred as applicable to this period according to the date of publication] Tindoh (betindoh), the grub that is found in the trunks of sago and cocoanut palms. It is esteemed a delicacy”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 175]</a> “[The following quotes inferred as applicable to this period according to the date of publication; referring specifically in the first quote to the ‘wealth’ of an average Iban and their supposedly ‘frugal’ nature] He plants each year what he supposes will produce sufficient rice to supply his own needs - a portion of this is for family consumption, a portion for barter for such simple luxuries as…salt fish…[Referring specifically to the consumption of food and drink at feasts] On such occasions as feasts nearly all the food and drink used are home products…To spend money upon anything which he can make for himself, or for which he can make a substitute, is, in his opinion, needless waste. […] [Referring to items consumed with rice, the principal food] They eat with their rice either vegetables or fish. Sometimes they have the flesh of wild pig or venison, but that is not usual. […] [Referring to the customary ceremony following the birth of a child in which the gods are invoked to grant the child health, wealth, and success throughout their life] The proceedings differ very much according to the wealth and standing of the parents. Among the poor it is a very quiet affair - two or three witch-doctors attend, and only the near relatives of the child are present. On the other hand, among those who are rich [not clear if the latter considered of elite-status?], this ceremony is made the occasion of holding a great feast, and inviting people from all parts to attend. Pigs and fowls are killed for food [inferred that the latter was not usual and afforded only by wealthy but not necessarily elite-status Iban]. […] [Referring to the sacrifice of particular animals and consumption of associated ‘luxury’ foods in the context of religious ceremony and appeasing of evil spirits] In the ginselan [one of two types of sacrifice practised by Iban] there is always some animal slain…On most occasions the victim of the sacrifice, be it pig or fowl, is afterwards eaten. […] For all ordinary sacrifices a fowl suffices, but on great occasions a pig, being the largest animal the Dyak domesticates, is killed. […] [Referring to preparations for different types of religious and social feasts] The preparations for all…feasts are much alike. They extend over a length of time, and consist for the most part in the procuring of food for the guests. The young men go to their friends, far and near, and obtain from them presents of pigs or fowls for the feast…A little before the date fixed for the feast a great tuba fishing takes place, by which means a great amount of fish is generally obtained, salted, and kept for consumption at the feast. The men go out into the jungle to hunt for pig and deer. […] [Referring to specific preparations for the Gawai Burong or ‘Bird Feast’, AKA Gawai Tenyalang (the ‘Hornbill Feast’) or Gawai Pala (the ‘Head Feast’), the most important Iban feast held in the past in honour of a successful war expedition, and in the present day, inferred as referring to around the date of publication, in honour of a successful harvest] The first day of the feast is spent in…making…final preparations. The guests are entertained with food and drink…Plates containing cakes and other delicacies…are handed round to the men, women, and children at short intervals. […] [Referring to the rarity of ‘luxury’ foods in the life of an ordinary Iban man] He rises on work-days early in the morning, partakes of his frugal meal of rice and salt, or rice and salt fish, varied, if he be very lucky, by a piece of wild pig’s flesh or venison, which he has received as a gift or bought from some hunting friend”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 63]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 87]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 102]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, pp. 203-204]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 210]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 212]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 325]</a> “[Referring to a specific Iban community, inferred as potentially applicable to other Iban communities around the time of publication and earlier] The Iban of the Engkari rely on trade…for…many luxury goods. They do not buy foodstuffs other than salt for everyday consumption. Foods bought include sugar, coffee, tea, biscuits, “orange squash”, and perhaps some vegetable oil for use only in times of celebration or to honor important guests”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FBZ5P8TK\">[Padoch 1982, p. 107]</a> Tindoh grubs; salt-fish; pig, game and poultry meat; cakes and ‘other delicacies’; trade foods of various types; inferred as ‘luxury’ foods owing to their being consumed infrequently and/or on special occasions. “[The following quote inferred as applicable to this period according to the date of publication] Tindoh (betindoh), the grub that is found in the trunks of sago and cocoanut palms. It is esteemed a delicacy”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 175]</a> “[The following quotes inferred as applicable to this period according to the date of publication; referring specifically in the first quote to the ‘wealth’ of an average Iban and their supposedly ‘frugal’ nature] He plants each year what he supposes will produce sufficient rice to supply his own needs - a portion of this is for family consumption, a portion for barter for such simple luxuries as…salt fish…[Referring specifically to the consumption of food and drink at feasts] On such occasions as feasts nearly all the food and drink used are home products…To spend money upon anything which he can make for himself, or for which he can make a substitute, is, in his opinion, needless waste. […] [Referring to items consumed with rice, the principal food] They eat with their rice either vegetables or fish. Sometimes they have the flesh of wild pig or venison, but that is not usual. […] [Referring to the customary ceremony following the birth of a child in which the gods are invoked to grant the child health, wealth, and success throughout their life]…among those who are rich [not clear if the latter considered of elite-status?], this ceremony is made the occasion of holding a great feast…Pigs and fowls are killed for food [inferred that the latter was not usual and afforded only by wealthy but not necessarily elite-status Iban]. […] [Referring to the sacrifice of particular animals and consumption of associated ‘luxury’ foods in the context of religious ceremony and appeasing of evil spirits] In the ginselan [one of two types of sacrifice practised by Iban] there is always some animal slain…On most occasions the victim of the sacrifice, be it pig or fowl, is afterwards eaten. […] For all ordinary sacrifices a fowl suffices, but on great occasions a pig, being the largest animal the Dyak domesticates, is killed. […] [Referring to preparations for different types of religious and social feasts] The preparations for all…feasts are much alike. They extend over a length of time, and consist for the most part in the procuring of food for the guests. The young men go to their friends, far and near, and obtain from them presents of pigs or fowls for the feast…A little before the date fixed for the feast a great tuba fishing takes place, by which means a great amount of fish is generally obtained, salted, and kept for consumption at the feast. The men go out into the jungle to hunt for pig and deer. […] [Referring to specific preparations for the Gawai Burong or ‘Bird Feast’, AKA Gawai Tenyalang (the ‘Hornbill Feast’) or Gawai Pala (the ‘Head Feast’), the most important Iban feast held in the past in honour of a successful war expedition, and in the present day, inferred as referring to around the date of publication, in honour of a successful harvest] The first day of the feast is spent in…making…final preparations. The guests are entertained with food and drink…Plates containing cakes and other delicacies…are handed round to the men, women, and children at short intervals. […] [Referring to the rarity of ‘luxury’ foods in the life of an ordinary Iban man] He rises on work-days early in the morning, partakes of his frugal meal of rice and salt, or rice and salt fish, varied, if he be very lucky, by a piece of wild pig’s flesh or venison, which he has received as a gift or bought from some hunting friend”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 63]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 87]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 102]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, pp. 203-204]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 210]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 212]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 325]</a> “[Referring to a specific Iban community, inferred as potentially applicable to other Iban communities around the time of publication and earlier] The Iban of the Engkari rely on trade…for…many luxury goods. They do not buy foodstuffs other than salt for everyday consumption. Foods bought include sugar, coffee, tea, biscuits, “orange squash”, and perhaps some vegetable oil…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FBZ5P8TK\">[Padoch 1982, p. 107]</a> “[The following quotes inferred as applicable to this period according to the date of publication; referring specifically in the first quote to the ‘wealth’ of an average Iban and their supposedly ‘frugal’ nature] He plants each year what he supposes will produce sufficient rice to supply his own needs - a portion of this is for family consumption, a portion for barter for such simple luxuries as…salt fish… […] [Referring to items consumed with rice, the principal food] They eat with their rice either vegetables or fish. Sometimes they have the flesh of wild pig or venison, but that is not usual. […] [Referring to the customary ceremony following the birth of a child in which the gods are invoked to grant the child health, wealth, and success throughout their life]…among those who are rich [not clear if the latter considered of elite-status?] this ceremony is made the occasion of holding a great feast, and inviting people from all parts to attend. Pigs and fowls are killed for food [inferred that the latter was not usual and afforded only by wealthy but not necessarily elite-status Iban]. […] [Referring to the sacrifice of particular animals and consumption of associated ‘luxury’ foods in the context of religious ceremony and appeasing of evil spirits] In the ginselan [one of two types of sacrifice practised by Iban] there is always some animal slain…On most occasions the victim of the sacrifice, be it pig or fowl, is afterwards eaten. […] For all ordinary sacrifices a fowl suffices, but on great occasions a pig, being the largest animal the Dyak domesticates, is killed. […] [Referring to preparations for different types of religious and social feasts] The preparations for all…feasts are much alike. They…consist for the most part in the procuring of food for the guests. The young men go to their friends, far and near, and obtain from them presents of pigs or fowls for the feast…A little before the date fixed for the feast a great tuba fishing takes place, by which means a great amount of fish is generally obtained, salted, and kept for consumption at the feast. The men go out into the jungle to hunt for pig and deer. […] [Referring to specific preparations for the Gawai Burong or ‘Bird Feast’, AKA Gawai Tenyalang (the ‘Hornbill Feast’) or Gawai Pala (the ‘Head Feast’), the most important Iban feast held in the past in honour of a successful war expedition, and in the present day, inferred as referring to around the date of publication, in honour of a successful harvest] The first day of the feast is spent in…making…final preparations. The guests are entertained with food and drink…Plates containing cakes and other delicacies…are handed round to the men, women, and children at short intervals. […] [Referring to the rarity of ‘luxury’ foods in the life of an ordinary Iban man] He rises on work-days early in the morning, partakes of his frugal meal of rice and salt, or rice and salt fish, varied, if he be very lucky, by a piece of wild pig’s flesh or venison, which he has received as a gift or bought from some hunting friend”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 63]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 87]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 102]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, pp. 203-204]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 210]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 212]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 325]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 34,
"polity": {
"id": 50,
"name": "id_majapahit_k",
"long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom",
"start_year": 1292,
"end_year": 1518
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“The Majapahit court's gifting reciprocities are institutionalized and are more symbolic and economically less valuable. This transition begins in the eleventh century inscriptions, which emphasize the court's grant of privileges (whang) to members of slma communities rather than on their financial benefits. (28) There is permission to eat \"royal food,\" to possesses specified ritual objects, to build ritual edifices, to wear boreh-type cosmetics (jhu) in rituals, and to use certain classes of cloth - with specific patterns and cloths decorated in specific ways - either in connection with ritual or as insignia of rank. Kërtanagara's 1269 Sarwadharma Charter, immediately prior to Majapahit's establishment, stipulates that individuals of status are allowed to […] eat specified meats belonging to prerogatives of royalty (râjamanysu) - among these are turtle, goat whose tail had not yet come out/appeared, fighting boar, and castrated dogs[…]. “ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CA6ZIQSA\">[Hall 2000, p. 61]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 35,
"polity": {
"id": 51,
"name": "id_mataram_k",
"long_name": "Mataram Sultanate",
"start_year": 1568,
"end_year": 1755
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Yogyakarta Palace Cuisine is very unique because it keeps a story about the habits and attitudes of its predecessor kings, the kings of Mataram. The king’s favorite food since Sultan Hamengku Buwono I until now Sultan Hamengku Buwono X, has more than 70 food menus consisting of an appetizer, main menu, dessert menu and typical royal drinks. Food menus that were present before the reign of Sultan Hamengkubuwono VII tended to be Javanese cuisine and since Sultan Hamengku Buwono VII and Sultan Hamengku Buwono VIII the food menu that was served was very Western-scented, both for daily needs and in a guest banquet from the Dutch East Indies government. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QMHATVFG\">[Septarina 2019, p. 51]</a> “‘Manuk Nom’ is one form of influence of European culture on culinary in the Yogyakarta Palace. Sultan HB VII and Sultan HB VIII chose western flavour cuisine for reasons of daily use and entertained royal guests from the Netherlands. Western dishes and art performances presented by Sultan HB VIII to royal guests, especially from the Netherlands, have political significance. Sultan HB VIII tried to reduce the conflict between the people and the Netherlands not getting sharper” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QMHATVFG\">[Septarina 2019, p. 52]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 36,
"polity": {
"id": 135,
"name": "in_delhi_sultanate",
"long_name": "Delhi Sultanate",
"start_year": 1206,
"end_year": 1526
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“ Diet of nobility and clergy included meat, butter, spices, pickles and sweet dishes. They used to spend lavishly on eating. Ibn-i-Batuta has mentioned that eatables were served in courses to the guests”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/22RTFZX9\">[Kiran 2008, p. 176]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 37,
"polity": {
"id": 792,
"name": "in_kanva_dyn",
"long_name": "Magadha - Kanva Dynasty",
"start_year": -75,
"end_year": -30
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“scholars know very little about the Kanva dynasty or its rulers. Most information is based on a few ancient coins, on accounts of the history of the geographical area, and on the Puranas, an ancient account of the Hindu religion that is more useful for genealogical information than for political history. According to the Puranas, the Kanva dynasty had four kings…who ruled for a total of only forty-five years…the short-lived Kanva dynasty left little mark on the history of India…” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7N3PNVCB\">[Middleton 2015, p. 486]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 38,
"polity": {
"id": 702,
"name": "in_pallava_emp_2",
"long_name": "Late Pallava Empire",
"start_year": 300,
"end_year": 890
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "The following quote implies that elites had different eating habits from commoners, implying perhaps the existence of luxury foods. “The hymns and the inscriptions of Alwars mention defferent kinds of rice preparation in temples and homes. The food products of kshatriyas, artisans & workers have been different. Betal was in drinking was typical among the poor and rich. Meat eating was typical among the low caste folks.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GPDHN4PD\">[Singh 0, p. 660]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 39,
"polity": {
"id": 793,
"name": "bd_sena_dyn",
"long_name": "Sena Dynasty",
"start_year": 1095,
"end_year": 1245
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Bengal was primarily a rural country and a beautiful descripion of its countryside is given in the Radmacharita. But even in ancient times there were a number of towns and important commercial centres which were abodes of wealth and luxury {supra, p. 340). The description of Ramavati and Vijayapura, the capital cities of the Palas and Senas, by two contemporary poets, in spite of obvious poetic exaggerations, gives us a vivid picture of the wealthy cities of ancient Bengal. Such towns contained wide roads and symmetrical rows of palatial buildings, towering high and surmounted by golden pitchers on the top. The temples, monasteries, public parks and large tanks, bordered by rockery and tall palm-trees, added to the beauty and amenities of town-life. These towns, as in all ages and countries, were the homes of all shades of peoples ; the plain, simple, virtuous and religious, as well as the vicious and the luxurious. Luxuries were chiefly manifested in fine clothes, jewellery, palatial buildings, costly furniture, and sumptuous feasts. Abundant supply of food, far beyond the needs and even capacity of invited guests, was characteristic of these feasts in ancient, as in modern Bengal.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DDTA7MGI\">[Majumdar 1971, p. 464]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 40,
"polity": {
"id": 191,
"name": "it_papal_state_2",
"long_name": "Papal States - Renaissance Period",
"start_year": 1378,
"end_year": 1527
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Birds, wildfowl, and fish, the most delicate and “light” of foods, were reserved, however, for noble and sedentary people, who did not need to do physical labor. […] Salad and green vegetables had long occupied a central position in the agricultural and market landscape of Italy and the Mediterranean, and vegetables were featured also in upper-class cuisine […] With the rise of urban centers and a new class of city dwellers in Renaissance Italy, game (but not fresh meat) lost its preeminence among the upper classes, while a higher consumption of all sorts of vegetables became the norm for a wide range of society as attested to by their regular appearance in menus and recipe collections written for diverse social groups. […] Food historians have discussed in detail this transition in the eating habits of Mediterranean populations and especially Italians and the increasing appreciation for green vegetables and salads in the period.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9HWSRHXS\">[Gianetti 2010, pp. 1-3]</a> “A peacock with its tail feathers splayed out like a fan was perhaps the most dramatic visual expression of power in a Renaissance banquet. It was cooked then reclad in its feathers and presented upright to the delight of the guests. Its brilliant plumage had more appeal than its somewhat boring dry flesh, but together they were a potent symbol of both imperial political power and Christian supremacy. […] Sugar was expensive and the use of such a costly ingredient for an edible, ephemeral table decoration, is an indication of the power and wealth of the host” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B5EEM448\">[Riley 2018, pp. 1-3]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 41,
"polity": {
"id": 192,
"name": "it_papal_state_3",
"long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period I",
"start_year": 1527,
"end_year": 1648
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“Birds, wildfowl, and fish, the most delicate and “light” of foods, were reserved, however, for noble and sedentary people, who did not need to do physical labor. […] Salad and green vegetables had long occupied a central position in the agricultural and market landscape of Italy and the Mediterranean, and vegetables were featured also in upper-class cuisine […] With the rise of urban centers and a new class of city dwellers in Renaissance Italy, game (but not fresh meat) lost its preeminence among the upper classes, while a higher consumption of all sorts of vegetables became the norm for a wide range of society as attested to by their regular appearance in menus and recipe collections written for diverse social groups. […] Food historians have discussed in detail this transition in the eating habits of Mediterranean populations and especially Italians and the increasing appreciation for green vegetables and salads in the period.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9HWSRHXS\">[Gianetti 2010, pp. 1-3]</a> “A peacock with its tail feathers splayed out like a fan was perhaps the most dramatic visual expression of power in a Renaissance banquet. It was cooked then reclad in its feathers and presented upright to the delight of the guests. Its brilliant plumage had more appeal than its somewhat boring dry flesh, but together they were a potent symbol of both imperial political power and Christian supremacy. […] Sugar was expensive and the use of such a costly ingredient for an edible, ephemeral table decoration, is an indication of the power and wealth of the host” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B5EEM448\">[Riley 2018, pp. 1-3]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 42,
"polity": {
"id": 193,
"name": "it_papal_state_4",
"long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period II",
"start_year": 1648,
"end_year": 1809
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“In seventeenth century Rome, well-known artists rather then confectioners were occasionally commissioned to produce architectural and sculptural trionfi for regal and papal meals of ceremonial significance. Queen Christina was honored by the Pope 1655 with a table embellished with gilded sugar sculptures […] this elaborate theatrical setting for an important, but short-lived occasion is typical of late baroque ceremonials associated with regal births, coronations and deaths. […] the desire to show off one’s status and to honor an important guest with such exhibitions of largesse had percolated down the social scale to the lesser nobility.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7EP68HFF\">[Day 1998, pp. 58-59]</a> “When Prince Borghese received Queen Maria Carolina in his Pincio villa sixty-eight guests sat down to a banquet surpassed only by the Duke of Braschi, whose menu included a sturgeon weighing 150 pounds. […] the Pope set an example of finer points by serving at his Holy Thursday dinner for the cardinals ‘fresh cherries from the kingdom of Naples, grown on trees forced with manure and hot water’. Cardinal de Bernis’ cook tells how he often found himself up against his brother cooks from the great patrician houses as he combed the markets for the fattest birds, the finest fish and the most perfect fruit for his master’s table, and that men from the cardinals’ kitchens were not the least of his competitors. […] A light diet prevailed, even among the comfortable classes. Red meat was never seen. The staple foods were vegetables, eggs, pastes, fish, stewed or braised meat always well seasoned with herbs, and cheese, often fried in the pan. There were, however, special dishes for certain festivals. Broiled lamb was eaten at Easter and torta, a cake made with ewes’ milk. Eels and pangellio, a saffron-flavoured sweetloaf, were for Christmas. On Joseph’s Day there would frielle, or fritters, and during Lent the dry buns called maritozzi. Snails were served at the family meal on St John’s Eve in memory of the saint’s tribulations in the desert.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QRRAV2CU\">[Andrieux 1968, p. 75]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QRRAV2CU\">[Andrieux 1968, pp. 150-152]</a> “In seventeenth century Rome, well-known artists rather then confectioners were occasionally commissioned to produce architectural and sculptural trionfi for regal and papal meals of ceremonial significance. Queen Christina was honored by the Pope 1655 with a table embellished with gilded sugar sculptures […] this elaborate theatrical setting for an important, but short-lived occasion is typical of late baroque ceremonials associated with regal births, coronations and deaths. […] the desire to show off one’s status and to honor an important guest with such exhibitions of largesse had percolated down the social scale to the lesser nobility.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7EP68HFF\">[Day 1998, pp. 58-59]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 43,
"polity": {
"id": 545,
"name": "it_venetian_rep_4",
"long_name": "Republic of Venice IV",
"start_year": 1564,
"end_year": 1797
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 175,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire II",
"start_year": 1517,
"end_year": 1683
},
{
"id": 545,
"name": "it_venetian_rep_4",
"long_name": "Republic of Venice IV",
"start_year": 1564,
"end_year": 1797
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“the artificial nature of the designation of ‘luxury’ foods, determined more by social constructs like class structure or economics than by the inherent qualities of the food itself, is made apparent throughout this period. […] Tomatoes were one such food to gain popularity […] Red peppers, too, […] almost all of Europe embraced the turkey […] the turkey was more appreciated by the Ottoman urbanites than it was by members of the court, who preferred eating peacock or other wild birds in order to display their wealth or allude to the wonders of Paradise […]European countries were importing raw materials and goods produced within the Ottoman Empire itself [..] Some of the most prominent imports, at least during the earlier period, included […] Egyptian rice, coffee, dried fruits, honey, tobacco […] olive oil, salted sturgeon, caviar[…] and other luxury items […] Segregated cuisines, such as those within Italy, are the indicator of any hierarchal society, and thus the greatly varied diet of the wealthy is symbolic of their wider connections and influence in the world outside their immediate vicinity […] Sumptuary laws were particularly stringent on the subject of banquets […] public feasts were prohibited, as was the serving of pheasants, peacocks, partridges, doves, and francolins. […] By 1526, this was changed yet again to cater up to 830 guests over the course of ten separate events spread out over the engagement period and wedding. Yet, while the restrictions on number of attendees were loosened to accommodate increasingly grand functions, the limitations placed on the food itself remained in place.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, pp. 38-72]</a> “In the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries there was a continual tug of war between Venice and other cities over the production of […] some products, luxuries in particular were as a rule reserved to Venice: […] sugar” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AAV6AW74\">[Ciriacono 1988, p. 44]</a> “European countries were importing raw materials and goods produced within the Ottoman Empire itself [..] Some of the most prominent imports, at least during the earlier period, included […] Egyptian rice, coffee, dried fruits, honey, tobacco […] olive oil, salted sturgeon, caviar[…] and other luxury items […] By the mid-16th century, Venice was encouraging subjects in Istria, Dalmatia, Albania, and the Ionian Islands to plant olive trees in unused land so that the Republic could stop relying on Puglia for olive oil” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, pp. 38-40]</a> “the artificial nature of the designation of ‘luxury’ foods, determined more by social constructs like class structure or economics than by the inherent qualities of the food itself, is made apparent throughout this period. […] Tomatoes were one such food to gain popularity […] Red peppers, too, […] almost all of Europe embraced the turkey […] the turkey was more appreciated by the Ottoman urbanites than it was by members of the court, who preferred eating peacock or other wild birds in order to display their wealth or allude to the wonders of Paradise […] Segregated cuisines, such as those within Italy, are the indicator of any hierarchal society, and thus the greatly varied diet of the wealthy is symbolic of their wider connections and influence in the world outside their immediate vicinity […] Sumptuary laws were particularly stringent on the subject of banquets […] public feasts were prohibited, as was the serving of pheasants, peacocks, partridges, doves, and francolins. […] By 1526, this was changed yet again to cater up to 830 guests over the course of ten separate events spread out over the engagement period and wedding. Yet, while the restrictions on number of attendees were loosened to accommodate increasingly grand functions, the limitations placed on the food itself remained in place.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, pp. 64-72]</a> “ “the artificial nature of the designation of ‘luxury’ foods, determined more by social constructs like class structure or economics than by the inherent qualities of the food itself, is made apparent throughout this period. […] Tomatoes were one such food to gain popularity […] Red peppers, too, […] almost all of Europe embraced the turkey […] the turkey was more appreciated by the Ottoman urbanites than it was by members of the court, who preferred eating peacock or other wild birds in order to display their wealth or allude to the wonders of Paradise […] Segregated cuisines, such as those within Italy, are the indicator of any hierarchal society, and thus the greatly varied diet of the wealthy is symbolic of their wider connections and influence in the world outside their immediate vicinity […] Sumptuary laws were particularly stringent on the subject of banquets […] public feasts were prohibited, as was the serving of pheasants, peacocks, partridges, doves, and francolins. […] By 1526, this was changed yet again to cater up to 830 guests over the course of ten separate events spread out over the engagement period and wedding. Yet, while the restrictions on number of attendees were loosened to accommodate increasingly grand functions, the limitations placed on the food itself remained in place.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, pp. 64-72]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 44,
"polity": {
"id": 151,
"name": "jp_azuchi_momoyama",
"long_name": "Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama",
"start_year": 1568,
"end_year": 1603
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 151,
"name": "jp_azuchi_momoyama",
"long_name": "Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama",
"start_year": 1568,
"end_year": 1603
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "sweet potato, pumpkin, chilli, tobacco; sugar; rice, medicinal herbs. \"The open countryside that has inspired poets over the centuries was characterized by rice fields, but rice was reserved for upper-class tables.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W75UVARQ\">[von_Vershuer 2016, p. 1]</a> “In 1543 some Portuguese seamen whose vessel was blown off course on the island of Tanegashima […] The Western merchants brought to Japan […] sugar […] medicinal herbs […].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QW6KBXR7\">[Hane 1991, p. 122]</a> “From the 16th century to the first half of the 17th century came a period of change in Japanese society […] During this period, Europeans visited Japan, Japanese people went overseas, and Japanese settlements were formed throughout southeast Asia. New foods were transferred to Japan, leading to the cultivation of sweet potato, pumpkin, chili, and tobacco, among others. […] Traditionally, sugar was imported from China, but it was more valued as a medicine than a seasoning. With the start of exchanges with Southeast Asia, sugar was imported in large quantities, enabling its use in various confectionery items. This is reflected not only in the traditional Japanese sweets as we know them nowadays, but also in the Japanese castella and spring sugar that are moulded according to the cake and candy preparation methods brought by the Portuguese.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/436PD5VA\">[Ishige 2019, p. 18]</a> “Since the export of silver was suspended, Japan was unable to import such luxury goods as premium-grade silk and ginseng from China. The focus of Japanese exports subsequently shifted to copper and (in the case of China-bound exports) marine products, while the composition of imports shifted to more widely accessible consumer goods, such as sugar and medicinal substances.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CG4SVC7P\">[Yasunori 2013]</a> NB Unclear if the imported foods mentioned in the following quotes were seen as luxury goods at this time–indeed, some of the following quotes seem to imply they were not. “Up to the 20th century, Japan’s economy was based on agriculture, which provided for the needs of its inhabitants. The open countryside that has inspired poets over the centuries was characterized by rice fields, but rice was reserved for upper-class tables. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W75UVARQ\">[von_Vershuer 2016, p. 1]</a> “Traditionally, sugar was imported from China, but it was more valued as a medicine than a seasoning. With the start of exchanges with Southeast Asia, sugar was imported in large quantities, enabling its use in various confectionery items.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/436PD5VA\">[Ishige 2019, p. 18]</a> “Sugar cane cultivation started in Okinawa in 1623. […] New foods were transferred to Japan, leading to the cultivation of sweet potato, pumpkin, chili, and tobacco, among others.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/436PD5VA\">[Ishige 2019, p. 18]</a> “Up to the 20th century, Japan’s economy was based on agriculture, which provided for the needs of its inhabitants. The open countryside that has inspired poets over the centuries was characterized by rice fields, but rice was reserved for upper-class tables.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W75UVARQ\">[von_Vershuer 2016, p. 1]</a> Sugar. “Since the export of silver was suspended […] imports shifted to more widely accessible consumer goods, such as sugar and medicinal substances.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CG4SVC7P\">[Yasunori 2013]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 45,
"polity": {
"id": 150,
"name": "jp_sengoku_jidai",
"long_name": "Warring States Japan",
"start_year": 1467,
"end_year": 1568
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 269,
"name": "cn_ming_dyn",
"long_name": "Great Ming",
"start_year": 1368,
"end_year": 1644
},
{
"id": 150,
"name": "jp_sengoku_jidai",
"long_name": "Warring States Japan",
"start_year": 1467,
"end_year": 1568
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "“the famous Shin'an wreck was discovered some 30 years ago. This Chinese merchant ship on its way to Japan […] Some ceramic vessels even still held their organic content, such as […] litchis, betel nuts, and Gingko and peach seeds […]” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JP96S42F\">[Seyock 2006, p. 135]</a> The following quote refers to slightly after this polity period but demonstrates the sort of speciality foods consumed in pre-/early modern Japan. “archaeology is shedding more light on the question of the extent of meat eating. For instance, excavations of early modern Edo reveal the bones of fox, racoon dogs (tanuki) and otters. Luxury stores in Edo sold these beasts as well as fox, deer, monkey, boar and pork as ‘medicinal foods’.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QXQQ8JED\">[Rath 2020, p. 43]</a> The two following quotes are not aligned. This often occurs in the scholarship, regarding rice consumption in premodern Japan. “Rice was the staple food for Japanese peasants and artisans.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DTHP9XA2\">[McNabb 2016, p. 179]</a> “before the year 1700, rice accounted for only 25% of the diet of ordinary people who subsisted instead on other grains and foraged foods.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QXQQ8JED\">[Rath 2020, p. 37]</a> “From the 16th century to the first half of the 17th century came a period of change in Japanese society […] During this period, Europeans visited Japan, Japanese people went overseas, and Japanese settlements were formed throughout southeast Asia. New foods were transferred to Japan, leading to the cultivation of sweet potato, pumpkin, chili, and tobacco, among others. […] Traditionally, sugar was imported from China, but it was more valued as a medicine than a seasoning. With the start of exchanges with Southeast Asia, sugar was imported in large quantities, enabling its use in various confectionery items. This is reflected not only in the traditional Japanese sweets as we know them nowadays, but also in the Japanese castella and spring sugar that are moulded according to the cake and candy preparation methods brought by the Portuguese.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/436PD5VA\">[Ishige 2019, p. 18]</a> “Up to the 20th century, Japan’s economy was based on agriculture, which provided for the needs of its inhabitants. The open countryside that has inspired poets over the centuries was characterized by rice fields, but rice was reserved for upper-class tables. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W75UVARQ\">[von_Vershuer 2016, p. 1]</a> “the prevalence of foraging and other grains in the diet in the ancient and medieval period cannot be fully known by reading the documentary record, which focuses largely on rice as the unit for taxation and for its prominence in the diet of the elite” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QXQQ8JED\">[Rath 2020, p. 36]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 46,
"polity": {
"id": 152,
"name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate",
"long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate",
"start_year": 1603,
"end_year": 1868
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 152,
"name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate",
"long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate",
"start_year": 1603,
"end_year": 1868
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "A~P",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "White rice. Sugar. Soy Sauce. “domestically-produced sugar was relatively expensive and mainly consumed as medicine or given as gifts by the better-off” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DF7U7W8R\">[Francks 2009, pp. 19-20]</a> “Servants taken to the great households in Edo […] learnt the consumption habits from their masters […] as a result, they returned to the countryside suffering from the beriberi after consuming the white rice urban diet” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DF7U7W8R\">[Francks 2009, p. 13]</a> “The government recognized that rice was a luxury food, and in a famous ordinance the bakufu in 1649 exhorted peasants not to give rice to their families at harvest […] time. Instead they were to eat vegetables, millet, and other coarse grains” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FR896GQ7\">[Hanley 2008, p. 680]</a> “Soy sauce was also available but was seldom used. It was hard to make, and the quality varied considerably. Thus it was only an upper-class seasoning.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FR896GQ7\">[Hanley 2008, p. 687]</a> “Rice was first introduced into the Japanese islands in prehistoric times. By the Tokugawa period it was the staple of the elites and well-to-do and also was consumed to some extent by most commoners.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FR896GQ7\">[Hanley 2008, p. 681]</a> “domestically-produced sugar was relatively expensive and mainly consumed as medicine or given as gifts by the better-off” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DF7U7W8R\">[Francks 2009, pp. 19-20]</a> “Soy sauce was also available but was seldom used. It was hard to make, and the quality varied consider- ably. Thus it was only an upper-class seasoning.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FR896GQ7\">[Hanley 2008, p. 687]</a> “domesticateally-produced sugar was relatively expensive and mainly consumed as medicine or given as gifts by the better-off” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DF7U7W8R\">[Francks 2009, pp. 19-20]</a> “Sugar was a luxury item and purchased only in small quantities, but it is significant that even people in the northern, poorer sections of the country could buy it and did by the mid- to late Tokugawa.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FR896GQ7\">[Hanley 2008, p. 687]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 47,
"polity": {
"id": 434,
"name": "ml_bamana_k",
"long_name": "Bamana kingdom",
"start_year": 1712,
"end_year": 1861
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 113,
"name": "gh_akan",
"long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti",
"start_year": 1501,
"end_year": 1701
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "The Masina uprising was in 1818, and the other wars referred to were perhaps afterward, but this quote refers to trade routes in the centuries previous, and the value of some of the goods. “For instance the wars between Bambara Segu and Masina had disastrous effects on Jenne and Timbuktu, especially on their status as commercial centres. The wars continually interrupted communications between these places and Nyamina, Sansanding, Bamako and Boure, whence came the bulk of the gold traded in the Western Sudan.[...] Kolanut was another very valuable article carried mainly by the Diulas. For centuries trade in this commodity had served as an important link between the Western Sudan and the coastal regions of West Africa. From Ashanti kolanuts were conveyed north-westwards to Sansanding, Segu and Timbuktu and north-eastwards across the Niger to Kano and Bornu. Some of the kolanuts were also re-exported to the Sahara and North Africa. The Moors and the Arabs were very important for their role in the gum trade, and in the trade in sugar, dates, cowries, incense, oriental perfumes and copper bracelets. ” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FW9GISAQ\">[Oloruntimehin 1972, p. 25]</a> “Kolanut was another very valuable article carried mainly by the Diulas. For centuries trade in this commodity had served as an important link between the Western Sudan and the coastal regions of West Africa. From Ashanti kolanuts were conveyed north-westwards to Sansanding, Segu and Timbuktu and north-eastwards across the Niger to Kano and Bornu. Some of the kolanuts were also re-exported to the Sahara and North Africa. The Moors and the Arabs were very important for their role in the gum trade, and in the trade in sugar, dates, cowries, incense, oriental perfumes and copper bracelets. ” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FW9GISAQ\">[Oloruntimehin 1972, p. 25]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 48,
"polity": {
"id": 229,
"name": "ml_mali_emp",
"long_name": "Mali Empire",
"start_year": 1230,
"end_year": 1410
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 229,
"name": "ml_mali_emp",
"long_name": "Mali Empire",
"start_year": 1230,
"end_year": 1410
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "North Africa; other African polities",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "Salt; honey; kola nuts; palm oil. “[Referring to the role of the Mali Empire in trans-Saharan trade] …salt…continued to be important…In the Mali Empire ivory was one of the most profitable exports, along with…salt… […] He [councillor Mari Jata III] mobilized the army and sent a campaign into the Sahara to fight the Sanhaja for control of the salt…sources near Takadda”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GCWPIU7F\">[Conrad 2005, p. 42]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GCWPIU7F\">[Conrad 2005, p. 46]</a> “[Referring to the political and administrative organisation of the Mali Empire under Mansa Musa] The neighbouring African countries provided Mali with honey, kola nuts, palm oil…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SF4689A5\">[Maïga 2009, p. 28]</a> “…Mani or Niani [capital of Mali] was on the edge of the forest, a source of…kola nuts and palm oil… […] Begho, in Bronland (present-day Ghana), was a major centre for trade in kola nuts…Salt extracted at Teghazza and Ijil was retailed by the Dioula throughout the [Mali] Empire; the coastal regions of Senegambia produced sea-salt, but this did not reach the interior…Mali imported kola nuts from the countries to the south; the Soninke and Malinke specialized in this trade and thus came into contact with many of the forest people, including the Akan and the Guru…who called them dioula or Wangara (traders)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XTE5GGEJ\">[Niane 1984, p. 136]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XTE5GGEJ\">[Niane 1984, p. 170]</a> Salt; honey; kola nuts; palm oil. “[Referring to the role of the Mali Empire in trans-Saharan trade] In the Mali Empire ivory was one of the most profitable exports, along with…salt… […] He [councillor Mari Jata III] mobilized the army and sent a campaign into the Sahara to fight the Sanhaja for control of the salt…sources near Takadda”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GCWPIU7F\">[Conrad 2005, p. 42]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GCWPIU7F\">[Conrad 2005, p. 46]</a> “…Mani or Niani [capital of Mali] was on the edge of the forest, a source of…kola nuts and palm oil… […] Begho, in Bronland (present-day Ghana), was a major centre for trade in kola nuts…Salt extracted at Teghazza and Ijil was retailed by the Dioula throughout the [Mali] Empire; the coastal regions of Senegambia produced sea-salt, but this did not reach the interior…Mali imported kola nuts from the countries to the south…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XTE5GGEJ\">[Niane 1984, p. 136]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XTE5GGEJ\">[Niane 1984, p. 170]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 49,
"polity": {
"id": 433,
"name": "ml_segou_k",
"long_name": "Segou Kingdom",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1712
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 113,
"name": "gh_akan",
"long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti",
"start_year": 1501,
"end_year": 1701
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "The Masina uprising was in 1818, and the other wars referred to were perhaps afterward, but this quote refers to trade routes in the centuries previous, and the value of some of the goods. “For instance the wars between Bambara Segu and Masina had disastrous effects on Jenne and Timbuktu, especially on their status as commercial centres. The wars continually interrupted communications between these places and Nyamina, Sansanding, Bamako and Boure, whence came the bulk of the gold traded in the Western Sudan.[...] Kolanut was another very valuable article carried mainly by the Diulas. For centuries trade in this commodity had served as an important link between the Western Sudan and the coastal regions of West Africa. From Ashanti kolanuts were conveyed north-westwards to Sansanding, Segu and Timbuktu and north-eastwards across the Niger to Kano and Bornu. Some of the kolanuts were also re-exported to the Sahara and North Africa. The Moors and the Arabs were very important for their role in the gum trade, and in the trade in sugar, dates, cowries, incense, oriental perfumes and copper bracelets. ” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FW9GISAQ\">[Oloruntimehin 1972, p. 25]</a> “Kolanut was another very valuable article carried mainly by the Diulas. For centuries trade in this commodity had served as an important link between the Western Sudan and the coastal regions of West Africa. From Ashanti kolanuts were conveyed north-westwards to Sansanding, Segu and Timbuktu and north-eastwards across the Niger to Kano and Bornu. Some of the kolanuts were also re-exported to the Sahara and North Africa. The Moors and the Arabs were very important for their role in the gum trade, and in the trade in sugar, dates, cowries, incense, oriental perfumes and copper bracelets. ” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FW9GISAQ\">[Oloruntimehin 1972, p. 25]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 50,
"polity": {
"id": 444,
"name": "mn_zungharian_emp",
"long_name": "Zungharian Empire",
"start_year": 1670,
"end_year": 1757
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_food",
"comment": "‘\" “The feudal aristocracy of the Zunghar Khanate amassed wealth through the exploitation of the local people, with the majority of these riches being concentrated in Ili and enjoyed by a select few privileged individuals, including high-ranking lamas. The affluent and influential members of society indulged in delicacies like cheese and yogurt during the summer, and enjoyed dishes of beef, mutton, and grain-based meals in the winter. On the other hand, the poor people could only afford to drink milk tea… (准噶尔封建贵族从各族人民身上搜刮来的财富，大部分被集中到伊犁，被少数特权人物（包括高级喇嘛）所占用，供他们挥霍享乐。“达官贵人，夏日食酪、酸乳、麦饭，冬日食牛羊肉、谷饭，贫人但饮乳茶”……)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8UMVK3EK\">[Editorial_Team 2007, p. 132]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}