HTTP 200 OK
Allow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS
Content-Type: application/json
Vary: Accept
{
"count": 110,
"next": null,
"previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/ec/luxury-fine-ceramic-wares/?format=api&page=2",
"results": [
{
"id": 101,
"polity": {
"id": 19,
"name": "us_hawaii_3",
"long_name": "Hawaii III",
"start_year": 1580,
"end_year": 1778
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“[Inferred as applicable to the Hawaii III period] The Hawaiians…are usually described as “neolithic”, because they…were without pottery [of all kinds including high-quality ceramic wares], often considered virtually diagnostic of a neolithic people”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UENGBNM5\">[Kirch 1985, p. 6]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 102,
"polity": {
"id": 20,
"name": "us_kamehameha_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period",
"start_year": 1778,
"end_year": 1819
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "Ceramic crockery. “[Referring to the introduction of new goods from Europe, the United States and China via the fur trade in the C19] Some imported haole [non-Hawaiian] goods were…crockery…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, p. 29]</a> “[Referring to Kamehameha’s personal trading activities in the early 1800s, Note 6] Golovnin…provided an inventory of [trade] furnishings in the king’s [Kamehameha’s] “dining hall” (perhaps his mua or domestic shrine), where he held audience with important foreign visitors:…[which included] an assortment of dishes [Golovnin 1979: 182-83]”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 60]</a> Ceramic crockery. “[Referring to Kamehameha’s personal trading activities in the early 1800s, Note 6] Golovnin…provided an inventory of [trade] furnishings in the king’s [Kamehameha’s] “dining hall” (perhaps his mua or domestic shrine), where he held audience with important foreign visitors:…[which included] an assortment of dishes [Golovnin 1979: 182-83]”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 60]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 103,
"polity": {
"id": 29,
"name": "us_oneota",
"long_name": "Oneota",
"start_year": 1400,
"end_year": 1650
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 29,
"name": "us_oneota",
"long_name": "Oneota",
"start_year": 1400,
"end_year": 1650
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "Ceramic vessels, particularly those with shell tempering and extensive decoration, inferred as potentially high-quality and/or higher quality than other types of ceramic vessels also manufactured in the Oneota region during this period, possibly manufactured for ceremonial i.e. not every day use and/or used as items of exchange, also inferring high or higher value than more ubiquitous ceramic wares. “[Referring specifically in the first quote to the Eastern Wisconsin Oneota] Southern ceramic assemblages are dominated by shell tempering (Hall 1962; McKern 1931, 1945; Schneider 2015). Assemblages from northern sites are known as Mero, including those on the Door Peninsula, and tend to have both grit- and shell-tempered ceramics (Mason 1966; Overstreet 2009). Several lines of evidence suggest that there are significant differences among localities, in terms of ceramics… […] …Overstreet (1997) has argued that there is a shift in ceramic decorations, from mostly undecorated to mostly decorated, after 1300…an argument can be made that people within the multiple Oneota localities were connected through ceremonies - religious and/or cosmological - and the importance of the ceremonies may have increased over time. The symbolic similarities [between indigenous-manufactured artefacts of different Oneota localities, including ceramics] may have been a means of signaling membership in a larger shared network (…Hart et al. 2016; Hall 1962; Schneider 2015). […] [Referring to archaeological excavations of Oneota sites at the time of publication at the Lake Koshkonong locality in southern Wisconsin, dating to the c.C11-15] Whatever trade existed is of an unknown nature. According to Gibbon (1995), we should expect local trade to include pottery…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GWVT6IXE\">[Edwards 2020, p. 15]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GWVT6IXE\">[Edwards 2020, p. 72]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GWVT6IXE\">[Edwards 2020, p. 190]</a> Ceramic vessels, particularly those with shell tempering and extensive decoration, inferred as potentially high-quality and/or higher quality than other types of ceramic vessels also manufactured in the Oneota region during this period, possibly manufactured for ceremonial i.e. not every day use and/or used as items of exchange, also inferring high or higher value than more ubiquitous ceramic wares. “[Referring specifically in the first quote to the manufacture of ceramics by Eastern Wisconsin Oneota] Southern ceramic assemblages are dominated by shell tempering (Hall 1962; McKern 1931, 1945; Schneider 2015). Assemblages from northern sites are known as Mero, including those on the Door Peninsula, and tend to have both grit- and shell-tempered ceramics (Mason 1966; Overstreet 2009). Several lines of evidence suggest that there are significant differences among localities, in terms of ceramics… […] …Overstreet (1997) has argued that there is a shift in ceramic decorations, from mostly undecorated to mostly decorated, after 1300…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GWVT6IXE\">[Edwards 2020, p. 15]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GWVT6IXE\">[Edwards 2020, p. 72]</a> Ceramic vessels, particularly those with shell tempering and extensive decoration, inferred as potentially high-quality and/or higher quality than other types of ceramic vessels also manufactured in the Oneota region during this period, possibly manufactured for ceremonial i.e. not every day use and/or used as items of exchange, also inferring high or higher value than more ubiquitous ceramic wares. “[Referring specifically in the first quote to the Eastern Wisconsin Oneota] Southern ceramic assemblages are dominated by shell tempering (Hall 1962; McKern 1931, 1945; Schneider 2015). Assemblages from northern sites are known as Mero, including those on the Door Peninsula, and tend to have both grit- and shell-tempered ceramics (Mason 1966; Overstreet 2009). Several lines of evidence suggest that there are significant differences among localities, in terms of ceramics… […] …Overstreet (1997) has argued that there is a shift in ceramic decorations, from mostly undecorated to mostly decorated, after 1300…an argument can be made that people within the multiple Oneota localities were connected through ceremonies - religious and/or cosmological - and the importance of the ceremonies may have increased over time [inferring regular consumption of ceramics by common people]. The symbolic similarities [between indigenous-manufactured artefacts of different Oneota localities, including ceramics] may have been a means of signaling membership in a larger shared network (…Hart et al. 2016; Hall 1962; Schneider 2015). […] [Referring to archaeological excavations of Oneota sites at the time of publication at the Lake Koshkonong locality in southern Wisconsin, dating to the c.C11-15] According to Gibbon (1995), we should expect local trade to include pottery [inferring consumption of the latter by common people]…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GWVT6IXE\">[Edwards 2020, p. 15]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GWVT6IXE\">[Edwards 2020, p. 72]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GWVT6IXE\">[Edwards 2020, p. 190]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 104,
"polity": {
"id": 370,
"name": "uz_timurid_emp",
"long_name": "Timurid Empire",
"start_year": 1370,
"end_year": 1526
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“During the fifteenth century, particularly in the first quarter, there were extensive commercial and diplomatic relations with China. Khal ̄ıl Sulta ̄n, Sha ̄h Rukh, Ulugh Beg and even their provincial governors fitted out caravans whose journeys lasted, on average, some nine months. Silk fabrics including kimkhab (kamka), atlas and taffeta were brought from China; porcelain, silver, mirrors and paper were also brought from China, though in Herat and Samarkand in particular, paper of high quality was manufactured locally” (Ashrafyan 1988: 363) ) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CE66HCEQ\">[Ashrafyan_Asimov_Bosworth_C._E. 1998]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 105,
"polity": {
"id": 541,
"name": "ye_qasimid_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1637,
"end_year": 1805
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 1,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_1",
"long_name": "Early Qing",
"start_year": 1644,
"end_year": 1796
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“In Yemen, people rarely drank this beverage, called bunn, because they thought that it excited the blood. Instead, they made a beverage of the coffee shells, which in both appearance and taste was very similar to tea. […] In Yemen, the wealthy drank these beverages from Chinese cups made of porcelain, sometimes even with Chinese saucers, but mostly, just as the northern Arabs or Turks, from porcelain cup held in fine silver or brass cups-holders. The common man in Yemen had cups of clay.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/G3C2WJ59\">[Friis 2015, p. 105]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 106,
"polity": {
"id": 372,
"name": "ye_tahirid_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1454,
"end_year": 1517
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“But there were it seems rich pickings still to be had in al-Miqranah, for, according to the Ghayat al-Amanif in 934/1527 ten years after the Tahirid defeat, in a concerted effort to expel the Ottoman invaders, the Zaydi Amir al-Mutahhar, son of the Imam Sharaf al-Din entered al-Miqranah defeating the incumbent troops... and ' he captured what was there of […] fine objects of […] Chinese porcelain'.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BCTZXGHM\">[Porter 1989, p. 107]</a> “But there were it seems rich pickings still to be had in al-Miqranah, for, according to the Ghayat al-Amanif in 934/1527 ten years after the Tahirid defeat, in a concerted effort to expel the Ottoman invaders, the Zaydi Amir al-Mutahhar, son of the Imam Sharaf al-Dïn entered al-Miqränah defeating the incumbent troops... and 'he captured what was there of […] fine objects of […] Chinese porcelain'.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BCTZXGHM\">[Porter 1989, p. 107]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 107,
"polity": {
"id": 509,
"name": "ir_qajar_dyn",
"long_name": "Qajar Dynasty",
"start_year": 1794,
"end_year": 1925
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "UND",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "uncoded",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“Since there were no tables, these recesses and mantels, in particular in the andaruni, were used for placing objects such as crystal candle holders with tulip shaped glass jars on top, candelabra, crystal pitchers, sherbet glasses, tea glasses and saucers, fruit dishes and other fine china and crystal used for entertaining” (Mahdavi 2012: 367) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P27ZMRHT\">[Mahdavi 2012]</a> (describing life in an urban upper class household).",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 108,
"polity": {
"id": 652,
"name": "et_harar_emirate",
"long_name": "Emirate of Harar",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1875
},
"year_from": 1650,
"year_to": 1799,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "A~P",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not explicitly label almost any of the goods that circulated in this polity at this time as notably luxurious. However, given that Harar was a major trade centre in the nineteenth century, importing and exporting a broad range of items from across the Indian Ocean and East Africa, it seems reasonable to infer that fine ceramic wares were traded there. “Fitawrari Tackle Hawariyat was nine year old when he entered Harar with Menelik’s army that defeated Amir Abdullah’s small army at Chelenque battle[ in 1987]. He had been living at Addis Ababa just before he left and came to Harar which he described as follows: ‘[…] The shops and stores are stuffed with various types of goods imported from abroad. […]’ As the boy stated the shops and stores were stuffed with goods and merchandises imported from abroad, i.e. Yemen, Arabia, India, China, etc.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that only a relatively small number of items were a royal monopoly, which suggests that many luxurious items were broadly accessible to anyone who could afford them, regardless of social extraction. “Even though the trading of ivory, ostrich feathers, and other items were monopolized by some Amirs and their families; the basic value related to property right was respected i.e. economic freedom: the rights to acquire, use, transfer and dispose of private property. ” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 109,
"polity": {
"id": 659,
"name": "ni_allada_k",
"long_name": "Allada",
"start_year": 1100,
"end_year": 1724
},
"year_from": 1100,
"year_to": 1526,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "NB The year 1526 is meant as an approximation. “the king “constantly smokes tobacco from a pipe about two ells long, which holds a big handful of tobacco; he also has a porcelain bowl, in which he spits.” […] Did the king intend to show his European guests that he was so rich that even a highly expensive porcelain vessel was to him just a simple spittoon? […] The focus of the study […] analyzes the inclusion of spittoons in courtly ceremonial and the meanings associated with saliva in Vodun […] In West Africa […[ Asian ceramics were extremely rare.[…] In the second half of the seventeenth century, a veritable porcelain-mania broke out among European monarchs and European elites […] Only a few of those Chinese ceramic vessels brought to Europe were re-embarked on ships sailing to West Africa, whether for use by company officers or as gifts for African partner […] In general, and even though the presence of porcelain became more frequent over the early modern era, Asian ceramics […] never became a widely consumed commodity in West Africa during the period under consideration. Rather, they belonged to that category of “exotic” goods that kings would display at court to impress their subjects.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 117]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 135]</a> NB The year 1526 is meant as an approximation. “the king “constantly smokes tobacco from a pipe about two ells long, which holds a big handful of tobacco; he also has a porcelain bowl, in which he spits.” […] Did the king intend to show his European guests that he was so rich that even a highly expensive porcelain vessel was to him just a simple spittoon? […] The focus of the study […] analyzes the inclusion of spittoons in courtly ceremonial and the meanings associated with saliva in Vodun […] In West Africa […[ Asian ceramics were extremely rare.[…] In the second half of the seventeenth century, a veritable porcelain-mania broke out among European monarchs and European elites […] Only a few of those Chinese ceramic vessels brought to Europe were re-embarked on ships sailing to West Africa, whether for use by company officers or as gifts for African partner […] In general, and even though the presence of porcelain became more frequent over the early modern era, Asian ceramics […] never became a widely consumed commodity in West Africa during the period under consideration. Rather, they belonged to that category of “exotic” goods that kings would display at court to impress their subjects. […] King Agbangla’s porcelain spittoon reveals that the incorporation of foreign vessels into the palace spaces of the Gbe region […] The key to understanding Agbangla’s use of the porcelain vessel lies neither in Europe nor in China, but in West Africa itself. By extending the focus beyond the tiny and short-lived kingdom of Hueda, it is possible to recognize that spittoons have been part of royal paraphernalia for centuries.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, pp. 117-132]</a> “These were the status symbols, the privileges of rank and wealth that propped up the egos of African kings, chiefs, grandees, and rich helping to set them apart from the common folk. The roster of trappings would be long: […] china” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 29]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 110,
"polity": {
"id": 668,
"name": "ni_nri_k",
"long_name": "Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì",
"start_year": 1043,
"end_year": 1911
},
"year_from": 1043,
"year_to": 1650,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“the king “constantly smokes tobacco from a pipe about two ells long, which holds a big handful of tobacco; he also has a porcelain bowl, in which he spits.” […] Did the king intend to show his European guests that he was so rich that even a highly expensive porcelain vessel was to him just a simple spittoon? […] The focus of the study […] analyzes the inclusion of spittoons in courtly ceremonial and the meanings associated with saliva in Vodun […] In West Africa […[ Asian ceramics were extremely rare.[…] In the second half of the seventeenth century, a veritable porcelain-mania broke out among European monarchs and European elites […] Only a few of those Chinese ceramic vessels brought to Europe were re-embarked on ships sailing to West Africa, whether for use by company officers or as gifts for African partner […] In general, and even though the presence of porcelain became more frequent over the early modern era, Asian ceramics […] never became a widely consumed commodity in West Africa during the period under consideration. Rather, they belonged to that category of “exotic” goods that kings would display at court to impress their subjects.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 117]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 135]</a> NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed, based on the fact that “[i]n the late seventeenth century, there was a rise in the relative importance of slaves from sources from north of the Equator, as opposed to from Angola. […] The Bight of Benin, where Anecho became a Portuguese base in 1645, and Whydah an English one in 1672, was of particular importance for slave exports from West Africa.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NMC66GR7\">[Black 2015, p. 49]</a> “the king “constantly smokes tobacco from a pipe about two ells long, which holds a big handful of tobacco; he also has a porcelain bowl, in which he spits.” […] Did the king intend to show his European guests that he was so rich that even a highly expensive porcelain vessel was to him just a simple spittoon? […] The focus of the study […] analyzes the inclusion of spittoons in courtly ceremonial and the meanings associated with saliva in Vodun […] In West Africa […[ Asian ceramics were extremely rare.[…] In the second half of the seventeenth century, a veritable porcelain-mania broke out among European monarchs and European elites […] Only a few of those Chinese ceramic vessels brought to Europe were re-embarked on ships sailing to West Africa, whether for use by company officers or as gifts for African partner […] In general, and even though the presence of porcelain became more frequent over the early modern era, Asian ceramics […] never became a widely consumed commodity in West Africa during the period under consideration. Rather, they belonged to that category of “exotic” goods that kings would display at court to impress their subjects. […] King Agbangla’s porcelain spittoon reveals that the incorporation of foreign vessels into the palace spaces of the Gbe region […] The key to understanding Agbangla’s use of the porcelain vessel lies neither in Europe nor in China, but in West Africa itself. By extending the focus beyond the tiny and short-lived kingdom of Hueda, it is possible to recognize that spittoons have been part of royal paraphernalia for centuries.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, pp. 117-132]</a> “These were the status symbols, the privileges of rank and wealth that propped up the egos of African kings, chiefs, grandees, and rich helping to set them apart from the common folk. The roster of trappings would be long: […] china” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 29]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}