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"count": 110,
"next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/ec/luxury-fine-ceramic-wares/?format=api&page=2",
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"results": [
{
"id": 1,
"polity": {
"id": 134,
"name": "af_ghur_principality",
"long_name": "Ghur Principality",
"start_year": 1025,
"end_year": 1215
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 484,
"name": "iq_abbasid_cal_2",
"long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate II",
"start_year": 1191,
"end_year": 1258
},
{
"id": 266,
"name": "cn_later_great_jin",
"long_name": "Jin Dynasty",
"start_year": 1115,
"end_year": 1234
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "’\" “The presence of these sherds indicates a considerable volume of trade between Jam and the ceramic production centres of Iran, where the manufacture of such products was probably based; again, it is hoped that the programme of thin-sectioning will locate the origin of these wares with greater accuracy than is currently possible. A single sherd of imported Chinese celadon indicates that trading links from Jam spread eastward as well as to the west.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VD7NPQJ9\">[Thomas_Gascoigne_van_Krieken-Pieters 2006, p. 159]</a> ‘’' ‘Although statistical analyses of excavated ceramic material have not yet been undertaken at Jam, the proportion of high status glazed wares collected is apparently greater than might be expected even from a dynastic capital. As a comparison, archaeological work on Islamic levels in Old Cairo, carried out since 1998 under the auspices of the American Research Center in Egypt and directed by Peter Sheehan, has uncovered a huge quantity of ceramic material; among this are only two pieces of lustreware (of Egyptian, not Iranian manufacture) and a single piece of Chinese porcelain. The situation at Jam might perhaps be explained by the nature of the settlement as a royal court city in an otherwise sparsely populated area: while archaeological deposits in Old Cairo contain the ceramic debris of rich and poor alike, the court connections of much of the population of mediaeval Jam, and their associated wealth, may have created a more universal demand for expensive imports. It is also possible that the booty from campaigns by the Ghurids included high status ceramics. Either way, the wealth of the population is reflected even in those fragments of the ceramic corpus that have survived the looting.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VD7NPQJ9\">[Thomas_Gascoigne_van_Krieken-Pieters 2006, p. 159]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 2,
"polity": {
"id": 127,
"name": "af_kushan_emp",
"long_name": "Kushan Empire",
"start_year": 35,
"end_year": 319
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "Glazed pottery. ‘The Begram hoard included footstools, disassembled furniture legs, and large panelsfrom chairs adorned with low-relief decorative ivory and bone carvings, produced somewhere in the Indian subcontinent (the precise location remains unclear). There were also a dozen lacquered boxes and cups manufactured in state and private workshops of Han China, and locally made bronze vessels, in addition to worked ostrich eggs and glazed pottery of unclear provenance. But the most diverse and plentiful group of individual artefacts in this hoard were made in the Roman Empire. Although it is difficult to locate precise places of production within this complex cultural koine through macroscopic observations alone, it seems at least likely that many objects in this group were made in Roman Egypt (Coarelli 1962, 318). Solely for brevity, I hereafter gloss this group as ‘‘Roman objects.’’ The Roman objects comprised almost two hundred glass vessels produced through a diverse manufacturing and decorative techniques, in addition to bronze basins, elaborate bronze ‘‘aquariums’’ with mobile elements, bronze figural balsamaria and figurines, over fifty plaster casts apparently taken from designs on metalwork, and vessels of alabaster, porphyry, and rock crystal.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X77N72HV\">[Morris_Mairs 2020, p. 580]</a> ‘The Begram hoard included footstools, disassembled furniture legs, and large panels from chairs adorned with low-relief decorative ivory and bone carvings, produced somewhere in the Indian subcontinent (the precise location remains unclear). There were also a dozen lacquered boxes and cups manufactured in state and private workshops of Han China, and locally made bronze vessels, in addition to worked ostrich eggs and glazed pottery of unclear provenance. But the most diverse and plentiful group of individual artefacts in this hoard were made in the Roman Empire. Although it is difficult to locate precise places of production within this complex cultural koine through macroscopic observations alone, it seems at least likely that many objects in this group were made in Roman Egypt (Coarelli 1962, 318). Solely for brevity, I hereafter gloss this group as ‘‘Roman objects.’’ The Roman objects comprised almost two hundred glass vessels produced through a diverse manufacturing and decorative techniques, in addition to bronze basins, elaborate bronze ‘‘aquariums’’ with mobile elements, bronze figural balsamaria and figurines, over fifty plaster casts apparently taken from designs on metalwork, and vessels of alabaster, porphyry, and rock crystal.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X77N72HV\">[Morris_Mairs 2020, p. 580]</a> ‘Decades before the Greek kingdoms of Central Asia finally began to materialise in the archaeology of Afghanistan, over two hundred objects from the Roman Empire were uncovered during the DAFA’s excavations at the urban site of Begram (1936–1942; 1946). The vast majority of this corpus was found within a hoard of over 400 ornate and unusual objects from far-flung places of production, concealed in two former reception rooms (Rooms 10 and 13) of an erstwhile elite residence at Begram’s “new royal city,” i.e. the southern tepe (Hackin and Hackin 1939 [RAB]; Hackin et al. 1954 [NRAB]). The components of this hoard were perhaps drawn from the possessions of an elite residence and an associated atelier in a moment of danger (MacDowall and Taddei 1978, 257) but never recovered after its abandonment. The remaining objects were recovered from an apparently unsealed room adjacent to the hoard rooms (Room T), which remains only poorly documented in the excavation publications.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X77N72HV\">[Morris_Mairs 2020, p. 580]</a> ‘The Begram hoard included footstools, disassembled furniture legs, and large panels from chairs adorned with low-relief decorative ivory and bone carvings, produced somewhere in the Indian subcontinent (the precise location remains unclear). There were also a dozen lacquered boxes and cups manufactured in state and private workshops of Han China, and locally made bronze vessels, in addition to worked ostrich eggs and glazed pottery of unclear provenance.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X77N72HV\">[Morris_Mairs 2020, p. 580]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 3,
"polity": {
"id": 409,
"name": "bd_bengal_sultanate",
"long_name": "Bengal Sultanate",
"start_year": 1338,
"end_year": 1538
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 409,
"name": "bd_bengal_sultanate",
"long_name": "Bengal Sultanate",
"start_year": 1338,
"end_year": 1538
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“Altogether nine sites have been plotted in this compartment from the surface survey yielding highest number of artefacts of all categories comprising the finest quality of porcelain sherds (47.26%), celadon ware (6.08%), sherds of buff-coloured ceramics (1.42%), coarse pottery (19.68%), decorated bricks (5.88%), glazed tiles (5.88%), glazed roof tiles (2.23%), cowrie-shells (0.81%), glass bangles and miniature glass bowls” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JH5KFTFS\">[Sinha 2013, p. 39]</a> “The excavation of Nilkuthidanga conducted by the team of archaeologists of Archaeological Survey of India, Kolkata circle from 2005-06 revealed existence of a wide habitational area which was occupied from almost second century AD to fifteenth century AD with a short gap after around eleventh-twelfth century AD. The upper layer of the site yielded timeless terracotta figurines, silver coins of Bengal Sultanate. Beads of terracotta, semi-precious stones, terracotta toys, iron objects were found here” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XEIHSTEZ\">[Majumdar 2019, p. 633]</a> \"The surface findings of the former zone consist mostly of sherds of coarse pottery, pieces of porcelain and glassware, glass bangles and cowries of medium quality. This indicates that the area was occupied by common people.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JH5KFTFS\">[Sinha 2013, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 4,
"polity": {
"id": 780,
"name": "bd_chandra_dyn",
"long_name": "Chandra Dynasty",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1050
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“Tarafdar himself admits that epigraphic records prepared during Deva, Chandra and Varman rule give no indication of trade, which renders impossible the determination of the extent of commercialisation of the contemporary society.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SPVKQ8S\">[Thakur 1987, p. 202]</a> “Not a single new commercial centre sprang up in Bengal between the 8th and 13th centuries A.D. and it appears that this region had hardly a place in external trade for at least 500 years.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SPVKQ8S\">[Thakur 1987, p. 206]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 5,
"polity": {
"id": 619,
"name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_red_1",
"long_name": "West Burkina Faso Red I",
"start_year": 701,
"end_year": 1100
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "Not mentioned in recent and seemingly comprehensive literature (e.g. Dueppen 2012 <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PCGIB556\">[Dueppen 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 6,
"polity": {
"id": 617,
"name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_red_2",
"long_name": "West Burkina Faso Red II and III",
"start_year": 1100,
"end_year": 1400
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "Not mentioned in recent and seemingly comprehensive literature (e.g. Dueppen 2012 <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PCGIB556\">[Dueppen 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 7,
"polity": {
"id": 618,
"name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_red_4",
"long_name": "West Burkina Faso Red IV",
"start_year": 1401,
"end_year": 1500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "Not mentioned in recent and seemingly comprehensive literature (e.g. Dueppen 2012 <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PCGIB556\">[Dueppen 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 8,
"polity": {
"id": 613,
"name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_yellow_5",
"long_name": "West Burkina Faso Yellow I",
"start_year": 100,
"end_year": 500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "Not mentioned in recent and seemingly comprehensive literature (e.g. Dueppen 2012 <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PCGIB556\">[Dueppen 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 9,
"polity": {
"id": 622,
"name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_yellow_6",
"long_name": "West Burkina Faso Yellow II",
"start_year": 501,
"end_year": 700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "Not mentioned in recent and seemingly comprehensive literature (e.g. Dueppen 2012 <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PCGIB556\">[Dueppen 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 10,
"polity": {
"id": 690,
"name": "bu_burundi_k",
"long_name": "Burundi",
"start_year": 1680,
"end_year": 1903
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Nyasa",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "The following suggests that Kisi pottery was more highly valued than pottery made elsewhere, and therefore, relatively speaking, a luxury good. However, the quote almost seems to imply that it was not exclusive to elites, but broadly accessible. “Skilled crafts were the basis of economic specialisation and ex- change. Most women made pottery, but volcanic areas lacked suitable clay and so depended on specialists like the Kisi women of the Nyasa lakeshore who bartered their pots from house to house in Nyakyusa villages or the people of Ngaseni who traded their huge beer pots along the road which ran around the upper slopes of Kilimanjaro.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 11,
"polity": {
"id": 470,
"name": "cn_hmong_1",
"long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing",
"start_year": 1701,
"end_year": 1895
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“Though scattered across Guizhou, Guizhou, and Anshun, the “Flower Miao” were mainly concentrated in the northwestern Guizhou region and northeastern Yunnan's Zhaotong City during the Ming and Qing dynasties... This disparity stemmed from the Tusi system, prevalent in Yuan, Ming, and early Qing eras. These hereditary rulers, often from other ethnicities, dominated much of Southwest China. By the time the Hmong migrated, existing Tusi systems in Yunnan and Guizhou had already formed powerful political and economic forces. Consequently, the Hmong often found themselves exploited and enslaved within these Tusi regions, relegated to roles like tenant farmers for the Tusi lords... In areas like Xinqu County and Guangshun Prefecture, the Flower Miao, Eastern Miao, Western Miao, and Guyang Miao all suffered under similar burdens, paying rent and performing labor considered comparable to \"commoners,\" pushing them deeper into poverty. By \"commoners,\" we mean the state's registered households and Han Chinese citizens. These Hmong farmers, tilling landlord-owned land like their non-Hmong counterparts, were even worse off than most Han farmers… From 1855-1872, following the lead of Zhang Xiumei and the others, the Hmong in Guizhou and Hunan provinces led a series of rebellions against the Qing dynasty… The Han Chinese landlords, merchants, soldiers, and garrison troops who entered the Hmong areas often used usury to exploit the Hmong peasants… the Hmong peasants were already impoverished. When natural disasters occurred, they were even more miserable. The Hmong epic poems vividly describe this situation.（“花苗”，在遵义、贵阳、安顺地区虽有分布，但明清之际主要集中在黔西北毕节地区和滇东北昭通市地区……由于元明和清初居于土司阶层的多为别的民族，加之云南、贵州不少地区当苗族徙入时，其他民族已经建立了土司制度，形成了较强的政治和经济势力，故苗族在土司地区一般处于被剥削、被奴役的地位。他们多充当土司土目的佃户……新贵县和广顺州一带的“花苗”“东苗”“西苗”“牯羊苗”等，“输租服役，比于良民，故其贫尤甚”。所谓“良民”，即国家的编户齐民和汉族百姓。这些地区的苗民，同他们一样耕种地主土地……比一般汉族农民更为贫困……咸丰五年至同治十一年（1855-1872）……苗族地区，爆发了由张秀眉等人领导的苗族人民起义……在贵州和在湘西一样，进入苗区的汉族地主、奸商、官兵和驻军，掠夺苗族农民的一个主要手段就是放高利贷……苗族农民已穷困不堪，如处水火之中，遇上天灾年荒，就更是饥寒交加，苦楚难言。苗族地区流传的史诗对这种情景有不少生动的记述。）” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQ69GKQ8\">[Wu 2017, p. 116]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQ69GKQ8\">[Wu 2017, p. 148]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQ69GKQ8\">[Wu 2017, p. 150]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQ69GKQ8\">[Wu 2017, p. 261]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQ69GKQ8\">[Wu 2017, p. 263]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 12,
"polity": {
"id": 471,
"name": "cn_hmong_2",
"long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese",
"start_year": 1895,
"end_year": 1941
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“Local Hmong people, Yang Hanxian, who graduated from the Sociology Department of West China University, wrote: \"The Hmong society of Weining in modern times was full of serious ethnic and class contradictions. The Yi ethnic minority landlords, who accounted for a very small number of the population, ruled and oppressed the vast majority of Hmong people... According to Hmong elders in the early 20th century, under the rule of the Yi 'nuo' (landlord),... (the above four classes are all Yi ethnic minorities) and those at the bottom of the society, or called the people under the ground, are the 'Miao (Hmong)'.\" ... In modern times, the feudal landlord system with the nature of slavery still existed in the Wumeng Mountains, and the Hmong tenant farmers were strongly dependent on the Yi ethnic minority landlords. In the Qing Dynasty, historian Zhao Yi served as an official in Shuixi. Based on his own observations, he wrote: \"The relationship between the local officials and the local people is the most severe between master and servant... \"The Hmong people wear clothes that they weave themselves from hemp, coarse hemp and worn cloth. They wear a grass belt around their waists, tie their legs with bandages, and wear straw shoes. The old records say that they \"lack clothes, sleep without beds or bedding, cook without pots and cauldrons, and have no food for the next day at home.\"（当地苗族，华西大学社会学系毕业的杨汉先写道：“近代的威宁苗族社会，充满着严重的民族和阶级的矛盾。占人口极少数的彝族土目地主，统治和压迫着广大的苗族劳苦大众……据二十世纪初期苗族老人说，在彝族’诺’（大地主）的统治下……（上述四等人皆为彝族）而处在最底层的或叫地底下的人，即’苗子’。”近代乌蒙山区还残存着带有奴隶制度性质的封建领主制，苗族佃农的人身强烈地依附于彝族土目地主。清代史学家赵翼在水西为官，以其亲见亲历写道：“凡土官之于土民，其主仆之分最严……”苗族穿的衣服是自己绩麻，粗葛败布自己纺织。腰系草带，腿裹绑带，足登草鞋。旧志说他们“身缺衣覆，寝无床被，炊缺锅釜，家无隔夜之粮。”）” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VF523UN9\">[Zhang 2009, pp. 25-26]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VF523UN9\">[Zhang 2009, p. 30]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 13,
"polity": {
"id": 269,
"name": "cn_ming_dyn",
"long_name": "Great Ming",
"start_year": 1368,
"end_year": 1644
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“Jingdezhen held an essential position in the national porcelain industry. It had the responsibility not only to meet domestic and foreign market demands but also to produce all official kiln ware for imperial and diplomatic use by the Ming government… After the Jiajing era, \"imperially commissioned\" porcelain wares, required by the court, were produced by private kilns. The upper class, including landowners and officials, also sought high-quality decorative porcelain, often engaging in extravagant and competitive acquisitions to showcase their luxurious lifestyles and wealth. These products, representing the most successful point of craftsmanship, emerged as a testament to the ingenuity of artisans in private kilns. During the Jiajing period, Wang Zongmu, with a lament for the changing times, recorded this phenomenon: \"With the prospect of making profits and no fear of high prices in the market, artisans crafting porcelain became sought after. Prices rose to the point that even a simple wash basin would cost a tael of gold. Countless other porcelain objects, featuring themes like flowers, people, birds, animals, landscapes, as well as vases, basins, and bowls, were priced at a few taels of gold. Even broken items or a gold-inlaid washing basin would be sold for over ten taels of gold, equivalent to the property of a middle-class family.\" (景德镇在全国处于瓷业中心的地位，它不仅要满足国内外市场的需要，而且还担负了宫廷御器和明政府对内、对外赐赏和交换的全部官窑器的制作……嘉靖以后，凡属宫廷需要的“钦限”瓷器都由民窑生产。地主、官僚上层也需要一部分高质量的陈设瓷，争奇斗丽，以满足他们奢侈生活和夸耀其富贵豪华的需要。这一部分产品，也是民窑工匠的智慧结晶。嘉靖时期的王宗沐，带着世风不古的悲叹，记录了这种现象：“利厚计工，市者不惮价，而作者为奇钓之；则至有数盂而直一金者；他如花草、人物、禽兽、山川屏、瓶、盆、盎之类不可胜记，而费亦辄数金；如碎者与金色瓮盘，又或十余金，当中家之产。”)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHHXH2QB\">[The_Chinese_Ceramic_Society 1982, p. 358]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHHXH2QB\">[The_Chinese_Ceramic_Society 1982, p. 360]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 14,
"polity": {
"id": 1,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_1",
"long_name": "Early Qing",
"start_year": 1644,
"end_year": 1796
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 1,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_1",
"long_name": "Early Qing",
"start_year": 1644,
"end_year": 1796
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“The porcelain produced by the imperial kilns was reserved solely for palace use. Even the highest-ranking members of the royal family and nobility couldn't acquire these official kiln porcelain directly from the imperial kilns, except as gifts from the emperor. During the Qing Dynasty, the various high-quality porcelain items used by the Manchu and Han nobility generally came from civilian kilns known for their \"official antique-style pieces\"... Famille rose porcelain held great esteem during the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong reigns of the Qing Dynasty... Its origins trace back to the Kangxi era, mainly consisting of small objects like plates, teapots, boxes, bowls, bottles, and cups. These finely crafted famille rose porcelain pieces were an exclusive preserve of the Qing Dynasty's royal court. Their production was relatively limited. (御厂所制的官窑器，只供宫廷使用。除了由帝王赏赐以外，即使最高贵的王亲国戚，也不可能自御厂中直接得到官窑器。清代满汉贵族所用的各种优质瓷器，一般都来自民窑中的“官古器”……珐琅彩瓷器是清代康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝极为名贵的宫廷御器……创始于康熙年间，大多是盘、壶、盒、碗、瓶、杯等小件器，专作宫廷皇帝、妃嫔玩赏和宗教、祭祀的供器之用……这些精致的珐琅彩瓷器完全是清代宫廷的垄断品，它的生产量并不大。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHHXH2QB\">[The_Chinese_Ceramic_Society 1982, p. 417]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHHXH2QB\">[The_Chinese_Ceramic_Society 1982, pp. 425-427]</a> “The porcelain produced by the imperial kilns was reserved solely for palace use. Even the highest-ranking members of the royal family and nobility couldn't acquire these official kiln porcelain directly from the imperial kilns, except as gifts from the emperor. During the Qing Dynasty, the various high-quality porcelain items used by the Manchu and Han nobility generally came from civilian kilns known for their \"official antique-style pieces\"... Famille rose porcelain held great esteem during the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong reigns of the Qing Dynasty... Its origins trace back to the Kangxi era, mainly consisting of small objects like plates, teapots, boxes, bowls, bottles, and cups. These finely crafted famille rose porcelain pieces were an exclusive preserve of the Qing Dynasty's royal court. Their production was relatively limited.(御厂所制的官窑器，只供宫廷使用。除了由帝王赏赐以外，即使最高贵的王亲国戚，也不可能自御厂中直接得到官窑器。清代满汉贵族所用的各种优质瓷器，一般都来自民窑中的“官古器”……珐琅彩瓷器是清代康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝极为名贵的宫廷御器……创始于康熙年间，大多是盘、壶、盒、碗、瓶、杯等小件器，专作宫廷皇帝、妃嫔玩赏和宗教、祭祀的供器之用……这些精致的珐琅彩瓷器完全是清代宫廷的垄断品，它的生产量并不大。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHHXH2QB\">[The_Chinese_Ceramic_Society 1982, p. 417]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHHXH2QB\">[The_Chinese_Ceramic_Society 1982, pp. 425-427]</a> “The porcelain produced by the imperial kilns was reserved solely for palace use. Even the highest-ranking members of the royal family and nobility couldn't acquire these official kiln porcelain directly from the imperial kilns, except as gifts from the emperor. During the Qing Dynasty, the various high-quality porcelain items used by the Manchu and Han nobility generally came from civilian kilns known for their \"official antique-style pieces\"... Famille rose porcelain held great esteem during the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong reigns of the Qing Dynasty... Its origins trace back to the Kangxi era, mainly consisting of small objects like plates, teapots, boxes, bowls, bottles, and cups. These finely crafted famille rose porcelain pieces were an exclusive preserve of the Qing Dynasty's royal court for entertainment or religious use. Their production was relatively limited.(御厂所制的官窑器，只供宫廷使用。除了由帝王赏赐以外，即使最高贵的王亲国戚，也不可能自御厂中直接得到官窑器。清代满汉贵族所用的各种优质瓷器，一般都来自民窑中的“官古器”……珐琅彩瓷器是清代康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝极为名贵的宫廷御器……创始于康熙年间，大多是盘、壶、盒、碗、瓶、杯等小件器，专作宫廷皇帝、妃嫔玩赏和宗教、祭祀的供器之用……这些精致的珐琅彩瓷器完全是清代宫廷的垄断品，它的生产量并不大。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHHXH2QB\">[The_Chinese_Ceramic_Society 1982, p. 417]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHHXH2QB\">[The_Chinese_Ceramic_Society 1982, pp. 425-427]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 15,
"polity": {
"id": 2,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_2",
"long_name": "Late Qing",
"start_year": 1796,
"end_year": 1912
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 2,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_2",
"long_name": "Late Qing",
"start_year": 1796,
"end_year": 1912
},
{
"id": 152,
"name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate",
"long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate",
"start_year": 1603,
"end_year": 1868
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“The porcelain produced by the imperial kilns was reserved solely for palace use. Even the highest-ranking members of the royal family and nobility couldn't acquire these official kiln porcelain directly from the imperial kilns, except as gifts from the emperor. During the Qing Dynasty, the various high-quality porcelain items used by the Manchu and Han nobility generally came from civilian kilns known for their \"official antique-style pieces\"... (御厂所制的官窑器，只供宫廷使用。除了由帝王赏赐以外，即使最高贵的王亲国戚，也不可能自御厂中直接得到官窑器。清代满汉贵族所用的各种优质瓷器，一般都来自民窑中的“官古器”……)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHHXH2QB\">[The_Chinese_Ceramic_Society 1982, p. 417]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHHXH2QB\">[The_Chinese_Ceramic_Society 1982, pp. 425-427]</a> “(Item 100: ) Japanese shippo-yaki (cloisonné) vase: 20 cm in height. It was introduced into the imperial court during the late Qing Dynasty. (日本七宝烧瓶：高20cm. 晚清进入宫廷。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7JIG96VT\">[Wan_Wang_Lu 2014, p. 71]</a> “The porcelain produced by the imperial kilns was reserved solely for palace use. Even the highest-ranking members of the royal family and nobility couldn't acquire these official kiln porcelain directly from the imperial kilns, except as gifts from the emperor. During the Qing Dynasty, the various high-quality porcelain items used by the Manchu and Han nobility generally came from civilian kilns known for their \"official antique-style pieces\". (御厂所制的官窑器，只供宫廷使用。除了由帝王赏赐以外，即使最高贵的王亲国戚，也不可能自御厂中直接得到官窑器。清代满汉贵族所用的各种优质瓷器，一般都来自民窑中的“官古器”……)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHHXH2QB\">[The_Chinese_Ceramic_Society 1982, p. 417]</a> “The porcelain produced by the imperial kilns was reserved solely for palace use. Even the highest-ranking members of the royal family and nobility couldn't acquire these official kiln porcelain directly from the imperial kilns, except as gifts from the emperor. During the Qing Dynasty, the various high-quality porcelain items used by the Manchu and Han nobility generally came from civilian kilns known for their \"official antique-style pieces\"... (御厂所制的官窑器，只供宫廷使用。除了由帝王赏赐以外，即使最高贵的王亲国戚，也不可能自御厂中直接得到官窑器。清代满汉贵族所用的各种优质瓷器，一般都来自民窑中的“官古器”……)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XHHXH2QB\">[The_Chinese_Ceramic_Society 1982, p. 417]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 16,
"polity": {
"id": 268,
"name": "cn_yuan_dyn",
"long_name": "Great Yuan",
"start_year": 1271,
"end_year": 1368
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 268,
"name": "cn_yuan_dyn",
"long_name": "Great Yuan",
"start_year": 1271,
"end_year": 1368
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“The same quality underlies the Mongols’ attitude toward porcelain. One of the earliest indications of interest comes in 1263 when Qubilai demanded from the ruler of Annam “white porcelain wine cups” as tribute, the only manufactured goods among a lengthy list of natural products. And later when the Mongols gained unlimited access to China’s extensive domestic production, it is telling that although they did not make extensive use of porcelain, the preferred variety was luanbai, or “egg white” ware. The same can be said of jade; it, too, had limited appeal for the Mongolian elite, but the jade in their possession was predominantly white in color.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SF9RD75V\">[Allsen 2019, pp. 82-83]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 17,
"polity": {
"id": 435,
"name": "co_neguanje",
"long_name": "Neguanje",
"start_year": 250,
"end_year": 1050
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 435,
"name": "co_neguanje",
"long_name": "Neguanje",
"start_year": 250,
"end_year": 1050
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "NB: The following quote relates to Pueblito and the second to Ciudad Perdida “There is however, some indication of social differences represented in the relatively higher percentages of decorated finewares (red on creme, incised brown, fluted brown) found in this particular area associated with the elaborate cups and serving vessels of the Neguanje period. It may be that the inhabitants of the residential areas close to the central sector where we found these wares were hosting feasts and/or ceremonies within the domestic sphere. This adds some strength to the argument, based on the evidence recovered by Alden Mason from the Neguanje mound, that at at least some levels of social hierarchy were already present during this time period.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/26S6WDDP\">[Giraldo 2010, pp. 288-295]</a> “This is when material culture appears to have become standardized, coinciding with the rise of specialist centers for pottery production, salt extraction, manufacture of ceremonial lithic artifacts, and metallurgical centers. These specialized centers supplied new colonies on the coast of the Sierra and between the lowland of the Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta and the west of the Sierra Nevada (Reichel-Dolmatoff 1953; Oyuela-Caycedo 2001). After AD 900 settlement patterns in the lower Gaira, Tairona Park, and upper Buritaca are similar, with groups concentrated into nucleated settlements. Hundreds of settlements have been discovered that date later than the ninth century; all of them share the same religious icons in metal, ceramic and stone artifacts.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3SHVC64G\">[Oyuela-Caycedo_Silverman_Isbell 2008, p. 419]</a> “La distribución de formas cerámicas para el periodo sub-Tairona sugiere que la diferenciación social no era tan evidente como lo es en las fases Tairona.” RA Translation: “The distribution of ceramic forms for the sub-Tairona period suggests that social differentiation was not as evident as it is in the Tairona phases.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6MCIVC2J\">[Dever 2010, p. 139]</a> “There is however, some indication of social differences represented in the relatively higher percentages of decorated finewares (red on creme, incised brown, fluted brown) found in this particular area associated with the elaborate cups and serving vessels of the Neguanje period. It may be that the inhabitants of the residential areas close to the central sector where we found these wares were hosting feasts and/or ceremonies within the domestic sphere. This adds some strength to the argument, based on the evidence recovered by Alden Mason from the Neguanje mound, that at at least some levels of social hierarchy were already present during this time period.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/26S6WDDP\">[Giraldo 2010, pp. 288-295]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 18,
"polity": {
"id": 197,
"name": "ec_shuar_2",
"long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian",
"start_year": 1831,
"end_year": 1931
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 197,
"name": "ec_shuar_2",
"long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian",
"start_year": 1831,
"end_year": 1931
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“The children, especially young boys, have almost complete liberty to do as they please” (although children who break clay pots or stole meat, the availability of which was unpredictable,could be punished through the use of stinging nettles or the smoke of hot peppers; Stirling 1938:111; see alsoHarner1984:89–90).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8AR7ATVU\">[Rubenstein 2012, p. 47]</a> “Clay is feminine, therefore women must fashion the simple pottery which they use.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MF532MK2\">[Dyott 1926, p. 185]</a> It was furnished with bamboo beds, a stone fireplace, and earthenware pots, with a sprinkling of iron utensils imported by traders.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H2GCD3XI\">[Up_de_Graff 1923, p. 59]</a> “Piled neatly round the fireplaces are the earthenware pots of various sizes and shapes, all with cone-shaped bottoms, the largest the giamanchi containers, which are about four feet in height, with narrow necks and a maximum diame- ter of three feet. These gigantic vessels are fashioned without the aid of anything resembling a potter’s wheel; ropes of clay are rolled in the hands, and the sides of the pot are gradually built up from the ground, the joints being filled in and rubbed smooth until the whole is as perfect in shape, as far as the eye can see, as a modern piece. After being sun-dried they are baked hard in the fire. They are never painted with any design, a practice common among primitive potters.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H2GCD3XI\">[Up_de_Graff 1923, p. 206]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 19,
"polity": {
"id": 367,
"name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate",
"start_year": 1171,
"end_year": 1250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 367,
"name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate",
"start_year": 1171,
"end_year": 1250
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“We can see the impact of this [the presence of Christians in Muslim courts] on art more traditionally associated with Islamic patrons, particularly brass and ceramic vessels commissioned from within the Ayyubid court in the 1230s and 1240s. The usual repertoire of images on these vessels concerned secular themes…but some have more unusual iconographies that show an awareness of Christian art”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SSSSMMNG\">[Eastmond 2017, p. 221]</a> “As for ceramics, i.e. glazed pottery, Raqqa was one of these production centres during the Atabeg and Ayyubid periods, producing fine glazed pottery. Excavations in the region have uncovered many kilns used to fire such wares, and further elucidate the advanced techniques used there in the 6th/12th and first half of the 7th/13th centuries. Since Raqqa is the first and most famous place where several typical types of medieval glazed pottery was unearthed, it became known as “Raqqa ware”, although it might come from other production centres, such as Rusafa or Aleppo. This flourishing of the ceramics industry came as a result of the introduction of a new material called stone-paste, also known as fritware - a fine, white paste with a high quartz content imitating the colour and fine texture of porcelain…The Mongol invasion of 658/1260 not only marked a historical break but also, since nearly all the kilns in the region were destroyed, artistic production experienced an interruption…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/53A8W2KU\">[Abdal-Razzaq_et_al 2015]</a> “…the bulk of goods came over shorter distances, including ceramics, metalwork and textiles. Excavations from the major Mqargrdzeli city of Dvin have found evidence for the extensive import of glazed ceramics from Iran and glass from Aleppo and Damascus, and from Rustavi in Georgia. The city also had its own local manufacturing expertise. It was famed for its red cloth, and had a large quarter for its own ceramic production”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SSSSMMNG\">[Eastmond 2017, p. 160]</a> “Under the Ayyubids, Syria became the leader in the manufacture of both luxury objects and the less expensive and sophisticated works made for the middle class and the bazaars. Metalwork, glass, and ceramics - the three principal media - were all produced there…Several Syrian ceramic centers, Raqqa in particular, enjoyed a renaissance under the Ayyubids. They became extremely productive and served the market across a broad geographic area, over-shadowing Egyptian output”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DXCZCCUC\">[Ekhtiar 2011, pp. 137-138]</a> “As for ceramics, i.e. glazed pottery, Raqqa was one of these production centres during the Atabeg and Ayyubid periods, producing fine glazed pottery. Excavations in the region have uncovered many kilns used to fire such wares, and further elucidate the advanced techniques used there in the 6th/12th and first half of the 7th/13th centuries. Since Raqqa is the first and most famous place where several typical types of medieval glazed pottery was unearthed, it became known as “Raqqa ware”, although it might come from other production centres, such as Rusafa or Aleppo. This flourishing of the ceramics industry came as a result of the introduction of a new material called stone-paste, also known as fritware - a fine, white paste with a high quartz content imitating the colour and fine texture of porcelain…Stone-paste pottery, produced in a number of centres in the Euphrates area…The Mongol invasion of 658/1260 not only marked a historical break but also, since nearly all the kilns in the region were destroyed, artistic production experienced an interruption. As far as we know, the centre for production then shifted to Damascus, becoming the major source of glazed wares during the subsequent Mamluk period”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/53A8W2KU\">[Abdal-Razzaq_et_al 2015]</a> “…Some glazed wares [with reference to those found during a survey of the Karak plateau, southwest Jordan] would have been manufactured in places like Karak, Balqa’, and the southern Ghawr, but there are also examples of imports from southern Syria and Palestine…the deposits clearly associated with the Ayyubid period [from the castle of Wu‘ayra, Jordan] consisted largely of low quality locally-produced ceramics. By contrast, the presence of high quality imported pottery at sites such as Karak and the hajj station at Lajjun indicates that the Ayyubid elite did enjoy access to luxury objects produced in Syria and further afield”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7GIRTP9U\">[Milwright 2006, p. 18]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7GIRTP9U\">[Milwright 2006, p. 26]</a> “…the presence of high quality imported pottery at sites such as Karak and the hajj station at Lajjun [Jordan] indicates that the Ayyubid elite did enjoy access to luxury objects produced in Syria and further afield”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7GIRTP9U\">[Milwright 2006, p. 26]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 20,
"polity": {
"id": 521,
"name": "eg_kushite",
"long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period",
"start_year": -747,
"end_year": -656
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 521,
"name": "eg_kushite",
"long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period",
"start_year": -747,
"end_year": -656
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“Decorated pottery is the finest achievement of Meroitic art. Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, Napatan, and early Meroitic wheel-turned and hand-made pottery wares attest to the continuity of a specialised workshop production concentrated in the urban centres and probably associated with temple- and royal economy on the one hand and with the survival of traditional decorative styles in provincial production, on the other. The time dimension of traditions in ceramic production is indicated…by the occurrence of polychrome painting on 5th-4th century BC vessels produced at Meroe City reviving a style of New Kingdom origin…By the 2nd century BC, large royal pottery workshops were functioning in Meroe City. Under the influence of imported Upper Egyptian utility wares decorated in a mixed style uniting traditional Egyptian motifs with patterns borrowed from the repertory of imported (Cretan) and Hellenistic Egyptian (Alexandrian) wares, potters in the early Meroitic workshops developed a simple painting style employing geometric and floral friezes and a characteristic frieze motif composed of a snake and stars. Handmade standard wares found from Khartoum to Lower Nubia, but originating from central workshops with considerable outputs, frequently have burnished red or black-slipped surfaces with incised and punched drawings of ostriches, human figures, trees or geometric friezes. The discovery of the source of an extraordinarily fine kaolin in a quarry at Gebel At Shaar to the east of the Begarawiya North, South and West cemeteries rendered possible a large-scale production of thin-walled luxury wares. By the late 1st century BC, thin-walled tableware and jars and bowls destined for liturgical use (water libation) decorated with painted friezes and figural motifs and/or stamped designs covering the exterior and frequently also the interior of the vessel wall were traded over the whole kingdom. The quality and distribution of these luxury wares indicates that they played a significant role in royal redistribution and prestige economy. The vessel forms and decorations indicate that the specialised potters and painters - the latter constituting a separate group of artesans working in the workshops - came from different milieus and formed an eclectic workshop tradition combining the motifs of traditional Napatan iconography with motifs of Egyptian late Hellenistic pottery and faience wares…Though the impact of Egyptian patterns remains decisive in Meroitic pottery production of the AD 1st-3rd centuries, the occurrence of southern motifs such as…the giraffe…provides a warning that the decoration on these vessels cannot be interpreted in terms of the commercial wares which they frequently imitated. On the contrary, their iconography attests to a function-oriented decoration, suggesting that motifs such as the giraffe (and other representations testifying to a naturalistic registration of the environment) or triumphal themes belonged to the realm of royal display while images of gods, fertility symbols and amuletic signs were connected to liturgical use. Pottery demonstrates, from this particular point of view, the inner-directed character of Meroitic culture. It also demonstrates the homogeneity of this culture as it was articulated in the intellectual centres in the temples and royal residences”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J9FB64ZQ\">[Torok 2015, p. 481]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J9FB64ZQ\">[Torok 2015, pp. 529-531]</a> “Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, Napatan, and early Meroitic wheel-turned and hand-made pottery wares attest to the continuity of a specialised workshop production concentrated in the urban centres…The time dimension of traditions in ceramic production is indicated…by the occurrence of polychrome painting on 5th-4th century BC vessels produced at Meroe City…By the 2nd century BC, large royal pottery workshops were functioning in Meroe City. Under the influence of imported Upper Egyptian utility wares decorated in a mixed style…potters in the early Meroitic workshops developed a simple painting style…Handmade standard wares found from Khartoum to Lower Nubia, but originating from central workshops with considerable outputs, frequently have burnished red or black-slipped surfaces...The discovery of the source of an extraordinarily fine kaolin in a quarry at Gebel At Shaar to the east of the Begarawiya North, South and West cemeteries rendered possible a large-scale production of thin-walled luxury wares”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J9FB64ZQ\">[Torok 2015, pp. 529-530]</a> “Kushites imported pottery, fine ceramics…from Egypt and western Asia…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X7H5K9B2\">[Lockard 2014, p. 186]</a> “Most of Karabasken’s [fourth priest of Amun buried at south Assasif] burial equipment, including pottery…were imported from Kush. The shabtis and the ivory box feature royal iconography and craftmanship and support the suggestion of Karabasken’s link to the royal family. […] Outside of Abydos qaabs [ceramic vessels] are mostly known from Kush, in particular from the royal necropolis of Nuri”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GFT9BGVQ\">[Pischikova 2021, p. 79]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GFT9BGVQ\">[Pischikova 2021, p. 147]</a> “Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, Napatan, and early Meroitic wheel-turned and hand-made pottery wares attest to the continuity of a specialised workshop production concentrated in the urban centres and probably associated with temple- and royal economy on the one hand and with the survival of traditional decorative styles in provincial production, on the other…By the 2nd century BC, large royal pottery workshops were functioning in Meroe City…By the late 1st century BC, thin-walled tableware and jars and bowls destined for liturgical use (water libation) decorated with painted friezes and figural motifs and/or stamped designs covering the exterior and frequently also the interior of the vessel wall were traded over the whole kingdom. The quality and distribution of these luxury wares indicates that they played a significant role in royal redistribution and prestige economy…Though the impact of Egyptian patterns remains decisive in Meroitic pottery production of the AD 1st-3rd centuries, the occurrence of southern motifs such as…the giraffe…provides a warning that the decoration on these vessels cannot be interpreted in terms of the commercial wares which they frequently imitated. On the contrary, their iconography attests to a function-oriented decoration, suggesting that motifs such as the giraffe (and other representations testifying to a naturalistic registration of the environment) or triumphal themes belonged to the realm of royal display while images of gods, fertility symbols and amuletic signs were connected to liturgical use. Pottery demonstrates, from this particular point of view, the inner-directed character of Meroitic culture. It also demonstrates the homogeneity of this culture as it was articulated in the intellectual centres in the temples and royal residences”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J9FB64ZQ\">[Torok 2015, pp. 529-531]</a> “Material unearthed at Thebes in the South Asasif necropolis, especially in the tomb of Karakhamun (TT 223), is of particular interest, coming from an elite context of a Kushite official buried in Egypt…Within an assemblage of mixed ceramics…a small quantity of Twenty-fifth Dynasty vessels was identified that probably belonged to the original burial equipment of Karakhamun”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/78TB5CJN\">[Budka 2014, p. 504]</a> “Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, Napatan, and early Meroitic wheel-turned and hand-made pottery wares attest to the continuity of a specialised workshop production concentrated in the urban centres and probably associated with temple- and royal economy on the one hand and with the survival of traditional decorative styles in provincial production, on the other…By the late 1st century BC, thin-walled tableware and jars and bowls destined for liturgical use (water libation) decorated with painted friezes and figural motifs and/or stamped designs covering the exterior and frequently also the interior of the vessel wall were traded over the whole kingdom. The quality and distribution of these luxury wares indicates that they played a significant role in royal redistribution and prestige economy…Though the impact of Egyptian patterns remains decisive in Meroitic pottery production of the AD 1st-3rd centuries, the occurrence of southern motifs such as…the giraffe…provides a warning that the decoration on these vessels cannot be interpreted in terms of the commercial wares which they frequently imitated. On the contrary, their iconography attests to a function-oriented decoration, suggesting that motifs such as the giraffe (and other representations testifying to a naturalistic registration of the environment) or triumphal themes belonged to the realm of royal display while images of gods, fertility symbols and amuletic signs were connected to liturgical use. Pottery demonstrates, from this particular point of view, the inner-directed character of Meroitic culture. It also demonstrates the homogeneity of this culture as it was articulated in the intellectual centres in the temples and royal residences”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J9FB64ZQ\">[Torok 2015, pp. 529-531]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 21,
"polity": {
"id": 239,
"name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3",
"long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III",
"start_year": 1412,
"end_year": 1517
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 269,
"name": "cn_ming_dyn",
"long_name": "Great Ming",
"start_year": 1368,
"end_year": 1644
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“At the table of a Mamluk sultan of the fifteenth century, porcelain was present as a matter of course.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AXH6NK7D\">[Behrens-Abouseif 2016, p. 4]</a> “On the wedding of Sultan al-Ghawri’s son, sugar was offered to the guests in 20 large bowls of Chinese porcelain” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AXH6NK7D\">[Behrens-Abouseif 2016, p. 4]</a> “The large quantity of Yüan and Ming porcelain found in Syria and the millions of shards excavated in Fustat in Cairo attest to a long tradition of Egyptian consumption of Chinese porcelain” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AXH6NK7D\">[Behrens-Abouseif 2016, p. 5]</a> “On the wedding of Sultan al-Ghawri’s son, sugar was offered to the guests in 20 large bowls of Chinese porcelain, and at one of his banquets, food was served in 400 porcelain dishes” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AXH6NK7D\">[Behrens-Abouseif 2016, p. 4]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 22,
"polity": {
"id": 203,
"name": "eg_saite",
"long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period",
"start_year": -664,
"end_year": -525
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 203,
"name": "eg_saite",
"long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period",
"start_year": -664,
"end_year": -525
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "Faience. “In technology the Saite Period is notable for the quality of its faience pieces…Naukratis had a thriving faience industry, as attested by the scarab factory next to the temple of Aphrodite, as did Memphis, where conventional blue and green specimens, as well as some innovative examples of blended colours, are recognised. Faience, like bronze, became a particular[ly?] important medium of artistic production in Egypt during the Third Intermediate and Saite Periods and the standard of artefacts produced was high. […] “…exports [from Egypt] included…perfume flasks (Figure 8.1). […] 8.1. Aryballos (oil flask) in the form of a hedgehog. Hedgehogs are among the most common forms of faience oil flasks. Production of these vases has traditionally been identified as Naukratis”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8TBVWFGD\">[Forshaw 2019, p. 166]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8TBVWFGD\">[Forshaw 2019, pp. 184-185]</a> Faience. “[Referring to high-quality faience wares of the Saite Period] Naukratis had a thriving faience industry, as attested by the scarab factory next to the temple of Aphrodite, as did Memphis, where conventional blue and green specimens, as well as some innovative examples of blended colours, are recognised. […] Production of these [faience oil or perfume] vases [or flasks] has traditionally been identified as Naukratis”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8TBVWFGD\">[Forshaw 2019, p. 166]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8TBVWFGD\">[Forshaw 2019, p. 185]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 23,
"polity": {
"id": 647,
"name": "er_medri_bahri",
"long_name": "Medri Bahri",
"start_year": 1310,
"end_year": 1889
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "‘‘‘ Based on the literature consulted, Eritrean history appears to be especially obscure. No information could be found on the topic of trade or consumption habits in Eritrea in any era before the late 19th century.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 24,
"polity": {
"id": 84,
"name": "es_spanish_emp_1",
"long_name": "Spanish Empire I",
"start_year": 1516,
"end_year": 1715
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 84,
"name": "es_spanish_emp_1",
"long_name": "Spanish Empire I",
"start_year": 1516,
"end_year": 1715
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "Various ceramic wares including mayólica [enameled earthenware, a type of ceramic brought to Spain by Islamic artisans in the C13], stoneware, tableware, hollowware, lusterware, tin-glazed ware and porcelain; tiles. “[Referring to mayólica dating to Spain’s ‘Golden Age’] Coinciding with the epoch of major growth in commercial traffic with the Americas and Europe, the port of Sevilla toward the middle of the sixteenth century saw an important change in the fabrication of mayólica. This was almost certainly due to the large group of artisans from Genoa that lived in the city and who produced vast quantities of mayólica tableware…Another specialist, Frans Andríes, from Antwerp, also arrived in Sevilla and began a partnership with a local ceramicist…There were numerous shipments of ceramics to the Americas, and along with these products went craftsmen who set up shops in Mexico and Peru…An avalanche of foreign products arrived in Sevilla during this [C16] era. Among the imported pieces were salt-glazed stoneware jars that originated in Germany; mayólica from Genoa, Montelupo, and Venice; and porcelain from China. […] Meanwhile, in the center of Castilla, important innovations are linked to a ceramicist from Antwerp named Jan Floris (Juan Flores in Spain). His work would have major repercussions on the production of tiles. It is quite likely that his circle of Talaveran disciples manufactured the first Spanish Renaissance tableware that we know as the punteada series…It is also possible that students of Floris in Toledo were producing these same products…Along with colored tableware produced in these same Spanish centers, series of blue plates and wine jars have recently been identified as originating in Toledo. A crisis of short duration in Talavera around 1575 was resolved quickly, so that at the end of the sixteenth century and during the first half of the seventeenth, this Spanish city was a model for many production centers on the Iberian Peninsula, especially Muel, Zaragoza, Villafeliche, Toledo, and Sevilla…the prestigious white pottery of Faenza was very much in accordance with the purist reaction experienced in Italian and Spanish art of that era. This was cause for the cessation in Talavera of the fabrication of Renaissance-style polychrome tableware and the fostering of objects completely white in color, or very simply decorated with blue, black, and ochre…a boom in Chinese porcelain and of its Lisbon […] copies was also taking place. The latter flowed in massive quantities to Spanish cities thanks to the solid relationship with Portugal during the period of peninsular unification (1580-1640), causing a flood of white hollowware decorated only with blue…These designs were painted with cobalt, creating an affordable alternative to the imported porcelains during the phase of economic decline occurring at that time. The Atlantic side of the peninsula received, therefore, numerous pieces manufactured in Portugal influenced by Chinese models, while the Mediterranean coast was supplied by the substantial influx of ceramics from Liguria and Toscana. […] The second half of the seventeenth century saw a severe economic downturn for Castilla and Andalucía. The international commercial connections of prior times were interrupted. Chinese porcelains, Delft tableware that emulated Chinese styles, and the delicate blue series a tapetto of Savona appeared in Seville ports. These three styles were replicated in the pottery workshops of Triana. Production in Talavera came to a stand-still, since it continued to follow the models of the first half of the century…Talavera, on the other hand, produced objects almost exclusively for the market of the interior of the peninsula. This is the period in which the American centers of manufacturing consolidated, taking advantage of the deterioration of ties with the home country and the increasing development of colonial society…The first American ceramics began to arrive on the peninsular through the ports of Sevilla and Cádiz. For the most part these consisted of búcaros and tinajas (large, multi-purpose jars) made in the state of Jalisco, Mexico; in other words, burnished, unglazed pottery that was painted and gilded”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CGWFWMXQ\">[Pleguezuelo_et_al 2003, pp. 30-33]</a> “Increasing commerce throughout the Mediterranean brought…exchanges of Spanish-made ceramics. This pottery maintained Muslim themes until the sixteenth century, since practically all production sites were then operated by Morisco potters - Arabs who had converted to Christianity. […] The period from this time [referring in the previous section to the late C14] until the first quarter of the sixteenth century is considered the golden age of Valencian lusterware, a unique product that was destined for consumption exclusively by the upper classes…Coinciding with the decline of the Nasrid dynasty, Paterna and Manises, in Valencia, became the only production centers of these luxury items and thereby the sole producers for the courts of Europe. Popes, kings, and nobles throughout Europe ordered lusterware table services and tile[s] decorated with their individual coat of arms from Valencian potters…Lusterware producers became authentic entrepreneurs, and it was necessary to hire apprentices or acquire slaves, because the family-run workshops of the era were inadequate to meet the increasing demand. In Spain, artisans belonged to a guild in order to maintain control over the quality of their products and to gain, as a group, a voice in local politics. […] From the second half of the sixteenth century, lusterware declined in popularity in Europe but continued to be manufactured for the Spanish market, not only in Manises but also in Muel (Aragón), Barcelona and Reus (Cataluña), and Sevilla (Andalucía). Even as the pieces lost their original magnificence and refinement, they retained the Hispano-Moresque character that makes them unique…By the seventeenth century, there was no longer a real demand for lusterware… […] [Referring to the manufacture of decorated tilework]…in Cataluña, during the sixteenth century, a preindustrial technique was created that allowed the ornamentation of a large number of tiles in a short period of time. A metallic or wooden stencil (plantilla) was applied to the white enamel coating just before firing. The decorative details were then inscribed into the tile with a punch…[Referring to the origin of polychrome] At the beginning of the sixteenth century, thanks to the changes brought on by the artistic innovations of the Renaissance that took place in various Italian principalities, new styles rich in polychrome finishes spread with force throughout Europe. They became immediately popular [in Spain] and gradually replaced traditionally designed pottery of Muslim origin… […] The introduction of Renaissance trends in Spain took place through different channels. One was the settlement, beginning in the sixteenth century, of Italian potters in Aragón and Cataluña, as well as in the cities of Talavera and Sevilla. The ceramic industry in the latter erupted in the sixteenth century, after the discovery of the Americas, when it acquired a commercial monopoly and became the most important port in Europe. Churches and palaces were built with dados (zócalos) and floors surfaced with tiles using the Islamic mold technique called arista or cuenca…These tiles were also exported to the New World. Another conduit for the arrival of Renaissance trends was the importation of Italian table- and kitchenwares, which arrived in massive quantities through the Mediterranean ports of Barcelona and Valencia…The third and last path was through Flemish potters, […] who founded their workshops in Talavera de la Reina and worked in the Italian style. One way to learn about Spanish domestic ceramic goods of the Renaissance era has been through the study of merchandise exported to the American colonies, systematically recorded in item inventories starting in the year 1520. Daily life in Latin America could be considered a mirror of that in Spanish metropolitan societies. Ceramic objects competed with those made out of metals such as tin, pewter, or silver and were cheaper, more decorative, and hygienic. Common ceramics were exported for use in the storage of grain, honey, and jam…Inventories also list small quantities of storage jars (tinajas), pharmacy jars (botes) and basins (lebrillos) of different sizes, urns (tarros), squat jars (orzas), pitchers (cántaros), mortars, cruets, cooking pots, and casserole dishes…Chamber pots, perfume bottles, and small handleless cups (búcaros) to cool water were also made out of varnished clay, as were baptismal fonts and holy-water stoups. Tin-glazed tableware was sold in greater quantities. Sets included different size plates, porringers, jars (jarros), sauce-boats, and saltcellars from Valencia, Talavera, Sevilla…Inventories also mention white and yellow loza, which is undoubtedly a reference to a form of lusterware from Sevilla of a lesser quality…[Referring to the Baroque or ‘Golden Age’ period in Spain]…Spanish pottery production benefited greatly from the sumptuary laws, which prohibited the nobility from manufacturing and using their gold and silver tablewares. When this law was promulgated in 1600 by the duke of Lerma, prime minister to Philip III, Spanish potters began to produce customized tin-glazed wares with emblems for aristocratic families, […] religious orders, and the royal palace; this in spite of the fact that their clientele considered the pottery inferior and suitable only for the lower classes…Spanish potters held on to their outmoded technology…maintain[ing] simple styles while focusing their attention on the application of poly-chrome adornment…[Referring to the relationship between ceramics and metalworking in the C17] During this period potters fashioned their [ceramic] works using objects of silver and tin as models”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ERKTHQNI\">[Casanovas_et_al 2003, pp. 55-56]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ERKTHQNI\">[Casanovas_et_al 2003, pp. 58-62]</a> Various ceramic wares including mayólica [enameled earthenware, a type of ceramic brought to Spain by Islamic artisans in the C13], stoneware, tableware, hollowware, lusterware, tin-glazed ware and porcelain; tiles. “[Referring to mayólica dating to Spain’s ‘Golden Age’] Coinciding with the epoch of major growth in commercial traffic with the Americas and Europe, the port of Sevilla toward the middle of the sixteenth century saw an important change in the fabrication of mayólica. This was almost certainly due to the large group of artisans from Genoa that lived in the city and who produced vast quantities of mayólica tableware…Another specialist, Frans Andríes, from Antwerp, also arrived in Sevilla and began a partnership with a local ceramicist…There were numerous shipments of ceramics to the Americas, and along with these products went craftsmen who set up shops in Mexico and Peru…An avalanche of foreign products arrived in Sevilla during this [C16] era. Among the imported pieces were salt-glazed stoneware jars that originated in Germany; mayólica from Genoa, Montelupo, and Venice; and porcelain from China. […] Meanwhile, in the center of Castilla, important innovations are linked to a ceramicist from Antwerp named Jan Floris (Juan Flores in Spain). His work would have major repercussions on the production of tiles. It is quite likely that his circle of Talaveran disciples manufactured the first Spanish Renaissance tableware that we know as the punteada series…It is also possible that students of Floris in Toledo were producing these same products…Along with colored tableware produced in these same Spanish centers, series of blue plates and wine jars have recently been identified as originating in Toledo. A crisis of short duration in Talavera around 1575 was resolved quickly, so that at the end of the sixteenth century and during the first half of the seventeenth, this Spanish city was a model for many production centers on the Iberian Peninsula, especially Muel, Zaragoza, Villafeliche, Toledo, and Sevilla…the prestigious white pottery of Faenza was very much in accordance with the purist reaction experienced in Italian and Spanish art of that era. This was cause for the cessation in Talavera of the fabrication of Renaissance-style polychrome tableware and the fostering of objects completely white in color, or very simply decorated with blue, black, and ochre…a boom in Chinese porcelain and of its Lisbon […] copies was also taking place. The latter flowed in massive quantities to Spanish cities thanks to the solid relationship with Portugal during the period of peninsular unification (1580-1640), causing a flood of white hollowware decorated only with blue…These designs were painted with cobalt, creating an affordable alternative to the imported porcelains during the phase of economic decline occurring at that time. The Atlantic side of the peninsula received, therefore, numerous pieces manufactured in Portugal influenced by Chinese models, while the Mediterranean coast was supplied by the substantial influx of ceramics from Liguria and Toscana. […] The second half of the seventeenth century saw a severe economic downturn for Castilla and Andalucía…Chinese porcelains, Delft tableware that emulated Chinese styles, and the delicate blue series a tapetto of Savona appeared in Seville ports. These three styles were replicated in the pottery workshops of Triana. Production in Talavera came to a stand-still…Talavera, on the other hand, produced objects almost exclusively for the market of the interior of the peninsula. This is the period in which the American centers of manufacturing consolidated, taking advantage of the deterioration of ties with the home country and the increasing development of colonial society…The first American ceramics began to arrive on the peninsular through the ports of Sevilla and Cádiz. For the most part these consisted of búcaros and tinajas (large, multi-purpose jars) made in the state of Jalisco, Mexico…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CGWFWMXQ\">[Pleguezuelo_et_al 2003, pp. 30-33]</a> “Increasing commerce throughout the Mediterranean brought…exchanges of Spanish-made ceramics. […] The period from this time [referring in the previous section to the late C14] until the first quarter of the sixteenth century is considered the golden age of Valencian lusterware…Coinciding with the decline of the Nasrid dynasty, Paterna and Manises, in Valencia, became the only production centers of these luxury items and thereby the sole producers for the courts of Europe. Popes, kings, and nobles throughout Europe ordered lusterware table services and tile[s] decorated with their individual coat of arms from Valencian potters… […] From the second half of the sixteenth century, lusterware declined in popularity in Europe but continued to be manufactured for the Spanish market, not only in Manises but also in Muel (Aragón), Barcelona and Reus (Cataluña), and Sevilla (Andalucía). […] [Referring to the manufacture of decorated tilework]…in Cataluña, during the sixteenth century, a preindustrial technique was created that allowed the ornamentation of a large number of tiles in a short period of time…[Referring to the origin of polychrome] At the beginning of the sixteenth century, thanks to the changes brought on by the artistic innovations of the Renaissance that took place in various Italian principalities, new styles rich in polychrome finishes spread with force throughout Europe. They became immediately popular [in Spain]… […] The introduction of Renaissance trends in Spain took place through different channels. One was the settlement, beginning in the sixteenth century, of Italian potters in Aragón and Cataluña, as well as in the cities of Talavera and Sevilla…Another conduit for the arrival of Renaissance trends was the importation of Italian table- and kitchenwares, which arrived in massive quantities through the Mediterranean ports of Barcelona and Valencia…The third and last path was through Flemish potters, […] who founded their workshops in Talavera de la Reina and worked in the Italian style. One way to learn about Spanish domestic ceramic goods of the Renaissance era has been through the study of merchandise exported to the American colonies, systematically recorded in item inventories starting in the year 1520…Sets [of tin-glazed ware] included different size plates, porringers, jars (jarros), sauce-boats, and saltcellars from Valencia, Talavera, Sevilla…Inventories also mention white and yellow loza, which is undoubtedly a reference to a form of lusterware from Sevilla of a lesser quality…[Referring to the Baroque or ‘Golden Age’ period in Spain]…Spanish pottery production benefited greatly from the sumptuary laws, which prohibited the nobility from manufacturing and using their gold and silver tablewares. When this law was promulgated in 1600 by the duke of Lerma, prime minister to Philip III, Spanish potters began to produce customized tin-glazed wares with emblems for aristocratic families, […] religious orders, and the royal palace…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ERKTHQNI\">[Casanovas_et_al 2003, pp. 55-56]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ERKTHQNI\">[Casanovas_et_al 2003, pp. 58-62]</a> Lusterware; tin-glazed wares. “The period from this time [referring in the previous section to the late C14] until the first quarter of the sixteenth century is considered the golden age of Valencian lusterware, a unique product that was destined for consumption exclusively by the upper classes…Coinciding with the decline of the Nasrid dynasty, Paterna and Manises, in Valencia, became the only production centers of these luxury items and thereby the sole producers for the courts of Europe. Popes, kings, and nobles throughout Europe ordered lusterware table services and tile[s] decorated with their individual coat of arms from Valencian potters…Lusterware producers became authentic entrepreneurs, and it was necessary to hire apprentices or acquire slaves, because the family-run workshops of the era were inadequate to meet the increasing demand. In Spain, artisans belonged to a guild in order to maintain control over the quality of their products… […] [Referring to the Baroque or ‘Golden Age’ period in Spain]…Spanish pottery production benefited greatly from the sumptuary laws, which prohibited the nobility from manufacturing and using their gold and silver tablewares. When this law was promulgated in 1600 by the duke of Lerma, prime minister to Philip III, Spanish potters began to produce customized tin-glazed wares with emblems for aristocratic families… […] …and the royal palace; this in spite of the fact that their clientele considered the pottery inferior and suitable only for the lower classes…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ERKTHQNI\">[Casanovas_et_al 2003, p. 56]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ERKTHQNI\">[Casanovas_et_al 2003, pp. 61-62]</a> White ceramic wares; lusterware; tin-glazed wares; tiles. “…the prestigious white pottery of Faenza was very much in accordance with the purist reaction experienced in Italian and Spanish art of that era…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CGWFWMXQ\">[Pleguezuelo_et_al 2003, p. 31]</a> “The period from this time [referring in the previous section to the late C14] until the first quarter of the sixteenth century is considered the golden age of Valencian lusterware, a unique product that was destined for consumption exclusively by the upper classes…Coinciding with the decline of the Nasrid dynasty, Paterna and Manises, in Valencia, became the only production centers of these luxury items and thereby the sole producers for the courts of Europe. Popes, kings, and nobles throughout Europe ordered lusterware table services and tile[s] decorated with their individual coat of arms from Valencian potters…Lusterware producers became authentic entrepreneurs, and it was necessary to hire apprentices or acquire slaves, because the family-run workshops of the era were inadequate to meet the increasing demand. In Spain, artisans belonged to a guild in order to maintain control over the quality of their products… […] [Referring to the eruption of the ceramic industry in C16 Spain following the discovery of the Americas]…palaces were built with dados (zócalos) and floors surfaced with tiles using the Islamic mold technique called arista or cuenca… […] [Referring to the Baroque or ‘Golden Age’ period in Spain]…Spanish pottery production benefited greatly from the sumptuary laws, which prohibited the nobility from manufacturing and using their gold and silver tablewares. When this law was promulgated in 1600 by the duke of Lerma, prime minister to Philip III, Spanish potters began to produce customized tin-glazed wares with emblems for aristocratic families… […] …this in spite of the fact that their clientele considered the pottery inferior and suitable only for the lower classes…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ERKTHQNI\">[Casanovas_et_al 2003, p. 56]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ERKTHQNI\">[Casanovas_et_al 2003, pp. 60-62]</a> Tiles; various ceramic wares including tin-glazed ware and lusterware. “[Referring to the eruption of the ceramic industry in C16 Spain following the discovery of the Americas]…Churches…were built with dados (zócalos) and floors surfaced with tiles using the Islamic mold technique called arista or cuenca…These tiles were also exported to the New World… […] One way to learn about Spanish domestic ceramic goods of the Renaissance era has been through the study of merchandise exported to the American colonies, systematically recorded in item inventories starting in the year 1520. Daily life in Latin America could be considered a mirror of that in Spanish metropolitan societies. Ceramic objects competed with those made out of metals such as tin, pewter, or silver and were cheaper, more decorative, and hygienic. Common ceramics were exported for use in the storage of grain, honey, and jam…Inventories also list small quantities of storage jars (tinajas), pharmacy jars (botes) and basins (lebrillos) of different sizes, urns (tarros), squat jars (orzas), pitchers (cántaros), mortars, cruets, cooking pots, and casserole dishes…Chamber pots, perfume bottles, and small handleless cups (búcaros) to cool water were also made out of varnished clay, as were baptismal fonts and holy-water stoups. Tin-glazed tableware was sold in greater quantities. Sets included different size plates, porringers, jars (jarros), sauce-boats, and saltcellars from Valencia, Talavera, Sevilla…Inventories also mention white and yellow loza, which is undoubtedly a reference to a form of lusterware from Sevilla of a lesser quality…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ERKTHQNI\">[Casanovas_et_al 2003, pp. 60-61]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 25,
"polity": {
"id": 645,
"name": "et_hadiya_sultanate",
"long_name": "Hadiya Sultanate",
"start_year": 1300,
"end_year": 1680
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“Abundant celadon wares, other glazed ceramics, and glass vessel fragments were recorded at Aidhab (Paul 1955: 67–68), but shell is not referred to, which must be an omission, as it is described as one of the materials found during later excavations at the site, and recorded in association with black-on-yellow wares of fourteenth century date (Kawatoko 1993: 205).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TAPMQ52S\">[Insoll 2021, p. 18]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 26,
"polity": {
"id": 652,
"name": "et_harar_emirate",
"long_name": "Emirate of Harar",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1875
},
"year_from": 1800,
"year_to": 1875,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not explicitly label almost any of the goods that circulated in this polity at this time as notably luxurious. However, given that Harar was a major trade centre in the nineteenth century, importing and exporting a broad range of items from across the Indian Ocean and East Africa, it seems reasonable to infer that fine ceramic wares were traded there. “Fitawrari Tackle Hawariyat was nine year old when he entered Harar with Menelik’s army that defeated Amir Abdullah’s small army at Chelenque battle[ in 1987]. He had been living at Addis Ababa just before he left and came to Harar which he described as follows: ‘[…] The shops and stores are stuffed with various types of goods imported from abroad. […]’ As the boy stated the shops and stores were stuffed with goods and merchandises imported from abroad, i.e. Yemen, Arabia, India, China, etc.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that only a relatively small number of items were a royal monopoly, which suggests that many luxurious items were broadly accessible to anyone who could afford them, regardless of social extraction. “Even though the trading of ivory, ostrich feathers, and other items were monopolized by some Amirs and their families; the basic value related to property right was respected i.e. economic freedom: the rights to acquire, use, transfer and dispose of private property. ” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 27,
"polity": {
"id": 57,
"name": "fm_truk_1",
"long_name": "Chuuk - Early Truk",
"start_year": 1775,
"end_year": 1886
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "All forms of ceramic wares. “[Referring to the place of ceramics in the ‘high islands of the Carolines’ in the C19 and earlier] Whereas in Western Micronesia people continued to make ceramics into the period of European contact, this was not so in central Eastern Micronesia, where pottery was entirely unknown. Archaeological work on Chuuk…has shown, however, that pots were at one time in use on the high islands of the Carolines [prior to the C18], where suitable clays are available. The later decline in pottery use, and its ultimate abandonment in the Carolines, parallels similar changes in parts of island Melanesia and in Polynesia…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SADZ37NF\">[Kirch 2017, p. 157]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 28,
"polity": {
"id": 58,
"name": "fm_truk_2",
"long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk",
"start_year": 1886,
"end_year": 1948
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "All forms of ceramic wares. “[Referring to the place of ceramics in the ‘high islands of the Carolines’ in the C19 and earlier] Whereas in Western Micronesia people continued to make ceramics into the period of European contact, this was not so in central Eastern Micronesia, where pottery was entirely unknown. Archaeological work on Chuuk…has shown, however, that pots were at one time in use on the high islands of the Carolines, where suitable clays are available. The later decline in pottery use, and its ultimate abandonment in the Carolines, parallels similar changes in parts of island Melanesia and in Polynesia…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SADZ37NF\">[Kirch 2017, p. 157]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 29,
"polity": {
"id": 461,
"name": "fr_bourbon_k_2",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon",
"start_year": 1660,
"end_year": 1815
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“The fascination with Chinese porcelain gripped most Europeans courts after the sixteenth century. The French collections of Far Easternporcelain during the ancien regime are scarce in collections today. This book documents collectors and collecting through many archival documents and offers original source documents in a short annex. If much of the porcelain has not survived, after-death estate inventories constitute a unique source of information on seventeenth- and eighteenth-century porcelain in France. Castelluccio points out that the lack of technical knowledge in these inventories can be confusing, as the general term porcelaine can designate anything from European faience to true oriental porcelain. [...] Most of the book covers the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and details the imports of Chinese and Japanese porcelain, with their provenance, their ports of arrival, and the customs perceived. To buy porcelain, the Parisian collector went to Les Halles, at the center of Paris’s luxury trade, and went to the marchands-merciers, who had their shops in the area. There were also two annual fairs in Paris where porcelain was sold. Sometimes collectors sold their entire collection of porcelains at a fair. France had very little direct contact with China and often bought its oriental products in London and Amsterdam. Castelluccio traces the effect of European taste on oriental porcelain; not only were European patterns sent to China for special orders, but when a cup or bowl or vase arrived in France, it was often set in a mount of gold or silver, depending on the rank of the owner. When precious metals became scarce during the latter part of Louis XIV’s reign, copper was substituted.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/G9ZB7WHT\">[Castelluccio_Baghdiantz-McCabe 2014, p. 1336]</a> “The fascination with Chinese porcelain gripped most Europeans courts after the sixteenth century. The French collections of Far Eastern porcelain during the ancien regime are scarce in collections today. This bookdocuments collectors and collecting through many archival documents and offers original source documents in a short annex. If much of the porcelain has not survived, after-death estate inventories constitute a unique source of information on seventeenth- and eighteenth-century porcelain in France. Castelluccio points out that the lack of technical knowledge in these inventories can be confusing, as the general term porcelaine can designate anything from European faience to true oriental porcelain.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/G9ZB7WHT\">[Castelluccio_Baghdiantz-McCabe 2014, p. 1336]</a> “ To buy porcelain, the Parisian collector went to Les Halles, at the center of Paris’s luxury trade, and went to the marchands-merciers, who had their shops in the area. There were also two annual fairs in Paris where porcelain was sold. Sometimes collectors sold their entire collection of porcelains at a fair. France had very little direct contact with China and often bought its oriental products in London and Amsterdam. Castelluccio traces the effect of European taste on oriental porcelain; not only were European patterns sent to China for special orders, but when a cup or bowl or vase arrived in France, it was often set in a mount of gold or silver, depending on the rank of the owner. When precious metals became scarce during the latter part of Louis XIV’s reign, copper was substituted.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/G9ZB7WHT\">[Castelluccio_Baghdiantz-McCabe 2014, p. 1336]</a> “Beginning in the 1670s, abundance and lower prices in Europe allowed even less-wealthy individuals to collect as many as several hundred pieces. Castelluccio writes that porcelain invaded all the rooms in the apartments, and especially bedrooms and cabinets. The penchant for blue-and-white porcelain was so important that it had an extreme influence on interior decoration and furniture in France. At the end of the seventeenth century, such was the fury over porcelain in France and England that authors were alarmed or amused by this passion. The arrival of Japanese porcelain in Europe was due to civil war in China after 1644. The bulk of Japanese production was concentrated in Arita on the island of Kyushu. It was the Dutch who first requested pieces with Western shapes in 1653, and the volume of Japanese porcelain arriving in Europe remained high until 1683. Japanese porcelains, such asKakiemon and Imari, created a sensation because Europeans had been accustomed to seeing blue-and-white porcelain or celadon pieces. The vividly colored decoration on these pieces contrasted with the muted colors of China’s production. The author concludes that despite their passion for porcelain, in the eyes of Europeans, painting and sculpture appeared to be high manifestations of the human mind, while even the most beautiful Far Eastern porcelain remained objets d’art, considered inferior to other works of art.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/G9ZB7WHT\">[Castelluccio_Baghdiantz-McCabe 2014, p. 1336]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 30,
"polity": {
"id": 457,
"name": "fr_capetian_k_1",
"long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom",
"start_year": 987,
"end_year": 1150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Venetian Republic",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“Other exotic non-metal tableware was recovered from Andone, in the form of a sherd of turquoise-glazed pottery jug or bowl, of the same tradition of the same tradition as the eleventh-century pottery from al-Raqqa in Syria (Henderson et al. 2005, 142). Other sherds of this Raqqa-type of Islamic pottery are known from western Europe: for example, from merchant-patricians’s house of the eleventh century, the Ca’ Vendramin Calergi, in Venice (Bourgeois, Velde and Vequaud 2009, 307-8).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5W4WVDW9\">[Loveluck 2013, p. 252]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 31,
"polity": {
"id": 458,
"name": "fr_capetian_k_2",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian",
"start_year": 1150,
"end_year": 1328
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“Pottery, like cloth and iron goods, was made everywhere, but just as there was luxury cloth and luxury ironwork made in a limited number of places which entered into international trade, so there was luxury pottery. There was a whole hierarchy of potteries across Europe that supplied more than local needs, like those of Saintonge in western France and Aardengerg in the Netherlands. Wares from both these potteries have been found in excavations in Yorkshire in northern England. At the top of the hierarchy, the most favoured was tin-glazed earthenware of Muslim, eventually Persian origin.[...] Until the middle of the fifteenth century, Manises ware was exported to all parts of Europe, even to Italy, where a rival version of majolica was being produced at Faenza.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N7ZCQTEW\">[Spufford 2006, p. 271]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 32,
"polity": {
"id": 311,
"name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2",
"long_name": "Carolingian Empire II",
"start_year": 840,
"end_year": 987
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 311,
"name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2",
"long_name": "Carolingian Empire II",
"start_year": 840,
"end_year": 987
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "Present but in decline, or perhaps made within the empire for export. “The unstable political and military situation in and around the Mediterranean during the eighth and ninth centuries, the lack of internal dynamics of the Lombard part of Italy (notwithstanding the rise of Venice and its relations and those of other Byzantine cities in Italy with the eastern Mediterranean), the decline around the Mediterranean of the production of fine ceramics suitable for export to western Europe and thus for archaeological investigation there - these are all factors that can explain the scarcity of evidence for the import of Mediterranean products into western Europe under the Carolingians.[...] We do not know, however, if the wine from the Paris region was transported on wooden casks or in jars and amphores of the Badorf type, the oldest sherds of which in England were found in London and date from c.775. The Badorf ceramics were produced near Bruhl, south of Cologne, and their use at the St Denis fair is not certain at all. It is archaeologically impossible to determine if the jars and amphores of the Badorf type were exported for themselves as luxury goods or were filled with wine.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/U95RGM7Z\">[Verhulst 2004, pp. 108-109]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 33,
"polity": {
"id": 304,
"name": "fr_merovingian_emp_1",
"long_name": "Early Merovingian",
"start_year": 481,
"end_year": 543
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“In his view the contraction of the sort of commercialised exports he sees in the archaeology of the Roman period marks the definitive collapse of the Roman economic system (and indeed the whole of the Roman lifestyle) from the late fifth century onwards. He notes the reduction in volume and then the disappearance of fine wears like African Red Slip Ware, which were wheel thrown, are soon followed by the total dominance of crude, hand-made pottery of a standard much lower than that of the pottery of the inhabitants of the Roman Empire in the west.” , <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PRRS7864\">[Rollason 2014, p. 155]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 34,
"polity": {
"id": 306,
"name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2",
"long_name": "Middle Merovingian",
"start_year": 543,
"end_year": 687
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“In his view the contraction of the sort of commercialised exports he sees in the archaeology of the Roman period marks the definitive collapse of the Roman economic system (and indeed the whole of the Roman lifestyle) from the late fifth century onwards. He notes the reduction in volume and then the disappearance of fine wears like African Red Slip Ware, which were wheel thrown, are soon followed by the total dominance of crude, hand-made pottery of a standard much lower than that of the pottery of the inhabitants of the Roman Empire in the west.” , <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PRRS7864\">[Rollason 2014, p. 155]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 35,
"polity": {
"id": 587,
"name": "gb_british_emp_1",
"long_name": "British Empire I",
"start_year": 1690,
"end_year": 1849
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“The mere possession of many of the goods of imperial trade discussed here was sufficient to demonstrate wealth and taste when they first arrived in the British Isles. The later ubiquity of these goods necessitated ancillary devices – porcelain sugar bowls, jewelled tobacco boxes and leisurely tea visits in the middle of the working day – for consumers to exhibit their status.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7D2UIF7G\">[Bickham 2020, p. 17]</a> “Imports of Asian porcelain, furniture, fabrics and other baubles flowed into Britain by the millions – to such an extent that savvy Asian producers created specialized designs and production lines specifically for European markets.71 Perhaps even savvier were the British business men and women who saw the opportunity to market replicas that captured the exoticism of the original with design modifications – such as handles, sizes and favoured colours – for the British market.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7D2UIF7G\">[Bickham 2020, p. 180]</a> “Sarah Lyttelton came to see over the House in 1810 and remarked: Carlton House is very beautiful, very magnificent, and we were well amused. … The beauties of old china vases, gold fringes, damask draperies, cut-glass lustres, and all the other fine things we saw there.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TGSQZBAD\">[Smith 1999, p. 55]</a> Note: Presence of old china in George IV’s house could demonstrate his consumption of ceramic wares. Empty_Description “A person who drank tea out of a ceramic cup and wore a printed cotton gown in 1788 might easily also be malnourished, because such goods by that time were drastically cheaper and more widely available than a century earlier. What were once great luxuries had effectively become staples as the century wore on.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7D2UIF7G\">[Bickham 2020, p. 56]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 36,
"polity": {
"id": 153,
"name": "id_iban_1",
"long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1841
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "China and Malaysia",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "High-value tajau earthenware jars utilised for various purposes including as items of exchange and inheritance; high-quality ceramic bowls utilised on special occasions; potentially other forms of ceramic ware of high-value and quality. “[The following quote inferred as applicable to this period as referring specifically to the ‘pioneer’ settlement period pre-Brooke Raj and significant community members involved in the latter] After the death of Uyut [Badilang Besi], his son-in-law Renggi succeeded him…Renggi was a grandson of the chief Jantin (Moahari) of Padeh. His marriage to Pala, Uyut’s eldest daughter, is always remembered by their descendants due to the drian (bride price) which Uyut demanded from Renggi. It consisted of one valuable jar covered with a [brass] gong… […] [Referring to the endnotes to part two of the publication] 24. Ibans value large jars, frequently of ancient Chinese manufacture, as heirlooms. Traditionally such jars served as a medium of exchange…All jars were classified into types with varying values. The exact scale of values differed slightly from river to river. In the Paku, two panding jars were worth one alas; two alas equalled one rusa, and two rusa equalled one menaga, the most valuable type. A menaga was equivalent in value to one human life. […] [Referring to the endnotes to part two of the publication] 63. Irun is a less valuable jar than those mentioned in Note 24, Part Two. In the Skrang, it is worth about three full-sized plates”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UCWP6S4F\">[Sandin 1967, p. 40]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UCWP6S4F\">[Sandin 1967, p. 124]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UCWP6S4F\">[Sandin 1967, p. 126]</a> “[The following quotes inferred as likely applicable to this period according to the early date of publication] Alas (bealas or balas)…a species of jar value[d] from $10 to $50, nominal Dyak value two panding… […] Bebedi, the name of a jar. […] Benda (bebenda), earthenware, a jar, a bet (either in money or jars). […] Empasan (bempasan), loot, booty, spoil. [Example of how might be used in a sentence, inferring high value of jars] Tajau tu empasan niang apai. This jar was plunder got by my late father. […] [Referring to the third class of Gawai feasts, encompassing] Other Feasts given upon special occasions…[for example] to thank the gods for having blessed them [Iban people] in obtaining a valuable jar (tajau)… […] [Again referring to the third class of Gawai feasts]…when a man has been fortunate and has saved enough money to buy a valuable jar (tajau) a Feast is given, offerings are made to it (the jar), for it is supposed to possess a soul (samengat), and it is implored to stay long with them and not come to any harm. […] Guchi (beguchi), the most valuable kind of jar, according to both Dyaks and Malays. It is small and squat and not handsome, from an artistic point of view, yet from $800 to $1,200 have been given by Dyaks for a single specimen. […] Panggang (bepanggang), that part of a Dyak room close to the wall and eaves where the valuable jars are stored, the end of the room where the jars are stored”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 3]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 15]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 19]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 40]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, pp. 48-49]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 54]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 115]</a> “[Referring in the first quote to journeys made by Iban men in the C19 outside their own communities searching for ‘jungle’ produce and various types of ‘wealth’ including]…valuable ceramics… […] Despite…many upriver Iban express[ing] pride at their ability to be…almost completely self-sufficient…the desire of even far upriver Iban for many non-locally made products is undisputable and their dependence on…market items extends as far back into the past as does oral Iban history…Freeman…suggests that “it is probable that for many centuries the Iban have maintained economic relationships with Chinese and Malay traders, with metal objects, ceramics and [glass trade?] beads as their principal purchases” (1970: 175)…Chinese ceramic jars are trade goods which have long been found in most Iban households. Heavier legal fines, imposed by […] both the Brooke government and indigenous arbitrators were often…paid in…Chinese jars or other ceramic ware (see Howell and Bailey 1900: app. 24-26). Even the earliest known Iban migration leaders are said to have settled debts or paid fines with…precious jars (Sandin 1967a: 9, 20)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FBZ5P8TK\">[Padoch 1982, p. 94]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FBZ5P8TK\">[Padoch 1982, pp. 106-107]</a> “[The following quotes inferred as likely applicable to this period according to the focus of the article and the several references to ‘luxury’ goods dating to the mid-C19 or earlier referred to in-text; referring specifically in the following quotes to the role of the lebur api textile in the gawai enchabuh arung festival and the close relationship of the latter with high-quality ceramic ware also utilised in these events, at which, on the seventh morning] The women, all suitably attired and taking their stations according to their status within the community, and all-importantly, holding a large ceramic plate-like bowl (either the green glazed Sung celadon, or large Ming/Ching kitchen ware bowls or trays) called a jalung pinggai batu each, and the lebur api folded with the white supplementary weft showing and draped over the shoulder, would descend the ladder of the longhouse and welcome the men…The pivotal moment in the gawai enchabuh arung would climax with the trophy heads being wrapped by the women within their lebur apis, ensuring that the ends of their textiles which displayed no white supplementary wefts would show. Hence, enveloping each head entirely within the design which showed white supplementary wefts, and then placing the prized [trophy heads] in the bowl… […] [Referring to later rites of the aforementioned festival] The ceramic bowls with their coveted prizes [trophy heads] were placed on flat winnowing baskets (chapan) in front of…offerings… […] [Referring to the end rites of the aforementioned festival] The unwrapped heads were returned to their ceramic bowls and brought inside to the communal gallery (ruai)…[During the ensuing feast] The men praised their ‘fruit’ [trophy heads] with stylized language, which were placed in front of them ensconced in their individual ceramic bowls”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N9SEQF3P\">[Kedit 2017, pp. 215-217]</a> High-value tajau earthenware jars utilised for various purposes including as items of exchange and inheritance; high-quality ceramic bowls utilised on special occasions; potentially other forms of ceramic ware of high-value and quality. “[The following quotes inferred as likely applicable to this period according to the publication focus; referring specifically in the quote to the endnotes to part two of the publication] 24. Ibans value large jars, frequently of ancient Chinese manufacture, as heirlooms. Traditionally such jars served as a medium of exchange…All jars were classified into types with varying values. The exact scale of values differed slightly from river to river”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UCWP6S4F\">[Sandin 1967, p. 124]</a> “[The following quotes inferred as likely applicable to this period according to the early date of publication] Guchi (beguchi), the most valuable kind of jar, according to both Dyaks and Malays. It is small and squat and not handsome, from an artistic point of view, yet from $800 to $1,200 have been given by Dyaks for a single specimen”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 54]</a> “[Referring in the first quote to journeys made by Iban men in the C19 outside their own communities searching for ‘jungle’ produce and various types of ‘wealth’ including]…valuable ceramics…the collecting of which remains an Iban interest [inferred as at the date of publication]. […] Many…frequently used market [i.e. trade] items can be found in households at Sungai Pelai, at Nanga Jela, in longhouses along the Kemena River, and in houses along the Baleh even in 1950…[including] porcelain bowls…ceramic jars…Despite…many upriver Iban express[ing] pride at their ability to be…almost completely self-sufficient…the desire of even far upriver Iban for many non-locally made products is undisputable and their dependence on…market items extends as far back into the past as does oral Iban history…Freeman…suggests that “it is probable that for many centuries the Iban have maintained economic relationships with Chinese and Malay traders, with metal objects, ceramics and [glass trade?] beads as their principal purchases” (1970: 175)…Chinese ceramic jars are trade goods which have long been found in most Iban households. Heavier legal fines, imposed by […] both the Brooke government and indigenous arbitrators were often…paid in…Chinese jars or other ceramic ware (see Howell and Bailey 1900: app. 24-26)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FBZ5P8TK\">[Padoch 1982, p. 94]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FBZ5P8TK\">[Padoch 1982, pp. 106-107]</a> “[The following quotes inferred as likely applicable to this period according to the focus of the article and the several references to ‘luxury’ goods dating to the mid-C19 or earlier referred to in-text; referring specifically in the following quote to the role of the lebur api textile in the gawai enchabuh arung festival and the close relationship of the latter with high-quality ceramic ware also utilised in these events, at which, on the seventh morning] The women, all suitably attired and taking their stations according to their status within the community, and all-importantly, holding a large ceramic plate-like bowl (either the green glazed Sung celadon, or large Ming/Ching kitchen ware bowls or trays) called a jalung pinggai batu each, and the lebur api folded with the white supplementary weft showing and draped over the shoulder, would descend the ladder of the longhouse and welcome the men…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N9SEQF3P\">[Kedit 2017, p. 215]</a> High-value tajau earthenware jars utilised for various purposes including as items of exchange and inheritance. “[The following quote inferred as applicable to this period as referring specifically to the ‘pioneer’ settlement period pre-Brooke Raj and significant community members involved in the latter] After the death of Uyut [Badilang Besi], his son-in-law Renggi succeeded him…Renggi was a grandson of the chief Jantin (Moahari) of Padeh. His marriage to Pala, Uyut’s eldest daughter, is always remembered by their descendants due to the drian (bride price) which Uyut demanded from Renggi. It consisted of one valuable jar covered with a [brass] gong…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UCWP6S4F\">[Sandin 1967, p. 40]</a> “[Referring to the long-held role of jars as items of trade, inferred as potentially applicable to the elite at this period] Chinese ceramic jars are trade goods which have long been found in most Iban households. Heavier legal fines, imposed by […] both the Brooke government and indigenous arbitrators were often…paid in…Chinese jars or other ceramic ware (see Howell and Bailey 1900: app. 24-26). Even the earliest known Iban migration leaders [inferred as potentially of elite-status] are said to have settled debts or paid fines with…precious jars (Sandin 1967a: 9, 20)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FBZ5P8TK\">[Padoch 1982, pp. 106-107]</a> High-value tajau earthenware jars utilised for various purposes including as items of exchange and inheritance; high-quality ceramic bowls utilised on special occasions; potentially other forms of ceramic ware of high-value and quality. “[The following quotes inferred as likely applicable to this period according to the publication focus; referring specifically in the first quote to the endnotes to part two of the publication] 24. Ibans value large jars, frequently of ancient Chinese manufacture, as heirlooms. Traditionally such jars served as a medium of exchange…All jars were classified into types with varying values. The exact scale of values differed slightly from river to river. In the Paku, two panding jars were worth one alas; two alas equalled one rusa, and two rusa equalled one menaga, the most valuable type. A menaga was equivalent in value to one human life. […] [Referring to the endnotes to part two of the publication] 63. Irun is a less valuable jar than those mentioned in Note 24, Part Two. In the Skrang, it is worth about three full-sized plates”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UCWP6S4F\">[Sandin 1967, p. 124]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UCWP6S4F\">[Sandin 1967, p. 126]</a> “[The following quotes inferred as likely applicable to this period according to the early date of publication] Benda (bebenda), earthenware, a jar, a bet (either in money or jars). […] Empasan (bempasan), loot, booty, spoil. [Example of how might be used in a sentence, inferring high value of jars] Tajau tu empasan niang apai. This jar was plunder got by my late father. […] [Referring to the third class of Gawai feasts, encompassing] Other Feasts given upon special occasions…[for example] to thank the gods for having blessed them [Iban people] in obtaining a valuable jar (tajau)… […] [Again referring to the third class of Gawai feasts]…when a man has been fortunate and has saved enough money to buy a valuable jar (tajau) a Feast is given, offerings are made to it (the jar), for it is supposed to possess a soul (samengat), and it is implored to stay long with them and not come to any harm. […] Guchi (beguchi), the most valuable kind of jar, according to both Dyaks and Malays. It is small and squat and not handsome, from an artistic point of view, yet from $800 to $1,200 have been given by Dyaks for a single specimen. […] Panggang (bepanggang), that part of a Dyak room close to the wall and eaves where the valuable jars are stored, the end of the room where the jars are stored”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 19]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 40]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, pp. 48-49]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 54]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 115]</a> Note that Iban society at this time was relatively egalitarian, suggesting that luxury goods were available to many. ’Unlike the Kayan, Kenyah, pagan Melanau and several other Bornean peoples, the Iban are not divided into social classes. Nor is there any form of institutionalized leadership based upon hereditary succession, or some other socially divisive principle. Instead Iban society is characterized by a strongly egalitarian ethos. In this respect, each bilik -family jurally constitutes a discrete and autonomous social unit, which manages its own affairs and recognizes no higher authority than that of its own household head.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5U8X7Q5P\">[Davison_Sutlive_Sutlive 1991, p. 159]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 37,
"polity": {
"id": 154,
"name": "id_iban_2",
"long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial",
"start_year": 1841,
"end_year": 1987
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "High-value tajau earthenware jars utilised for various purposes including as items of exchange and inheritance; high-quality ceramic bowls utilised on special occasions; potentially other forms of ceramic ware of high-value and quality. “[The following quotes inferred as applicable to this period according to the date of publication] Alas (bealas or balas)…a species of jar value[d] from $10 to $50, nominal Dyak value two panding… […] Bebedi, the name of a jar. […] Benda (bebenda), earthenware, a jar, a bet (either in money or jars). […] Empasan (bempasan), loot, booty, spoil. [Example of how might be used in a sentence, inferring high value of jars] Tajau tu empasan niang apai. This jar was plunder got by my late father. […] [Referring to the third class of Gawai feasts, encompassing] Other Feasts given upon special occasions…[for example] to thank the gods for having blessed them [Iban people] in obtaining a valuable jar (tajau)… […] [Again referring to the third class of Gawai feasts]…when a man has been fortunate and has saved enough money to buy a valuable jar (tajau) a Feast is given, offerings are made to it (the jar), for it is supposed to possess a soul (samengat), and it is implored to stay long with them and not come to any harm. […] Guchi (beguchi), the most valuable kind of jar, according to both Dyaks and Malays. It is small and squat and not handsome, from an artistic point of view, yet from $800 to $1,200 have been given by Dyaks for a single specimen. […] Panggang (bepanggang), that part of a Dyak room close to the wall and eaves where the valuable jars are stored, the end of the room where the jars are stored”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 3]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 15]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 19]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 40]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, pp. 48-49]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 54]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 115]</a> “[The following quotes inferred as applicable to this period according to the date of publication; referring specifically in the first quote to one of the bilik or separate family rooms in the long Iban village house] Round the three sides of this room are [ar]ranged the treasured valuables of the Dyaks - old jars, some of which are of great value… […] [Referring to the ‘wealth’ of an average Iban and their supposedly ‘frugal’ nature] If he happen to have an exceptionally good harvest, he may sell some paddy, and the money thus obtained is not lavishly squandered, but saved with the object of investing in…old jars…which do not decrease in value with age. […] The valuable jars (tajau) which the Dyaks prize so highly are in appearance much like the earthen waterpots that are manufactured in large numbers by the Chinese…But closer examination shows certain differences. The Dyaks are prepared to pay exorbitant prices for a really old jar, and they venerate it and mak[e] offerings to it. The best known of these sacred jars are the Gusi, the Naga, and the Rusa. The first is the most valuable of the three. It is of a greenish colour, about eighteen inches high, and is much sought after. A good one would cost £80 or more. The Naga is about two feet high, and is called by that name because it is ornamented with Chinese figures of dragons, or naga. It is worth from eight to ten pounds. The Rusa is covered with the representation of some kind of deer (rusa), and is worth about four pounds. These prices, except the first, may not seem very great to our ideas, but when one remembers how poor the Dyaks are, they are very large amounts for them to pay for such fragile things as earthenware jars. The Gusi is always kept wrapped in cloth and treated with the greatest respect. People crawl in its presence, and touch it with the greatest care. At certain feasts a jar of this kind is brought out, and offerings are made to it. Besides being the abode of a spirit, it is supposed to possess marvellous qualities - one of them being that if anything be placed in it overnight, the quantity will increase before morning; another, that food kept in a jar of this kind has peculiar medicinal virtues. When any of these sacred jars are bought, before bringing it into the room where it is to be kept an offering […] is always made to it. A chicken is killed and the blood smeared on the jar. It is not known for certain where these jars originally came from. One theory is that many years ago a colony of Chinese settled in Borneo for a short period, and made these jars and then left the country. These old jars have been imitated by the Chinese, and many modern jars are very like the originals. A very profitable business is done by Malay traders, who, for one genuine old jar in their possession, have six or more modern jars. The Dyaks are very cautious about paying a large price for a doubtful article, but for all that they are often taken in. I was at a Dyak house in Saribas, and was shown a jar which a Malay trader had brought for sale. A Dyak had decided to buy it, the price had been agreed upon, and the trader was to come on the following day to receive it in brass guns, gongs, and money. The Dyaks, on examining the jar more closely, came to the conclusion that it was a modern imitation. […] [Referring to burial rites] Jars…are not buried with the corpse, but placed on the grave…The graves of the rich [not clear if the latter considered of elite-status?] have valuable jars…which are secured in their places by having a stake driven through them and thus rendered worthless. […] [Referring to the possessions of a ‘great Chief’ of the past named Danjai, inferred as potentially applicable to this period]…in his room there were many valuable jars of various kinds…for the Dyaks convert their wealth into jars…to hand down to posterity”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 45]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 63]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, pp. 91-92]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 138]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 265]</a> “[Referring in the first quote to journeys made by Iban men in the C19 and early C20 outside their own communities searching for ‘jungle’ produce and various types of ‘wealth’ including]…valuable ceramics…the collecting of which remains an Iban interest [inferred as at the date of publication]. […] Many…frequently used market [i.e. trade] items can be found in households at Sungai Pelai, at Nanga Jela, in longhouses along the Kemena River, and in houses along the Baleh even in 1950…[including] porcelain bowls…ceramic jars…Despite…many upriver Iban express[ing] pride at their ability to be…almost completely self-sufficient…the desire of even far upriver Iban for many non-locally made products is undisputable and their dependence on…market items extends as far back into the past as does oral Iban history…Freeman…suggests that “it is probable that for many centuries the Iban have maintained economic relationships with Chinese and Malay traders, with metal objects, ceramics and [glass trade?] beads as their principal purchases” (1970: 175)…Chinese ceramic jars are trade goods which have long been found in most Iban households. Heavier legal fines, imposed by […] both the Brooke government and indigenous arbitrators were often…paid in…Chinese jars or other ceramic ware (see Howell and Bailey 1900: app. 24-26). Even the earliest known Iban migration leaders are said to have settled debts or paid fines with…precious jars (Sandin 1967a: 9, 20)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FBZ5P8TK\">[Padoch 1982, p. 94]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FBZ5P8TK\">[Padoch 1982, pp. 106-107]</a> “[The following quotes inferred as likely applicable to this period according to the focus of the article and the several references to ‘luxury’ goods dating to the C19-20 referred to in-text; referring specifically in the following quotes to the role of the lebur api textile in the gawai enchabuh arung festival and the close relationship of the latter with high-quality ceramic ware also utilised in these events, at which, on the seventh morning] The women, all suitably attired and taking their stations according to their status within the community, and all-importantly, holding a large ceramic plate-like bowl (either the green glazed Sung celadon, or large Ming/Ching kitchen ware bowls or trays) called a jalung pinggai batu each, and the lebur api folded with the white supplementary weft showing and draped over the shoulder, would descend the ladder of the longhouse and welcome the men…The pivotal moment in the gawai enchabuh arung would climax with the trophy heads being wrapped by the women within their lebur apis, ensuring that the ends of their textiles which displayed no white supplementary wefts would show. Hence, enveloping each head entirely within the design which showed white supplementary wefts, and then placing the prized [trophy heads] in the bowl… […] [Referring to later rites of the aforementioned festival] The ceramic bowls with their coveted prizes [trophy heads] were placed on flat winnowing baskets (chapan) in front of…offerings… […] [Referring to the end rites of the aforementioned festival] The unwrapped heads were returned to their ceramic bowls and brought inside to the communal gallery (ruai)…[During the ensuing feast] The men praised their ‘fruit’ [trophy heads] with stylized language, which were placed in front of them ensconced in their individual ceramic bowls”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N9SEQF3P\">[Kedit 2017, pp. 215-217]</a> High-value tajau earthenware jars utilised for various purposes including as items of exchange and inheritance. “[Referring to the possessions of a ‘great Chief’ of the past named Danjai, date period unknown but inferred as potentially applicable to this period]…in his room there were many valuable jars of various kinds…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 265]</a> “[Referring to the long-held role of jars as items of trade, inferred as potentially applicable to the elite at this period] Chinese ceramic jars are trade goods which have long been found in most Iban households. Heavier legal fines, imposed by […] both the Brooke government and indigenous arbitrators were often…paid in…Chinese jars or other ceramic ware (see Howell and Bailey 1900: app. 24-26). Even the earliest known Iban migration leaders [inferred as potentially of elite-status] are said to have settled debts or paid fines with…precious jars (Sandin 1967a: 9, 20)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FBZ5P8TK\">[Padoch 1982, pp. 106-107]</a> High-value tajau earthenware jars utilised for various purposes including as items of exchange and inheritance; high-quality ceramic bowls utilised on special occasions; potentially other forms of ceramic ware of high-value and quality. “[The following quotes inferred as applicable to this period according to the date of publication] Benda (bebenda), earthenware, a jar, a bet (either in money or jars). […] Empasan (bempasan), loot, booty, spoil. [Example of how might be used in a sentence, inferring high value of jars] Tajau tu empasan niang apai. This jar was plunder got by my late father. […] [Referring to the third class of Gawai feasts, encompassing] Other Feasts given upon special occasions…[for example] to thank the gods for having blessed them [Iban people] in obtaining a valuable jar (tajau)… […] [Again referring to the third class of Gawai feasts]…when a man has been fortunate and has saved enough money to buy a valuable jar (tajau) a Feast is given, offerings are made to it (the jar), for it is supposed to possess a soul (samengat), and it is implored to stay long with them and not come to any harm. […] Guchi (beguchi), the most valuable kind of jar, according to both Dyaks and Malays. It is small and squat and not handsome, from an artistic point of view, yet from $800 to $1,200 have been given by Dyaks for a single specimen. […] Panggang (bepanggang), that part of a Dyak room close to the wall and eaves where the valuable jars are stored, the end of the room where the jars are stored”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 19]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 40]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, pp. 48-49]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 54]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KHG4BZ2V\">[Howell_Bailey 1900, p. 115]</a> “[The following quotes inferred as applicable to this period according to the date of publication; referring specifically in the first quote to one of the bilik or separate family rooms in the long Iban village house] Round the three sides of this room are [ar]ranged the treasured valuables of the Dyaks - old jars, some of which are of great value… […] [Referring to the ‘wealth’ of an average Iban and their supposedly ‘frugal’ nature] If he happen to have an exceptionally good harvest, he may sell some paddy, and the money thus obtained is not lavishly squandered, but saved with the object of investing in…old jars… […] The valuable jars (tajau) which the Dyaks prize so highly are in appearance much like the earthen waterpots that are manufactured in large numbers by the Chinese…The Dyaks are prepared to pay exorbitant prices for a really old jar, and they venerate it and mak[e] offerings to it. The best known of these sacred jars are the Gusi, the Naga, and the Rusa. The first is the most valuable of the three. It is of a greenish colour, about eighteen inches high, and is much sought after. A good one would cost £80 or more. The Naga is about two feet high, and is called by that name because it is ornamented with Chinese figures of dragons, or naga. It is worth from eight to ten pounds. The Rusa is covered with the representation of some kind of deer (rusa), and is worth about four pounds. These prices, except the first, may not seem very great to our ideas, but when one remembers how poor the Dyaks are, they are very large amounts for them to pay for such fragile things as earthenware jars. The Gusi is always kept wrapped in cloth and treated with the greatest respect. People crawl in its presence, and touch it with the greatest care. At certain feasts a jar of this kind is brought out, and offerings are made to it. […] [Referring to burial rites] Jars…are not buried with the corpse, but placed on the grave…The graves of the rich [not clear if the latter considered of elite-status?] have valuable jars…which are secured in their places by having a stake driven through them and thus rendered worthless”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 45]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 63]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 91]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 138]</a> “[Referring in the first quote to journeys made by Iban men in the C19 and early C20 outside their own communities searching for ‘jungle’ produce and various types of ‘wealth’ including]…valuable ceramics…the collecting of which remains an Iban interest [inferred as at the date of publication]. […] Many…frequently used market [i.e. trade] items can be found in households at Sungai Pelai, at Nanga Jela, in longhouses along the Kemena River, and in houses along the Baleh even in 1950…[including] porcelain bowls…ceramic jars…Despite…many upriver Iban express[ing] pride at their ability to be…almost completely self-sufficient…the desire of even far upriver Iban for many non-locally made products is undisputable and their dependence on…market items extends as far back into the past as does oral Iban history…Freeman…suggests that “it is probable that for many centuries the Iban have maintained economic relationships with Chinese and Malay traders, with metal objects, ceramics and [glass trade?] beads as their principal purchases” (1970: 175)…Chinese ceramic jars are trade goods which have long been found in most Iban households. Heavier legal fines, imposed by […] both the Brooke government and indigenous arbitrators were often…paid in…Chinese jars or other ceramic ware (see Howell and Bailey 1900: app. 24-26)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FBZ5P8TK\">[Padoch 1982, p. 94]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FBZ5P8TK\">[Padoch 1982, pp. 106-107]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 38,
"polity": {
"id": 50,
"name": "id_majapahit_k",
"long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom",
"start_year": 1292,
"end_year": 1518
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Vietnam",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“By the fifteenth century court residents were further distinguishing their residences by incorporating glazed ceramic tile inlay embellishments that were imported from Vietnam. As yet another means of expressing hierarchy, these tiles were fitted into wooden partition walls (gëbyok). Some of them bear Kala head designs, an indication that a portion of these tiles was exclusively manufactured for the Javanese market. As with the terracotta figurines, the fact that there is no archeological evidence of these tiles except at the court sustains the conclusion that the Majapahit elite regulated access to and the display of these expensive imports and markers of status”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CA6ZIQSA\">[Hall 2000, p. 56]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 39,
"polity": {
"id": 397,
"name": "in_chola_emp",
"long_name": "Chola Empire",
"start_year": 849,
"end_year": 1280
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 425,
"name": "cn_northern_song_dyn",
"long_name": "Northern Song",
"start_year": 960,
"end_year": 1127
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "The Hall quote points to the fact that China was one of the Cholas’ main exchange partners in this period, while the Ray quote lists luxury items that were likely imported to the Chola Empire from China, including porcelain. “[D]uring the tenth through the twelfth centuries A.D. […] Cola ports were recognised as ‘first class’ trade partners of China, and seem to have had a similar relationship with merchants of the Fatimid domain in Egypt.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/E8DS4TUP\">[Hall 1978, p. 76]</a> “Right up to the 16th century the principal exports from China were silks, porcelain, lacquered goods, objects-d'art, copper cash, and Buddhist sutras[…].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EMSJDU72\">[Ray 1993, p. 755]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 40,
"polity": {
"id": 135,
"name": "in_delhi_sultanate",
"long_name": "Delhi Sultanate",
"start_year": 1206,
"end_year": 1526
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 135,
"name": "in_delhi_sultanate",
"long_name": "Delhi Sultanate",
"start_year": 1206,
"end_year": 1526
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“ The significant feature of the ware belonging to the Delhi Sultanate period was the use of plain and painted glaze, both of sandy friable with whitish gritty core as well as ordinary terracotta core with associated red ware, black-slipped grey ware and thick grey ware. The under-glaze decorations are in the form of patterns painted with brushes mostly in brown and black-picked out with blue or greenish blue. Most of the sherds found are green, blue, greenish blue, pink, brown and white. The important sherds are generally of shallow dishes and bowls with ring base, decorated with floral and geometrical painted designs. A remarkable find from here is a vase of medium size with an elongated body. Technically it is an ordinary glazed red ware”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FCU6ZPQM\">[Ahmad 2003, p. 1402]</a> “Other almost unnoticed findings include “several basket-loads” of blue/green enameled tiles dating from the early years of the Delhi Sultanate, excavated from the site of the Qubbat al-Islam mosque. These objects must be linked not only with other occasional findings of tiles but also with glazed pottery. Glazed vessels appear with some frequency in excavations of sites related to the Sultanate period. If we consider the making of glazed ceramics (both tiles and vessels) as a single industry, especially in the region of Delhi, the number of findings is far from negligible. Nevertheless, the date and ways by which the technology of turquoise-glazed ceramics reached these regions remain uncertain”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GNNFPIGE\">[Porter 2018, p. 289]</a> “Pictures used to be painted or engraved on curtains, tents, robes, and other items of daily use (Qureshi, 1944). Some reports suggest the development of ornamental pottery and metalwork. The royal households would make use of metal basins, porcelains, and ornamented brass and silver pots”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9WMBWMMS\">[Wani_Qadri 2020, p. 9]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 41,
"polity": {
"id": 388,
"name": "in_gupta_emp",
"long_name": "Gupta Empire",
"start_year": 320,
"end_year": 550
},
"year_from": 477,
"year_to": 515,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 71,
"name": "tr_roman_dominate",
"long_name": "Roman Empire - Dominate",
"start_year": 285,
"end_year": 394
},
{
"id": 185,
"name": "it_western_roman_emp",
"long_name": "Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity",
"start_year": 395,
"end_year": 476
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "It seems reasonable to infer that at least some of the ceramics imported from the Roman Empire would have been considered luxury goods, given the long distances they travelled. “The most distinctive class pottery of this period is what the archaeologists have called “red ware”. This technique is what the archaeologists have called “red ware”. This technique was believed to have imported to India from Mediterranean region. But local imitations have been found in a number of sites.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R7F7D9RG\">[Maity 1957, p. 107]</a> “The Roman containers of wine (Amphora) were found in the excavation of Mahāstūpa of Devnimori in Gujrat. Mehta and Chaudhary write, \"Some amphoras were found covered with black residue; the chemical analysis suggests that residue was regimentation of wine” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MPFM5M8P\">[Girotra 1994, p. 157]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 42,
"polity": {
"id": 792,
"name": "in_kanva_dyn",
"long_name": "Magadha - Kanva Dynasty",
"start_year": -75,
"end_year": -30
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“scholars know very little about the Kanva dynasty or its rulers. Most information is based on a few ancient coins, on accounts of the history of the geographical area, and on the Puranas, an ancient account of the Hindu religion that is more useful for genealogical information than for political history. According to the Puranas, the Kanva dynasty had four kings…who ruled for a total of only forty-five years…the short-lived Kanva dynasty left little mark on the history of India…” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7N3PNVCB\">[Middleton 2015, p. 486]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 43,
"polity": {
"id": 89,
"name": "in_satavahana_emp",
"long_name": "Satavahana Empire",
"start_year": -100,
"end_year": 200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 89,
"name": "in_satavahana_emp",
"long_name": "Satavahana Empire",
"start_year": -100,
"end_year": 200
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“The Northern Black polished ware (NBP) is a highly specialized variety, which requires more skill. These wares are lightweight, more durable and having blue luster. Comparatively these were costlier than the above two. […] In Maharashtra the occurrence of superior type of the above variety at some sites, viz. Prakash, Bahai, Kaundinapura, Nasik, Nevasa, Ter, indicate that it brought from northern India by paying attractive value. This shows that there is growth of economically viable class who can offer good price for such types of costly goods.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B8KQG349\">[Kathare 2005, p. 204]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 44,
"polity": {
"id": 374,
"name": "ir_safavid_emp",
"long_name": "Safavid Empire",
"start_year": 1501,
"end_year": 1722
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“Apart from these staple items, tin and iron were required and a wide variety of luxuries such as furs, jewels, watches, glassware, cutlery, amber for beads, coral, porcelain, ivory, falcons, exotic animals and fashionable bric-a-brac <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/87MQJ3QG\">[Ferrier,_R 1986, p. 484]</a> “Porcelain was an item of prestige at Muslim royal courts, collected, gifted and displayed. Renowned for its physical properties of having a pure white body, being harder than earthenware, and its translucence, porcelain was desired in the Muslim world from the ninth century onwards. n the Persianate world, the influx of porcelain and other fine Chinese wares significantly increased after the Mongol invasion in the thirteenth century. Blue and white designs on porcelain, particularly of the Yuan and Ming eras, became highly desired, as did celadon, a light-green-glazed stoneware. Methods of displaying and storing these ceramics differed, but the first known instance of a dedicated space created for their display in the Persianate world is from the Timurid period” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/72C8K7WX\">[Razvi 2019, p. 82]</a> “Apart from these staple items, tin and iron were required and a wide variety of luxuries such as furs, jewels, watches, glassware, cutlery, amber for beads, coral, porcelain, ivory, falcons, exotic animals and fashionable bric-a-brac” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/87MQJ3QG\">[Ferrier,_R 1986, p. 484]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 45,
"polity": {
"id": 191,
"name": "it_papal_state_2",
"long_name": "Papal States - Renaissance Period",
"start_year": 1378,
"end_year": 1527
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“the wealthy and moderately well-off families who fought over inheritance, and […] more maiolica […] in the cupboards of widows who took over their husband’s estates <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SXKA7S3D\">[Welch 2005, p. 12]</a> “The assemblage of porcelain collections was also done as part of interior decoration as they were often displayed over doorcases or hearths” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QVN7J7JF\">[McCray 2016, p. 221]</a> “the wealthy and moderately well-off families who fought over inheritance, and […] more maiolica […] in the cupboards of widows who took over their husband’s estates […] historian Duccio Balestracci indicates that this increase in supply was not limited to the demands of an urban elite but was integrated into rural lifestyles lower down the social scale” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SXKA7S3D\">[Welch 2005, p. 12]</a> “A naive cultural analysis could say that people surrounded themselves with luxury goods solely to reflect their status and social aspirations. This simple equation may work for precious materials such as gold. However, this does little to explain why items such as […] majolica, made from relatively cheap materials, were consumed. […] Consumption and ownership of refined goods […] acted to display social traits and virtues far beyond what could be associated with their inherent value. This is especially true for luxury goods like majolica” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QVN7J7JF\">[McCray 2016, pp. 144-225]</a> “the wealthy and moderately well-off families who fought over inheritance, and […] more maiolica […] in the cupboards of widows who took over their husband’s estates […] historian Duccio Balestracci indicates that this increase in supply was not limited to the demands of an urban elite but was integrated into rural lifestyles lower down the social scale” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SXKA7S3D\">[Welch 2005, p. 12]</a> “Persons from different social strata collected luxury glass either as a substitute for another material, for the fact that it was glass, or perhaps for both reasons. Similar behavior was exhibited in the collection of other ceramics such as majolica and porcelain.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QVN7J7JF\">[McCray 2016, p. 221]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 46,
"polity": {
"id": 192,
"name": "it_papal_state_3",
"long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period I",
"start_year": 1527,
"end_year": 1648
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 175,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire II",
"start_year": 1517,
"end_year": 1683
},
{
"id": 192,
"name": "it_papal_state_3",
"long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period I",
"start_year": 1527,
"end_year": 1648
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“the wealthy and moderately well-off families who fought over inheritance, and […] more maiolica […] in the cupboards of widows who took over their husband’s estates <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SXKA7S3D\">[Welch 2005, p. 12]</a> “These ‘China Cups’, along with other ceramics which were both imported and domestically produced, rose in value and esteem through the Early Modern period. […] The collection of Chinese and Japanese pottery in Europe intensified in the 16th century, and importation of the goods continued there and in the Ottoman Empire throughout the early modern period.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, p. 66]</a> “the wealthy and moderately well-off families who fought over inheritance, and […] more maiolica […] in the cupboards of widows who took over their husband’s estates […] historian Duccio Balestracci indicates that this increase in supply was not limited to the demands of an urban elite but was integrated into rural lifestyles lower down the social scale” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SXKA7S3D\">[Welch 2005, p. 12]</a> “A naive cultural analysis could say that people surrounded themselves with luxury goods solely to reflect their status and social aspirations. This simple equation may work for precious materials such as gold. However, this does little to explain why items such as […] majolica, made from relatively cheap materials, were consumed. […] Consumption and ownership of refined goods […] acted to display social traits and virtues far beyond what could be associated with their inherent value. This is especially true for luxury goods like majolica” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QVN7J7JF\">[McCray 2016, pp. 144-225]</a> “the wealthy and moderately well-off families who fought over inheritance, and […] more maiolica […] in the cupboards of widows who took over their husband’s estates […] historian Duccio Balestracci indicates that this increase in supply was not limited to the demands of an urban elite but was integrated into rural lifestyles lower down the social scale” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SXKA7S3D\">[Welch 2005, p. 12]</a> “Persons from different social strata collected luxury glass either as a substitute for another material, for the fact that it was glass, or perhaps for both reasons. Similar behavior was exhibited in the collection of other ceramics such as majolica and porcelain.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QVN7J7JF\">[McCray 2016, p. 221]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 47,
"polity": {
"id": 193,
"name": "it_papal_state_4",
"long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period II",
"start_year": 1648,
"end_year": 1809
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 193,
"name": "it_papal_state_4",
"long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period II",
"start_year": 1648,
"end_year": 1809
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“The ceramic industry of Pesaro […] had an illustrious history since the Renaissance, reaching its highlight in the sixteenth century. Following a long period of decline that was partly attributed to competition by porcelain from the Far East, the manufacture of pottery was revived around the middle of the eighteenth century. A ceramics factory was initially established by Giuseppe Bertolucci of Urbania in 1757, but with limited success. In 1763, a new company was established by two ceramicists from Lodi, Antonio Casali (1727-1787) and Filippo Antonio Callegari (1730-1810), assisted by Pietro Lei, a skilled painter from Sassuolo. […] During the course of the eighteenth century the company’s production included fine earthenware, sometimes glazed with three firings and decorated with bunches of flowers and roses; these items restored Pesaro to the highest level of towns with a long tradition of ceramic manufacture. […] Despite its humble nature and its unremarkable quality, the jug could signify the wealth and status of its owner, especially when personalized through one’s initials or when owned in large quantities” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HEW89CJF\">[Yagou 2020, pp. 414-416]</a> “The ceramic industry of Pesaro […] had an illustrious history since the Renaissance, reaching its highlight in the sixteenth century. Following a long period of decline that was partly attributed to competition by porcelain from the Far East, the manufacture of pottery was revived around the middle of the eighteenth century. A ceramics factory was initially established by Giuseppe Bertolucci of Urbania in 1757, but with limited success. In 1763, a new company was established by two ceramicists from Lodi, Antonio Casali (1727-1787) and Filippo Antonio Callegari (1730-1810), assisted by Pietro Lei, a skilled painter from Sassuolo. […] During the course of the eighteenth century the company’s production included fine earthenware, sometimes glazed with three firings and decorated with bunches of flowers and roses; these items restored Pesaro to the highest level of towns with a long tradition of ceramic manufacture.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HEW89CJF\">[Yagou 2020, p. 414]</a> “Despite its humble nature and its unremarkable quality, the jug could signify the wealth and status of its owner, especially when personalized through one’s initials or when owned in large quantities[…] the Pesaro-made Epirote jug stands as an exemplary item of quantity production. Despite the fragility of the material, a substantial number of these items have survived, attesting to the large-scale nature of the production process. Nevertheless, the personalized attributes add a dimension of exclusivity.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HEW89CJF\">[Yagou 2020, p. 416]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 48,
"polity": {
"id": 545,
"name": "it_venetian_rep_4",
"long_name": "Republic of Venice IV",
"start_year": 1564,
"end_year": 1797
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 545,
"name": "it_venetian_rep_4",
"long_name": "Republic of Venice IV",
"start_year": 1564,
"end_year": 1797
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“’Magnificence’ […] was a virtue which could only be enjoyed by the wealthy […] material displays of honour meant purchasing a wide variety of objects for a multitude of different uses and made of a range of different materials in an effort to make family and guests comfortable, and perhaps a little envious. […] porcelain should be displayed alongside dishes of gold or silver. While this was certainly a display of wealth, it was also a display of refinement and knowledge.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, pp. 67-68]</a> “It was the demands of Muslim consumers, particularly their preference for blue-and-white wares, which initially drove the markets for imports and for domestically-manufactured replicas of Chinese porcelain” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, p. 65]</a> “Because of this additional facet of splendour, men of lesser standing could also aim for virtue through the variety of means by which goods were recirculated, including pawnbrokers and auctions. […] Innkeepers in Venice were also known to auction off any lost-and-found items, along with goods left as collateral for loans. Through these means, families of artisans, shopkeepers, and the like might acquire […] fine wares emblazoned with the crest of a wealthy family. They might also have a quantity of utensils and tableware of sufficient quality to host relatively sumptuous and intricate dining ceremonies. Regardless of the ways by which less-wealthy members of society were able to procure luxury goods, the fact that they possessed these items at all divulges an awareness of the expanding material world of the early modern period, and a desire to take part in these changes despite monetary constraints” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, p. 67]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 49,
"polity": {
"id": 151,
"name": "jp_azuchi_momoyama",
"long_name": "Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama",
"start_year": 1568,
"end_year": 1603
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 151,
"name": "jp_azuchi_momoyama",
"long_name": "Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama",
"start_year": 1568,
"end_year": 1603
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“Stimulated by the demand for tea bowls, pottery making flourished, resulting in what is regarded as the golden age of ceramics. Glazed wares reflecting Korean influence as well as plain unglazed pottery were produced.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QW6KBXR7\">[Hane 1991, p. 122]</a> “Finely potted celadon and stonewares with deep brown glazes known as temmoku in Japan were especially sought after since there were no jp_azuchi_momoyamaally-produced words of comparable refinement. […] Porcelain manufacture did not begin in Japan until the early seventeenth century” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QSCTGM3T\">[Guth 2011, p. 51]</a> “Kyoto was also the chief center of trade and industry, and the home of skilled craftsmen who produced fine lacquers, pottery, elegant textiles, metalwares, and other luxury goods for affluent members of the aristocracy, clergy, warrior, and merchant classes.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T6SRH5F6\">[Hickman 1996, p. 24]</a> China.“Kyoto was also the chief center of trade and industry, and the home of skilled craftsmen who produced fine lacquers, pottery, elegant textiles, metalwares, and other luxury goods for affluent members of the aristocracy, clergy, warrior, and merchant classes.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T6SRH5F6\">[Hickman 1996, p. 24]</a> “Finely potted celadon and stonewares with deep brown glazes known as temmoku in Japan were especially sought after since there were no domestically-produced words of comparable refinement. […] Porcelain manufacture did not begin in Japan until the early seventeenth century” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T6SRH5F6\">[Hickman 1996, p. 51]</a> “Stimulated by the demand for tea bowls, pottery making flourished, resulting in what is regarded as the golden age of ceramics. Glazed wares reflecting Korean influence as well as plain unglazed pottery were produced. […] Hideyoshi was one of the most enthusiastic practitioners of the ceremony, sponsoring elaborate tea parties.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QW6KBXR7\">[Hane 1991, p. 122]</a> “Stimulated by the demand for tea bowls, pottery making flourished, resulting in what is regarded as the golden age of ceramics. Glazed wares reflecting Korean influence as well as plain unglazed pottery were produced. […] The warriors of this period displayed great interest in the tea ceremony, resulting in the construction of a large number of tea houses and fostering of the craft of pottery.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QW6KBXR7\">[Hane 1991, p. 122]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 50,
"polity": {
"id": 150,
"name": "jp_sengoku_jidai",
"long_name": "Warring States Japan",
"start_year": 1467,
"end_year": 1568
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 269,
"name": "cn_ming_dyn",
"long_name": "Great Ming",
"start_year": 1368,
"end_year": 1644
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Vietnam",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Lux_fine_ceramic_wares",
"comment": "“Porcelain ware was precious in late 14th to 17th centuries Japan. And at the same time – as the abundance of sherds in the archaeological record shows – it must have been comparably easy to obtain ceramics from the outside world. The appearance of the tea ceremony during the time of the Muromachi shôgunate (1338-1573), later to be refined by the famous tea master Sen no Rikyû (1522-1591), added much to the fashion of porcelain usage in Japan. The demand for tea utensils, porcelain cups and plates greatly increased among members of the warrior class and the wealthy bourgeoisie, a development that strongly contradicted the general uncertainty and military turmoil of the Warring States period (Jap. sengoku jidai) ca. 1470- 1570.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JP96S42F\">[Seyock 2006, p. 131]</a> “the famous Shin'an wreck was discovered some 30 years ago. This Chinese merchant ship on its way to Japan carried a cargo of over 20,000 pieces of fine ceramics” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JP96S42F\">[Seyock 2006, p. 135]</a> “Japan exported to China […] and, in return, imported […] porcelain” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QW6KBXR7\">[Hane 1991, p. 102]</a> “In researching the history of world-wide porcelain trade it is easily overlooked that Japan, just like early modern Europe, was a main consumer of Chinese porcelain and high fired glazed stoneware for hundreds of years beginning with the Southern Song era (1127-1279). In the 16th century Japanese craftsmen still lacked the knowledge of porcelain production, while the Jingdezhen kilns in China looked back on a tradition of manufacturing high fired and glazed wares more than five hundred years old […] It was only in the early decades of the 17th century that porcelain production started in Japan.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JP96S42F\">[Seyock 2006, p. 131]</a> “The Mizusaki site produced sherds of cups made of white or blue-and-white porcelain from Vietnamese kilns. A celadon cup with a lotus petal like relief on the inside is also believed to come from Vietnam.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JP96S42F\">[Seyock 2006, p. 133]</a> “Especially in the 15th century, when porcelain from Chinese kilns was difficult to purchase, the demand for Thai and – to a smaller degree – Vietnam wares was high around the South and East China Seas. […] Thai and Vietnamese ceramics turn up quite frequently in western Japanese sites, though only in small numbers.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JP96S42F\">[Seyock 2006, p. 135]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}