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"count": 156,
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{
"id": 151,
"polity": {
"id": 674,
"name": "se_cayor_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Cayor",
"start_year": 1549,
"end_year": 1864
},
"year_from": 1600,
"year_to": 1700,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "A~P",
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"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_fabrics",
"comment": "‘’’ “The Senegambian kingdoms that gained independence from the Empire of Jolof in the mid-sixteenth century were fundamentally African polities. […] As the slave trade came to dominate trade with the European Atlantic powers over the course of the seventeenth century, war became an even more lucrative activity. […] Central to this warfare were the ceddo, a class of slave soldiers under the control of the king. As primary producers of enslaved people for export, they had privileged access to the high-value goods offered by the Europeans on the coast: firearms, utensils, cloth, tobacco, and alcoholic spirits.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MM67I638\">[Bigon_Ross 2020, p. 46]</a> “The king was also to receive six aunes (about eight yards) of a French-made cloth called quintin for each slave and five aunes of the slightly more expensive India cloth. […] [W]omen's acquisition and display of costly goods was part of a general pattern that overlapped with the production and trade of local and foreign textiles in the lower Senegal river valley.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ISEEHI39\">[Benjamin 2016, pp. 45-48]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 152,
"polity": {
"id": 682,
"name": "se_jolof_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jolof",
"start_year": 1549,
"end_year": 1865
},
"year_from": 1549,
"year_to": 1799,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Europe",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_fabrics",
"comment": "Of the following quotes, the one from Charles (1977) suggests that European luxury fabrics were definitely present in this polity in the 19th century, while the one from Fourshey (2019) suggests that elite Wolof women were involved in the fine textile trade in a vaguely defined “precolonial period”. “Jolof's nobility participated in a trade in luxury items, especially horses. […] By the nineteenth century European trade goods such as rifles, fine cloth, and liquor were also luxury items.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NRGZDV3Z\">[Charles 1977, p. 8]</a> NB The following refers to the “precolonial era”, suggesting it is relevant to this polity. “With strong ties to the powerful and centralized Wolof (Jolof) states of Waalo, Kayor, Baol, Sine, and Saloum, Wolof women had notable impacts on trade relations with Europeans. […] They also held positions in powerful ruling families that gave them entry to a large network from which to draw resources from military forces and highly skilled artisan castes. […] Wolof women broadly were members of these networks and political councils, and female members of the royal family—sisters, wives, aunts, grandmothers, and Queen mothers (linguere)—held power over areas of production as well as people’s lives. They oversaw territory inhabited by people who paid them taxes; monopolized certain domains of luxury trade in the region that included ivory, wax, cloth, baobab fruit, salt, and certain types of fishing; and collected taxes from long-distance traders including foreigners and local agents.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AT6ZQAF3\">[Fourshey 2019]</a> “The Senegambian kingdoms that gained independence from the Empire of Jolof in the mid-sixteenth century were fundamentally African polities. […] As the slave trade came to dominate trade with the European Atlantic powers over the course of the seventeenth century, war became an even more lucrative activity. […] Central to this warfare were the ceddo, a class of slave soldiers under the control of the king. As primary producers of enslaved people for export, they had privileged access to the high-value goods offered by the Europeans on the coast: firearms, utensils, cloth, tobacco, and alcoholic spirits.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MM67I638\">[Bigon_Ross 2020, p. 46]</a> NB Unclear which European countries, exactly, exported fine textiles to the Jolof, based on the literature consulted. “Jolof's nobility participated in a trade in luxury items, especially horses. […] By the nineteenth century European trade goods such as rifles, fine cloth, and liquor were also luxury items.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NRGZDV3Z\">[Charles 1977, p. 8]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 153,
"polity": {
"id": 675,
"name": "se_saloum_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Saloum",
"start_year": 1490,
"end_year": 1863
},
"year_from": 1549,
"year_to": 1599,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_fabrics",
"comment": "‘’’ “The Senegambian kingdoms that gained independence from the Empire of Jolof in the mid-sixteenth century were fundamentally African polities. […] As the slave trade came to dominate trade with the European Atlantic powers over the course of the seventeenth century, war became an even more lucrative activity. […] Central to this warfare were the ceddo, a class of slave soldiers under the control of the king. As primary producers of enslaved people for export, they had privileged access to the high-value goods offered by the Europeans on the coast: firearms, utensils, cloth, tobacco, and alcoholic spirits.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MM67I638\">[Bigon_Ross 2020, p. 46]</a> “The king was also to receive six aunes (about eight yards) of a French-made cloth called quintin for each slave and five aunes of the slightly more expensive India cloth. […] [W]omen's acquisition and display of costly goods was part of a general pattern that overlapped with the production and trade of local and foreign textiles in the lower Senegal river valley.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ISEEHI39\">[Benjamin 2016, pp. 45-48]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 154,
"polity": {
"id": 675,
"name": "se_saloum_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Saloum",
"start_year": 1490,
"end_year": 1863
},
"year_from": 1600,
"year_to": 1700,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "A~P",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_fabrics",
"comment": "‘’’ “The Senegambian kingdoms that gained independence from the Empire of Jolof in the mid-sixteenth century were fundamentally African polities. […] As the slave trade came to dominate trade with the European Atlantic powers over the course of the seventeenth century, war became an even more lucrative activity. […] Central to this warfare were the ceddo, a class of slave soldiers under the control of the king. As primary producers of enslaved people for export, they had privileged access to the high-value goods offered by the Europeans on the coast: firearms, utensils, cloth, tobacco, and alcoholic spirits.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MM67I638\">[Bigon_Ross 2020, p. 46]</a> “The king was also to receive six aunes (about eight yards) of a French-made cloth called quintin for each slave and five aunes of the slightly more expensive India cloth. […] [W]omen's acquisition and display of costly goods was part of a general pattern that overlapped with the production and trade of local and foreign textiles in the lower Senegal river valley.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ISEEHI39\">[Benjamin 2016, pp. 45-48]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 155,
"polity": {
"id": 677,
"name": "se_sine_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Sine",
"start_year": 1350,
"end_year": 1887
},
"year_from": 1350,
"year_to": 1599,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_fabrics",
"comment": "Inferred continuity post-17th century. “Contemporary observers also allude to the possibility that local cloth may have embodied forms of social differentiation during the 17th century (de Marees (1602), in de Moraes 1993, 54; Fr Gaspar de Sevilla (1647), in de Moraes 1995, 363; Lemaire 1887, 54–55). Certain garments and textiles seem to have distinguished nobles and elites from commoners, in conformity with many other societies in Africa and elsewhere, where cloth and clothing, by virtue of their pliability, tactility and gradability, and because of their intimate linkages to bodies and selves, constitute veritable ‘social skins’, and were deployed and redeployed as political artefacts in daily negotiations of social geometries (cf. Comaroff 1996; DiPaolo Loren 2001; Hendrickson 1996). “ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 20]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 156,
"polity": {
"id": 677,
"name": "se_sine_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Sine",
"start_year": 1350,
"end_year": 1887
},
"year_from": 1600,
"year_to": 1699,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_fabrics",
"comment": "Inferred continuity post-17th century. “Contemporary observers also allude to the possibility that local cloth may have embodied forms of social differentiation during the 17th century (de Marees (1602), in de Moraes 1993, 54; Fr Gaspar de Sevilla (1647), in de Moraes 1995, 363; Lemaire 1887, 54–55). Certain garments and textiles seem to have distinguished nobles and elites from commoners, in conformity with many other societies in Africa and elsewhere, where cloth and clothing, by virtue of their pliability, tactility and gradability, and because of their intimate linkages to bodies and selves, constitute veritable ‘social skins’, and were deployed and redeployed as political artefacts in daily negotiations of social geometries (cf. Comaroff 1996; DiPaolo Loren 2001; Hendrickson 1996). “ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 20]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}