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{
"count": 113,
"next": null,
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"results": [
{
"id": 102,
"polity": {
"id": 678,
"name": "se_waalo_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Waalo",
"start_year": 1287,
"end_year": 1855
},
"year_from": 1500,
"year_to": 1815,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "A~P",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "A~P",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "A~P",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "P~A",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 103,
"polity": {
"id": 652,
"name": "et_harar_emirate",
"long_name": "Emirate of Harar",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1875
},
"year_from": 1650,
"year_to": 1799,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "A~P",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not explicitly label almost any of the goods that circulated in this polity at this time as notably luxurious. However, given that Harar was a major trade centre in the nineteenth century, importing and exporting a broad range of items from across the Indian Ocean and East Africa, it seems reasonable to infer that luxury drinks and/or alcohol were traded there. “Fitawrari Tackle Hawariyat was nine year old when he entered Harar with Menelik’s army that defeated Amir Abdullah’s small army at Chelenque battle[ in 1987]. He had been living at Addis Ababa just before he left and came to Harar which he described as follows: ‘[…] The shops and stores are stuffed with various types of goods imported from abroad. […]’ As the boy stated the shops and stores were stuffed with goods and merchandises imported from abroad, i.e. Yemen, Arabia, India, China, etc.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a> NB Harari coffee was a very valuable commodity at the time, but the literature does not confirm whether it was a luxury good within the emirate itself. “Burton (1966:192-193) states ‘The coffee of Harar is too well-known in the market of Europe to require description’”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that only a relatively small number of items were a royal monopoly, which suggests that many luxurious items were broadly accessible to anyone who could afford them, regardless of social extraction. “Even though the trading of ivory, ostrich feathers, and other items were monopolized by some Amirs and their families; the basic value related to property right was respected i.e. economic freedom: the rights to acquire, use, transfer and dispose of private property. ” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 104,
"polity": {
"id": 89,
"name": "in_satavahana_emp",
"long_name": "Satavahana Empire",
"start_year": -100,
"end_year": 200
},
"year_from": -100,
"year_to": 0,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "It seems reasonable to infer that wine imported from the Roman Empire was considered a luxury good. “Among the potsherds found in various places were those of amphorae from the Mediterranean. Twenty-six sites in India have so far yielded amphorae fragments and sixteen of these are in Gujarat and Maharashtra. This itself speaks for the importance of the west coast in maritime trade. These were the large jars used for storing and transporting olive oil, most frequently wine. The sediment deposit on most such potsherds is of wine, and the stamp on the amphorae is often of Koan wine from southern Italy and the Greek islands. Periplus mentions import of wine in India along with other objects from the Mediterranean. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B8KQG349\">[Kathare 2005, p. 204]</a> Evidence for the import of wine comes in the form of amphorae fragments from Nevasa which have a resinous coating on the interior. This coating either represents sediment from the wine or is a deliberate application to ensure non-permeability of the jars […] Pieces of Roman amphorae have been found at Junnar. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XRV77XN5\">[Ray 1983, pp. 159-160]</a> The following quote suggests that wine imported from Rome may have been intended for urban populatios, including non-elites. “In Maharashtra amphora sherds have mostly been reported at sites like Bhokardan, Junnar, Paunar, Ter, Nevasa and Rrahmapuri. This shows that the commodities in the amphoras were chiefly intended for consumers in large urban areas. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B8KQG349\">[Kathare 2005, p. 204]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 105,
"polity": {
"id": 659,
"name": "ni_allada_k",
"long_name": "Allada",
"start_year": 1100,
"end_year": 1724
},
"year_from": 1100,
"year_to": 1650,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 709,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern",
"start_year": 1640,
"end_year": 1806
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a very rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed. Also, a note on vocabulary: The Gbe region is/was the area where Gbe languages were spoken. This includes the Allada polity.“As a result of the slave trade, the influx of foreign goods and their social use as status markers were pronounced phenomena in the Gbe region. […] Even gastronomic habits were influenced by the Atlantic trade: The king and the grandees, even the wealthy common people, eat like the French. Their table is set in the same manner; they have […] good wines, liquors […] which they buy from the Europeans; they take pride in excelling each other with regard to the meals they serve.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 125]</a> “Wine: introduced by the first Portuguese, it continued to be sent to Kwaland through the whole slave-trade period. Much of it was intended for European residents, but it was also given or sold as a luxury to the African upper class. It came from mainland Portugal and Spain, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and France. Dutch, English, and later American slavers would pick up port, malmsey, or Tenerife wine en route to West Africa. […] Exotic Foods: tea, coffee […] bottled beer, distilled water - any item, it would seem, that a European ship carried as provisions for its own officers and crew or for European residents of the coast-made suitable, often solicited, gifts for the African elite.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 25]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 28]</a> NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a very rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed. Also, a note on vocabulary: The Gbe region is/was the area where Gbe languages were spoken. This includes the Allada polity. “As a result of the slave trade, the influx of foreign goods and their social use as status markers were pronounced phenomena in the Gbe region. […] Even gastronomic habits were influenced by the Atlantic trade: The king and the grandees, even the wealthy common people, eat like the French. Their table is set in the same manner; they have […] good wines, liquors […] which they buy from the Europeans; they take pride in excelling each other with regard to the meals they serve.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 125]</a> “Wine: introduced by the first Portuguese, it continued to be sent to Kwaland through the whole slave-trade period. Much of it was intended for European residents, but it was also given or sold as a luxury to the African upper class. It came from mainland Portugal and Spain, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and France. Dutch, English, and later American slavers would pick up port, malmsey, or Tenerife wine en route to West Africa. […] Exotic Foods: tea, coffee […] bottled beer, distilled water - any item, it would seem, that a European ship carried as provisions for its own officers and crew or for European residents of the coast-made suitable, often solicited, gifts for the African elite. […] Pompous trappings shade into high-quality items in every category of trade good: for example, fine wines” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 25]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 28]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 30]</a> NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a very rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed. “As a result of the slave trade, the influx of foreign goods and their social use as status markers were pronounced phenomena in the Gbe region. […] Even gastronomic habits were influenced by the Atlantic trade: The king and the grandees, even the wealthy common people, eat like the French. Their table is set in the same manner; they have […] good wines, liquors […] which they buy from the Europeans; they take pride in excelling each other with regard to the meals they serve.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 106,
"polity": {
"id": 668,
"name": "ni_nri_k",
"long_name": "Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì",
"start_year": 1043,
"end_year": 1911
},
"year_from": 1043,
"year_to": 1650,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“As a result of the slave trade, the influx of foreign goods and their social use as status markers were pronounced phenomena in the Gbe region. […] Even gastronomic habits were influenced by the Atlantic trade: The king and the grandees, even the wealthy common people, eat like the French. Their table is set in the same manner; they have […] good wines, liquors […] which they buy from the Europeans; they take pride in excelling each other with regard to the meals they serve.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 125]</a> “Wine: introduced by the first Portuguese, it continued to be sent to Kwaland through the whole slave-trade period. Much of it was intended for European residents, but it was also given or sold as a luxury to the African upper class. It came from mainland Portugal and Spain, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and France. Dutch, English, and later American slavers would pick up port, malmsey, or Tenerife wine en route to West Africa. […] Exotic Foods: tea, coffee […] bottled beer, distilled water - any item, it would seem, that a European ship carried as provisions for its own officers and crew or for European residents of the coast-made suitable, often solicited, gifts for the African elite.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 25]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 28]</a> NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed, based on the fact that “[i]n the late seventeenth century, there was a rise in the relative importance of slaves from sources from north of the Equator, as opposed to from Angola. […] The Bight of Benin, where Anecho became a Portuguese base in 1645, and Whydah an English one in 1672, was of particular importance for slave exports from West Africa.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NMC66GR7\">[Black 2015, p. 49]</a> “Wine: introduced by the first Portuguese, it continued to be sent to Kwaland through the whole slave-trade period. Much of it was intended for European residents, but it was also given or sold as a luxury to the African upper class. It came from mainland Portugal and Spain, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and France. Dutch, English, and later American slavers would pick up port, malmsey, or Tenerife wine en route to West Africa. […] Exotic Foods: tea, coffee […] bottled beer, distilled water - any item, it would seem, that a European ship carried as provisions for its own officers and crew or for European residents of the coast-made suitable, often solicited, gifts for the African elite. […] Pompous trappings shade into high-quality items in every category of trade good: for example, fine wines” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 25]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 28]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 30]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 107,
"polity": {
"id": 676,
"name": "se_baol_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Baol",
"start_year": 1550,
"end_year": 1890
},
"year_from": 1550,
"year_to": 1815,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "A~P",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "A~P",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "A~P",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "P~A",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a> France seems to have been the main European polity trading in the region at the time, based on the literature consulted. “At the time of the outbreak of the Seven Years’ War in 1756, France controlled a number of stations in the Senegambia region under company rule. The two most important were Saint- Louis, at the mouth of the Senegal River, and Gorée, an island about 100 miles south. Saint- Louis had been administered by a number of French companies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with the exception of a short British occupation.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/D5CDPSZG\">[Nigro 2014, p. 34]</a> “Saint-Louis is an island at the mouth of the Senegal River. Called Ndar by local Wolof speakers, the island became the focal point of French (and for a time, British) commercial and political activities in the region. The French established a fort on the north side of the island in 1659.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XMSGBN9U\">[Everill 2019]</a> However, note that the following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 110,
"polity": {
"id": 682,
"name": "se_jolof_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jolof",
"start_year": 1549,
"end_year": 1865
},
"year_from": 1549,
"year_to": 1799,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "A~P",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "A~P",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "A~P",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "P~A",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 111,
"polity": {
"id": 675,
"name": "se_saloum_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Saloum",
"start_year": 1490,
"end_year": 1863
},
"year_from": 1490,
"year_to": 1500,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 112,
"polity": {
"id": 675,
"name": "se_saloum_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Saloum",
"start_year": 1490,
"end_year": 1863
},
"year_from": 1501,
"year_to": 1799,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "A~P",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "A~P",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "A~P",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "P~A",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 113,
"polity": {
"id": 677,
"name": "se_sine_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Sine",
"start_year": 1350,
"end_year": 1887
},
"year_from": 1350,
"year_to": 1500,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 114,
"polity": {
"id": 677,
"name": "se_sine_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Sine",
"start_year": 1350,
"end_year": 1887
},
"year_from": 1501,
"year_to": 1799,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "A~P",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "A~P",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "A~P",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "P~A",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 115,
"polity": {
"id": 678,
"name": "se_waalo_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Waalo",
"start_year": 1287,
"end_year": 1855
},
"year_from": 1287,
"year_to": 1499,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 116,
"polity": {
"id": 674,
"name": "se_cayor_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Cayor",
"start_year": 1549,
"end_year": 1864
},
"year_from": 1549,
"year_to": 1799,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "A~P",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 566,
"name": "fr_france_napoleonic",
"long_name": "Napoleonic France",
"start_year": 1816,
"end_year": 1870
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "A~P",
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "A~P",
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
}
]
}