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{
"id": 1,
"polity": {
"id": 780,
"name": "bd_chandra_dyn",
"long_name": "Chandra Dynasty",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1050
},
"year_from": null,
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"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
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"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“Tarafdar himself admits that epigraphic records prepared during Deva, Chandra and Varman rule give no indication of trade, which renders impossible the determination of the extent of commercialisation of the contemporary society.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SPVKQ8S\">[Thakur 1987, p. 202]</a> “Not a single new commercial centre sprang up in Bengal between the 8th and 13th centuries A.D. and it appears that this region had hardly a place in external trade for at least 500 years.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2SPVKQ8S\">[Thakur 1987, p. 206]</a>",
"description": null
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{
"id": 2,
"polity": {
"id": 690,
"name": "bu_burundi_k",
"long_name": "Burundi",
"start_year": 1680,
"end_year": 1903
},
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"is_disputed": false,
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"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include alcohol of any kind as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 3,
"polity": {
"id": 470,
"name": "cn_hmong_1",
"long_name": "Hmong - Late Qing",
"start_year": 1701,
"end_year": 1895
},
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"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
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"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“Though scattered across Guizhou, Guizhou, and Anshun, the “Flower Miao” were mainly concentrated in the northwestern Guizhou region and northeastern Yunnan's Zhaotong City during the Ming and Qing dynasties... This disparity stemmed from the Tusi system, prevalent in Yuan, Ming, and early Qing eras. These hereditary rulers, often from other ethnicities, dominated much of Southwest China. By the time the Hmong migrated, existing Tusi systems in Yunnan and Guizhou had already formed powerful political and economic forces. Consequently, the Hmong often found themselves exploited and enslaved within these Tusi regions, relegated to roles like tenant farmers for the Tusi lords... In areas like Xinqu County and Guangshun Prefecture, the Flower Miao, Eastern Miao, Western Miao, and Guyang Miao all suffered under similar burdens, paying rent and performing labor considered comparable to \"commoners,\" pushing them deeper into poverty. By \"commoners,\" we mean the state's registered households and Han Chinese citizens. These Hmong farmers, tilling landlord-owned land like their non-Hmong counterparts, were even worse off than most Han farmers… From 1855-1872, following the lead of Zhang Xiumei and the others, the Hmong in Guizhou and Hunan provinces led a series of rebellions against the Qing dynasty… The Han Chinese landlords, merchants, soldiers, and garrison troops who entered the Hmong areas often used usury to exploit the Hmong peasants… the Hmong peasants were already impoverished. When natural disasters occurred, they were even more miserable. The Hmong epic poems vividly describe this situation.（“花苗”，在遵义、贵阳、安顺地区虽有分布，但明清之际主要集中在黔西北毕节地区和滇东北昭通市地区……由于元明和清初居于土司阶层的多为别的民族，加之云南、贵州不少地区当苗族徙入时，其他民族已经建立了土司制度，形成了较强的政治和经济势力，故苗族在土司地区一般处于被剥削、被奴役的地位。他们多充当土司土目的佃户……新贵县和广顺州一带的“花苗”“东苗”“西苗”“牯羊苗”等，“输租服役，比于良民，故其贫尤甚”。所谓“良民”，即国家的编户齐民和汉族百姓。这些地区的苗民，同他们一样耕种地主土地……比一般汉族农民更为贫困……咸丰五年至同治十一年（1855-1872）……苗族地区，爆发了由张秀眉等人领导的苗族人民起义……在贵州和在湘西一样，进入苗区的汉族地主、奸商、官兵和驻军，掠夺苗族农民的一个主要手段就是放高利贷……苗族农民已穷困不堪，如处水火之中，遇上天灾年荒，就更是饥寒交加，苦楚难言。苗族地区流传的史诗对这种情景有不少生动的记述。）” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQ69GKQ8\">[Wu 2017, p. 116]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQ69GKQ8\">[Wu 2017, p. 148]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQ69GKQ8\">[Wu 2017, p. 150]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQ69GKQ8\">[Wu 2017, p. 261]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQ69GKQ8\">[Wu 2017, p. 263]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 4,
"polity": {
"id": 471,
"name": "cn_hmong_2",
"long_name": "Hmong - Early Chinese",
"start_year": 1895,
"end_year": 1941
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
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"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
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"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“Local Hmong people, Yang Hanxian, who graduated from the Sociology Department of West China University, wrote: \"The Hmong society of Weining in modern times was full of serious ethnic and class contradictions. The Yi ethnic minority landlords, who accounted for a very small number of the population, ruled and oppressed the vast majority of Hmong people... According to Hmong elders in the early 20th century, under the rule of the Yi 'nuo' (landlord),... (the above four classes are all Yi ethnic minorities) and those at the bottom of the society, or called the people under the ground, are the 'Miao (Hmong)'.\" ... In modern times, the feudal landlord system with the nature of slavery still existed in the Wumeng Mountains, and the Hmong tenant farmers were strongly dependent on the Yi ethnic minority landlords. In the Qing Dynasty, historian Zhao Yi served as an official in Shuixi. Based on his own observations, he wrote: \"The relationship between the local officials and the local people is the most severe between master and servant... \"The Hmong people wear clothes that they weave themselves from hemp, coarse hemp and worn cloth. They wear a grass belt around their waists, tie their legs with bandages, and wear straw shoes. The old records say that they \"lack clothes, sleep without beds or bedding, cook without pots and cauldrons, and have no food for the next day at home.\"（当地苗族，华西大学社会学系毕业的杨汉先写道：“近代的威宁苗族社会，充满着严重的民族和阶级的矛盾。占人口极少数的彝族土目地主，统治和压迫着广大的苗族劳苦大众……据二十世纪初期苗族老人说，在彝族’诺’（大地主）的统治下……（上述四等人皆为彝族）而处在最底层的或叫地底下的人，即’苗子’。”近代乌蒙山区还残存着带有奴隶制度性质的封建领主制，苗族佃农的人身强烈地依附于彝族土目地主。清代史学家赵翼在水西为官，以其亲见亲历写道：“凡土官之于土民，其主仆之分最严……”苗族穿的衣服是自己绩麻，粗葛败布自己纺织。腰系草带，腿裹绑带，足登草鞋。旧志说他们“身缺衣覆，寝无床被，炊缺锅釜，家无隔夜之粮。”）” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VF523UN9\">[Zhang 2009, pp. 25-26]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VF523UN9\">[Zhang 2009, p. 30]</a>",
"description": null
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{
"id": 5,
"polity": {
"id": 245,
"name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn",
"long_name": "Jin",
"start_year": -780,
"end_year": -404
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
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{
"id": 245,
"name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn",
"long_name": "Jin",
"start_year": -780,
"end_year": -404
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],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
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"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“Looking at the brewing ingredients, there are primarily three types of alcoholic drinks: \"Jiu,\" made by fermenting steamed millet, which we now call \"huangjiu\" or yellow wine, commonly enjoyed in everyday life; \"Li,\" created by fermenting overnight-steamed rice, which is what we refer to as sweet wine today. This was often reserved for more formal occasions and used by the nobility. For instance, in the historical record \"Zuo Zhuan, Year 18 of Duke Zhuang,\" it's mentioned: \"Duke Guo and Duke Huan of Jin offered their respects to the king. The king served them 'Li' wine and asked them to toast.\"... Then there's the alcoholic beverage known as \"Chang,\" produced from steamed black millet, which is essentially what we now call spiced white liquor. \"Chang\" was considered a premium brew, mainly used by the royal family to reward deserving subjects. For example, in the historical account \"Zuo Zhuan, Year 28 of Duke Xi,\" it's recorded: \"Duke Wen of Jin presented the captives from Chu to the king... On the day of Jiyu, the king enjoyed 'li' wine and asked Duke Wen of Jin to toast. The king instructed the Yin family, Wang Zihu, and the Inner Historian Shuxingfu to appoint Duke Wen of Jin as a Marquis. He bestowed upon him... a gourd of 'chang' wine and three hundred armored soldiers.\"(从酿造原料来看的话，酒主要有三种：用黍蒸饭酿成的叫酒，就是后世所谓的黄酒，这是人们日常饮用的酒；用稻蒸饭经一宿而酿成的叫醴，就是后世所谓的甜酒，这是贵族们在较隆重的场合使用的酒，如《左传·庄公十八年》：“虢公、晋侯朝王。王飨醴，命之宥”……用秬蒸饭酿成的酒水叫鬯，即后世加有香料的白酒，因鬯是佳酿，主要是王室用来赏赐有功劳的臣下，如《左传·僖公二十八年》：晋文公“献楚俘于王……己酉，王享醴，命晋侯宥。王命尹氏及王子虎、内史叔兴父策命晋侯为侯伯，赐之……秬鬯一卣，虎贲三百人。”) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TUQM9JGB\">[Xu 2004, pp. 10-11]</a> “During the Western Zhou period, both the making and use of alcohol were subject to a rather strict system of management... Even within the highest administrative circles of the Zhou dynasty, there was a designated role called the \"Director of Liquor,\" responsible for overseeing liquor production and consumption within the royal court... Moving into the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the culture of drinking became more relaxed, as people began to break away from the various formalities of the Zhou dynasty's customs... During this time, the liquor industry underwent a shift towards a more market-oriented approach... This shift was evident in the emergence of wine shops... According to the text \"Han Feizi\": \"In the state of Song, there are individuals who make liquor. The prices are quite reasonable, and when they have guests, they are very attentive. They offer a variety of liquor, and their banners are prominently displayed.\" (西周时期，酿酒和用酒都具备了比较严格的管理体制……周天子的最高行政机构之内，还专门设有“酒正”一个官职，负责王朝的酿酒与用酒。……春秋战国时期的饮酒生活已经很放松，人们冲破了周王朝礼制的种种束缚……春秋战国时期的酿酒业已经推向市场……其标志便是酒肆的兴起……《韩非子·外储说右上》记述说：宋人有酤酒者，升概甚平，遇客甚谨，为酒甚类，悬帜甚高。) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JEG75DHV\">[Wang 2010, p. 28]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JEG75DHV\">[Wang 2010, pp. 32-33]</a> “During the Zhou Dynasty, drinking alcohol was accompanied by a focus on pairing it with food... Every meal included quality liquor and delectable dishes, a privilege likely reserved for the royal family and the elites due to their resources. (周人饮酒，讲究酒与食物的组合……每餐旨酒嘉肴齐备，恐怕只有王室及贵族阶层才有能力享用。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JEG75DHV\">[Wang 2010, pp. 27-28]</a>",
"description": null
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"polity": {
"id": 269,
"name": "cn_ming_dyn",
"long_name": "Great Ming",
"start_year": 1368,
"end_year": 1644
},
"year_from": null,
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"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“Influenced by the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty society retained a certain fascination with wine. Elite gatherings and exchanges of wine between friends often featured the exquisite presence of grape wine… The western regions had always been a traditional area for grape wine production. In the early Ming Dynasty, tribute bearers reached Nanjing. However, the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang promoted simplicity and discouraged the laborious tribute process… Even local grape wine produced within the empire wasn't to be wasted on tribute. The \"History of the Ming Dynasty\" in Volume 82, \"Treatise on Food and Commodities 6,\" records: \"In the early Ming, there was an emphasis on simplicity, and the emperor considered tributes of fragrant rice, ginseng, and grape wine from counties to be taxing on the people, so he declined it.” As a result, during the Ming Dynasty, grape wine from the western regions rarely made its way to the east. Only those who ventured into the western regions had the opportunity to savor its unique flavor... In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, a trend of increasing extravagance in feasts emerged, leading to a more indulgent drinking culture. More and more people liked to host luxury feasts, and the choice of wine became significantly more refined. In the northern regions, people were willing to pay a premium for southern wines, using it as a way to showcase their social status. (受元朝饮风的影响，明朝社会对葡萄酒还是保持了一定程度的兴趣。上流人物集会聚饮，友人往来馈赠礼品，都会出现葡萄酒的芳容泽光……西域地区一直是葡萄酒的传统产地，明朝伊始，贡者已至南京。然而，开国皇帝朱元璋倡导简朴，并不提倡远途贡输劳民……就连内地郡县出产的葡萄酒，也不让其耗费进贡。《明史》卷八二《食货志六》记载：“明初，上供简省，郡县贡香米、人参、葡萄酒，太祖以为劳民，却之。”正是如此，明朝的西域葡萄酒很少向东流传，只有那些远赴西疆的人，才有一品异香的机会……朝中叶以后，饮食风气日趋奢侈，由此带动了饮酒风尚的放纵。越来越多的人热衷于铺张宴席，与此同时，宴会上开始选用名贵的酒，酒的规格明显提升。北方饮酒还不惜价钱去购买南酒，以此显示饮酒身份。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JEG75DHV\">[Wang 2010, pp. 253-255]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JEG75DHV\">[Wang 2010, p. 345]</a> “During the Ming Dynasty, every emperor enjoyed indulging in alcohol. The affairs were managed by the \"Imperial Liquor Bureau,\" which was under the supervision of eunuchs… “They specialized in producing various types of liquor, including bamboo-leaf liquor and pickled vegetables. Among these items, dry fermented black soybean was considered the finest, and it was challenging to obtain from sources outside the palace”. The palace also produced exquisite liquor such as 'Man Dian Xiang' and 'Nei Fa Jiu,' which were renowned for their exceptional color and taste. According to Gu Qiyuan, who had the opportunity to taste liquor from the Wanli era, “these were truly extraordinary”... In the 'Ming Jing Shi Wen Bian' (Ming Comprehensive Texts), liquor presented by the emperor were collectively known as 'Huang Feng Zhi Jiu' (Yellow-Sealed Liquor)... When regional princes came to Beijing for tribute missions, they were honored with these exceptional drinks. (在明朝皇帝中，无人不饮酒。“御酒房”专管其事，由宦官管理……“专造竹叶青等各种样酒，并糟瓜茄，惟干豆豉最佳，外廷不易得也”。宫中自酿的美酒，如满殿香、内法酒，据万历时品过的顾起元在《客座赘语》中说：“色味冠绝。……《明经世文编》中称皇帝所赐酒通称为“黄封之酒”……藩王来京朝贺，也赏赐美酒。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RTZ3GQDN\">[Wang 0, p. 46]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RTZ3GQDN\">[Wang 0, p. 49]</a> ““Influenced by the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty society retained a certain fascination with wine. Elite gatherings and exchanges of wine between friends often featured the exquisite presence of grape wine… The western regions had always been a traditional area for grape wine production. In the early Ming Dynasty, tribute bearers reached Nanjing. However, the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang promoted simplicity and discouraged the laborious tribute process… Even local grape wine produced within the empire wasn't to be wasted on tribute. The \"History of the Ming Dynasty\" in Volume 82, \"Treatise on Food and Commodities 6,\" records: \"In the early Ming, there was an emphasis on simplicity, and the emperor considered tributes of fragrant rice, ginseng, and grape wine from counties to be taxing on the people, so he declined it.” As a result, during the Ming Dynasty, grape wine from the western regions rarely made its way to the east. Only those who ventured into the western regions had the opportunity to savor its unique flavor... In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, a trend of increasing extravagance in feasts emerged, leading to a more indulgent drinking culture. More and more people liked to host luxury feasts, and the choice of wine became significantly more refined. In the northern regions, people were willing to pay a premium for southern wines, using it as a way to showcase their social status. (受元朝饮风的影响，明朝社会对葡萄酒还是保持了一定程度的兴趣。上流人物集会聚饮，友人往来馈赠礼品，都会出现葡萄酒的芳容泽光……西域地区一直是葡萄酒的传统产地，明朝伊始，贡者已至南京。然而，开国皇帝朱元璋倡导简朴，并不提倡远途贡输劳民……就连内地郡县出产的葡萄酒，也不让其耗费进贡。《明史》卷八二《食货志六》记载：“明初，上供简省，郡县贡香米、人参、葡萄酒，太祖以为劳民，却之。”正是如此，明朝的西域葡萄酒很少向东流传，只有那些远赴西疆的人，才有一品异香的机会……朝中叶以后，饮食风气日趋奢侈，由此带动了饮酒风尚的放纵。越来越多的人热衷于铺张宴席，与此同时，宴会上开始选用名贵的酒，酒的规格明显提升。北方饮酒还不惜价钱去购买南酒，以此显示饮酒身份。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JEG75DHV\">[Wang 2010, pp. 253-255]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JEG75DHV\">[Wang 2010, p. 345]</a>",
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"name": "cn_qing_dyn_1",
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{
"id": 1,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_1",
"long_name": "Early Qing",
"start_year": 1644,
"end_year": 1796
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Europe",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“Although the alcohol industry in the Qing Dynasty remained prosperous, the grape wine sector experienced a decline, and fewer individuals had the chance to indulge in grape wine. As documented in Song Qifeng's \"Bai Shuo,\" Volume Three: \"The grape wine from Western Liang… was almost like a mystical elixir, scarcely obtainable except through tributes and imperial gifts.\" Grape wine was a rarity in the homes of ordinary people. (大清王朝的酒业虽然依旧旺盛，但葡萄酒行业却在萎缩，能够喝上葡萄酒的人越来越少。宋起凤《稗说》卷三记载：“西梁葡萄酒……此种殆为仙制，非入贡颁赐不易得。”一般人家中很难存有葡萄酒。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JEG75DHV\">[Wang 2010, pp. 255-256]</a> “Although the alcohol industry in the Qing Dynasty remained prosperous, the grape wine sector experienced a decline, and fewer individuals had the chance to indulge in grape wine. As documented in Song Qifeng's \"Bai Shuo,\" Volume Three: \"The grape wine from Western Liang… was almost like a mystical elixir, scarcely obtainable except through tributes and imperial gifts.\" Grape wine was a rarity in the homes of ordinary people… Although cn_qing_dyn_1ally produced grape wine in the Qing Dynasty was declining, imported grape wine from overseas was becoming more common. With luck, individuals started to experience the taste of foreign wines. In the book \"Keshe Ouwen,\" written by Peng Sunyi in the seventh year of Kangxi's reign, he vividly described the fascinating experience of sharing Western grape wine with Jean-François Gerbillon… In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi's reign… an imperial edict declared, \"In the past, I experienced discomfort, and upon receiving your kneeling reports, it was suggested that high-quality Western grape wine is a remarkable tonic... I appreciate this insight, so I grant your request. Drank grape wine multiple times a day...\" Influenced by Emperor Kangxi, court officials began to embrace Western grape wine as a trendy beverage as well. (大清王朝的酒业虽然依旧旺盛，但葡萄酒行业却在萎缩，能够喝上葡萄酒的人越来越少。宋起凤《稗说》卷三记载：“西梁葡萄酒……此种殆为仙制，非入贡颁赐不易得。”一般人家中很难存有葡萄酒……清朝国产的葡萄酒虽在减少，但远洋漂来的葡萄酒却日见增多，幸运的人开始领略洋酒滋味。彭孙贻在康熙七年所写的《客舍偶闻》一书，就曾记录他与汤若望共品西洋葡萄酒的奇妙感觉……康熙四十八年……上谕：“前者朕体违和，伊等跪奏，西洋上品葡萄酒乃大补之物……朕鉴其诚，即准其奏，每日进葡萄酒几次……”受康熙皇帝的影响，朝廷近臣也开始把西洋葡萄酒当作时髦饮品。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JEG75DHV\">[Wang 2010, pp. 255-256]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 8,
"polity": {
"id": 2,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_2",
"long_name": "Late Qing",
"start_year": 1796,
"end_year": 1912
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 2,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_2",
"long_name": "Late Qing",
"start_year": 1796,
"end_year": 1912
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“Although the alcohol industry in the Qing Dynasty remained prosperous, the grape wine sector experienced a decline, and fewer individuals had the chance to indulge in grape wine. As documented in Song Qifeng's \"Bai Shuo,\" Volume Three: \"The grape wine from Western Liang… was almost like a mystical elixir, scarcely obtainable except through tributes and imperial gifts.\" Grape wine was a rarity in the homes of ordinary people. (大清王朝的酒业虽然依旧旺盛，但葡萄酒行业却在萎缩，能够喝上葡萄酒的人越来越少。宋起凤《稗说》卷三记载：“西梁葡萄酒……此种殆为仙制，非入贡颁赐不易得。”一般人家中很难存有葡萄酒。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JEG75DHV\">[Wang 2010, pp. 255-256]</a> “Although the alcohol industry in the Qing Dynasty remained prosperous, the grape wine sector experienced a decline, and fewer individuals had the chance to indulge in grape wine. As documented in Song Qifeng's \"Bai Shuo,\" Volume Three: \"The grape wine from Western Liang… was almost like a mystical elixir, scarcely obtainable except through tributes and imperial gifts.\" Grape wine was a rarity in the homes of ordinary people… Although domestically produced grape wine in the Qing Dynasty was declining, imported grape wine from overseas was becoming more common. With luck, individuals started to experience the taste of foreign wines. (大清王朝的酒业虽然依旧旺盛，但葡萄酒行业却在萎缩，能够喝上葡萄酒的人越来越少。宋起凤《稗说》卷三记载：“西梁葡萄酒……此种殆为仙制，非入贡颁赐不易得。”一般人家中很难存有葡萄酒……清朝国产的葡萄酒虽在减少，但远洋漂来的葡萄酒却日见增多，幸运的人开始领略洋酒滋味。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JEG75DHV\">[Wang 2010, pp. 255-256]</a> “Although the alcohol industry in the Qing Dynasty remained prosperous, the grape wine sector experienced a decline, and fewer individuals had the chance to indulge in grape wine. As documented in Song Qifeng's \"Bai Shuo,\" Volume Three: \"The grape wine from Western Liang… was almost like a mystical elixir, scarcely obtainable except through tributes and imperial gifts.\" Grape wine was a rarity in the homes of ordinary people… Although domestically produced grape wine in the Qing Dynasty was declining, imported grape wine from overseas was becoming more common. With luck, individuals started to experience the taste of foreign wines… Influenced by Emperor Kangxi, court officials began to embrace Western grape wine as a trendy beverage as well. (大清王朝的酒业虽然依旧旺盛，但葡萄酒行业却在萎缩，能够喝上葡萄酒的人越来越少。宋起凤《稗说》卷三记载：“西梁葡萄酒……此种殆为仙制，非入贡颁赐不易得。”一般人家中很难存有葡萄酒……清朝国产的葡萄酒虽在减少，但远洋漂来的葡萄酒却日见增多，幸运的人开始领略洋酒滋味……受康熙皇帝的影响，朝廷近臣也开始把西洋葡萄酒当作时髦饮品。)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JEG75DHV\">[Wang 2010, pp. 255-256]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 9,
"polity": {
"id": 268,
"name": "cn_yuan_dyn",
"long_name": "Great Yuan",
"start_year": 1271,
"end_year": 1368
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "\"Dalasu, a rice wine made with glutinous rice, stayed supreme among the imperial liquor of the Yuan dynasty. Dedicated palace officials oversaw its production, alongside another noble beverage - grape wine. The Mongols enjoyed this grape wine,\"boer,\" as it was called in the 'Secret History of the Mongols' (Section 281). It was a rare treasure, reserved for the Khan, kings, and high-ranking ministers. So, while colorful varieties ruled the Yuan dynasty's drinking scene, a touch of exotic flair came from the prized grape wines imported from afar. (“答剌速”也是元代宮廷的主要御用酒類之一。宮廷中有專門掌管“答剌速”的官員，此外還有葡萄酒。蒙古族人飲葡萄酒，同樣在《蒙古秘史》第281節，原文作“孛兒”，意譯為“葡萄酒”。在元代，葡萄酒十分稀罕，僅作為宮廷飲品，只有蒙古大汗、王及大臣飲用。可見當時的有色酒，大部分以穀物釀造的黃酒為主，加上少數外來的葡萄酒。)\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ESQD78F4\">[Yu 2017, p. 126]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 10,
"polity": {
"id": 197,
"name": "ec_shuar_2",
"long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian",
"start_year": 1831,
"end_year": 1931
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 197,
"name": "ec_shuar_2",
"long_name": "Shuar - Ecuadorian",
"start_year": 1831,
"end_year": 1931
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“ A successful returning war party dispatched a message to an older warrior who subsequently sponsored a two or three day feast. The warriors returned to their homes and hosted one or two additional feasts up to three years after the initial one. These lasted five or six days, and were attended by up to 150 people who danced, ate, and drank huge quantities of manioc beer (Harner 1984:190-192; Karsten 1935: 301-368)” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4F7FU5C3\">[Rubenstein 2007, p. 364]</a> “We were offered stools to sit upon, and the usual niji-manchi was forthcoming ; but when a large pin-inga (bowl) of the white liquid was passed over in our direction, both Johnson and myself waved it aside, as the method of preparing it was yet too fresh in our memory.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MF532MK2\">[Dyott 1926, p. 174]</a> “Chicha was to be distributed, and not until gallons of this intoxicating beverage had been consumed was there the slightest chance of our moving. The fair sex joined in the celebrations, and they were the worst offenders, because their menfolk would be gone some weeks and the women wanted to give them a good send-off.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MF532MK2\">[Dyott 1926, p. 276]</a> “Here it was, then, that we made our first acquaintance with masata, as the Yumbos call the arrowroot pulp preserved with human saliva which they drink with every meal.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H2GCD3XI\">[Up_de_Graff 1923, p. 60]</a> “17. Manioc beer that has been fermented for one day is a staple that all Shuar consume for caloric and nutritional value.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4F7FU5C3\">[Rubenstein 2007, p. 38]</a> “Mihanda and We-suma had already returned when we got back. We found them busily engaged cutting up the branches of a certain vine, known as natema (Banisteria caap'i) which they had collected in the forest. They were scraping off the rind and placing the chopped-up stalks into a big earthen pot full of water. … [...] The only way to settle the issue was to drink natema or ayahuasca, as it is sometimes called, so that advice might be given by the spirits of Aru-tama (the old people). After the natema had boiled for about an hour, the pot was taken off the fire, the liquid decanted into another jar and the residue thrown away. A certain amount of ritual attended the drinking of the brown fluid. … Three times this was done and on each occasion Himbikti refilled the bowls to their brim. … Kuashu did not take part in the ceremony; both he and Napi drank copiously of nija-manchi instead. Bowl upon bowl of it was served until the pair were thoroughly intoxicated.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MF532MK2\">[Dyott 1926, pp. 176-179]</a> “Their women prepare it for them by masticating cooked yuca root, and packing it in palm-leaf-lined baskets. It is a long process, identical with the making of the giamanchi of the Antipas of which I shall speak at greater length later on.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H2GCD3XI\">[Up_de_Graff 1923, p. 60]</a> “It is customary for medicine-men and warriors alike to drink a concoction prepared from this plant prior to any warlike undertaking, or whenever the spirits have to be consulted on matters of importance. It produces strange hallucinations for those who drink it, and while under its influence they are supposed to be visited by the great spirits who advise them who their enemies are and if the time for attacking them is auspicious or otherwise.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MF532MK2\">[Dyott 1926, p. 176]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 11,
"polity": {
"id": 367,
"name": "eg_ayyubid_sultanate",
"long_name": "Ayyubid Sultanate",
"start_year": 1171,
"end_year": 1250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Wine. “Allusions to wine’s spiritual properties abound in the wine verse of the later Abbasid, Andalusian, and Ayyubid poets, many of whom imitated the wine odes of Abu Nuwas”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8GZJD5X8\">[Homerin 2011, p. 152]</a> “The Fatimid and Ayyubid Egypt, mentally still closer to the style of the ancient Mediterranean-Near Eastern culture than to the fresh moral order of the relatively new religion, seemed to have been quite open as far as [the] wine market was concerned…In this Egypt, the wine business and wine consumption, since antiquity as natural here as elsewhere in the Mediterranean-Near Eastern area, were still far from being commonly rejected”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7XSX8G8C\">[Lewicka 2011, p. 514]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 12,
"polity": {
"id": 521,
"name": "eg_kushite",
"long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period",
"start_year": -747,
"end_year": -656
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 521,
"name": "eg_kushite",
"long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period",
"start_year": -747,
"end_year": -656
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Wine; possibly other alcoholic drinks. “Kushites imported…wine, olive oil, and honey from Egypt and western Asia…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X7H5K9B2\">[Lockard 2014, p. 186]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 13,
"polity": {
"id": 239,
"name": "eg_mamluk_sultanate_3",
"long_name": "Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III",
"start_year": 1412,
"end_year": 1517
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 320,
"name": "es_aragon_k",
"long_name": "Aragon Kingdom",
"start_year": 1035,
"end_year": 1163
},
{
"id": 544,
"name": "it_venetian_rep_3",
"long_name": "Republic of Venice III",
"start_year": 1204,
"end_year": 1563
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Kingdom of Cyprus; Kingdom of Castile and Aragon",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“Generally, different social groups drank different drinks. The particular preferences of the Mamluks notwithstanding, the city’s population enjoyed, above all, wine and beer, two basic kinds of alcohol drunk in the Mediterranean-Near Eastern world since remote antiquity. And, as in antiquity, but also as in Europe of the Middle Ages, the choice between them was a matter of social standing: grain beer, whose production was easier and cheaper, was generally the drink of the common people, while wine, more expensive due to its tricky fermentation and the demands of viticulture, was the beverage of the rich.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RKBE58MB\">[Lewicka 2011, p. 485]</a> The following suggests that most luxury alcohol (wine) was imported. Note that Crete was part of the Venetian Republic, that Cyprus also was sold to the latter in the late 15th century, that Sicily was part of the Kingdom of Aragon which eventually merged with that of Castile. “In any case, by the time the Mamluk rule was coming to an end, vineyards became exceptionally scarce in the country; so much so that, as the accounts of the foreigners who visited Egypt between the fifteenth and eighteen centuries suggest, the only available wine was exclusively an imported product, mostly from Crete and Cyprus, but also from Syracuse and Italy” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RKBE58MB\">[Lewicka 2011, p. 498]</a> “While the common people could afford, apart from beer, only some poor wine, the well-to-do and the elites enjoyed very fine wines, either locally-made or imported, particularly in the case of foreign residents who were not too fond of the local varieties. … It is not improbable that the same technique was applied in the Middle Ages.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RKBE58MB\">[Lewicka 2011, p. 495]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 14,
"polity": {
"id": 203,
"name": "eg_saite",
"long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period",
"start_year": -664,
"end_year": -525
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 203,
"name": "eg_saite",
"long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period",
"start_year": -664,
"end_year": -525
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Greece",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Wine; beer; possibly other alcoholic drinks. “…Herodotus describes the king’s [Amasis II, AKA Ahmose II] daily routine, noting that in the first part of the day Amasis attended conscientiously to business, but after that he gave himself over to drink…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EHPMKMJI\">[Gorman_Gorman 2014, p. 144]</a> “The Saite wine of Egypt is one of the seven appellations of the empire separately listed and priced in Diocletian’s Edict. Egyptian beer, the Pelusiacum zythum of Columella, was equally venerable [among Romans]…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PZRRMVM5\">[Dalby 2002, p. 174]</a> “The Bahariya oasis, similarly to the other oases of the western desert, enjoyed a resurgence during the Saite period, particularly in the reign of Ahmose II [AKA Amasis II] when they became important agricultural and trade centres. Bahariya was a major exporter of wine and an important stop on the trade routes between sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt and the Mediterranean coast. […] Imports to Egypt comprised commodities such as metals, wood, wine and oil…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8TBVWFGD\">[Forshaw 2019, p. 157]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8TBVWFGD\">[Forshaw 2019, p. 184]</a> Wine; beer. “The Bahariya oasis, similarly to the other oases of the western desert, enjoyed a resurgence during the Saite period, particularly in the reign of Ahmose II [AKA Amasis II] when they became important agricultural and trade centres. Bahariya was a major exporter of wine and an important stop on the trade routes between sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt and the Mediterranean coast. […] Imports to Egypt comprised commodities such as metals, wood, wine and oil…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8TBVWFGD\">[Forshaw 2019, p. 157]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8TBVWFGD\">[Forshaw 2019, p. 184]</a> “Naukratis was part of the complex trade network that linked the Mediterranean and connected the two civilisations of Greece and Egypt, with Greek ships docking at Naukratis to trade such goods as silver, wine and oil in exchange for grain, linen, papyrus and natron. […] …exports [from Egypt] included grain… […] [Referring to the finding of amphorae from outside Egypt in Egypt, probably originally containing oil, milk or grain] …suggesting widespread access to products from the Mediterranean world”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8TBVWFGD\">[Forshaw 2019, p. 91]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8TBVWFGD\">[Forshaw 2019, p. 181]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8TBVWFGD\">[Forshaw 2019, p. 187]</a> Alcoholic drink. “…Herodotus describes the king’s [Amasis II AKA Ahmose II] daily routine, noting that in the first part of the day Amasis attended conscientiously to business, but after that he gave himself over to drink…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EHPMKMJI\">[Gorman_Gorman 2014, p. 144]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 15,
"polity": {
"id": 647,
"name": "er_medri_bahri",
"long_name": "Medri Bahri",
"start_year": 1310,
"end_year": 1889
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "‘‘‘ Based on the literature consulted, Eritrean history appears to be especially obscure. No information could be found on the topic of trade or consumption habits in Eritrea in any era before the late 19th century.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 16,
"polity": {
"id": 84,
"name": "es_spanish_emp_1",
"long_name": "Spanish Empire I",
"start_year": 1516,
"end_year": 1715
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 84,
"name": "es_spanish_emp_1",
"long_name": "Spanish Empire I",
"start_year": 1516,
"end_year": 1715
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Wine. “[Referring to Dutch trade with Spain] From the 1650s Dutch commerce with the peninsula increased…in return they collected from the peninsula…wine…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R6DHVMR5\">[Kamen 2003, p. 413]</a> “From these lands of Seville and Cordoba came the…wine…which [was] exported in quantity to Rome… […] …there was wine - ‘the soul of the worker, the hoer and the reaper’, as the deputy for Seville told the Cortes of 1593. The Toledo artisan, thought Martinez de Mata, might drink just over 66 litres of the stuff every year. […] [Referring to the impact of the plague in the C17] A tax of two shillings in the pound on the price of wine was one lasting memorial to the Valencian plague of 1647 […] [Referring to the increased cultivation of land and spreading of vineyards in the C16-17]…already the Cortes of 1579-82 had been concerned that ‘the planting of vines is spreading apace, and many idlers live by this business’…The problem was that the wine was often not very good, and local landowners tried to protect their own markets by regulations excluding or delaying the import of other vintages. For the agrarian writers of the time the rise of the vineyard symbolised the breakdown of the moral autonomy of the village… […] [The villages of La Mancha were]…generally well supplied with…wine… […] Basque Country and Asturias had to import whatever…wine they consumed from overseas…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 4]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 36]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 41]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, pp. 53-54]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 57]</a> “[Referring to sources of government revenue in Castile] By far the most important grant…was the millones*, a tax on basic foodstuffs…[including] wine… […] Castile had always had a massive trade deficit…exporting raw materials (…wine…mostly to America)… […] Naples and Sicily continued to export…wine…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8WWEAV4N\">[Darby 1994, p. 13]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8WWEAV4N\">[Darby 1994, pp. 23-24]</a> “From these lands of Seville and Cordoba came the…wine…which [was] exported in quantity to Rome… […] [Referring to the increased cultivation of land and spreading of vineyards in the C16-17]…already the Cortes of 1579-82 had been concerned that ‘the planting of vines is spreading apace, and many idlers live by this business’… […] [The villages of La Mancha were]…generally well supplied with…wine… […] Basque Country and Asturias had to import whatever…wine they consumed from overseas…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 4]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, pp. 53-54]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 57]</a> “[Referring to sources of government revenue in Castile] By far the most important grant…was the millones* [voted by the Cortes], a tax on basic foodstuffs…[including] wine… […] Castile had always had a massive trade deficit…exporting raw materials (…wine…mostly to America)… […] Naples and Sicily continued to export…wine…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8WWEAV4N\">[Darby 1994, p. 13]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8WWEAV4N\">[Darby 1994, pp. 23-24]</a> Wine. “…there was wine - ‘the soul of the worker, the hoer and the reaper’, as the deputy for Seville told the Cortes of 1593. The Toledo artisan, thought Martinez de Mata, might drink just over 66 litres of the stuff every year. […] [Referring to the increased cultivation of land and spreading of vineyards in the C16-17]…already the Cortes of 1579-82 had been concerned that ‘the planting of vines is spreading apace, and many idlers live by this business’…The problem was that the wine was often not very good, and local landowners tried to protect their own markets by regulations excluding or delaying the import of other vintages…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 36]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PAHMG3MR\">[Casey 1999, p. 53]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 17,
"polity": {
"id": 641,
"name": "et_gomma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Gomma",
"start_year": 1780,
"end_year": 1886
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 636,
"name": "et_jimma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jimma",
"start_year": 1790,
"end_year": 1932
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "‘‘‘ The first of the following quotes establishes that at least some of the goods that passed through Jimma were exported to Gomma. The quotes after that establish the kinds of items that were traded in Jimma. “Trade between the north and the southwest passed through Jimma, much of it carried on by Jimma merchants. Through Hirmata (where the modern town of Jimma is situated) passed caravans to the southwest (to Kafa, Maji, Gimira); the south (Kullo, Konta, Uba, and elsewhere); to the west (Gomma, Guma, Gera Ilubabor); and north to Limmu, Nonno, Shoa, Wollo, and Gondar.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NRZVWSCD\">[Lewis 2001, p. 49]</a> Inferring that coffee was a luxury drink from the fact that it was imported from afar and in small quantities. “Items which were part of the long distance trade included musk, hides, ivory, and small quantities of coffee.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6DXVMD6A\">[Seifu_Záhorík 2017, p. 54]</a> ‘‘‘ “Trade between the north and the southwest passed through Jimma, much of it carried on by Jimma merchants. Through Hirmata (where the modern town of Jimma is situated) passed caravans to the southwest (to Kafa, Maji, Gimira); the south (Kullo, Konta, Uba, and elsewhere); to the west (Gomma, Guma, Gera Ilubabor); and north to Limmu, Nonno, Shoa, Wollo, and Gondar.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NRZVWSCD\">[Lewis 2001, p. 49]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 18,
"polity": {
"id": 651,
"name": "et_gumma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Gumma",
"start_year": 1800,
"end_year": 1897
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 636,
"name": "et_jimma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jimma",
"start_year": 1790,
"end_year": 1932
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "‘‘‘ The first of the following quotes establishes that at least some of the goods that passed through Jimma were exported to Gumma. The quotes after that establish the kinds of items that were traded in Jimma. “Trade between the north and the southwest passed through Jimma, much of it carried on by Jimma merchants. Through Hirmata (where the modern town of Jimma is situated) passed caravans to the southwest (to Kafa, Maji, Gimira); the south (Kullo, Konta, Uba, and elsewhere); to the west (Gomma, Guma, Gera Ilubabor); and north to Limmu, Nonno, Shoa, Wollo, and Gondar.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NRZVWSCD\">[Lewis 2001, p. 49]</a> Inferring that coffee was a luxury drink from the fact that it was imported from afar and in small quantities. “Items which were part of the long distance trade included musk, hides, ivory, and small quantities of coffee.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6DXVMD6A\">[Seifu_Záhorík 2017, p. 54]</a> ‘‘‘ “Trade between the north and the southwest passed through Jimma, much of it carried on by Jimma merchants. Through Hirmata (where the modern town of Jimma is situated) passed caravans to the southwest (to Kafa, Maji, Gimira); the south (Kullo, Konta, Uba, and elsewhere); to the west (Gomma, Guma, Gera Ilubabor); and north to Limmu, Nonno, Shoa, Wollo, and Gondar.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NRZVWSCD\">[Lewis 2001, p. 49]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 19,
"polity": {
"id": 652,
"name": "et_harar_emirate",
"long_name": "Emirate of Harar",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1875
},
"year_from": 1800,
"year_to": 1875,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not explicitly label almost any of the goods that circulated in this polity at this time as notably luxurious. However, given that Harar was a major trade centre in the nineteenth century, importing and exporting a broad range of items from across the Indian Ocean and East Africa, it seems reasonable to infer that luxury drinks and/or alcohol were traded there. “Fitawrari Tackle Hawariyat was nine year old when he entered Harar with Menelik’s army that defeated Amir Abdullah’s small army at Chelenque battle[ in 1987]. He had been living at Addis Ababa just before he left and came to Harar which he described as follows: ‘[…] The shops and stores are stuffed with various types of goods imported from abroad. […]’ As the boy stated the shops and stores were stuffed with goods and merchandises imported from abroad, i.e. Yemen, Arabia, India, China, etc.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a> NB Harari coffee was a very valuable commodity at the time, but the literature does not confirm whether it was a luxury good within the emirate itself. “Burton (1966:192-193) states ‘The coffee of Harar is too well-known in the market of Europe to require description’”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a> ‘‘‘ The following quote suggests that only a relatively small number of items were a royal monopoly, which suggests that many luxurious items were broadly accessible to anyone who could afford them, regardless of social extraction. “Even though the trading of ivory, ostrich feathers, and other items were monopolized by some Amirs and their families; the basic value related to property right was respected i.e. economic freedom: the rights to acquire, use, transfer and dispose of private property. ” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B493QJ9U\">[Abubaker 2013]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 20,
"polity": {
"id": 636,
"name": "et_jimma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jimma",
"start_year": 1790,
"end_year": 1932
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Inferring that coffee was a luxury drink from the fact that it was imported from afar and in small quantities. “Items which were part of the long distance trade included musk, hides, ivory, and small quantities of coffee.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6DXVMD6A\">[Seifu_Záhorík 2017, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 21,
"polity": {
"id": 650,
"name": "et_kaffa_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Kaffa",
"start_year": 1390,
"end_year": 1897
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 636,
"name": "et_jimma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jimma",
"start_year": 1790,
"end_year": 1932
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "‘‘‘ The first of the following quotes establishes that at least some of the goods that passed through Jimma were exported to Kaffa. The quotes after that establish the kinds of items that were traded in Jimma. “Jimma is both the name of the town on which this study focuses, as well as being one of the five “Gibe states” that flourished in the second half of the 19th century. The site of the present town was also a central market town in that kingdom and a staging point for caravans that traversed the whole length of the Ethiopian Highlands, all the way from Kaffa to Massawa.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6DXVMD6A\">[Seifu_Záhorík 2017, p. 49]</a> Inferring that coffee was a luxury drink from the fact that it was imported from afar and in small quantities. “Items which were part of the long distance trade included musk, hides, ivory, and small quantities of coffee.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6DXVMD6A\">[Seifu_Záhorík 2017, p. 54]</a> ‘‘‘ “Trade between the north and the southwest passed through Jimma, much of it carried on by Jimma merchants. Through Hirmata (where the modern town of Jimma is situated) passed caravans to the southwest (to Kafa, Maji, Gimira); the south (Kullo, Konta, Uba, and elsewhere); to the west (Gomma, Guma, Gera Ilubabor); and north to Limmu, Nonno, Shoa, Wollo, and Gondar.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NRZVWSCD\">[Lewis 2001, p. 49]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 22,
"polity": {
"id": 57,
"name": "fm_truk_1",
"long_name": "Chuuk - Early Truk",
"start_year": 1775,
"end_year": 1886
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Germany",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Alcoholic drinks such as beer and hard liquor. “[Referring to the role of ‘luxury’ trade items in Truk from the colonial period of the C18-19 onwards, including alcohol] In some instances, labour can be paid for with items like…alcohol and other Western items that are considered temporary but a luxury”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R9BS52Q2\">[Puas 2021, p. 283]</a> Alcoholic drinks such as beer and hard liquor. “[Referring to the role of ‘luxury’ trade items in Truk from the colonial period of the C18-19 onwards, including alcohol] In some instances, labour can be paid for with items like…alcohol and other Western items that are considered…a luxury”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R9BS52Q2\">[Puas 2021, p. 283]</a> Exchange partner for this era inferred from the following: “Japan replaced Germany as the ruling power in World War I and was in turn replaced by the United States under United Nations Trusteeship in 1945.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5IETI75E\">[Goodenough 1999]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 23,
"polity": {
"id": 58,
"name": "fm_truk_2",
"long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk",
"start_year": 1886,
"end_year": 1948
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "P~A",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Germany; Japan",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Alcoholic drinks such as beer and hard liquor. “[Referring to the role of ‘luxury’ trade items in Truk from the colonial period of the c.late C19 onwards, including alcohol, and the attempt by the Japanese when Micronesia was annexed by the latter to prohibit the consumption of alcohol] Under the terms of the mandate, Japan’s responsibilities were framed in accordance with international terms to: …2) eliminate…alcoholic beverages… […] In some instances, labour can be paid for with items like…alcohol and other Western items that are considered temporary but a luxury”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R9BS52Q2\">[Puas 2021, p. 105]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R9BS52Q2\">[Puas 2021, p. 283]</a> “[Referring to the state of Truk in the mid to late C20 and its prior history] A more than century-long, troubled, and sometimes violent history prefaced the crisis of the late 1970s. This history included the Japanese and early American administrations’ ban [c.1914 to mid-1980s] on the use of alcoholic beverages by Chuukese…people”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FHB4KXUE\">[Hanlon 1998, p. 152]</a> “[Referring to the preparation of food and drink for a communal festival, c.early C20) Very rich ones [islanders]…bring…European goods…even beer and liquor could not be lacking in Japanese times”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XV8IQ8W4\">[Bollig 1927, p. 200]</a> Alcoholic drinks such as beer and hard liquor. “[Referring to the role of ‘luxury’ trade items in Truk from the colonial period of the c.late C19 onwards, including alcohol] In some instances, labour can be paid for with items like…alcohol and other Western items that are considered…a luxury”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R9BS52Q2\">[Puas 2021, p. 283]</a> Exchange partners inferred from the following: “Japan replaced Germany as the ruling power in World War I and was in turn replaced by the United States under United Nations Trusteeship in 1945.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5IETI75E\">[Goodenough 1999]</a> Alcoholic drinks such as beer and hard liquor. “[Referring to the state of Truk in the mid to late C20 and its prior history] A more than century-long, troubled, and sometimes violent history prefaced the crisis of the late 1970s. This history included the Japanese and early American administrations’ ban [c.1914 to mid-1980s] on the use of alcoholic beverages by Chuukese…people”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FHB4KXUE\">[Hanlon 1998, p. 152]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 24,
"polity": {
"id": 460,
"name": "fr_bourbon_k_1",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon",
"start_year": 1589,
"end_year": 1660
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“They increasingly disassociated themselves from the luxurious eating style and symbols of courtly refinement and rejected the most extravagant foods. They had nothing to lose in making these condemnations, and perhaps they were just a little chagrined at finding themselves excluded. How much notice the elites took is another matter.[...] Magnificent fowl such as peacocks, swans and pheasants were stereotypical foods served at court, but increasingly condemned by dietary writers as tough and difficult to digest, as were large fish like sturgeon and aphrodisiac foods or anything overly expensive, especially when done to excess. And if individual foodstuffs were condemned, so too was the banqueting of which they were a part: surfeit, inebriation, a harmful variety of foods, and expensive and unhealthy dishes eaten without order late into the night.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BNKRI6HF\">[Gentilcore 2015, pp. 54-55]</a> “Consumption of meat and wine by the poor and middling classes dropped from the middle of the sixteenth century and cereals, always the cheapest source of nourishment, came to dominate the popular diet, at the expense of other foodstuffs. In response to rapidly growing demand for cereals, new lands were put under cultivation. In the Low Countries, the building of dikes and drainage canals allowed agriculture near the coast. New staple foods were also developed in response to the increasing demand, such as rice.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BNKRI6HF\">[Gentilcore 2015, p. 56]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 25,
"polity": {
"id": 461,
"name": "fr_bourbon_k_2",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon",
"start_year": 1660,
"end_year": 1815
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 461,
"name": "fr_bourbon_k_2",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon",
"start_year": 1660,
"end_year": 1815
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“In both Burgundy and Champagne, commercial difficulties pushed growers and brokers away from the mass markets, which were too stagnant from growing competition, towards elite markets. Northern Burgundy, burdened by transportation costs that precluded any real competition in the mass market, maintained and indeed refined its production of superior wine. Champagne found a lively, if diminished, market in producing sparkling wine in bottles.[...] In Burgundy, to some extent, and to an even greater degree in Champagne, the development of expensive wines enhanced the role of commercial intermediaries.[...] Yet the producers of Champagne adopted these production techniques with reluctance and only slowly during the eighteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XJKQN8HB\">[Brennan 1997, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 26,
"polity": {
"id": 458,
"name": "fr_capetian_k_2",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian",
"start_year": 1150,
"end_year": 1328
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 458,
"name": "fr_capetian_k_2",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian",
"start_year": 1150,
"end_year": 1328
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“With their ‘better’ food, royalty and nobility drank ‘better’ too. Better drinking, like better eating, essentially meant being able to afford more, often much more. [...] Some effectively dealt with vins ordinaries, others with superior wines, like Jean de Gisors, who from 1240 had his own wharf, recently excavated, and numbered the king of England himself, then Henry III, amongst his regular customers. Leading vintners, like other suppliers to the king, not only grew richer on the court connection, but also more powerful.[...] Similarly in Paris, the king and court drank wine from the same areas of France as the more ordinary people, but there was a greater emphasis on that from the most famous vineyards of the Côte de Beaune. These prestigious Burgundies also found their way to the counts of Flanders and their nobility in Ghent, or their fifteenth century descendants in Brussels. They were also carried to Avignon in the fourteenth century, where the popes and their cardinals could afford both great cellars and developed palates.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N7ZCQTEW\">[Spufford 2006, pp. 114-115]</a> “Similarly in Paris, the king and court drank wine from the same areas of France as the more ordinary people, but there was a greater emphasis on that from the most famous vineyards of the Côte de Beaune. These prestigious Burgundies also found their way to the counts of Flanders and their nobility in Ghent, or their fifteenth century descendants in Brussels. They were also carried to Avignon in the fourteenth century, where the popes and their cardinals could afford both great cellars and developed palates.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N7ZCQTEW\">[Spufford 2006, pp. 114-115]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 27,
"polity": {
"id": 311,
"name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2",
"long_name": "Carolingian Empire II",
"start_year": 840,
"end_year": 987
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 311,
"name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2",
"long_name": "Carolingian Empire II",
"start_year": 840,
"end_year": 987
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“We do not know, however, if the wine from the Paris region was transported on wooden casks or in jars and amphores of the Badorf type, the oldest sherds of which in England were found in London and date from c.775. The Badorf ceramics were produced near Bruhl, south of Cologne, and their use at the St Denis fair is not certain at all. It is archaeologically impossible to determine if the jars and amphores of the Badorf type were exported for themselves as luxury goods or were filled with wine.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/U95RGM7Z\">[Verhulst 2004, pp. 108-109]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 28,
"polity": {
"id": 304,
"name": "fr_merovingian_emp_1",
"long_name": "Early Merovingian",
"start_year": 481,
"end_year": 543
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Possibly present in Southern Gaul “The second half of the sixth century is the moment when early medieval texts mention Eastern wine most frequently. Authors like Corripus (In Laudem Iustini Augusti minoris, III, 87–89), Gregory of Tours (De gloria confessorum, LXIV, LXV), Venantius Fortunatus (Vita Sancti Martini, 2), and others make reference to its presence in Gaul. The use of this wine during the sixth century is attested as having been consumed by elites and was used in liturgical settings by high-ranking ecclesiastics. Thus, it seems that the same foodstuff was only the perquisite of elites in northern Gaul, while it was affordable for many more people in southern Gaul, in accordance with the customs inherited from the Roman past.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N7322T9B\">[Bonifay_et_al 2020, pp. 860-882]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 29,
"polity": {
"id": 306,
"name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2",
"long_name": "Middle Merovingian",
"start_year": 543,
"end_year": 687
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“The second half of the sixth century is the moment when early medieval texts mention Eastern wine most frequently. Authors like Corripus (In Laudem Iustini Augusti minoris, III, 87–89), Gregory of Tours (De gloria confessorum, LXIV, LXV), Venantius Fortunatus (Vita Sancti Martini, 2), and others make reference to its presence in Gaul. The use of this wine during the sixth century is attested as having been consumed by elites and was used in liturgical settings by high-ranking ecclesiastics. Thus, it seems that the same foodstuff was only the perquisite of elites in northern Gaul, while it was affordable for many more people in southern Gaul, in accordance with the customs inherited from the Roman past.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N7322T9B\">[Bonifay_et_al 2020, pp. 860-882]</a> “The second half of the sixth century is the moment when early medieval texts mention Eastern wine most frequently. Authors like Corripus (In Laudem Iustini Augusti minoris, III, 87–89), Gregory of Tours (De gloria confessorum, LXIV, LXV), Venantius Fortunatus (Vita Sancti Martini, 2), and others make reference to its presence in Gaul. The use of this wine during the sixth century is attested as having been consumed by elites and was used in liturgical settings by high-ranking ecclesiastics. Thus, it seems that the same foodstuff was only the perquisite of elites in northern Gaul, while it was affordable for many more people in southern Gaul, in accordance with the customs inherited from the Roman past.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N7322T9B\">[Bonifay_et_al 2020, pp. 860-882]</a> In Southern Gaul. “The second half of the sixth century is the moment when early medieval texts mention Eastern wine most frequently. Authors like Corripus (In Laudem Iustini Augusti minoris, III, 87–89), Gregory of Tours (De gloria confessorum, LXIV, LXV), Venantius Fortunatus (Vita Sancti Martini, 2), and others make reference to its presence in Gaul. The use of this wine during the sixth century is attested as having been consumed by elites and was used in liturgical settings by high-ranking ecclesiastics. Thus, it seems that the same foodstuff was only the perquisite of elites in northern Gaul, while it was affordable for many more people in southern Gaul, in accordance with the customs inherited from the Roman past.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N7322T9B\">[Bonifay_et_al 2020, pp. 860-882]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 30,
"polity": {
"id": 587,
"name": "gb_british_emp_1",
"long_name": "British Empire I",
"start_year": 1690,
"end_year": 1849
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“When the basic goods themselves became ubiquitous, consumers elevated the stakes by paying more for better quality or selecting more expensive types, such as Hyson tea and Turkish coffee, over more common varieties.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7D2UIF7G\">[Bickham 2020, p. 233]</a> Referring to King George IV: “Another night he drank ‘two glasses of hot ale & toast, three glasses of claret, some strawberries!! and a glass of brandy’ and another, three glasses of port and one of brandy after taking his medicine. The mixture of ale and strawberries, she thought, was ‘enough to kill a horse’.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TGSQZBAD\">[Smith 1999, p. 348]</a> “While Asian tea ceremonies were rarely replicated in Britain, tea’s highly ritualistic, intimate preparation and drinking practices, along with the connoisseurship surrounding it, continued, at least in middling and elite households.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7D2UIF7G\">[Bickham 2020, p. 234]</a> “Visiting, the practice of elite and middling women spending afternoons calling on each other socially, provided ample opportunities for further discussion. Although the practice took root in the seventeenth century, before the popularity of tea, tea became inextricably linked with visiting in the eighteenth century. In fact, by mid-century ‘taking tea with . . .’ had become synonymous with visiting.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7D2UIF7G\">[Bickham 2020, p. 203]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 31,
"polity": {
"id": 608,
"name": "gm_kaabu_emp",
"long_name": "Kaabu",
"start_year": 1500,
"end_year": 1867
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "unclear",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following quotes suggest that high-quality alcohol circulated in the region. “Musk from captive civet cats was another exotic export from the Nunez River. The principal imports were different types of cloth, wine, cowries, iron, beads and provisions for the trading community. […] The Iles de Los were a haven for shipping, for they were conveniently located for provisioning and afforded safe anchorage for ship repairs. Tamara and Kassa Islands were inhabited by Bullom, the former having the larger population and a stream of delicious water used for supplying vessels. The abundant provisions for sale included rice, sun-dried fish, dried bananas, tasty pumpkins that were renowned in western Africa, and palm wine made into a drink “like malmsey wine”.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AFMX78JZ\">[Brooks 2003, pp. 167-168]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 32,
"polity": {
"id": 153,
"name": "id_iban_1",
"long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1841
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 153,
"name": "id_iban_1",
"long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1841
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Tuak home-brewed rice spirit, inferred as a ‘luxury’ drink/alcohol owing to this being consumed in large quantities on special occasions. “[The following quote inferred as likely applicable to this period according to the publication focus; referring specifically in the quote to the organisation of the Gawai Burong or ‘Bird Feast’, AKA Gawai Tenyalang (the ‘Hornbill Feast’) or Gawai Pala (the ‘Head Feast’), the most important Iban feast held in the past in honour of a successful war expedition, and to a delay in the return of Uyut (Badilang Besi?), the patron of the feast, and his men from a head-hunting expedition]…before they came back, all the food which had been gathered for the feast, including tuak wine and many different delicacies, began to go bad. So a brother-in-law of Uyut named Malang (Pengarah) decided to go ahead and hold the feast anyway, without the war-leader and his men. No sooner was it over than Uyut and his party returned from a victorious expedition. They were naturally outraged”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UCWP6S4F\">[Sandin 1967, p. 39]</a> Tuak home-brewed rice spirit, inferred as a ‘luxury’ drink/alcohol owing to this being consumed in large quantities on special occasions. “[The following quote inferred as likely applicable to this period according to the publication focus; referring specifically in the quote to the organisation of the Gawai Burong or ‘Bird Feast’, AKA Gawai Tenyalang (the ‘Hornbill Feast’) or Gawai Pala (the ‘Head Feast’), the most important Iban feast held in the past in honour of a successful war expedition, and to a delay in the return of Uyut (Badilang Besi?), the patron of the feast, and his men from a head-hunting expedition]…before they came back, all the food which had been gathered for the feast, including tuak wine and many different delicacies [inferred as all locally manufactured], began to go bad. So a brother-in-law of Uyut named Malang (Pengarah) decided to go ahead and hold the feast anyway…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UCWP6S4F\">[Sandin 1967, p. 39]</a> Tuak home-brewed rice spirit, inferred as a ‘luxury’ drink/alcohol owing to this being consumed in large quantities on special occasions. “[The following quote inferred as likely applicable to this period according to the publication focus; referring specifically in the quote to the organisation of the Gawai Burong or ‘Bird Feast’, AKA Gawai Tenyalang (the ‘Hornbill Feast’) or Gawai Pala (the ‘Head Feast’), the most important Iban feast held in the past in honour of a successful war expedition, and to a delay in the return of Uyut (Badilang Besi?), the patron of the feast, and his men from a head-hunting expedition]…before they came back, all the food which had been gathered for the feast, including tuak wine and many different delicacies, began to go bad. So a brother-in-law of Uyut named Malang (Pengarah) decided to go ahead and hold the feast anyway...”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UCWP6S4F\">[Sandin 1967, p. 39]</a> Note that Iban society at this time was relatively egalitarian, suggesting that luxury goods were available to many. ’Unlike the Kayan, Kenyah, pagan Melanau and several other Bornean peoples, the Iban are not divided into social classes. Nor is there any form of institutionalized leadership based upon hereditary succession, or some other socially divisive principle. Instead Iban society is characterized by a strongly egalitarian ethos. In this respect, each bilik -family jurally constitutes a discrete and autonomous social unit, which manages its own affairs and recognizes no higher authority than that of its own household head.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/5U8X7Q5P\">[Davison_Sutlive_Sutlive 1991, p. 159]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 33,
"polity": {
"id": 154,
"name": "id_iban_2",
"long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial",
"start_year": 1841,
"end_year": 1987
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 154,
"name": "id_iban_2",
"long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial",
"start_year": 1841,
"end_year": 1987
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Tuak home-brewed rice spirit, inferred as a ‘luxury’ drink/alcohol owing to this being consumed in large quantities on special occasions. “[The following quote inferred as applicable to this period according to the date of publication; referring specifically in the quote to the consumption of food and drink at feasts and other occasions with particular reference to the supposedly ‘frugal’ nature of Iban people] On such occasions as feasts nearly all the food and drink used are home products…A Dyak drinks water as a rule, but if he takes alcohol in any form, it is a home-brewed rice spirit (tuak). To spend money upon anything which he can make for himself, or for which he can make a substitute, is, in his opinion, needless waste”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 63]</a> Tuak home-brewed rice spirit, inferred as a ‘luxury’ drink/alcohol owing to this being consumed in large quantities on special occasions. “[The following quote inferred as applicable to this period according to the date of publication; referring specifically in the quote to the consumption of food and drink at feasts and other occasions with particular reference to the supposedly ‘frugal’ nature of Iban people] On such occasions as feasts nearly all the food and drink used are home products…A Dyak drinks water as a rule, but if he takes alcohol in any form, it is a home-brewed rice spirit (tuak)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2XPHUITP\">[Gomes 1911, p. 63]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 34,
"polity": {
"id": 111,
"name": "in_achik_1",
"long_name": "Early A'chik",
"start_year": 1775,
"end_year": 1867
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Alcohol or beverages of any kind not included in lists found of items the Garos considered valuable and/or obtained from frontier markets. ‘They visited markets at bordering plains with their produce from the hills like raw cotton, chillies, ginger, wax, rubber, lac and other things to barter for essential items such as salt, dried fish and jewellery of all kinds and most important metal implements and weapons which they needed so desperately.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CS3PXEIH\">[Marak 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 35,
"polity": {
"id": 112,
"name": "in_achik_2",
"long_name": "Late A'chik",
"start_year": 1867,
"end_year": 1956
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Alcohol or beverages of any kind not included in lists found of items the Garos considered valuable and/or obtained from frontier markets. ‘They visited markets at bordering plains with their produce from the hills like raw cotton, chillies, ginger, wax, rubber, lac and other things to barter for essential items such as salt, dried fish and jewellery of all kinds and most important metal implements and weapons which they needed so desperately.’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CS3PXEIH\">[Marak 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 36,
"polity": {
"id": 698,
"name": "in_cholas_1",
"long_name": "Early Cholas",
"start_year": -300,
"end_year": 300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 70,
"name": "it_roman_principate",
"long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate",
"start_year": -31,
"end_year": 284
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“The imports to South India [from the Mediterranean], several of which are known from the Periplus, consisted of coin, topaz, coral, thin clothing and figured linens, antimony, copper, tin and lead, wine, realgar and orpiment and also wheat, the last mentioned probably for the Graeco-Romans in the Tamil ports. Of these, wine is by far the most conspicuously mentioned item in the Sangam works in a variety of contexts, particularly in connection with the ruling and urban elite. Roman wine was very popular with the Tamils, who were familiar with its quality and fragrance.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W6P5HEX3\">[Champakalakshmi 1996, pp. 187-188]</a> “The Roman contact was an important factor in the external trade of the Tamil country from about the times of Augustus (27 Bc to AD 14), although a considerable antiquity has been assigned to the commerce between the Tamil country and the west. It perhaps started as a mere ‘trickle’ or sporadic trade or unscheduled exchange, and gradually became a fruitful commerce in which spices, pearls, gems, cotton fabrics and other ‘oriental’ exotics were traded for Roman gold and wine and other assorted articles for well over two centuries.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W6P5HEX3\">[Champakalakshmi 1996, p. 179]</a> Of these, wine is by far the most conspicuously mentioned item in the Sangam works in a variety of contexts, particularly in connection with the ruling and urban elite. Roman wine was very popular with the Tamils, who were familiar with its quality and fragrance.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W6P5HEX3\">[Champakalakshmi 1996, pp. 187-188]</a> “luxury goods such as horses, gold, gems etc. […] were meant for elite consumption and not for local exchange.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W6P5HEX3\">[Champakalakshmi 1996, p. 190]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 37,
"polity": {
"id": 135,
"name": "in_delhi_sultanate",
"long_name": "Delhi Sultanate",
"start_year": 1206,
"end_year": 1526
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 135,
"name": "in_delhi_sultanate",
"long_name": "Delhi Sultanate",
"start_year": 1206,
"end_year": 1526
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Sherbet, but not alcohol. “Another fashion imported from the Middle East was a taste for sorbets, which is what the Mughals called a flavored syrup (rather than a frozen dessert). The ever informative Moroccan travel writer Ibn Battuta mentions an event in Delhi where great basins were filled with a kind of sugar-sweetened soft drink flavored with rose water. In yet another passage he notes: “They offer cups of gold, silver, and glass, filled with sugar-water. They call it sherbert (sic) and drink it before eating.” This was still in the mid-1300s in the days of the Delhi sultanate”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8KKC7MAJ\">[Hancock 2012, p. 11]</a> The consumption of alcohol was not allowed in the court of Delhi Sultanate, “At least two Muslim rulers imposed strong anti-alcohol prohibitions on the general populace. The first of these was Sultan Alauddin Khilji, who ruled in Delhi in the 14th century. According to the description by Ziauddin Din Barni: [Khilji, 1296–1316] prohibited wine-drinking and wine-selling and also the use of beer and intoxicating drugs. Dicing was also forbidden…Vintners and gamblers and beer-sellers were turned out of the city, and the heavy taxes which had been levied from them were abolished. …Jars and casks of wine were brought out of the royal cellars, and emptied at the Badaun gate… The Sultan himself entirely gave up wine parties”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DB8KZN4Q\">[Sharma_Tripathi_Pelto 2010, p. 11]</a> “Even if there may have been many sweets at Terry’s meal, they were certainly not served as a final dessert course. This seems to have been the case among the Muslim elite earlier as well. Ibn Battuta describes a meal in Delhi that began with glasses of sweet sherbet scented with rosewater.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8KKC7MAJ\">[Hancock 2012, p. 11]</a> “Their routine eating choices included rice, pulses, vegetables, bread and meat occasionally. Their drink was fresh water and light sweet drink (sharbat) only on specific occasions. In fact, common man did not have much to spend on eating. Drinking was not common among lower class Muslims”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/22RTFZX9\">[Kiran 2008, p. 176]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 38,
"polity": {
"id": 388,
"name": "in_gupta_emp",
"long_name": "Gupta Empire",
"start_year": 320,
"end_year": 550
},
"year_from": 477,
"year_to": 515,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 71,
"name": "tr_roman_dominate",
"long_name": "Roman Empire - Dominate",
"start_year": 285,
"end_year": 394
},
{
"id": 185,
"name": "it_western_roman_emp",
"long_name": "Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity",
"start_year": 395,
"end_year": 476
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Seems reasonable to infer that wine imported from the Roman Empire, at least, would have been considered a luxury, given the long distances it travelled. “Wine was quite popular among queens and high born ladies. References regarding drinking of wine are found in literature as well as in sculptures and paintings. The scene of royal couple indulged in Madya-Pān in stone from Deogarh aptly demonstrates the drinking habit of the people of Gupta period. Ajanta paintings too contain many scenes showing the royal couples engaged in drinking wine” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MPFM5M8P\">[Girotra 1994, p. 197]</a> “India was producing strong Alcohol by distillation since 2nd C.A.D. India also imported wine from the west. The Roman containers of wine (Amphora) were found in the excavation of Mahāstūpa of Devnimori in Gujrat. Mehta and Chaudhary write, \"Some amphoras were found covered with black residue; the chemical analysis suggests that residue was regimentation of wine.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MPFM5M8P\">[Girotra 1994, p. 157]</a> Seems reasonable to infer that wine imported from the Roman Empire, at least, would have been considered a luxury, given the long distances it travelled. “India was producing strong Alcohol by distillation since 2nd C.A.D. India also imported wine from the west. The Roman containers of wine (Amphora) were found in the excavation of Mahāstūpa of Devnimori in Gujrat. Mehta and Chaudhary write, \"Some amphoras were found covered with black residue; the chemical analysis suggests that residue was regimentation of wine.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MPFM5M8P\">[Girotra 1994, p. 157]</a> “A study of visual arts - paintings, sculpture and motifs on the coin reveal that the elite group displayed extravagantly their wealth and it was particularly displayed in the splendour of court life. Kings led a luxurious life. Manasollasa of Someśvara and Yuktikalpataru of king Bhoja contains accounts of the objects meant for personal use of the king. These very Upakarṇas (belongings) as umbrellas Chaurī, Chāmara (fly whisk), Bhriṅgara / (water pots), Chashaka (wine), Śaiyā, darpaṇa, ambara (garments) etc. are clearly depicted in several paintings of Ajanta caves.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MPFM5M8P\">[Girotra 1994, p. 150]</a> “The Chaddanta Jataka illustration shows Bringāradharini (water pot bearer) along with Chhatra-dhāriṇī (Carrier of Umbrella) and other maids. There is also Tāmbūla-Karrika Vāhinī - (the bearer of spittoon) and a lady serving the wine in a flask to Prince Vassantra. A carrier of water pot to the dying Princess.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MPFM5M8P\">[Girotra 1994, p. 145]</a> “Wine was quite popular among queens and high born ladies. References regarding drinking of wine are found in literature as well as in sculptures and paintings. The scene of royal couple indulged in Madya-Pān in stone from Deogarh aptly demonstrates the drinking habit of the people of Gupta period. Ajanta paintings too contain many scenes showing the royal couples engaged in drinking wine.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MPFM5M8P\">[Girotra 1994, p. 197]</a> “[But] drunkardness was a common vice in Gupta period. Even ladies were fond of drinking. In Malvikānimittram, Irāvatī\", one of the wife of Agnimittra drinks to such an extent that she walked with tottering steps. Likewise, in Kumārsaḿbhvam (IV, 12) Kālidāsa depicts women as a result of excess of drinking with rolling red eyes and talking with hatting expressions. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MPFM5M8P\">[Girotra 1994, pp. 156-157]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 39,
"polity": {
"id": 792,
"name": "in_kanva_dyn",
"long_name": "Magadha - Kanva Dynasty",
"start_year": -75,
"end_year": -30
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“scholars know very little about the Kanva dynasty or its rulers. Most information is based on a few ancient coins, on accounts of the history of the geographical area, and on the Puranas, an ancient account of the Hindu religion that is more useful for genealogical information than for political history. According to the Puranas, the Kanva dynasty had four kings…who ruled for a total of only forty-five years…the short-lived Kanva dynasty left little mark on the history of India…” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7N3PNVCB\">[Middleton 2015, p. 486]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 40,
"polity": {
"id": 700,
"name": "in_pandya_emp_1",
"long_name": "Early Pandyas",
"start_year": -300,
"end_year": 300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 70,
"name": "it_roman_principate",
"long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate",
"start_year": -31,
"end_year": 284
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“The imports to South India [from the Mediterranean], several of which are known from the Periplus, consisted of coin, topaz, coral, thin clothing and figured linens, antimony, copper, tin and lead, wine, realgar and orpiment and also wheat, the last mentioned probably for the Graeco-Romans in the Tamil ports. Of these, wine is by far the most conspicuously mentioned item in the Sangam works in a variety of contexts, particularly in connection with the ruling and urban elite. Roman wine was very popular with the Tamils, who were familiar with its quality and fragrance.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W6P5HEX3\">[Champakalakshmi 1996, pp. 187-188]</a> “The Roman contact was an important factor in the external trade of the Tamil country from about the times of Augustus (27 Bc to AD 14), although a considerable antiquity has been assigned to the commerce between the Tamil country and the west. It perhaps started as a mere ‘trickle’ or sporadic trade or unscheduled exchange, and gradually became a fruitful commerce in which spices, pearls, gems, cotton fabrics and other ‘oriental’ exotics were traded for Roman gold and wine and other assorted articles for well over two centuries.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W6P5HEX3\">[Champakalakshmi 1996, p. 179]</a> Of these, wine is by far the most conspicuously mentioned item in the Sangam works in a variety of contexts, particularly in connection with the ruling and urban elite. Roman wine was very popular with the Tamils, who were familiar with its quality and fragrance.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W6P5HEX3\">[Champakalakshmi 1996, pp. 187-188]</a> “luxury goods such as horses, gold, gems etc. […] were meant for elite consumption and not for local exchange.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W6P5HEX3\">[Champakalakshmi 1996, p. 190]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 41,
"polity": {
"id": 89,
"name": "in_satavahana_emp",
"long_name": "Satavahana Empire",
"start_year": -100,
"end_year": 200
},
"year_from": 1,
"year_to": 203,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 70,
"name": "it_roman_principate",
"long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate",
"start_year": -31,
"end_year": 284
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "It seems reasonable to infer that wine imported from the Roman Empire was considered a luxury good. “Among the potsherds found in various places were those of amphorae from the Mediterranean. Twenty-six sites in India have so far yielded amphorae fragments and sixteen of these are in Gujarat and Maharashtra. This itself speaks for the importance of the west coast in maritime trade. These were the large jars used for storing and transporting olive oil, most frequently wine. The sediment deposit on most such potsherds is of wine, and the stamp on the amphorae is often of Koan wine from southern Italy and the Greek islands. Periplus mentions import of wine in India along with other objects from the Mediterranean. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B8KQG349\">[Kathare 2005, p. 204]</a> Evidence for the import of wine comes in the form of amphorae fragments from Nevasa which have a resinous coating on the interior. This coating either represents sediment from the wine or is a deliberate application to ensure non-permeability of the jars […] Pieces of Roman amphorae have been found at Junnar. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XRV77XN5\">[Ray 1983, pp. 159-160]</a> The following quote suggests that wine imported from Rome may have been intended for urban populatios, including non-elites. “In Maharashtra amphora sherds have mostly been reported at sites like Bhokardan, Junnar, Paunar, Ter, Nevasa and Rrahmapuri. This shows that the commodities in the amphoras were chiefly intended for consumers in large urban areas. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B8KQG349\">[Kathare 2005, p. 204]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 42,
"polity": {
"id": 793,
"name": "bd_sena_dyn",
"long_name": "Sena Dynasty",
"start_year": 1095,
"end_year": 1245
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“Bengal was primarily a rural country and a beautiful descripion of its countryside is given in the Radmacharita. But even in ancient times there were a number of towns and important commercial centres which were abodes of wealth and luxury {supra, p. 340). The description of Ramavati and Vijayapura, the capital cities of the Palas and Senas, by two contemporary poets, in spite of obvious poetic exaggerations, gives us a vivid picture of the wealthy cities of ancient Bengal. Such towns contained wide roads and symmetrical rows of palatial buildings, towering high and surmounted by golden pitchers on the top. The temples, monasteries, public parks and large tanks, bordered by rockery and tall palm-trees, added to the beauty and amenities of town-life. These towns, as in all ages and countries, were the homes of all shades of peoples ; the plain, simple, virtuous and religious, as well as the vicious and the luxurious. Luxuries were chiefly manifested in fine clothes, jewellery, palatial buildings, costly furniture, and sumptuous feasts. Abundant supply of food, far beyond the needs and even capacity of invited guests, was characteristic of these feasts in ancient, as in modern Bengal.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DDTA7MGI\">[Majumdar 1971, p. 464]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 43,
"polity": {
"id": 509,
"name": "ir_qajar_dyn",
"long_name": "Qajar Dynasty",
"start_year": 1794,
"end_year": 1925
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 509,
"name": "ir_qajar_dyn",
"long_name": "Qajar Dynasty",
"start_year": 1794,
"end_year": 1925
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Russia",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“Like the trade with the Ottoman Empire, the Russian trade was favourable to Iran, in so far as Iran imported from Russia a considerable quantity of specie in gold and silver, as well as iron, steel, cutlery of all descriptions, lead, brass, pistols, guns and gunpowder, clocks and watches, locks, glass- ware, mirrors, paper and stationery of various kinds, senubar (deal-wood), whales' teeth, cochineal, oil, some Kashmir shawls (presumably via the Oxus region), gold lace and thread, velvet, broad cloth, printed and plain cloth of coarse quality, chintzes and dimities of European manufacture, Russian leather for boots and water-containers, as well as small quantities of wines and spirits. This import was amply paid for by the export from Iran to Russia of raw and manufactured silk, cotton, cotton thread, Isfahani gold cloth, Kirman shawls, coarse cloth and coarse chintz manufactured in Iran, some cloth and chintz manufactured in India, coarse lambskins, fox skins, pearls, fish, rice, fuel-wood, naphtha, saffron, sulphur and gall-nuts <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CS9K7MKS\">[Hambly, 1964, p. 79]</a> “This [imports from the Gulf] was paid for in pearls, red silks from Rasht, silks from Yazd and Kirman, cotton, Kirman wool, carpets, sulphur, myrrh, saffron, cummin seeds, tobacco, Khurdsdn rhubarb, preserved fruits, gall-nuts, rose-water, asafoetida, drugs, wheat and salted fish, as well as horses, mules and Shirdzi wine” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CS9K7MKS\">[Hambly, 1964, p. 80]</a> “The consumption of hard liquor was widespread among the Qajar elite and upper classes at parties where the aim was to become drunk as soon as possible. Alcohol in various forms was easily available—wine was produced by local Armenians and Jews in Hamadan, Shiraz and Isfahan where a lethal brew of arak was also distilled in the suburb of New Julfa (Scarce 2007: 461) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/U8H846H8\">[Scarce 2007]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 44,
"polity": {
"id": 374,
"name": "ir_safavid_emp",
"long_name": "Safavid Empire",
"start_year": 1501,
"end_year": 1722
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 374,
"name": "ir_safavid_emp",
"long_name": "Safavid Empire",
"start_year": 1501,
"end_year": 1722
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“Persian wine, especially that of Shiraz, in spite of intermittent prohibitions, was highly esteemed in court circles and among the foreigners residing in the country. Tavernier in 1666 estimated the production of Shiraz wine at 154,688 imperial gallons, 4,125 barrels of 300 pints each (200,025 mans), of which a quarter was exported to India and another quarter consumed exclusively by the court” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/87MQJ3QG\">[Ferrier,_R 1986, p. 481]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 45,
"polity": {
"id": 191,
"name": "it_papal_state_2",
"long_name": "Papal States - Renaissance Period",
"start_year": 1378,
"end_year": 1527
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "other Italian polities",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“In the early sixteenth century, it was difficult for most persons […] to obtain clean water for domestic uses. Drinking fountains were still scarce at that time […] Persons who could afford it bought water from an acquaerolo with whom they would probably have had a standing order […] water […] followed a social gravity, from popes to cardinals, nobles, and magistrates, and then to the public in a trickle-down process. Through the Water Committee, each pope distributed water to cardinals, nobles, civic magistrates, important private individuals, charitable institutions, and finally to the Capitoline Council (the city government) to distribute to public fountains. Water was a continuously flowing liquid currency that could be bestowed, purchased, traded, sold, or given away. The trickle-down strategy reinforced existing social structures.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CJAAMKJE\">[Rinne 2021, pp. 158-162]</a> “The consumption of wine significantly increased as the Middle Ages drew to a close. After 1400 […] ‘the whole of Europe drank wine, if only a part of Europe produced it’ […] the population increases of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries spurred both economic growth and an appetite for luxury goods. Wine consumption increased among people of every social class. It has been estimated that the daily average was between a half and two litres per person in the fifteenth century […] those at higher socio-economic levels also drank better wine <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QH57UDPB\">[Varriano 2011, p. 101]</a> “The polluted Tiber River was the primary source for drinking water, but a heavy sediment load combined with human and animal waste, and artisanal and manufacturing pollution created by tanners, dyers, millers, laundresses, and others, kept the river filthy. Little aqueduct water (itself none too clean at the time since it came from streams rather than the underground source springs) still flowed from the ancient Aqua Virgo into a basin located in the same area as today’s Trevi Fountain and from there to two nearby drinking fountains.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CJAAMKJE\">[Rinne 2021, p. 152]</a> “Among the many sixteenth century treatises on wine, two from the 1550s stand out. One is an account by Sante Lancerio, bottigliere (bottle master) to Pope Paul III, of the many wines he and his Holiness sampled. The text comprises a catalogue of 57 different wines – all Italian but for a generic ‘vino francese’ and ‘vino Spagna’ – which are classified by region and evaluated for their appeal to the palate.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QH57UDPB\">[Varriano 2011, p. 102]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 46,
"polity": {
"id": 192,
"name": "it_papal_state_3",
"long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period I",
"start_year": 1527,
"end_year": 1648
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 190,
"name": "it_papal_state_1",
"long_name": "Papal States - High Medieval Period",
"start_year": 1198,
"end_year": 1309
},
{
"id": 84,
"name": "es_spanish_emp_1",
"long_name": "Spanish Empire I",
"start_year": 1516,
"end_year": 1715
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“In the early sixteenth century, it was difficult for most persons […] to obtain clean water for domestic uses. Drinking fountains were still scarce at that time […] Persons who could afford it bought water from an acquaerolo with whom they would probably have had a standing order […] water […] followed a social gravity, from popes to cardinals, nobles, and magistrates, and then to the public in a trickle-down process. Through the Water Committee, each pope distributed water to cardinals, nobles, civic magistrates, important private individuals, charitable institutions, and finally to the Capitoline Council (the city government) to distribute to public fountains. Water was a continuously flowing liquid currency that could be bestowed, purchased, traded, sold, or given away. The trickle-down strategy reinforced existing social structures.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CJAAMKJE\">[Rinne 2021, pp. 158-162]</a> “The consumption of wine significantly increased as the Middle Ages drew to a close. After 1400 […] ‘the whole of Europe drank wine, if only a part of Europe produced it’ […] the population increases of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries spurred both economic growth and an appetite for luxury goods. Wine consumption increased among people of every social class. […] those at higher socio-economic levels also drank better wine <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QH57UDPB\">[Varriano 2011, p. 101]</a> “By the mid-16th century, coffee houses sprang up in cities throughout the Ottoman Empire […] Towards the end of that same century, Italians were beginning to enjoy the drink […] the penchant for coffee houses as a space for socialisation, political discourse, and drinking spread from the Ottoman Empire through Europe, resulting in a demand for coffee which exceeded the production capabilities of traditional plantations. […] Around the same time that coffee was introduced to Italy, the Spanish were instigating the importation of chocolate from Mexico. This eventually reached Venice and Florence around 1595, spreading to southern Italy over the next few decades […] Communal drinking goblets evolved into individual glasses intended solely for water, wine (specifically red, white, or dessert), aperitifs, or particular spirits, to be drunk from by a single diner. The wide, shallow cups of tazze used for red wine would have been cumbersome to drink from, and therefore would have required the skill of a knowledgeable diner in order to not spill any liquid. […] The navicella, an elaborate glass serving-dish created in the form of a ship and decorated with bright aquamarine-coloured pastilles, may have been inspired by similar dishes made elsewhere in Europe in metal or shell” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, pp. 63-71]</a> “Among the many sixteenth century treatises on wine, two from the 1550s stand out. One is an account by Sante Lancerio, bottigliere (bottle master) to Pope Paul III, of the many wines he and his Holiness sampled. The text comprises a catalogue of 57 different wines – all Italian but for a generic ‘vino francese’ and ‘vino Spagna’ – which are classified by region and evaluated for their appeal to the palate.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QH57UDPB\">[Varriano 2011, p. 102]</a> “By the mid-16th century, coffee houses sprang up in cities throughout the Ottoman Empire […] Towards the end of that same century, Italians were beginning to enjoy the drink […] the penchant for coffee houses as a space for socialisation, political discourse, and drinking spread from the Ottoman Empire through Europe, resulting in a demand for coffee which exceeded the production capabilities of traditional plantations. […] Around the same time that coffee was introduced to Italy, the Spanish were instigating the importation of chocolate from Mexico. This eventually reached Venice and Florence around 1595, spreading to southern Italy over the next few decades” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, pp. 63-64]</a> “Communal drinking goblets evolved into individual glasses intended solely for water, wine (specifically red, white, or dessert), aperitifs, or particular spirits, to be drunk from by a single diner. The wide, shallow cups of tazze used for red wine would have been cumbersome to drink from, and therefore would have required the skill of a knowledgeable diner in order to not spill any liquid. […] The navicella, an elaborate glass serving-dish created in the form of a ship and decorated with bright aquamarine-coloured pastilles, may have been inspired by similar dishes made elsewhere in Europe in metal or shell” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, p. 71]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 47,
"polity": {
"id": 193,
"name": "it_papal_state_4",
"long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period II",
"start_year": 1648,
"end_year": 1809
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 193,
"name": "it_papal_state_4",
"long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period II",
"start_year": 1648,
"end_year": 1809
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“The aristocracy of Rome likes to pay its own lavish attentions to foreign sovereigns and marked their coming with luxurious fetes […] with wine flowing in fountains before the illuminated palaces” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QRRAV2CU\">[Andrieux 1968, p. 136]</a> “the luxurious displays offered pleasure to ordinary folk no less than their betters. Abundantly, their delights overflowed from the salon and garden for the neighbours benefit and the neighbours took good care not to miss them. […] the fountains ran with wine. […] everyone drank the new wine at the inns” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QRRAV2CU\">[Andrieux 1968, p. 139]</a> “The consumption of wine significantly increased as the Middle Ages drew to a close. After 1400 […] ‘the whole of Europe drank wine, if only a part of Europe produced it’ […] the population increases of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries spurred both economic growth and an appetite for luxury goods. Wine consumption increased among people of every social class. […] those at higher socio-economic levels also drank better wine <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QH57UDPB\">[Varriano 2011, p. 101]</a> “Drinking fountains were still scarce at that time […] Persons who could afford it bought water from an acquaerolo with whom they would probably have had a standing order […] water […] followed a social gravity, from popes to cardinals, nobles, and magistrates, and then to the public in a trickle-down process. Through the Water Committee, each pope distributed water to cardinals, nobles, civic magistrates, important private individuals, charitable institutions, and finally to the Capitoline Council (the city government) to distribute to public fountains. Water was a continuously flowing liquid currency that could be bestowed, purchased, traded, sold, or given away. The trickle-down strategy reinforced existing social structures.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CJAAMKJE\">[Rinne 2021, pp. 158-162]</a> NB need example for wine. “The polluted Tiber River was the primary source for drinking water, but a heavy sediment load combined with human and animal waste, and artisanal and manufacturing pollution created by tanners, dyers, millers, laundresses, and others, kept the river filthy. Little aqueduct water (itself none too clean at the time since it came from streams rather than the underground source springs) still flowed from the ancient Aqua Virgo into a basin located in the same area as today’s Trevi Fountain and from there to two nearby drinking fountains.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CJAAMKJE\">[Rinne 2021, p. 152]</a> “ “The aristocracy of Rome likes to pay its own lavish attentions to foreign sovereigns and marked their coming with luxurious fetes […] with wine flowing in fountains before the illuminated palaces” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QRRAV2CU\">[Andrieux 1968, p. 136]</a> “Communal drinking goblets evolved into individual glasses intended solely for water, wine (specifically red, white, or dessert), aperitifs, or particular spirits, to be drunk from by a single diner. The wide, shallow cups of tazze used for red wine would have been cumbersome to drink from, and therefore would have required the skill of a knowledgeable diner in order to not spill any liquid. […] The navicella, an elaborate glass serving-dish created in the form of a ship and decorated with bright aquamarine-coloured pastilles, may have been inspired by similar dishes made elsewhere in Europe in metal or shell” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QP8EDUT5\">[Garwood 2017, p. 71]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 48,
"polity": {
"id": 545,
"name": "it_venetian_rep_4",
"long_name": "Republic of Venice IV",
"start_year": 1564,
"end_year": 1797
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“Venetian […] hollow glassware […] is connected with a high dining culture focused on wine consumption so that exchange of silver for glass had not only a trade but also important cultural context.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KS9WXDDE\">[Zoaral 2011, pp. 285-288]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 49,
"polity": {
"id": 150,
"name": "jp_sengoku_jidai",
"long_name": "Warring States Japan",
"start_year": 1467,
"end_year": 1568
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 150,
"name": "jp_sengoku_jidai",
"long_name": "Warring States Japan",
"start_year": 1467,
"end_year": 1568
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "NB inferring continuity with preceding Ashikaga period. “It is instructive to follow the growth of the tea ceremonial from the time of the Ashikaga shoguns. Under them it was an aristocratic cult, expensive no doubt, but essentially belonging to restrained aestheticism.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HEUTUTJS\">[Sansom 1931, p. 441]</a> Though the following quote slightly predates this polity period, it demonstrates the existent culture and consumption habits of sake. “Medieval samurai exchanged shallow cups of sake at banquets, referring to each cupful as a round (kon ). The foods meant to accompany these rounds were listed as the “menu” (kondate). Record of Things Seen and Heard (Kanmon gyoki), the diary of imperial prince Fushimi no Miya Sadafusa (1372−1456), records a banquet in 1422 when warlord Uesugi Tomokata served the shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori (1394-1441) twenty-seven rounds of drinks. When Shogun Yoshinori hosted Emperor GoKomatsu (1377-1433) he served seventy rounds of drinks.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QXQQ8JED\">[Rath 2020, p. 36]</a> “the production of tea […] increased during this period” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QW6KBXR7\">[Hane 1991, p. 99]</a> “During the Ashikaga period […] there were technical improvements in […] sake brewing.” ” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QW6KBXR7\">[Hane 1991, p. 98]</a> This quote is slightly after this polity period but demonstrates the extent of Japanese sake production that may have been present during Sengoku period.“Jesuit missionary João Rodrigues who lived in Japan from 1577 to 1614 estimated that in the late sixteenth century, one-third of the rice in the country went to sake brewing.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QXQQ8JED\">[Rath 2020, p. 38]</a> NB inferring continuity with preceding Ashikaga period. “Tea gatherings allowed high-ranking warriors and merchant elites to develop a bond beyond their social classes, which may have facilitated their political and commercial gain outside the tearooms. It also allowed merchant tea masters to attain an important position in government affairs” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPIGTVP5\">[Oshikiri 2016, p. 928]</a> “At the outset, tea was limited principally to member of the socio-political circles of the Ashikaga military rulers, and gatherings were the occasions for lavish, competitive displays of their collections of Chinese art treasures […] import substitution was tied to the growth of tea consumption both as ritual and part of everyday life among all levels of society. […] When tea drinking was confined to the elite, the dried leaves were stored in lugged jars imported from China or Southeast Asia.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QSCTGM3T\">[Guth 2011, p. 51]</a> NB inferring continuity with preceding Ashikaga period. “Tea gatherings allowed highranking warriors and merchant elites to develop a bond beyond their social classes, which may have facilitated their political and commercial gain outside the tearooms. It also allowed merchant tea masters to attain an important position in government affairs” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPIGTVP5\">[Oshikiri 2016, p. 928]</a> “At the outset, tea was limited principally to member of the socio-political circles of the Ashikaga military rulers, and gatherings were the occasions for lavish, competitive displays of their collections of Chinese art treasures.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QSCTGM3T\">[Guth 2011, p. 51]</a> Though the following quote slightly predates this polity period, it demonstrates the existent culture and consumption habits of sake.“Medieval samurai exchanged shallow cups of sake at banquets, referring to each cupful as a round (kon). The foods meant to accompany these rounds were listed as the “menu” (kondate). Record of Things Seen and Heard (Kanmon gyoki), the diary of imperial prince Fushimi no Miya Sadafusa (1372−1456), records a banquet in 1422 when warlord Uesugi Tomokata served the shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori (1394-1441) twenty-seven rounds of drinks. When Shogun Yoshinori hosted Emperor GoKomatsu (1377-1433) he served seventy rounds of drinks.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QXQQ8JED\">[Rath 2020, p. 36]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 50,
"polity": {
"id": 152,
"name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate",
"long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate",
"start_year": 1603,
"end_year": 1868
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 152,
"name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate",
"long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate",
"start_year": 1603,
"end_year": 1868
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "A~P",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "As the following quotes demonstrate, there was a gradual shift in consumption patterns over this time period. In the first half of the Tokugawa era, tea was more of a luxuy drink than it was in the second. “the better-off and ‘middling sort’ engaged in the […] tea ceremony […] that were technically aristocratic and samurai preserves.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DF7U7W8R\">[Francks 2009, p. 15]</a> “the peasants […] were instructed to consume as little food as possible […] tea-drinking and above all, consumption of sake, were discouraged.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QW6KBXR7\">[Hane 1991, p. 145]</a> “Tea, which had once only been available either in the luxury powdered form or as a poor quality, home grown and sundried leaves, have become part of the everyday life, marketed in shops and by peddlers within distribution networks reaching down through the castle towns to the villages. […] In such ways, by the second half of the Tokugawa period, consumption of the food products that had once distinguished the cuisine of the upper urban classes was spreading into rural areas.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DF7U7W8R\">[Francks 2009, pp. 11-12]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}