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{
"count": 113,
"next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/ec/luxury-drink-alcohol/?format=api&page=3",
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"results": [
{
"id": 51,
"polity": {
"id": 229,
"name": "ml_mali_emp",
"long_name": "Mali Empire",
"start_year": 1230,
"end_year": 1410
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Wine. “[Referring to the important role of trade in the Mali Empire] Trade gave rise to towns with highly important markets along the Gambia - Sutuco and Jamnam Sura - which were regular stops for Portuguese traders selling…wine…The Mandingo merchants whom they met there impressed them with their experience in trade”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XTE5GGEJ\">[Niane 1984, p. 185]</a> Wine. “[Referring to the important role of trade in the Mali Empire] Trade gave rise to towns with highly important markets along the Gambia - Sutuco and Jamnam Sura - which were regular stops for Portuguese traders selling…wine…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XTE5GGEJ\">[Niane 1984, p. 185]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 52,
"polity": {
"id": 776,
"name": "mw_maravi_emp",
"long_name": "Maravi Empire",
"start_year": 1622,
"end_year": 1870
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Empty_Description",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 53,
"polity": {
"id": 16,
"name": "mx_aztec_emp",
"long_name": "Aztec Empire",
"start_year": 1427,
"end_year": 1526
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 16,
"name": "mx_aztec_emp",
"long_name": "Aztec Empire",
"start_year": 1427,
"end_year": 1526
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“It is interesting that the Aztecs extended their empire to include coastal Chiapas and coastal Guatemala, important to them for cacao. Cacao, the source of chocolate and other tasty beverages, grows well in many parts of Mesoamerica, but some of the very best came from this area.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JRFZPUXU\">[Cowgill 2015, p. 138]</a> “Cacao enhanced nobles’ meals, tobacco aided digestion, mushrooms buoyed ceremonial feasts, and pulque from maguey provided an element of euphoria to certain ceremonies.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P4UCU45A\">[Berdan 2023, p. 13]</a> “Cacao was a widely enjoyed elite beverage, its value as a drink perhaps outweighing its importance as a medium of exchange (Millon, 1955).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P4UCU45A\">[Berdan 2023, p. 68]</a> “Azcapotzalco was renowned for silverwork, Coyoacan for masons and wood products, and other communities for basket weaving, mat making, maguey processing, carpentry, sculpting, and specific styles of pottery (Berdan, 2014: 107; Blanton, 1996; Blanton and Hodge, 1996). [...] Specialists such as pulque makers, dyers, painters, gold workers, mat makers, stone workers, curers, and professional merchants were localized in specific Tenochtitlan–Tlatelolco calpolli (López Austin, 1973: 65–75; Monzon, 1949).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P4UCU45A\">[Berdan 2023, p. 56]</a> “…maguey exploitation could be successful in more marginal lands where maize cultivation was risky. [...] These versatile plants provided food (pulque, sap, sugar, vinegar, and leaf flesh), fibers, construction materials, fuel, paper, medicine, and miscellaneous household and artisanal conveniences (e.g., as surfaces for leather working).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P4UCU45A\">[Berdan 2023, pp. 20-22]</a> “Rulers also routinely compensated artisans, construction workers, bureaucratic officials, and traveling merchants with goods ranging from cloaks and cacao to foods and pottery.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P4UCU45A\">[Berdan 2023, p. 46]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 54,
"polity": {
"id": 532,
"name": "mx_monte_alban_5",
"long_name": "Monte Alban V",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1520
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“In addition to the food restrictions noted above, in Teocuicuilco commoners could not drink chocolate; its consumption was restricted to the nobility.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4K7TZ6GA\">[Whitecotton 1984, p. 140]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4K7TZ6GA\">[Whitecotton 1984, p. 143]</a> “Through trade, highland people sought coastal and lowland products such as cotton, cacao, fish, shellfish, salt, tropical fruits, ornamental shell, and quetzal feathers. Given the scarcity of these resources in the highlands most were considered social valuables and access to some items was restricted to nobles by sumptuary rules such that they should be considered prestige goods.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FUKFR9MV\">[Joyce 2010, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 55,
"polity": {
"id": 659,
"name": "ni_allada_k",
"long_name": "Allada",
"start_year": 1100,
"end_year": 1724
},
"year_from": 1651,
"year_to": 1724,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 709,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern",
"start_year": 1640,
"end_year": 1806
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a very rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed. Also, a note on vocabulary: The Gbe region is/was the area where Gbe languages were spoken. This includes the Allada polity.“As a result of the slave trade, the influx of foreign goods and their social use as status markers were pronounced phenomena in the Gbe region. […] Even gastronomic habits were influenced by the Atlantic trade: The king and the grandees, even the wealthy common people, eat like the French. Their table is set in the same manner; they have […] good wines, liquors […] which they buy from the Europeans; they take pride in excelling each other with regard to the meals they serve.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 125]</a> “Wine: introduced by the first Portuguese, it continued to be sent to Kwaland through the whole slave-trade period. Much of it was intended for European residents, but it was also given or sold as a luxury to the African upper class. It came from mainland Portugal and Spain, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and France. Dutch, English, and later American slavers would pick up port, malmsey, or Tenerife wine en route to West Africa. […] Exotic Foods: tea, coffee […] bottled beer, distilled water - any item, it would seem, that a European ship carried as provisions for its own officers and crew or for European residents of the coast-made suitable, often solicited, gifts for the African elite.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 25]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 28]</a> NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a very rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed. Also, a note on vocabulary: The Gbe region is/was the area where Gbe languages were spoken. This includes the Allada polity. “As a result of the slave trade, the influx of foreign goods and their social use as status markers were pronounced phenomena in the Gbe region. […] Even gastronomic habits were influenced by the Atlantic trade: The king and the grandees, even the wealthy common people, eat like the French. Their table is set in the same manner; they have […] good wines, liquors […] which they buy from the Europeans; they take pride in excelling each other with regard to the meals they serve.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 125]</a> “Wine: introduced by the first Portuguese, it continued to be sent to Kwaland through the whole slave-trade period. Much of it was intended for European residents, but it was also given or sold as a luxury to the African upper class. It came from mainland Portugal and Spain, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and France. Dutch, English, and later American slavers would pick up port, malmsey, or Tenerife wine en route to West Africa. […] Exotic Foods: tea, coffee […] bottled beer, distilled water - any item, it would seem, that a European ship carried as provisions for its own officers and crew or for European residents of the coast-made suitable, often solicited, gifts for the African elite. […] Pompous trappings shade into high-quality items in every category of trade good: for example, fine wines” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 25]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 28]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 30]</a> NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a very rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed. “As a result of the slave trade, the influx of foreign goods and their social use as status markers were pronounced phenomena in the Gbe region. […] Even gastronomic habits were influenced by the Atlantic trade: The king and the grandees, even the wealthy common people, eat like the French. Their table is set in the same manner; they have […] good wines, liquors […] which they buy from the Europeans; they take pride in excelling each other with regard to the meals they serve.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 56,
"polity": {
"id": 660,
"name": "ni_igodomingodo",
"long_name": "Igodomingodo",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1450
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“The time of the so-called “1st (Ogiso) Dynasty” probably the early 10th first half of 12th centuries, is one of the most mysterious pages of the Benin history. The sources on this period are not abundant. Furthermore, it is obvious that archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence, rather scarce, should be supplemented by an analysis of different records of the oral historical tradition while it is well known that this kind of source is not very much reliable. However, on the other hand, it is generally recognized that it is unreasonable to discredit it completely. Though Benin students have confirmed this conclusion and demonstrated some possibilities of verifying and correcting its evidence, a reconstruction of the early Benin history will inevitably contain many hypothetical suggestions and not so many firm conclusions.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/P4DQ36NB\">[Bondarenko_Roese 2001, pp. 185-186]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 57,
"polity": {
"id": 612,
"name": "ni_nok_1",
"long_name": "Middle and Late Nok",
"start_year": -1500,
"end_year": -901
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 58,
"polity": {
"id": 615,
"name": "ni_nok_2",
"long_name": "Middle and Late Nok",
"start_year": -900,
"end_year": 0
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 59,
"polity": {
"id": 668,
"name": "ni_nri_k",
"long_name": "Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì",
"start_year": 1043,
"end_year": 1911
},
"year_from": 1651,
"year_to": 1911,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 709,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern",
"start_year": 1640,
"end_year": 1806
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“As a result of the slave trade, the influx of foreign goods and their social use as status markers were pronounced phenomena in the Gbe region. […] Even gastronomic habits were influenced by the Atlantic trade: The king and the grandees, even the wealthy common people, eat like the French. Their table is set in the same manner; they have […] good wines, liquors […] which they buy from the Europeans; they take pride in excelling each other with regard to the meals they serve.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 125]</a> “Wine: introduced by the first Portuguese, it continued to be sent to Kwaland through the whole slave-trade period. Much of it was intended for European residents, but it was also given or sold as a luxury to the African upper class. It came from mainland Portugal and Spain, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and France. Dutch, English, and later American slavers would pick up port, malmsey, or Tenerife wine en route to West Africa. […] Exotic Foods: tea, coffee […] bottled beer, distilled water - any item, it would seem, that a European ship carried as provisions for its own officers and crew or for European residents of the coast-made suitable, often solicited, gifts for the African elite.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 25]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 28]</a> NB The information we have found seems to apply to the period following the rise of the trade in enslaved people; the year “1650” has been chosen as a rough approximation to mark the shift from the era before the rise of the slave trade to the era that followed, based on the fact that “[i]n the late seventeenth century, there was a rise in the relative importance of slaves from sources from north of the Equator, as opposed to from Angola. […] The Bight of Benin, where Anecho became a Portuguese base in 1645, and Whydah an English one in 1672, was of particular importance for slave exports from West Africa.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NMC66GR7\">[Black 2015, p. 49]</a> “Wine: introduced by the first Portuguese, it continued to be sent to Kwaland through the whole slave-trade period. Much of it was intended for European residents, but it was also given or sold as a luxury to the African upper class. It came from mainland Portugal and Spain, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and France. Dutch, English, and later American slavers would pick up port, malmsey, or Tenerife wine en route to West Africa. […] Exotic Foods: tea, coffee […] bottled beer, distilled water - any item, it would seem, that a European ship carried as provisions for its own officers and crew or for European residents of the coast-made suitable, often solicited, gifts for the African elite. […] Pompous trappings shade into high-quality items in every category of trade good: for example, fine wines” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 25]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 28]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 30]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 60,
"polity": {
"id": 663,
"name": "ni_oyo_emp_1",
"long_name": "Oyo",
"start_year": 1300,
"end_year": 1535
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "\"Contexts that could shed light on the dynamics of social structure and hierarchies in the metropolis, such as the royal burial site of Oyo monarchs and the residences of the elite population, have not been investigated. The mapping of the palace structures has not been followed by systematic excavations (Soper, 1992); and questions of the economy, military system, and ideology of the empire have not been addressed archaeologically, although their general patterns are known from historical studies (e.g, Johnson, 1921; Law, 1977).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PK7F26DP\">[Ogundiran 2005, pp. 151-152]</a> Regarding this period, however, one of the historical studies mentioned in this quote also notes: \"Of the earliest period of Oyo history, before the sixteenth century, very little is known.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB32ZPCF\">[Law 1977, p. 33]</a> Law does not then go on to provide specific information directly relevant to this variable.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 61,
"polity": {
"id": 661,
"name": "ni_oyo_emp_2",
"long_name": "Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́",
"start_year": 1601,
"end_year": 1835
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 587,
"name": "gb_british_emp_1",
"long_name": "British Empire I",
"start_year": 1690,
"end_year": 1849
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Rum. “The Oyo also obtained a variety of goods of European and American origin. These were mainly luxury goods, such as cloth, earthenware, beads (especially coral), rum, and tobacco.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB32ZPCF\">[Law 1977, p. 225]</a> “The limited imported European goods that penetrated inland served a diverse range of purposes, from addictive to sumptuous consumption, to the pursuit of social distinction at the individual or household levels, and for sociopolitical ranking.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Q9PVIZNG\">[Ogundiran 2009, p. 381]</a> The following seems to suggest that common people could access rum if they could afford it. “The limited imported European goods that penetrated inland served a diverse range of purposes, from addictive to sumptuous consumption, to the pursuit of social distinction at the individual or household levels, and for sociopolitical ranking. Access to the coastal goods was made possible not by political decree but by trading activities. The later were open, for the most part, to the rank and file of the populace.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Q9PVIZNG\">[Ogundiran 2009, p. 361]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Q9PVIZNG\">[Ogundiran 2009, p. 381]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 62,
"polity": {
"id": 662,
"name": "ni_whydah_k",
"long_name": "Whydah",
"start_year": 1671,
"end_year": 1727
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 709,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern",
"start_year": 1640,
"end_year": 1806
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "‘‘‘ Also, a note on vocabulary: The Gbe region is/was the area where Gbe languages were spoken. This includes the Allada polity.“As a result of the slave trade, the influx of foreign goods and their social use as status markers were pronounced phenomena in the Gbe region. […] Even gastronomic habits were influenced by the Atlantic trade: The king and the grandees, even the wealthy common people, eat like the French. Their table is set in the same manner; they have […] good wines, liquors […] which they buy from the Europeans; they take pride in excelling each other with regard to the meals they serve.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 125]</a> “Wine: introduced by the first Portuguese, it continued to be sent to Kwaland through the whole slave-trade period. Much of it was intended for European residents, but it was also given or sold as a luxury to the African upper class. It came from mainland Portugal and Spain, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and France. Dutch, English, and later American slavers would pick up port, malmsey, or Tenerife wine en route to West Africa. […] Exotic Foods: tea, coffee […] bottled beer, distilled water - any item, it would seem, that a European ship carried as provisions for its own officers and crew or for European residents of the coast-made suitable, often solicited, gifts for the African elite.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 25]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 28]</a> ‘‘‘ Also, a note on vocabulary: The Gbe region is/was the area where Gbe languages were spoken. This includes the Allada polity. “As a result of the slave trade, the influx of foreign goods and their social use as status markers were pronounced phenomena in the Gbe region. […] Even gastronomic habits were influenced by the Atlantic trade: The king and the grandees, even the wealthy common people, eat like the French. Their table is set in the same manner; they have […] good wines, liquors […] which they buy from the Europeans; they take pride in excelling each other with regard to the meals they serve.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 125]</a> “Wine: introduced by the first Portuguese, it continued to be sent to Kwaland through the whole slave-trade period. Much of it was intended for European residents, but it was also given or sold as a luxury to the African upper class. It came from mainland Portugal and Spain, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and France. Dutch, English, and later American slavers would pick up port, malmsey, or Tenerife wine en route to West Africa. […] Exotic Foods: tea, coffee […] bottled beer, distilled water - any item, it would seem, that a European ship carried as provisions for its own officers and crew or for European residents of the coast-made suitable, often solicited, gifts for the African elite. […] Pompous trappings shade into high-quality items in every category of trade good: for example, fine wines” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 25]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 28]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TZH65FPB\">[Alpern 1995, p. 30]</a> ‘‘‘ “As a result of the slave trade, the influx of foreign goods and their social use as status markers were pronounced phenomena in the Gbe region. […] Even gastronomic habits were influenced by the Atlantic trade: The king and the grandees, even the wealthy common people, eat like the French. Their table is set in the same manner; they have […] good wines, liquors […] which they buy from the Europeans; they take pride in excelling each other with regard to the meals they serve.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DNMTU2B\">[Zaugg 2018, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 63,
"polity": {
"id": 116,
"name": "no_norway_k_2",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II",
"start_year": 1262,
"end_year": 1396
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "Germany",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Wine; beer; other luxury drinks. “One evening the king [Magnus Haakonsson(?), King of Norway as Magnus VI from 1263-1280] called him [Sturla Thordsson, an Icelandic ‘Scald’ or ‘Skáld’ who was later employed as a royal historiographer among other roles], filled a goblet of wine, brought it to his lips and gave it to Sturla saying: “Wine one shall drink to a friend. […] [Referring to the growing influence of the Norwegian government on Iceland during the C14 and import trade in particular] The Icelandic annals show that at times there must have been great need of imports, since it even happened that the mass could not be celebrated for wine. […] [Referring to the maintenance of ‘early social life’ activities such as feasting in the C14 and to the feast organised by the newly elected Bishop Vilchin of Skálholt when he came to Iceland in 1394] The feast lasted seven days, and such lavish hospitality was shown that all might drink as much as they wished, both early and late…nothing was drunk but German beer and other costly beverages”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/89DTVBIP\">[Gjerset 1924, p. 211]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/89DTVBIP\">[Gjerset 1924, p. 229]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/89DTVBIP\">[Gjerset 1924, p. 252]</a> Wine; beer; other luxury drinks. “[Referring to the growing influence of the Norwegian government on Iceland during the C14 and import trade in particular] The Icelandic annals show that at times there must have been great need of imports, since it even happened that the mass could not be celebrated for wine. […] [Referring to the maintenance of ‘early social life’ activities such as feasting in the C14 and to the feast organised by the newly elected Bishop Vilchin of Skálholt when he came to Iceland in 1394] …nothing was drunk but German beer and other costly beverages”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/89DTVBIP\">[Gjerset 1924, p. 229]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/89DTVBIP\">[Gjerset 1924, p. 252]</a> Wine. “One evening the king [Magnus Haakonsson(?), King of Norway as Magnus VI from 1263-1280] called him [Sturla Thordsson, an Icelandic ‘Scald’ or ‘Skáld’ who was later employed as a royal historiographer among other roles], filled a goblet of wine, brought it to his lips and gave it to Sturla saying: “Wine one shall drink to a friend”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/89DTVBIP\">[Gjerset 1924, p. 211]</a> Wine; beer; other luxury drinks. “One evening the king [Magnus Haakonsson(?), King of Norway as Magnus VI from 1263-1280] called him [Sturla Thordsson, an Icelandic ‘Scald’ or ‘Skáld’ who was later employed as a royal historiographer among other roles], filled a goblet of wine, brought it to his lips and gave it to Sturla saying: “Wine one shall drink to a friend”. […] [Referring to the maintenance of ‘early social life’ activities such as feasting in the C14 and to the feast organised by the newly elected Bishop Vilchin of Skálholt when he came to Iceland in 1394] The feast lasted seven days, and such lavish hospitality was shown that all might drink as much as they wished, both early and late…nothing was drunk but German beer and other costly beverages”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/89DTVBIP\">[Gjerset 1924, p. 211]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/89DTVBIP\">[Gjerset 1924, p. 252]</a> Wine; beer; other luxury drinks. “[Referring to the growing influence of the Norwegian government on Iceland during the C14 and import trade in particular] The Icelandic annals show that at times there must have been great need of imports, since it even happened that the mass could not be celebrated for wine. […] [Referring to the maintenance of ‘early social life’ activities such as feasting in the C14 and to the feast organised by the newly elected Bishop Vilchin of Skálholt when he came to Iceland in 1394] The feast lasted seven days, and such lavish hospitality was shown that all might drink as much as they wished, both early and late…nothing was drunk but German beer and other costly beverages”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/89DTVBIP\">[Gjerset 1924, p. 229]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/89DTVBIP\">[Gjerset 1924, p. 252]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 64,
"polity": {
"id": 83,
"name": "pe_inca_emp",
"long_name": "Inca Empire",
"start_year": 1375,
"end_year": 1532
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 83,
"name": "pe_inca_emp",
"long_name": "Inca Empire",
"start_year": 1375,
"end_year": 1532
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“The royal dead were arranged in chronological order in the plaza before sharing food and drink with their descendants, who toasted them with maize beer that they poured into large golden vessels.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L8TC8ITM\">[Covey 2020, p. 35]</a> “Archaeological excavations at Maucallacta have exposed the remains of several breweries, indicating that it was the site of grand festivities, probably involving members of Cuzco’s Inca nobility. 15” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L8TC8ITM\">[Covey 2020, p. 39]</a> “Viracocha Inca only returned there when the Inca lords ordered him to abdicate, and as soon as Inca Yupanqui became lord, he publicly humiliated his father. With all the lords of Cuzco watching, the new Inca commanded his father to drink a full cup of chicha from a dirty vessel.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L8TC8ITM\">[Covey 2020, p. 55]</a> “As the people of Cuzco feasted, maize beer flowed freely, inspiring performances of praise songs and interpretive dances.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L8TC8ITM\">[Covey 2020, p. 141]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 65,
"polity": {
"id": 136,
"name": "pk_samma_dyn",
"long_name": "Sind - Samma Dynasty",
"start_year": 1335,
"end_year": 1521
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Inferred from the presence of wine by the wealthy in the preceding Soomra period. “Wine was manufactured from grapes, molasses (Gur) and honey, but there was a restriction on its use for different castes and was totally forbidden to women. Islam strictly forbade drinking of wine. It appears that the use of liquors may have been limited during the Soomra period, mainly due to its high cost rather than as a religious taboo. Ismailis were more tolerant and the Soomras who could afford it were fond of wine and drank it.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K3KQKUXA\">[Panhwar 2003, p. 162]</a> “Quality wines were imported as far back as 200 BC to 200 AD, but information on Soomra period is lacking”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K3KQKUXA\">[Panhwar 2003, p. 144]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 66,
"polity": {
"id": 708,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period",
"start_year": 1495,
"end_year": 1579
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 708,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period",
"start_year": 1495,
"end_year": 1579
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Wine. “An inhabitant of Lisbon in the mid-sixteenth century would have encountered a diverse array of goods available for purchase and originating from all points of the known world… Madeira was famous for its sugar, wines, and sweet grapes (malvasia)… The Azores added only wheat and cotton among their exports to Portugal, but otherwise duplicated Madeira in their production of sugar and wine…” Empty_Description",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 67,
"polity": {
"id": 709,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern",
"start_year": 1640,
"end_year": 1806
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 709,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern",
"start_year": 1640,
"end_year": 1806
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Wine; port; brandy; coffee; cocoa. “As late as the 1680s the market for Portuguese wines in Britain was still quite modest, and imports averaged only about 120 tuns per year. But in 1689, when Britain was about to go to war with France, the British government banned the importation of French wines, so opening up a major opportunity for Portugal. Then in 1697 British import duties on Portuguese wines were lowered, creating a substantial tariff advantage. This advantage was subsequently entrenched by the Methuen commercial treaty of 1703. By then Portuguese wine exports to Britain had surged to 6,600 tuns a year, an enormous increase of some 5,500 per cent in just two decades. Through the early eighteenth century the trade continued to grow. It received another hefty boost when war broke out between Britain and Spain in 1739 – and London promptly terminated Spanish wine imports. The consequence of all this was that Portugal achieved overwhelming dominance in the British wine market. Portuguese wine shipments to Britain eventually peaked in the early 1740s at 13,100 tuns per year.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009, pp. 259-260]</a> “English merchants from the Porto factory, having recognised the area’s strategic value, began to buy up its vintages and to encourage more vine plantings. Growers responded enthusiastically, and an infrastructure for transporting, processing and marketing the wine was established by the factory. Soon the merchants began fortifying the wine with brandy, producing a rich product with a high alcohol content that rapidly found favour with British customers – though it was seldom drunk by the Portuguese. Moreover, this fortified wine could be transported by sea without deteriorating in quality. So by 1715 the pattern of the Anglo-Portuguese wine trade had radically changed. Two-thirds of Portuguese wine exported to Britain now flowed out through Porto, and by the 1720s this had further increased to about three-quarters. Almost overnight, port wine – the wine of the Upper Douro, exported through Porto – had gained the lion’s share of the British market.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009, p. 261]</a> “Although the government of Maria I maintained broadly similar economic settings to those of Pombal in his later years, it partially phased out reliance on monopolistic trading companies… By then these companies had achieved much of their original purpose, havingstimulated new colonial export industries, such as cotton, rice and coffee, and re-invigorated older ones like sugar, tobacco and hides.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009, p. 314]</a> “By the end of the eighteenth century, no less than 125 different products from Brazil were being unloaded in Lisbon. These may be roughly classified under the following headings: twenty-seven different foodstuffs and beverages, including brandy, sugar, rice, coffee, honey, pork, manioc flour, cocoa, tapioca, molasses, sesame, cashew nuts, cloves, beans, and vegetables...” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SWIK4JIU\">[Russell-Wood 1998, p. 128]</a> “As late as the 1680s the market for Portuguese wines in Britain was still quite modest, and imports averaged only about 120 tuns per year. But in 1689, when Britain was about to go to war with France, the British government banned the importation of French wines, so opening up a major opportunity for Portugal. Then in 1697 British import duties on Portuguese wines were lowered, creating a substantial tariff advantage. This advantage was subsequently entrenched by the Methuen commercial treaty of 1703. By then Portuguese wine exports to Britain had surged to 6,600 tuns a year, an enormous increase of some 5,500 per cent in just two decades. Through the early eighteenth century the trade continued to grow. It received another hefty boost when war broke out between Britain and Spain in 1739 – and London promptly terminated Spanish wine imports. The consequence of all this was that Portugal achieved overwhelming dominance in the British wine market. Portuguese wine shipments to Britain eventually peaked in the early 1740s at 13,100 tuns per year.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TKKDT5CZ\">[Disney 2009, pp. 259-260]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 68,
"polity": {
"id": 694,
"name": "rw_bugesera_k",
"long_name": "Bugesera",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1799
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following quotes mention the main articles of exchange in the region at this time, and luxury drinks or alcohol do not appear to have been included. “Tribute was paid to these courts in the form of labour or in kind (cattle, baskets of provisions, special products such as salt, honey or weapons). The ruling aristocracy could thus extend its influence by redistribution, for there was little luxury (clothing was of skins or bark; local vegetation was used for the construction of residences).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 825]</a> “And what Rwandans at the central court sought most from the west were butega (Kitembo : bute 'a)16 , a braceletanklet made of raphia fibers woven into a highly distinctive pattern. Because these were small, light, and relatively easy to transport, and because of their assured demand throughout the year in Rwanda, butega bracelets were used as a form of currency, at least insofar as they provided standards of value (and to a lesser degree as a medium of exchange, as well).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KIJS3E2S\">[Newbury 1980, p. 13]</a> “However, if cattle were the nerve of an economy of social exchanges in the ancient mountain states of the Nkore-Rwanda Burundi group, other resources depended on more commercial logics; this was particularly the case on the peripheries. Certainly, the region was familiar with short-distance seasonal barter ing of food and cattle products, as a function of complementarity between ecological sectors. Some food products won greater renown: palm oil from the shores of Lake Tanganyika (in Burundi and Buvira), dried bananas from Buganda, coffee from Bunyoro and Buhaya, dried fish from Burundi and Bujiji or from Lakes Edward and George, and, of course, livestock (goats, bull calves, and sterile cows) and butter from Rwanda and Burundi. Let us add tobacco from northern Rwanda and Nkore. But three products gave rise to truly regional trade: salt, iron, and jewelry.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, p. 191]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 69,
"polity": {
"id": 692,
"name": "rw_gisaka_k",
"long_name": "Gisaka",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1867
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following quotes mention the main articles of exchange in the region at this time, and luxury drinks or alcohol do not appear to have been included. “Tribute was paid to these courts in the form of labour or in kind (cattle, baskets of provisions, special products such as salt, honey or weapons). The ruling aristocracy could thus extend its influence by redistribution, for there was little luxury (clothing was of skins or bark; local vegetation was used for the construction of residences).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 825]</a> “And what Rwandans at the central court sought most from the west were butega (Kitembo : bute 'a)16 , a braceletanklet made of raphia fibers woven into a highly distinctive pattern. Because these were small, light, and relatively easy to transport, and because of their assured demand throughout the year in Rwanda, butega bracelets were used as a form of currency, at least insofar as they provided standards of value (and to a lesser degree as a medium of exchange, as well).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KIJS3E2S\">[Newbury 1980, p. 13]</a> “However, if cattle were the nerve of an economy of social exchanges in the ancient mountain states of the Nkore-Rwanda Burundi group, other resources depended on more commercial logics; this was particularly the case on the peripheries. Certainly, the region was familiar with short-distance seasonal barter ing of food and cattle products, as a function of complementarity between ecological sectors. Some food products won greater renown: palm oil from the shores of Lake Tanganyika (in Burundi and Buvira), dried bananas from Buganda, coffee from Bunyoro and Buhaya, dried fish from Burundi and Bujiji or from Lakes Edward and George, and, of course, livestock (goats, bull calves, and sterile cows) and butter from Rwanda and Burundi. Let us add tobacco from northern Rwanda and Nkore. But three products gave rise to truly regional trade: salt, iron, and jewelry.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, p. 191]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 70,
"polity": {
"id": 691,
"name": "rw_mubari_k",
"long_name": "Mubari",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1896
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following quotes mention the main articles of exchange in the region at this time, and luxury drinks or alcohol do not appear to have been included. “Tribute was paid to these courts in the form of labour or in kind (cattle, baskets of provisions, special products such as salt, honey or weapons). The ruling aristocracy could thus extend its influence by redistribution, for there was little luxury (clothing was of skins or bark; local vegetation was used for the construction of residences).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 825]</a> “And what Rwandans at the central court sought most from the west were butega (Kitembo : bute 'a)16 , a braceletanklet made of raphia fibers woven into a highly distinctive pattern. Because these were small, light, and relatively easy to transport, and because of their assured demand throughout the year in Rwanda, butega bracelets were used as a form of currency, at least insofar as they provided standards of value (and to a lesser degree as a medium of exchange, as well).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KIJS3E2S\">[Newbury 1980, p. 13]</a> “However, if cattle were the nerve of an economy of social exchanges in the ancient mountain states of the Nkore-Rwanda Burundi group, other resources depended on more commercial logics; this was particularly the case on the peripheries. Certainly, the region was familiar with short-distance seasonal barter ing of food and cattle products, as a function of complementarity between ecological sectors. Some food products won greater renown: palm oil from the shores of Lake Tanganyika (in Burundi and Buvira), dried bananas from Buganda, coffee from Bunyoro and Buhaya, dried fish from Burundi and Bujiji or from Lakes Edward and George, and, of course, livestock (goats, bull calves, and sterile cows) and butter from Rwanda and Burundi. Let us add tobacco from northern Rwanda and Nkore. But three products gave rise to truly regional trade: salt, iron, and jewelry.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, p. 191]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 71,
"polity": {
"id": 689,
"name": "rw_ndorwa_k",
"long_name": "Ndorwa",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1800
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following quotes mention the main articles of exchange in the region at this time, and luxury drinks or alcohol do not appear to have been included. “Tribute was paid to these courts in the form of labour or in kind (cattle, baskets of provisions, special products such as salt, honey or weapons). The ruling aristocracy could thus extend its influence by redistribution, for there was little luxury (clothing was of skins or bark; local vegetation was used for the construction of residences).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 825]</a> “And what Rwandans at the central court sought most from the west were butega (Kitembo : bute 'a)16 , a braceletanklet made of raphia fibers woven into a highly distinctive pattern. Because these were small, light, and relatively easy to transport, and because of their assured demand throughout the year in Rwanda, butega bracelets were used as a form of currency, at least insofar as they provided standards of value (and to a lesser degree as a medium of exchange, as well).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KIJS3E2S\">[Newbury 1980, p. 13]</a> “However, if cattle were the nerve of an economy of social exchanges in the ancient mountain states of the Nkore-Rwanda Burundi group, other resources depended on more commercial logics; this was particularly the case on the peripheries. Certainly, the region was familiar with short-distance seasonal barter ing of food and cattle products, as a function of complementarity between ecological sectors. Some food products won greater renown: palm oil from the shores of Lake Tanganyika (in Burundi and Buvira), dried bananas from Buganda, coffee from Bunyoro and Buhaya, dried fish from Burundi and Bujiji or from Lakes Edward and George, and, of course, livestock (goats, bull calves, and sterile cows) and butter from Rwanda and Burundi. Let us add tobacco from northern Rwanda and Nkore. But three products gave rise to truly regional trade: salt, iron, and jewelry.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, p. 191]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 72,
"polity": {
"id": 687,
"name": "Early Niynginya",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Nyinginya",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1897
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following quotes mention the main articles of exchange in the region at this time, and luxury drinks or alcohol do not appear to have been included. “Tribute was paid to these courts in the form of labour or in kind (cattle, baskets of provisions, special products such as salt, honey or weapons). The ruling aristocracy could thus extend its influence by redistribution, for there was little luxury (clothing was of skins or bark; local vegetation was used for the construction of residences).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ETKPKNZ2\">[Ogot_et_al 1992, p. 825]</a> “And what Rwandans at the central court sought most from the west were butega (Kitembo : bute 'a)16 , a braceletanklet made of raphia fibers woven into a highly distinctive pattern. Because these were small, light, and relatively easy to transport, and because of their assured demand throughout the year in Rwanda, butega bracelets were used as a form of currency, at least insofar as they provided standards of value (and to a lesser degree as a medium of exchange, as well).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KIJS3E2S\">[Newbury 1980, p. 13]</a> “However, if cattle were the nerve of an economy of social exchanges in the ancient mountain states of the Nkore-Rwanda Burundi group, other resources depended on more commercial logics; this was particularly the case on the peripheries. Certainly, the region was familiar with short-distance seasonal barter ing of food and cattle products, as a function of complementarity between ecological sectors. Some food products won greater renown: palm oil from the shores of Lake Tanganyika (in Burundi and Buvira), dried bananas from Buganda, coffee from Bunyoro and Buhaya, dried fish from Burundi and Bujiji or from Lakes Edward and George, and, of course, livestock (goats, bull calves, and sterile cows) and butter from Rwanda and Burundi. Let us add tobacco from northern Rwanda and Nkore. But three products gave rise to truly regional trade: salt, iron, and jewelry.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FXCVWDRI\">[Chrétien 2006, p. 191]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 73,
"polity": {
"id": 676,
"name": "se_baol_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Baol",
"start_year": 1550,
"end_year": 1890
},
"year_from": 1816,
"year_to": 1890,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 748,
"name": "fr_france_modern_1",
"long_name": "Modern France I",
"start_year": 1871,
"end_year": 1940
},
{
"id": 566,
"name": "fr_france_napoleonic",
"long_name": "Napoleonic France",
"start_year": 1816,
"end_year": 1870
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a> France seems to have been the main European polity trading in the region at the time, based on the literature consulted. “At the time of the outbreak of the Seven Years’ War in 1756, France controlled a number of stations in the Senegambia region under company rule. The two most important were Saint- Louis, at the mouth of the Senegal River, and Gorée, an island about 100 miles south. Saint- Louis had been administered by a number of French companies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with the exception of a short British occupation.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/D5CDPSZG\">[Nigro 2014, p. 34]</a> “Saint-Louis is an island at the mouth of the Senegal River. Called Ndar by local Wolof speakers, the island became the focal point of French (and for a time, British) commercial and political activities in the region. The French established a fort on the north side of the island in 1659.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XMSGBN9U\">[Everill 2019]</a> However, note that the following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 74,
"polity": {
"id": 674,
"name": "se_cayor_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Cayor",
"start_year": 1549,
"end_year": 1864
},
"year_from": 1800,
"year_to": 1864,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 566,
"name": "fr_france_napoleonic",
"long_name": "Napoleonic France",
"start_year": 1816,
"end_year": 1870
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a> France seems to have been the main European polity trading in the region at the time, based on the literature consulted. “At the time of the outbreak of the Seven Years’ War in 1756, France controlled a number of stations in the Senegambia region under company rule. The two most important were Saint- Louis, at the mouth of the Senegal River, and Gorée, an island about 100 miles south. Saint- Louis had been administered by a number of French companies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with the exception of a short British occupation.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/D5CDPSZG\">[Nigro 2014, p. 34]</a> “Saint-Louis is an island at the mouth of the Senegal River. Called Ndar by local Wolof speakers, the island became the focal point of French (and for a time, British) commercial and political activities in the region. The French established a fort on the north side of the island in 1659.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XMSGBN9U\">[Everill 2019]</a> However, the following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 75,
"polity": {
"id": 681,
"name": "se_great_fulo_emp",
"long_name": "Denyanke Kingdom",
"start_year": 1490,
"end_year": 1776
},
"year_from": 1490,
"year_to": 1776,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "A~P",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "A~P",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "A~P",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 76,
"polity": {
"id": 682,
"name": "se_jolof_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jolof",
"start_year": 1549,
"end_year": 1865
},
"year_from": 1800,
"year_to": 1865,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 566,
"name": "fr_france_napoleonic",
"long_name": "Napoleonic France",
"start_year": 1816,
"end_year": 1870
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a> France seems to have been the main European polity trading in the region at the time, based on the literature consulted. “At the time of the outbreak of the Seven Years’ War in 1756, France controlled a number of stations in the Senegambia region under company rule. The two most important were Saint- Louis, at the mouth of the Senegal River, and Gorée, an island about 100 miles south. Saint- Louis had been administered by a number of French companies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with the exception of a short British occupation.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/D5CDPSZG\">[Nigro 2014, p. 34]</a> “Saint-Louis is an island at the mouth of the Senegal River. Called Ndar by local Wolof speakers, the island became the focal point of French (and for a time, British) commercial and political activities in the region. The French established a fort on the north side of the island in 1659.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XMSGBN9U\">[Everill 2019]</a> However, note that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 77,
"polity": {
"id": 675,
"name": "se_saloum_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Saloum",
"start_year": 1490,
"end_year": 1863
},
"year_from": 1800,
"year_to": 1863,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 566,
"name": "fr_france_napoleonic",
"long_name": "Napoleonic France",
"start_year": 1816,
"end_year": 1870
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a> France seems to have been the main European polity trading in the region at the time, based on the literature consulted. “At the time of the outbreak of the Seven Years’ War in 1756, France controlled a number of stations in the Senegambia region under company rule. The two most important were Saint- Louis, at the mouth of the Senegal River, and Gorée, an island about 100 miles south. Saint- Louis had been administered by a number of French companies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with the exception of a short British occupation.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/D5CDPSZG\">[Nigro 2014, p. 34]</a> “Saint-Louis is an island at the mouth of the Senegal River. Called Ndar by local Wolof speakers, the island became the focal point of French (and for a time, British) commercial and political activities in the region. The French established a fort on the north side of the island in 1659.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XMSGBN9U\">[Everill 2019]</a> However, note that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 78,
"polity": {
"id": 677,
"name": "se_sine_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Sine",
"start_year": 1350,
"end_year": 1887
},
"year_from": 1800,
"year_to": 1887,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 748,
"name": "fr_france_modern_1",
"long_name": "Modern France I",
"start_year": 1871,
"end_year": 1940
},
{
"id": 566,
"name": "fr_france_napoleonic",
"long_name": "Napoleonic France",
"start_year": 1816,
"end_year": 1870
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a> France seems to have been the main European polity trading in the region at the time, based on the literature consulted. “At the time of the outbreak of the Seven Years’ War in 1756, France controlled a number of stations in the Senegambia region under company rule. The two most important were Saint- Louis, at the mouth of the Senegal River, and Gorée, an island about 100 miles south. Saint- Louis had been administered by a number of French companies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with the exception of a short British occupation.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/D5CDPSZG\">[Nigro 2014, p. 34]</a> “Saint-Louis is an island at the mouth of the Senegal River. Called Ndar by local Wolof speakers, the island became the focal point of French (and for a time, British) commercial and political activities in the region. The French established a fort on the north side of the island in 1659.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XMSGBN9U\">[Everill 2019]</a> However, note that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 79,
"polity": {
"id": 678,
"name": "se_waalo_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Waalo",
"start_year": 1287,
"end_year": 1855
},
"year_from": 1816,
"year_to": 1855,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 566,
"name": "fr_france_napoleonic",
"long_name": "Napoleonic France",
"start_year": 1816,
"end_year": 1870
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a> France seems to have been the main European polity trading in the region at the time, based on the literature consulted. “At the time of the outbreak of the Seven Years’ War in 1756, France controlled a number of stations in the Senegambia region under company rule. The two most important were Saint- Louis, at the mouth of the Senegal River, and Gorée, an island about 100 miles south. Saint- Louis had been administered by a number of French companies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with the exception of a short British occupation.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/D5CDPSZG\">[Nigro 2014, p. 34]</a> “Saint-Louis is an island at the mouth of the Senegal River. Called Ndar by local Wolof speakers, the island became the focal point of French (and for a time, British) commercial and political activities in the region. The French established a fort on the north side of the island in 1659.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XMSGBN9U\">[Everill 2019]</a> However, the following suggests that the earliest explicit evidence for the existence of relatively luxurious alcohol in the region, exclusive to elites and royalty, dates to the 19th century. “Archaeological research has been too limited so far to suggest much of anything before the 16th century. On the documentary side, while it is known that populations on the Petite Cˆ ote made wine out of grain (millet) and the fruit of the palm tree at the time of early contacts with Europeans (e.g. Almada 1984, 37), coastal observers shed little light on the sociology of alcohol use, thus offering thin comparative ground for evaluating later archaeological trajectories.5 More intriguing still, considering the recorded antiquity of the liquor trade, is the fact that the latter has left practically no material trace on regional sites before the late 18th century. Preservation factorsmay in part account for this phenomenon. It is also possible that alcool de traite was traded in perishable, non-glass containers that would have no archaeological visibility. […] Regional archaeological transcripts indicate that alcohol containers remain abundant on all 19th-century sites, yet a disparity emerges in the content of bottle assemblages between royal and aristocratic residencies and settlements inhabited by non-elites. Specifically, the former not only revealed denser and more diverse bottle assemblages, but also featured higher proportions of wine bottles in relation to gin case bottles. While this trend may simply index differential access to commodity circuits, excavated material suggests a more subtle set of cultural dynamics at play, denoting the enmeshment of wine in local grids of taste-making and practices of distinction, and its mobilization for the pursuit of social power.“ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8S8332EE\">[Richard 2010, p. 15]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 80,
"polity": {
"id": 633,
"name": "sl_anuradhapura_1",
"long_name": "Anurādhapura I",
"start_year": -300,
"end_year": 70
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "India; Persia",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“From the earliest periods, the inhabitants of Ceylon imported essential goods as well as luxury items. Perfumes and wines were treated as luxury items and were imported from India and Persia.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIXQVS4Q\">[Sudharmawathei 2017, p. 194]</a> NB Unclear which Indian and Persian polities would have exported their wine to Sri Lanka in the period in question. “Perfumes and wines were treated as luxury items and were imported from India and Persia.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIXQVS4Q\">[Sudharmawathei 2017, p. 194]</a> “From the earliest periods, the inhabitants of Ceylon imported essential goods as well as luxury items. Perfumes and wines were treated as luxury items and were imported from India and Persia. […] All of the luxury commodities were intended mainly for the use of royalty and nobles. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIXQVS4Q\">[Sudharmawathei 2017, p. 194]</a> “From the earliest periods, the inhabitants of Ceylon imported essential goods as well as luxury items. […] Perfumes and wines were treated as luxury items and were imported from India and Persia. […] All of the luxury commodities were intended mainly for the use of royalty and nobles. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIXQVS4Q\">[Sudharmawathei 2017, p. 194]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 81,
"polity": {
"id": 635,
"name": "sl_anuradhapura_2",
"long_name": "Anurādhapura II",
"start_year": 70,
"end_year": 428
},
"year_from": 205,
"year_to": 428,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 128,
"name": "ir_sassanid_emp_1",
"long_name": "Sasanid Empire I",
"start_year": 205,
"end_year": 487
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“Perfumes and wines were treated as luxury items and were imported from India and Persia.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIXQVS4Q\">[Sudharmawathei 2017, p. 194]</a> “For example, during Period F (300–600 ce), ‘torpedo’ jars were imported from Sasanian and Early Islamic regions. Lined with bitumen to make them watertight, they were used to transport liquids. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and stable isotope analysis of torpedo jars from trench ASW2 identified that the bitumen was derived from Susa in Iran, and while it was not possible to determine what liquids were transported within the Anurādhapura torpedo jars, it is likely that one of the commodities was wine. Torpedo jars have also been found at Mantai, Sigiriya and Tissamaharama and undoubtedly represent a broadening of such consumption habits. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DCQMW8E3\">[Coningham_et_al 2017, p. 27]</a> “Perfumes and wines were treated as luxury items and were imported from India and Persia. […] All of the luxury commodities were intended mainly for the use of royalty and nobles. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIXQVS4Q\">[Sudharmawathei 2017, p. 194]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 82,
"polity": {
"id": 631,
"name": "sl_anuradhapura_3",
"long_name": "Anurādhapura III",
"start_year": 428,
"end_year": 614
},
"year_from": 488,
"year_to": 614,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 128,
"name": "ir_sassanid_emp_1",
"long_name": "Sasanid Empire I",
"start_year": 205,
"end_year": 487
},
{
"id": 130,
"name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2",
"long_name": "Sasanid Empire II",
"start_year": 488,
"end_year": 642
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“Perfumes and wines were treated as luxury items and were imported from India and Persia.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIXQVS4Q\">[Sudharmawathei 2017, p. 194]</a> “For example, during Period F (300–600 ce), ‘torpedo’ jars were imported from Sasanian and Early Islamic regions. Lined with bitumen to make them watertight, they were used to transport liquids. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and stable isotope analysis of torpedo jars from trench ASW2 identified that the bitumen was derived from Susa in Iran, and while it was not possible to determine what liquids were transported within the Anurādhapura torpedo jars, it is likely that one of the commodities was wine. Torpedo jars have also been found at Mantai, Sigiriya and Tissamaharama and undoubtedly represent a broadening of such consumption habits. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DCQMW8E3\">[Coningham_et_al 2017, p. 27]</a> “Perfumes and wines were treated as luxury items and were imported from India and Persia. […] All of the luxury commodities were intended mainly for the use of royalty and nobles. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIXQVS4Q\">[Sudharmawathei 2017, p. 194]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 83,
"polity": {
"id": 629,
"name": "sl_anuradhapura_4",
"long_name": "Anurādhapura IV",
"start_year": 614,
"end_year": 1017
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“Perfumes and wines were treated as luxury items and were imported from India and Persia.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIXQVS4Q\">[Sudharmawathei 2017, p. 194]</a> “Perfumes and wines were treated as luxury items and were imported from India and Persia. […] All of the luxury commodities were intended mainly for the use of royalty and nobles. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIXQVS4Q\">[Sudharmawathei 2017, p. 194]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 84,
"polity": {
"id": 638,
"name": "so_tunni_sultanate",
"long_name": "Tunni Sultanate",
"start_year": 800,
"end_year": 1200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "‘‘‘ The Tunni Sultanate appears to be an especially obscure polity, with barely information easily available on it anywhere in the relevant literature.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 85,
"polity": {
"id": 44,
"name": "th_ayutthaya",
"long_name": "Ayutthaya",
"start_year": 1593,
"end_year": 1767
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 84,
"name": "es_spanish_emp_1",
"long_name": "Spanish Empire I",
"start_year": 1516,
"end_year": 1715
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Many Asian traders used Ayutthaya as an entrepot. “Malays in small Prowes” brought forest goods from the archipelago for onward transmission to China, and carried camphor, pepper, and bird’s nests from Ayutthaya to coastal ports. Fragrant wood came from Cochinchina for re-export to Japan. Cloth from Surat and southern India was bought and sold in Ayutthaya before being sent onward to Japan, China, and Manila. Spanish wine and contraband American silver came from Manila to Ayutthaya for distribution through Asia.‘’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IGUABSUR\">[Baker_Phongpaichit 2017]</a> \"The commercial boom also made it possible for large cities and substantial populations to import their food by sea… Other foodstuffs such as vegetables, dried fish and fermented fish-paste, coconut oil, salt, and palm-wine also travelled long distances by sea to feed the flourishing cities.’’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GTA5M2UD\">[Tarling 2008, p. 471]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 86,
"polity": {
"id": 175,
"name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2",
"long_name": "Ottoman Empire II",
"start_year": 1517,
"end_year": 1683
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Empty_Description",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 87,
"polity": {
"id": 696,
"name": "tz_buhayo_k",
"long_name": "Buhaya",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1890
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include alcohol of any kind as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 88,
"polity": {
"id": 715,
"name": "tz_east_africa_ia_1",
"long_name": "Early East Africa Iron Age",
"start_year": 200,
"end_year": 499
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "unknown",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "unknown",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"elite_consumption": "unknown",
"elite_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"common_people_consumption": "unknown",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "SSP",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "‘‘‘ No information could be found in the literature regarding the trade in or consumption of luxury goods in this era.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 89,
"polity": {
"id": 686,
"name": "tz_karagwe_k",
"long_name": "Karagwe",
"start_year": 1500,
"end_year": 1916
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include alcohol of any kind as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 90,
"polity": {
"id": 683,
"name": "ug_buganda_k_2",
"long_name": "Buganda II",
"start_year": 1717,
"end_year": 1894
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include alcohol of any kind as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 91,
"polity": {
"id": 535,
"name": "ug_bunyoro_k_2",
"long_name": "Bito Dynasty",
"start_year": 1700,
"end_year": 1894
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include alcohol of any kind as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 92,
"polity": {
"id": 695,
"name": "ug_nkore_k_2",
"long_name": "Nkore",
"start_year": 1750,
"end_year": 1901
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include alcohol of any kind as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 93,
"polity": {
"id": 684,
"name": "ug_toro_k",
"long_name": "Toro",
"start_year": 1830,
"end_year": 1896
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "absent",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "absent",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include alcohol of any kind as a typical luxury good in the region at this time. The following is a typical summary of regional trade at the time: “Pots, cloth, iron, and salt were the staples of regional trade, but each area contributed the speciality which helped to define its identity. Nyakyusa produced none of the staples but were expert mat-makers. Kisi fishermen exchanged their catch for cattle from the plains of Usangu. Tobacco was probably the most widely traded agricultural product; standardised packages from Usambara were reaching the coast by the early nineteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SB2AJMVC\">[Iliffe 1979, p. 19]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 94,
"polity": {
"id": 102,
"name": "us_haudenosaunee_2",
"long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late",
"start_year": 1714,
"end_year": 1848
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "present",
"common_people_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Rum initially considered a ‘luxury’ but more commonly consumed later in the Confederacy period. “[Referring to a conference organised by the American General Philip John Schuyler and others in 1776]…Schuyler wrote a letter expressing his exasperation [in his wait for delegates to arrive]: “…The Consumption of provision and Rum is incredible. It equals that of an army of three thousand Men; altho’ the Indians here are not above twelve hundred, including Men, Women and Children”. […] [Referring to a council led by Colonel John Butler in 1777] When the Senecas arrived at the council grounds at Irondequoit, the British officials immediately inquired as to their needs, and pointed out to them large stocks of provisions and many barrels of rum, and begged them to take from the stores all they wanted and especially to avail themselves of the “flood of Rum”, as Blacksnake [previously known as Dahgayadoh or “The Boys Betting”, then Tawanneaors or “Chain Breaker”, a Wolf Clan title] described it…The Indians were hugely pleased and thoroughly impressed with all this generosity. […] When Joseph Brant [AKA Thayendanegea, a Mohawk military and political leader (1743-1807), also involved in the conference mentioned above] visited the Oneida village of Kanowalohale in August of 1784, he commented, “they are continually Drunk with Stinking Rum””. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DFV8EWHK\">[Graymont 1972, p. 106]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DFV8EWHK\">[Graymont 1972, p. 120]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DFV8EWHK\">[Graymont 1972, p. 286]</a> “[Referring to the situation as at the early C18] Albany was the source of…New England rum - at prices generally cheaper than the French monopoly could offer. […] [Referring to the period 1702 to 1759 and specifically to the Oswego area] Famine, disease, and rum weakened and diminished the population…People of all ages became addicted to rum carried by Albany traders to Oswego. When the chiefs kept traders from the villages, both men and women took their pelts to Oswego and packed kegs home to the settlements. Witnesses describe the…brawls that went on for days until the kegs were empty…Intolerance to alcohol and drinking to excess had plagued the Iroquois for a century, but by 1750 it had virtually destroyed Deganawi:dah’s [also spelled Deganawida, reputed founder of the Confederacy] message of peace and equity (Cammerhoff in Beauchamp 1916)”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C2KV8JJH\">[Fenton 1998, p. 357]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C2KV8JJH\">[Fenton 1998, p. 452]</a> Rum initially considered a ‘luxury’ but more commonly consumed later in the Confederacy period. “[Referring to a conference organised by the American General Philip John Schuyler and others in 1776]…Schuyler wrote a letter expressing his exasperation [in his wait for delegates to arrive]: “…The Consumption of provision and Rum is incredible. It equals that of an army of three thousand Men; altho’ the Indians here are not above twelve hundred, including Men, Women and Children”. […] [Referring to a council led by Colonel John Butler in 1777] When the Senecas arrived at the council grounds at Irondequoit, the British officials immediately inquired as to their needs, and pointed out to them large stocks of provisions and many barrels of rum, and begged them to take from the stores all they wanted and especially to avail themselves of the “flood of Rum”, as Blacksnake [previously known as Dahgayadoh or “The Boys Betting”, then Tawanneaors or “Chain Breaker”, a Wolf Clan title] described it…The Indians were hugely pleased and thoroughly impressed with all this generosity. […] When Joseph Brant [AKA Thayendanegea, a Mohawk military and political leader (1743-1807) also involved in the conference mentioned above] visited the Oneida village of Kanowalohale in August of 1784, he commented, “they are continually Drunk with Stinking Rum””. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DFV8EWHK\">[Graymont 1972, p. 106]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DFV8EWHK\">[Graymont 1972, p. 120]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DFV8EWHK\">[Graymont 1972, p. 286]</a> “[Referring to the period 1702 to 1759 and specifically to the Oswego area]…rum weakened and diminished the population…People of all ages became addicted to rum carried by Albany traders to Oswego. When the chiefs kept traders from the villages, both men and women took their pelts to Oswego and packed kegs home to the settlements. Witnesses describe the…brawls that went on for days until the kegs were empty…Intolerance to alcohol and drinking to excess had plagued the Iroquois for a century…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C2KV8JJH\">[Fenton 1998, p. 452]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 95,
"polity": {
"id": 18,
"name": "us_hawaii_2",
"long_name": "Hawaii II",
"start_year": 1200,
"end_year": 1580
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 18,
"name": "us_hawaii_2",
"long_name": "Hawaii II",
"start_year": 1200,
"end_year": 1580
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Awa [Kava, a drink made from the root of the Kava plant]. “[Referring to elite art and craft specialisation during the contact period, inferred as potentially applicable to the Hawaii II period] Craft specialization extended to other media such as wood carving (elaborate bowls and calabashes were produced for elite households, for holding and serving…‘awa)… […] [Glossary of Hawaiian Terms] ‘awa Kava, Piper methysticum, the root of which was used to prepare a psychoactive (but nonalcoholic) beverage consumed in substantial quantity by the elites”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 46]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 239]</a> Awa [Kava, a drink made from the root of the Kava plant]. “[Referring to elite art and craft specialisation during the contact period, inferred as potentially applicable to the Hawaii II period] Craft specialization [in Hawaii] extended to other media such as wood carving (elaborate bowls and calabashes were produced for elite households, for holding and serving…‘awa)… […] [Glossary of Hawaiian Terms] ‘awa Kava, Piper methysticum, the root of which was used to prepare a psychoactive (but nonalcoholic) beverage consumed in substantial quantity by the elites”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 46]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 239]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 96,
"polity": {
"id": 19,
"name": "us_hawaii_3",
"long_name": "Hawaii III",
"start_year": 1580,
"end_year": 1778
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 19,
"name": "us_hawaii_3",
"long_name": "Hawaii III",
"start_year": 1580,
"end_year": 1778
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Awa [Kava, a drink made from the root of the Kava plant]. “[Referring to elite art and craft specialisation during the contact period, inferred as potentially applicable to the Hawaii III period] Craft specialization extended to other media such as wood carving (elaborate bowls and calabashes were produced for elite households, for holding and serving…‘awa)… […] [Glossary of Hawaiian Terms] ‘awa Kava, Piper methysticum, the root of which was used to prepare a psychoactive (but nonalcoholic) beverage consumed in substantial quantity by the elites”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 46]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 239]</a> Awa [Kava, a drink made from the root of the Kava plant]. “[Referring to elite art and craft specialisation during the contact period, inferred as potentially applicable to the Hawaii III period] Craft specialization [in Hawaii] extended to other media such as wood carving (elaborate bowls and calabashes were produced for elite households, for holding and serving…‘awa)… […] [Glossary of Hawaiian Terms] ‘awa Kava, Piper methysticum, the root of which was used to prepare a psychoactive (but nonalcoholic) beverage consumed in substantial quantity by the elites”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 46]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 239]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 97,
"polity": {
"id": 20,
"name": "us_kamehameha_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period",
"start_year": 1778,
"end_year": 1819
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 20,
"name": "us_kamehameha_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period",
"start_year": 1778,
"end_year": 1819
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": "foreign",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": "TRS",
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Awa [Kava, a drink made from the root of the Kava plant]; rum; tea; wine; possibly other alcoholic drinks. “[Referring to elite art and craft specialisation during the contact period] Craft specialization extended to other media such as wood carving (elaborate bowls and calabashes were produced for elite households, for holding and serving…‘awa)… […] [Glossary of Hawaiian Terms] ‘awa Kava, Piper methysticum, the root of which was used to prepare a psychoactive (but nonalcoholic) beverage consumed in substantial quantity by the elites”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 46]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 239]</a> “Two months before he [Kamehameha] died, Kamehameha bought sixteen kegs of rum…[and] a box of tea [via foreign traders]… […] [Referring to the introduction of new goods from Europe, the United States and China via the fur trade in the C19] Some imported haole [non-Hawaiian] goods were…French wines”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, p. 27]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, p. 29]</a> “Besides their other gifts to the Hawaiians, the foreigners initiated them into the use of alcoholic liquors…[and] taught them the art of distillation…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJP6A7XN\">[Kuykendall 1938, p. 28]</a> “[Referring to Kamehameha’s personal trading activities in the early 1800s, Note 6] Golovnin [1979]…provided an inventory of [trade] furnishings in the king’s [Kamehameha’s] “dining hall” (perhaps his mua or domestic shrine), where he held audience with important foreign visitors:…[which on one table included] a quart of rum, a half decanter of red wine…[Golovnin 1979: 182-83]”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FJBBDC\">[Kirch_Sahlins 1992, p. 60]</a> Awa [Kava, a drink made from the root of the Kava plant]; rum; tea; wine; other alcoholic drinks. “[Glossary of Hawaiian Terms] ‘awa Kava, Piper methysticum, the root of which was used to prepare a psychoactive (but nonalcoholic) beverage consumed in substantial quantity by the [Hawaiian] elites”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 239]</a> Awa [Kava, a drink made from the root of the Kava plant]; rum; tea; wine. “[Referring to elite art and craft specialisation during the contact period] Craft specialization extended to other media such as wood carving (elaborate bowls and calabashes were produced for elite households, for holding and serving…‘awa)… […] [Glossary of Hawaiian Terms] ‘awa Kava, Piper methysticum, the root of which was used to prepare a psychoactive (but nonalcoholic) beverage consumed in substantial quantity by the [Hawaiian] elites”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 46]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 239]</a> “Two months before he [Kamehameha] died, Kamehameha bought sixteen kegs of rum…[and] a box of tea [via foreign traders]…”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FNE6X8KN\">[Potter_Kasdon_Rayson 2003, p. 27]</a> Awa [Kava, a drink made from the root of the Kava plant]. “[Referring to elite art and craft specialisation during the contact period] Craft specialization extended to other media such as wood carving (elaborate bowls and calabashes were produced for elite households, for holding and serving…‘awa)… […] [Glossary of Hawaiian Terms] ‘awa Kava, Piper methysticum, the root of which was used to prepare a psychoactive (but nonalcoholic) beverage consumed in substantial quantity by the [Hawaiian] elites”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 46]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3XX48U9\">[Kirch 2010, p. 239]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 98,
"polity": {
"id": 469,
"name": "uz_janid_dyn",
"long_name": "Khanate of Bukhara",
"start_year": 1599,
"end_year": 1747
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [
{
"id": 469,
"name": "uz_janid_dyn",
"long_name": "Khanate of Bukhara",
"start_year": 1599,
"end_year": 1747
}
],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": null,
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“Bukhara specialized in the manufacture of jewellery, weaponry, alācha (striped cotton and silk fabric) and wines of which it was said that ‘there were none stronger in all Transoxania’ <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AJ87889I\">[Mukminova 2003, p. 43]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 100,
"polity": {
"id": 680,
"name": "se_futa_toro_imamate",
"long_name": "Imamate of Futa Toro",
"start_year": 1776,
"end_year": 1860
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "UND",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "uncoded",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": null,
"ruler_consumption": "absent",
"ruler_consumption_tag": "IFR",
"elite_consumption": null,
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": null,
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "Inferred from the fact that the polity’s rulers were orthodox Muslims. “In the new regime the chief of state was to be chosen from the toorodbe group. He must be faithful in his practice of Islam and instructed in the law (shariia).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CMRM3RTG\">[Robinson 1973, p. 294]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 101,
"polity": {
"id": 635,
"name": "sl_anuradhapura_2",
"long_name": "Anurādhapura II",
"start_year": 70,
"end_year": 428
},
"year_from": 70,
"year_to": 204,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"coded_value": "present",
"place_of_provenance_pol": [],
"place_of_provenance_str": "suspected unknown",
"ruler_consumption": "present",
"ruler_consumption_tag": null,
"elite_consumption": "present",
"elite_consumption_tag": null,
"common_people_consumption": "absent",
"common_people_consumption_tag": null,
"name": "Luxury_drink_alcohol",
"comment": "“Perfumes and wines were treated as luxury items and were imported from India and Persia.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIXQVS4Q\">[Sudharmawathei 2017, p. 194]</a> “For example, during Period F (300–600 ce), ‘torpedo’ jars were imported from Sasanian and Early Islamic regions. Lined with bitumen to make them watertight, they were used to transport liquids. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and stable isotope analysis of torpedo jars from trench ASW2 identified that the bitumen was derived from Susa in Iran, and while it was not possible to determine what liquids were transported within the Anurādhapura torpedo jars, it is likely that one of the commodities was wine. Torpedo jars have also been found at Mantai, Sigiriya and Tissamaharama and undoubtedly represent a broadening of such consumption habits. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DCQMW8E3\">[Coningham_et_al 2017, p. 27]</a> “Perfumes and wines were treated as luxury items and were imported from India and Persia. […] All of the luxury commodities were intended mainly for the use of royalty and nobles. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIXQVS4Q\">[Sudharmawathei 2017, p. 194]</a>",
"description": ""
}
]
}