Polity List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polities.
GET /api/core/polities/?format=api&page=16
{ "count": 862, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/core/polities/?format=api&page=17", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/core/polities/?format=api&page=15", "results": [ { "id": 795, "name": "bd_yadava_varman_dyn", "start_year": 1080, "end_year": 1150, "long_name": "Yadava-Varman Dynasty", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 37, "name": "Eastern South Asia", "subregions_list": "Bangladesh + Indian states of West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, and Sikkim", "mac_region": 9 } }, { "id": 796, "name": "in_gangaridai", "start_year": -300, "end_year": -100, "long_name": "Gangaridai", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 37, "name": "Eastern South Asia", "subregions_list": "Bangladesh + Indian states of West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, and Sikkim", "mac_region": 9 } }, { "id": 797, "name": "de_empire_1", "start_year": 919, "end_year": 1125, "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "The Holy Roman Empire encompassed, at various times, the present-day countries of Germany, Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland and Switzerland. It had no central capital. The Emperor did not rule the individual nations in the coalition; thus, it was not a unitary state, but a confederation of constituent polities. It did not have common laws, language or customs. What did unite the countries of the empire was the Catholic faith, under the twin leadership of the papacy, and an emperor, the ‘Defender of the Roman Catholic Faith’. Though there was no centralised governance, it was Germany and its kings, who emerged as the core region of the empire. By 1030 German kings were consistently crowned as the Holy Roman Emperor. §REF§Wilson 2016: 5-7. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N5M9R9XA§REF§\r\nAt an earlier stage, the Empire consisted of the Kingdoms of Germany, Italy and Burgundy (from 1052) and was known more commonly as the Ottonian Empire. It wasn’t until the mid-twelfth century that historians generally consider it to be the Holy Roman Empire when other states such as Bohemia and Hungary were taken within its borders.§REF§Power 2006: 17, 210. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4V4WE3ZK.§REF§ \r\nThere is a lack of literature on the HRE as a single entity: “A major reason for the Empire’s relative scholarly neglect is that its history is so difficult to tell. The Empire lacked the things giving shape to conventional national history: a stable heartland, a capital city, centralized political institutions and, perhaps most fundamentally, a single ‘nation’. It was also very large and lasted a long time. A conventional chronological approach would become unfeasibly long, or risk conveying a false sense of linear development and reduce the Empire’s history to a high political narrative.” §REF§Wilson 2016: 5. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N5M9R9XA§REF§\r\nBecause the Holy Roman Empire was such an inchoate polity, assigning its start and end dates, by necessity, involves a degree of arbitrariness. The origins of this polity go back to East Francia, which formed after the division of the Carolingian Empire in 843. In 919 the kingship of this polity passed from the Carolingian to the Ottonian dynasty. The first ruler of the Kingdom of Germany was the Duke of Saxony Henry the Fowler. His son, Otto I the Great, was crowned as Roman Emperor in 963. Thus, the medieval German Empire formed in stages between 843 and 963; we chose to assign the beginning date to 919, thus designating East Francia, ruled by Charlemagne descendants, to a separate Seshat polity.\r\nThe Ottonian period was generally characterized by (relative) internal peace and territorial expansion, and is considered as one of the three medieval renaissances. \r\nWhen the last Ottonian emperor, Henry II, died childless, the imperial princes elected Conrad II as emperor. As a result, the empire passed from the Ottonian to Salian dynasty, the latter being based in Franconia. The Salian dynasty produced four Emperors. \r\nTowards the end of the Salian rule, the Empire was riven by multiple conflicts between the emperor and the pope, imperial bishops, and secular princes. The last Salian emperor, Henry V, died childless in 1125, and the empire passed on to the Hohenstaufen dynasty.", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919, "long_name": "East Francia", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "The Treaty of Verdun in 843, which divided the Carolingian Empire among Charlemagne's grandsons, marked the beginning of East Francia as a distinct entity, comprising the lands that are now Germany, along with parts of Austria and Italy.§REF§Carlrichard Brühl et al., Die Geburt zweier Völker: Deutsche und Franzosen (9. - 11. Jahrhundert) (Köln Weimar Wien: Böhlau, 2001).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JNUIX7CZ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: JNUIX7CZ</b></a>§REF§\r\nLouis the German, one of Charlemagne's grandsons, became the first ruler of East Francia. His reign was characterized by efforts to consolidate his rule and manage the diverse and often fractious duchies within his kingdom. The Carolingian legacy of centralized rule faced challenges in East Francia due to the strong local powers of the dukes and the ongoing threat of external invasions, particularly from the Vikings and Slavic tribes.§REF§Biographie, “Ludwig - Deutsche Biographie.”<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HHAVIEKX\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: HHAVIEKX</b></a>§REF§\r\nThe Carolingian influence in East Francia was evident in its administrative and cultural institutions, which were inherited from the unified Carolingian Empire. The use of the Carolingian minuscule in writing, the promotion of Christian monasticism, and the Carolingian Renaissance's intellectual and artistic endeavors continued to shape East Francian society.§REF§Carlrichard Brühl et al., Die Geburt zweier Völker: Deutsche und Franzosen (9. - 11. Jahrhundert) (Köln Weimar Wien: Böhlau, 2001).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JNUIX7CZ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: JNUIX7CZ</b></a>§REF§However, the Carolingian grip on East Francia began to weaken towards the end of the 9th century, as internal divisions, succession disputes, and external pressures strained the kingdom's unity and governance. The death of Louis the Child in 911, the last Carolingian ruler of East Francia, marked the end of Carolingian rule in the region and led to the election of Conrad I of the Franconian dynasty as king, signaling a shift in the political landscape.§REF§Carlrichard Brühl et al., Die Geburt zweier Völker: Deutsche und Franzosen (9. - 11. Jahrhundert) (Köln Weimar Wien: Böhlau, 2001).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JNUIX7CZ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: JNUIX7CZ</b></a>§REF§", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 799, "name": "de_empire_2", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1254, "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Hohenstaufen and Welf Dynasties", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "The Holy Roman Empire during the Hohenstaufen and Welf dynasties (1126 to 1254) represented a period of both significant internal strife and expansion. Spanning regions that include modern-day Germany, Italy, and parts of Eastern and Central Europe. The period is defined by an ongoing competition between the House of Welf and the Hohenstaufen dynasty. This rivalry, deeply rooted in contesting claims to territories and power, significantly influenced the Empire's internal dynamics.§REF§Odilo Engels, Die Staufer, 9., erg. Aufl., Kohlhammer-Urban-Taschenbücher Geschichte, Politikwissenschaft Bd. 154 (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2010).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HINBRJJK\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: HINBRJJK</b></a>§REF§\r\nThis period begins after the death of the last Salian emperor, Henry V, in 1125. He had no heirs, and a period of intra-elite conflict followed, with rival factions supporting the Saxon noble Lothair III and Conrad III, of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. In 1138, Conrad III was elected king, shifting the centre of imperial power to Swabia. Unlike the Ottonian and Salian rulers who preceded them, the Hohenstaufens faced challenges in asserting their control over the Empire's semi-autonomous territories. The lack of a central capital and unified legal system continued to characterize the Empire, with German kings maintaining their tradition of being crowned as Roman Emperors, a practice that underscored the Empire's claim to the Roman legacy. The House of Welf, wielding significant influence and territorial control, particularly in Saxony and Bavaria, emerged as formidable contenders to Hohenstaufen authority.§REF§Odilo Engels, Die Staufer, 9., erg. Aufl., Kohlhammer-Urban-Taschenbücher Geschichte, Politikwissenschaft Bd. 154 (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2010).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HINBRJJK\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: HINBRJJK</b></a>§REF§\r\nFrederick I Barbarossa, one of the most renowned Hohenstaufen emperors. His reign (1152-1190) was distinguished by efforts to assert imperial authority in Italy, leading to prolonged conflicts with the Lombard League and the Papacy.§REF§Knut Görich, Friedrich Barbarossa: Eine Biographie (München: C.H. Beck, 2011).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9TFKFYQP\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9TFKFYQP</b></a>§REF§ The period was also notable for the Crusades, with emperors like Frederick I and Frederick II participating in these expeditions, which, while aimed at expanding Christendom, also served to enhance the imperial prestige. Frederick II (1212-1250), in particular, stood out for his cultural patronage and administrative reforms, earning him the title Stupor Mundi (\"Wonder of the World\"). However, his reign was also marked by continuous conflicts with the Papacy and internal princely factions, underscoring the fractious nature of imperial authority.§REF§“Crusades - Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Mediterranean | Britannica,” accessed February 4, 2024, https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades/The-Crusade-of-Frederick-II.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VBH9IK4D\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: VBH9IK4D</b></a>§REF§The struggle for control in Italy, especially over the Kingdom of Sicily, which was under Hohenstaufen rule through marriage alliances, further complicated the Empire's internal dynamics. These Italian campaigns drained the Empire's resources and diverted attention from northern territories, leading to increased autonomy for local princes and a gradual weakening of central authority.§REF§PAOLO GRILLO, LEGNANO 1176;UNA BATTAGLIA PER LA LIBERTA ([S.l.]: EDITORI LATERZA, 2012).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/49Y52W3A\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 49Y52W3A</b></a>§REF§§REF§Herbert Grundmann and Friedrich Baethgen, Deutsches Archiv Für Erforschung Des Mittelalters, 24 (Köln ; Graz: Böhlau, 1968)<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PG54JSAE\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: PG54JSAE</b></a>§REF§\r\nThe death of Frederick II and the subsequent demise of his heirs led to the Interregnum (1254-1273), a period of significant political fragmentation and decline in imperial power. This era saw the rise of princely states and the increasing irrelevance of the imperial title.§REF§Martin Kaufhold, Deutsches Interregnum Und Europäische Politik: Konfliktlösungen Und Entscheidungsstrukturen 1230-1280, Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Schriften Bd. 49 (Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2000).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3VKQVTUM\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 3VKQVTUM</b></a>§REF§", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 800, "name": "de_empire_3", "start_year": 1255, "end_year": 1453, "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Fragmented Period", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "The Holy Roman Empire from 1255 to 1453 was characterized by internal restructuring, the assertion of princely and municipal autonomy, and the ongoing negotiation of power between secular and ecclesiastical authorities. This period is marked by significant transitions and the interplay of imperial ambition, regional princely power, and the persistent influence of the Papacy. §REF§Stollberg-Rilinger, Das Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FA7D8TKC\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: FA7D8TKC</b></a>§REF§\r\nFollowing the Interregnum, a time characterized by a lack of clear imperial leadership after the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, the Empire sought to re-establish its coherence under new leadership. This era is defined by the gradual emergence of territorial principalities and the increasing importance of cities and towns, reflecting a shift towards more localized forms of governance within the imperial framework and a reduction of central Imperial power and cohesion. The election of Rudolf I of Habsburg in 1273 brought some stability after years of internal strife and fragmentation. The Habsburg ascendancy marked the beginning of a dynasty that would later come to play a pivotal role in European politics. The immediate impact was a consolidation of power and establishing dynastic territories in Austria and surrounding regions, marking the beginning of the rise of Austria.§REF§Kaufhold, Deutsches Interregnum Und Europäische Politik.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3VKQVTUM\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 3VKQVTUM</b></a>§REF§\r\nThe period also witnessed the continuation of the struggle between the Empire and the Papacy, a remnant of the Investiture Conflict. While the overt conflict over investitures had diminished, the broader contest for influence between secular and ecclesiastical authorities persisted, influencing the political landscape of the Empire and beyond.§REF§Stollberg-Rilinger, Das Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FA7D8TKC\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: FA7D8TKC</b></a>§REF§\r\nThe 14th and 15th centuries saw the rise of the Hanseatic League, a commercial and defensive alliance of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe. This development underscored the growing economic power of cities within the Empire and their increasing role in shaping regional politics and trade routes.§REF§Dollinger, Henn, and Dollinger, Die Hanse.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/I7DL372B\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: I7DL372B</b></a>§REF§\r\nThe Golden Bull of 1356 was a landmark event, establishing a constitutional structure for the Empire and formalizing the electoral process for the selection of the Emperor.It formalized the creation of an Electoral College, consisting of seven prince-electors who were granted the exclusive right to elect the Emperor. These electors included the Archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne, the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony, and the Margrave of Brandenburg. It also underscored the autonomy of the Emperor from the Papacy, stipulating that the election of the Emperor by the prince-electors was final and did not require papal approval.§REF§Hergemöller, Fürsten, Herren Und Städte Zu Nürnberg, 1355/56.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IZGE7CTD\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: IZGE7CTD</b></a>§REF§This decree aimed to balance the power among the leading princes and the Emperor, laying the groundwork for the political system that would define the Empire's later stages.The late medieval period was also marked by external pressures, notably the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Europe. The fall of Constantinople in 1453, while not directly involving the Holy Roman Empire, signaled a significant shift in the balance of power and posed a looming threat to Christendom, including the territories of the Empire.§REF§“Fall of Constantinople | Facts, Summary, & Significance | Britannica.”<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CEWT25UW\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: CEWT25UW</b></a>§REF§", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 801, "name": "de_hohenzollern_1", "start_year": 1415, "end_year": 1618, "long_name": "Electorate of Brandenburg", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "The era from 1415 to 1618 in Brandenburg was marked by the gradual emergence of a centralized state, the strategic territorial expansion, and the foundational development of what would become one of Europe's most powerful dynasties. The Hohenzollerns' political strategies, combined with significant cultural and religious shifts, transformed Brandenburg from a marginal margraviate into a significant power, which would play a central role in the subsequent centuries of European history.§REF§Hansjoachim Wolfgang Koch, A History of Prussia (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1978).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FS2NYAJR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: FS2NYAJR</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Hohenzollern era in Brandenburg began with Frederick I's elevation to Elector of Brandenburg in 1415, granted by Emperor Sigismund as a reward for his support against the Hussites, changing the Margraviate of Brandenburg to the Electorate of Brandenburg.§REF§Hansjoachim Wolfgang Koch, A History of Prussia (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1978).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FS2NYAJR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: FS2NYAJR</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\nOne of the pivotal figures of this era was Frederick II Elector of Brandenburg, who reigned from 1440 to 1470. Known as \"Frederick the Iron,\" he centralized authority, reduced the power of the local nobility, and established a more cohesive state. His efforts laid the groundwork for the transformation of Brandenburg into a more centralized territorial state.§REF§Deutsche Biographie, “Friedrich II. - Deutsche Biographie,”<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9GPFMNB8\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9GPFMNB8</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\nUnder Elector Joachim II (1535-1571), Brandenburg officially adopted Lutheranism, aligning itself with the Protestant states within the Empire. This religious shift not only reflected the broader European religious transformations but also served as a political tool to assert greater independence from imperial Catholic influences and to consolidate internal governance.§REF§\r\nMathis Leibetseder, Joachim II. von Brandenburg: Kurfürst Zwischen Renaissance Und Reformation, Veröffentlichungen aus den Archiven Preussischer Kulturbesitz. Forschungen Band 15 (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2022).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZI9KVPJI\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: ZI9KVPJI</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nJohn Sigismund's accession in 1608 marked the beginning of Brandenburg's expansion into the Duchy of Prussia. His acceptance of the Prussian dukedom in 1618 through inheritance established the personal union between Brandenburg and Prussia.§REF§Heinz Immekeppel, Das Herzogtum Preussen von 1603 Bis 1618, Studien zur Geschichte Preussens Bd. 24 (Köln: G. Grote, 1975).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XUFQZXAA\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: XUFQZXAA</b></a>§REF§", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 802, "name": "de_hohenzollern_2", "start_year": 1618, "end_year": 1870, "long_name": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "This period marks the rise of Brandenburg-Prussia from a principality to a leading European power, culminating in the unification of Germany, laying the groundwork for the modern German state.\r\n\r\nIt started with the personal union of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia under John Sigismund of the Hohenzollern dynasty in 1618. This union expanded Brandenburg's territorial reach and changed its political and religious landscape, combining Prussia's Lutheran territories with the predominantly Calvinist Brandenburg.§REF§Heinz Immekeppel, Das Herzogtum Preussen von 1603 Bis 1618, Studien zur Geschichte Preussens Bd. 24 (Köln: G. Grote, 1975).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XUFQZXAA\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: XUFQZXAA</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\nThe Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which concluded the Thirty Years' War, marked a turning point, granting Brandenburg-Prussia significant territorial expansions and sovereignty over its affairs, free from Imperial interference.§REF§Arndt, Der Dreißigjährige Krieg.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PULFEDKX\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: PULFEDKX</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\nUnder the \"Great Elector\" Frederick William (1640-1688), Brandenburg-Prussia underwent a series of sweeping reforms aimed at centralizing authority. He is credited with laying the administrative foundations of the Prussian state.§REF§Barbara Beuys, Der Große Kurfürst: der Mann, der Preußen schuf, Rororo rororo - Sachbuch 7820 (Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt-Taschenbuch-Verl, 1984).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/G9K39WS5\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: G9K39WS5</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\nFrederick III, Elector of Brandenburg was coronated as King Frederick I in Prussia in 1701. The elevation to kingdom status was part of the Treaty of Utrecht and a reward for Prussia's alliance with the Holy Roman Empire during the War of the Spanish Succession. By becoming a king, Frederick I aimed to elevate Prussia's prestige and influence among European powers.§REF§Otto Hintze, Die Hohenzollern und ihr Werk: 1415 - 1915, Reprint d. Originalausg. Berlin, Parey, 1915 / mit e. Geleitw. von W. Knopp u.e. Vorw. von W. Hubatsch. (Hamburg Berlin: Parey, 1987).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/83G7KCF2\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 83G7KCF2</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\nThe 18th century saw the rise of Prussia as a major military power under the leadership of Frederick William I and his son, Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great. Frederick William I's focus on military organization and state infrastructure further strengthened Prussia's foundations, while Frederick the Great's military successes, particularly during the Silesian Wars and the Seven Years' War, established Prussia as a leading European power and expanded its territories significantly§REF§Biographie, “Friedrich der Große - Deutsche Biographie.”<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AF7NP8Z9\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: AF7NP8Z9</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna in 1815 reshaped the European political landscape. The reforms initiated in response to the Napoleonic occupation, including the abolition of serfdom, the reform of the judiciary, and the introduction of municipal self-governance, modernized the Prussian state and society.§REF§Heinz Duchhardt, Der Wiener Kongress: die Neugestaltung Europas 1814/15, Beck’sche Reihe. Wissen 2778 (München: C.H. Beck, 2013).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KQ7ZZYPE\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: KQ7ZZYPE</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\nThe 19th century was marked by the growing sentiments of nationalism and liberalism across Europe, leading to the revolutions of 1848. In Prussia, these revolutionary currents led to demands for constitutional government and national unification. While the immediate revolutionary fervor was subdued, the seeds for German unification were sown.§REF§Dieter Hein, Die Revolution von 1848/49, 6., durchgesehene und aktualisierte Auflage., C.H. Beck Wissen 2019 (München: C.H. Beck, 2019).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F929SJQT\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: F929SJQT</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\nThe unification of Germany was achieved under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian Prime Minister, through a series of diplomatic maneuvers and three decisive wars: the Danish War (1864), the Austro-Prussian War (1866), and the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). The victory in the Franco-Prussian War and the proclamation of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles in January 1871 marked the culmination of Brandenburg-Prussia's rise from a small principality to the heart of a unified German state.§REF§Helmut Böhme, Die Reichsgründung (Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1967).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TD42N4CS\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: TD42N4CS</b></a>§REF§", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 803, "name": "de_bavaria_1", "start_year": 1623, "end_year": 1806, "long_name": "Electorate of Bavaria", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "The Electorate of Bavaria, established in 1623 during the Thirty Years' War, was a significant territorial state within the Holy Roman Empire, primarily encompassing what is now modern-day Bavaria, Germany. Unlike the decentralized nature of the Empire, the Electorate was a more unified entity with Munich serving as its capital and center of administration. The Elector, a title granted by the Emperor, held substantial autonomous power within his territories, managing internal affairs, laws, and customs, distinct from the broader imperial structure.§REF§Hartmann, Bayerns Weg in Die Gegenwart.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WLSMSWHR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: WLSMSWHR</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\nThis period saw Bavaria under the rule of the Wittelsbach dynasty, which played a crucial role in the political, religious, and cultural developments within the Electorate and the Empire at large. The Catholic faith remained a central unifying factor, with the Bavarian Electors often positioning themselves as champions of Catholicism, especially during the Counter-Reformation, reinforcing their political and religious significance within the Empire.§REF§Adalbert and Nöhbauer, Die Wittelsbacher.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9ZP6CVBS\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9ZP6CVBS</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\nThe conclusion of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) elevated the former Duchy of Bavaria to that of an Electorate in recognition of Maximilian I's support for the Catholic cause and the Habsburgs.§REF§Arndt, Der Dreißigjährige Krieg.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PULFEDKX\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: PULFEDKX</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Electorate of Bavaria also took part in the War of the Austrian Succession, Karl Albrecht, Elector of Bavaria made demands on behalf of his wife Maria Amalie, the youngest daughter of Joseph I. After suffering defeats at the hand of the Habsburgs, they withdrew from the war in 1745.§REF§“Der Österreichische Erbfolgekrieg,” Die Welt der Habsburger<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZXXX6U6B\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: ZXXX6U6B</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe end of the Electorate came with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, following the Napoleonic Wars. Bavaria was elevated to a Kingdom by Napoleon in recognition of its alliance with France.§REF§Körner, Geschichte Des Königreichs Bayern.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RZXCRW25\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: RZXCRW25</b></a>§REF§", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 806, "name": "de_hohenzollern_3", "start_year": 1871, "end_year": 1918, "long_name": "Germany - Hohenzollern Dynasty", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 807, "name": "de_empire_2_sub", "start_year": 1198, "end_year": 1215, "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Hohenstaufen Faction", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "This period commenced with the death of Emperor Henry VI in 1197, precipitating a succession crisis due to the lack of a clear heir. In 1198, the empire's electors split, leading to the dual election of Philip of Swabia, of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, and Otto IV, affiliated with the Welf family. Philip's claim was bolstered by his election by a faction of prince-electors and his possession of the Imperial Regalia, symbols of legitimate imperial authority. The Hohenstaufen Faction, under Philip's leadership, garnered substantial support within the southern regions of the empire, notably among the Swabian nobility and other allies loyal to the Hohenstaufen lineage. The faction's legitimacy was further reinforced by strategic marriages and alliances, extending its influence beyond the empire's borders. Philip's reign, however, was marred by ongoing conflict with Otto IV's faction and the fluctuating support of the papacy, which initially backed Otto IV but later distanced itself due to Otto's policies in Italy. The assassination of Philip of Swabia in 1208 marked a critical point for the Hohenstaufen Faction, yet it did not lead to its dissolution. Instead, the faction's resilience was demonstrated by the eventual rise of Frederick II, Philip's younger brother, who was elected king in 1212. Frederick's coronation in 1215 in Aachen symbolically concluded the factional dispute, as he managed to consolidate support from various quarters of the empire, thereby restoring a semblance of unity to the Holy Roman Empire.§REF§Peter Csendes, Philipp von Schwaben: Ein Staufer Im Kampf Um Die Macht (Darmstadt: Primus Verlag, 2003).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L7ELHNJU\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: L7ELHNJU</b></a>§REF§", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 808, "name": "pl_poland_lithuania_commonwealth", "start_year": 1570, "end_year": 1791, "long_name": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 809, "name": "pl_piast_dyn_2", "start_year": 1139, "end_year": 1382, "long_name": "Polish Kingdom - Piast Dynasty Fragmented Period", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "When Bolesław III Wrymouth died on 28 October 1138, he was aware of the potential for conflict among his sons and devised a testament aiming to prevent the fragmentation of the kingdom. His will, known as the Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth§REF§Norman Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland: In Two Volumes, Rev. ed. (Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/LUJ3NYJU\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: LUJ3NYJU</b></a>§REF§, divided Poland among his sons, granting them hereditary duchies while trying to maintain some level of unity under the senioral principle. This principle established that the eldest member of the dynasty, holding the Seniorate Province with Kraków as its capital, would have a primacy over the other dukes and the right to be called the High Duke of Poland. The \"Senioral Principle\" was soon broken, leading to a period of nearly 200 years of disintegration known as feudal fragmentation which divided the Polish state into several semi-independent principalities without a single ruler governed by various branches of the Piast dynasty.§REF§Eduard Mühle, Die Piasten: Polen im Mittelalter, Bsr 2709 (München: Verlag C.H. Beck, 2011).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EVZQ25XL\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: EVZQ25XL</b></a>§REF§ \r\nThe reunification of Poland under Władysław I in 14th century marked the end of fragmentation. His son, Casimir III the Great (1333-1370) strengthened royal authority. Casimir's reign, devoid of major external conflicts, allowed for significant internal development, including the founding of the University of Krakow in 1364, one of the oldest universities in Europe.§REF§Eduard Mühle, Die Piasten: Polen im Mittelalter, Bsr 2709 (München: Verlag C.H. Beck, 2011).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EVZQ25XL\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: EVZQ25XL</b></a>§REF§\r\nThe end of the Piast dynasty in 1370, with the death of Casimir III, led to the initiation of the Angevin and later Jagiellonian dynasties, under which Poland entered into a union with Lithuania.§REF§Norman Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland: In Two Volumes, Rev. ed. (Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/LUJ3NYJU\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: LUJ3NYJU</b></a>§REF§", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 810, "name": "hu_arpad_dyn", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1301, "long_name": "Hungary Kingdom - Árpád Dynasty", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "The Árpád dynasty played a key role in forming the Kingdom of Hungary into an important Christian state in medieval Europe. This period began with Saint Stephen I's coronation, signifying the transition from a collection of Magyar tribes to a unified Christian monarchy. The Magyars, who settled in the Carpathian Basin at the end of the 9th century, were a group of nomadic tribes known for their raids across Europe. These tribes were eventually consolidated into a single nation, adopting Christianity as the central religion. This transformation laid the foundations for the modern Hungarian state, encompassing areas that today include Austria, Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Slovenia.§REF§Pál Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London ; New York, NY: I.B. Tauris, 2005).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9BBKM3AR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9BBKM3AR</b></a>§REF§The legal and administrative systems of Hungary during this period were codified in the \"laws of the king,\"§REF§László Kontler, Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary (Budapest: Atlantisz, 1999).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CSSN8HUW\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: CSSN8HUW</b></a>§REF§ which sought to integrate Christian principles with existing tribal customs. Latin was used for administrative and religious purposes, while various dialects were spoken among the populace. The common customs and laws varied significantly across the realm.§REF§Pál Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London ; New York, NY: I.B. Tauris, 2005).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9BBKM3AR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9BBKM3AR</b></a>§REF§Roman Catholicism, served as the cornerstone of the kingdom's identity, with the Hungarian monarchs championing the faith and the construction of monumental religious buildings. This alliance with the Roman Catholic Church was instrumental in shaping the kingdom politically and culturally and made it a part of the Christian Kingdoms in central Europe. This alliance also brought conflict at times with the still pagan tribal people of the Kingdom.§REF§Gyula Kristó, Magyarország története 895-1301, Osiris tankönyvek (Budapest: Osiris kiadó, 2003).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4YU2XJ8C\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 4YU2XJ8C</b></a>§REF§\r\nHungary's history during the Árpád dynasty was marked by internal strife among the nobility and external threats from invaders such as the Mongols, who devastated the kingdom in 1241.§REF§Peter Jackson, The Mongols and the West, 1221-1410, The medieval world (Harlow, England ; New York: Pearson Longman, 2005).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GNAFQ557\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: GNAFQ557</b></a>§REF§ The Árpád dynasty's decline began in the late 13th century, leading to a period of interregnum and the eventual rise of the Angevin dynasty.§REF§Pál Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London ; New York, NY: I.B. Tauris, 2005).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9BBKM3AR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9BBKM3AR</b></a>§REF§", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 811, "name": "hu_later_dyn", "start_year": 1302, "end_year": 1526, "long_name": "Hungary Kingdom - Anjou and Later Dynasties", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "Following the Árpád dynasty's end, Hungary entered a period marked by the Angevin and Jagiellonian dynasties, leading up to the significant Battle of Mohács in 1526.§REF§László Kontler, Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary (Budapest: Atlantisz, 1999).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/CSSN8HUW\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: CSSN8HUW</b></a>§REF§The Angevin kings, notably Charles I and Louis I, expanded Hungary's influence in Central Europe through military campaigns and administrative reforms, enhancing the kingdom's power. The era saw Hungary's involvement in European politics intensify, especially under the rule of Sigismund of Luxembourg, who linked Hungary with Bohemia and Poland, aiming to strengthen royal authority and address external threats, notably from the Ottoman Empire.§REF§Pál Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London ; New York, NY: I.B. Tauris, 2005).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9BBKM3AR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9BBKM3AR</b></a>§REF§ The period was characterized by dynastic changes, efforts towards centralization, and significant cultural developments, yet it also faced challenges such as internal strife and the looming threat of Ottoman conquest. This era concluded with the devastating defeat at Mohács,§REF§ Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Alan Masters, eds., Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Facts on File library of world history (New York, NY: Facts On File, 2009).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KJPGPVLD\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: KJPGPVLD</b></a>§REF§ leading to Hungary's fragmentation and marking the end of medieval Hungarian sovereignty.", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 812, "name": "cz_samo_emp", "start_year": 623, "end_year": 658, "long_name": "Samo's Empire", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": true, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 813, "name": "cz_moravia_k", "start_year": 820, "end_year": 907, "long_name": "Great Moravia", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": true, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 15, "name": "Central Europe", "subregions_list": "Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 814, "name": "es_aragon_crown", "start_year": 1164, "end_year": 1515, "long_name": "Crown of Aragon", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 18, "name": "Southern Europe", "subregions_list": "Iberia, Italy", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 815, "name": "es_castile_crown", "start_year": 1231, "end_year": 1515, "long_name": "Crown of Castile", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": null, "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 18, "name": "Southern Europe", "subregions_list": "Iberia, Italy", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 816, "name": "gb_brythonic_k", "start_year": 410, "end_year": 1283, "long_name": "Brythonic Kingdoms", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "This quasipolity refers to the Brythonic-speaking kingdoms that emerged in western Britain and Brittany after the withdrawal of the Roman Empire in the early fifth century. They persisted in some form until the final conquest of Wales by Edward I of England in 1283.", "shapefile_name": "Brythons, Kingdom of Gwynedd, Kingdom of Powys, Kingdom of Brycheiniog, Kingdom of Gwent, Kingdom of Morgannwg, Kingdom of Rheged, Dumnonia, Strathclyde, Cornwall, Kingdom of Seisyllwg", "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": true, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 20, "name": "Western Europe", "subregions_list": "British Isles, France, Low Countries", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 817, "name": "gb_danelaw", "start_year": 878, "end_year": 926, "long_name": "Danelaw", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": "Viking City-States", "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": true, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 20, "name": "Western Europe", "subregions_list": "British Isles, France, Low Countries", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 818, "name": "no_norway_k_1", "start_year": 872, "end_year": 1261, "long_name": "Kingdom of Norway I", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": "Old Kingdom of Norway", "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": false, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 17, "name": "Northern Europe", "subregions_list": "Iceland, Scandinavia, Finland, Baltics", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 819, "name": "fr_burgundian_k", "start_year": 411, "end_year": 534, "long_name": "Kingdom of the Burgundians", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": "Burgundian Kingdom", "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": true, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 20, "name": "Western Europe", "subregions_list": "British Isles, France, Low Countries", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 820, "name": "pt_suebi_k", "start_year": 409, "end_year": 584, "long_name": "Kingdom of the Suebi", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": "Kingdom of the Suebi", "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": true, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 18, "name": "Southern Europe", "subregions_list": "Iberia, Italy", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 821, "name": "gb_dal_riata", "start_year": 498, "end_year": 899, "long_name": "Dál Riata", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": "Dál Riata", "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": true, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 20, "name": "Western Europe", "subregions_list": "British Isles, France, Low Countries", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 822, "name": "gb_alba_k", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1292, "long_name": "Kingdom of Alba", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": "Kingdom of Alba", "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": true, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 20, "name": "Western Europe", "subregions_list": "British Isles, France, Low Countries", "mac_region": 5 } }, { "id": 823, "name": "hr_croatia_k", "start_year": 790, "end_year": 1102, "long_name": "Duchy and Kingdom of Croatia", "polity_tag": "OTHER_TAG", "general_description": "", "shapefile_name": "Duchy of Croatia, Kingdom of Croatia", "unreliable_instability_events": false, "is_empty_on_polaris_release": true, "home_nga": null, "home_seshat_region": { "id": 19, "name": "Southeastern Europe", "subregions_list": "Frm. 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