War Club List
A viewset for viewing and editing War Clubs.
GET /api/wf/war-clubs/?format=api&page=7
{ "count": 362, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/war-clubs/?format=api&page=8", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/war-clubs/?format=api&page=6", "results": [ { "id": 301, "polity": { "id": 195, "name": "ru_sakha_late", "long_name": "Sakha - Late", "start_year": 1632, "end_year": 1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " not mentioned in any of the sources that deal with weapons and armor" }, { "id": 302, "polity": { "id": 521, "name": "eg_kushite", "long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period", "start_year": -747, "end_year": -656 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Academic histories of warfare and weaponry in Egypt stop mentioning axes and maces once they reach the New Kingdom, suggesting they fell out of use. This source, for which we require expert confirmation, say the Kushites \"fought with clubs, swords, pikes, and hatchets.\" §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.afropedea.org/kush#TOC-Military\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.afropedea.org/kush#TOC-Military</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 303, "polity": { "id": 131, "name": "sy_umayyad_cal", "long_name": "Umayyad Caliphate", "start_year": 661, "end_year": 750 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Maces in Umayyad period. §REF§(Kennedy 2001, 24) Kennedy, H. 2001. The Armies of the Caliphs. Routledge. London.§REF§" }, { "id": 304, "polity": { "id": 44, "name": "th_ayutthaya", "long_name": "Ayutthaya", "start_year": 1593, "end_year": 1767 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from the fact that war clubs do not feature among the \"personal weapons\" mentioned in Charney's §REF§(Charney 2004)§REF§ comprehensive summary of Southeast Asian military technology and organisation between the early modern period and the nineteenth century." }, { "id": 305, "polity": { "id": 45, "name": "th_rattanakosin", "long_name": "Rattanakosin", "start_year": 1782, "end_year": 1873 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred from the fact that war clubs do not feature among the \"personal weapons\" mentioned in Charney's §REF§(Charney 2004)§REF§ comprehensive summary of Southeast Asian military technology and organisation between the early modern period and the nineteenth century." }, { "id": 306, "polity": { "id": 462, "name": "tj_sarasm", "long_name": "Sarazm", "start_year": -3500, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"At any rate the Ferghana valley has yielded up a rich store of bronze and silver objects of clearly southern origin. The trove includes a pin with a double-helical head and a mace with a sculptural group representing the milking of a cow and the suckling of a calf. The residents of the southern oases may have been attracted to the Ferghana valley by its tin deposits so vital for metalworking in the Bronze Age.\" §REF§(Masson 1992, 242-244)§REF§" }, { "id": 307, "polity": { "id": 221, "name": "tn_fatimid_cal", "long_name": "Fatimid Caliphate", "start_year": 909, "end_year": 1171 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The mace would seem to have been characteristically Arab, for it was not recorded among those Berbers who bore the brunt of Fatimid expansionist wars in the 10th century.\"§REF§(Nicolle 1982, 18) Nicolle, D. 1982. The Armies of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ The Fatimid arsenals contained two-handed maces.§REF§(Hamblin 2005, 749) Shillington, K. ed. 2005. Encyclopedia of African History: A - G.. 1. Taylor & Francis.§REF§ \"While the styles of weapons varied according to region and time period, the warriors of the Crusader era generally employed many of the same types of weapons used during the first Islamic centuries - coasts of mail, helmets, shields, swords, spears, lances, knives, iron maces, lassos, bows, arrows, and naft (or Greek fire).\"§REF§(Lindsay 2005, 78) Lindsay, James E. 2005. Daily Life in The Medieval Islamic World. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Indianapolis.§REF§" }, { "id": 308, "polity": { "id": 160, "name": "tr_konya_eba", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Bronze Age", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Two copper mace heads in Tomb H in Alacahöyük.§REF§Yalçin Ü. and H. G., \"Reassessing Antropomorphic Metal Figurines of Alacahöyük, Anatolia\", In: \"Near Eastern Archeology\" Vol. 76:1 (2013), p. 41.§REF§ \"The mace was among man's oldest weapons (at least 6000 B.C.E. at Catal Huyuk)\".§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 51) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.§REF§ 4000 BCE in the Middle East and southeastern Europe: \"sling, dagger, mace, and bow are common weapons\".§REF§(Gabriel 2007, xii) Richard A Gabriel. 2007. Soldiers' Lives Through History: The Ancient World. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 309, "polity": { "id": 161, "name": "tr_central_anatolia_mba", "long_name": "Middle Bronze Age in Central Anatolia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The mace was among man's oldest weapons (at least 6000 B.C.E. at Catal Huyuk)\".§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 51) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.§REF§ 4000 BCE in the Middle East and southeastern Europe: \"sling, dagger, mace, and bow are common weapons\".§REF§(Gabriel 2007, xii) Richard A Gabriel. 2007. Soldiers' Lives Through History: The Ancient World. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 310, "polity": { "id": 73, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_1", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire I", "start_year": 632, "end_year": 866 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The Byzantines also used the war mace: not only as a striking weapon as it was principally used, but also as an effective throwing weapon.\"§REF§(O'Rourke 2010, 10) O'Rourke, M. 2010. The Land Forces of the Roman (Byzantine) Empire in the 10th Century. Canberra.§REF§ Infantry: \"Weapons included various types of spear, mace, and axe (single-bladed, double-bladed, blade-and-spike, etc.), along with the traditional sword, although not all heavy infantrymen carried the latter.\"§REF§(Haldon 2008, 476) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 311, "polity": { "id": 75, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_2", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire II", "start_year": 867, "end_year": 1072 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Iron mace. §REF§(Haldon 2008, 477) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 312, "polity": { "id": 76, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_3", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire III", "start_year": 1073, "end_year": 1204 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Iron mace.§REF§(Haldon 2008, 477) Jeffreys E, Haldon J and Cormack R eds. 2008. The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 313, "polity": { "id": 158, "name": "tr_konya_eca", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Chalcolithic", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -5500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The shape and appearance of the blunt force traumatic injuries identified at Çatalhöyük are consistent with injuries from both handheld blunt objects but also from projectiles - thrown stones or other objects. The number, shape, and location on the top and back of the cranium suggest that objects, thrown or sling-delivered, support an association.§REF§Christopher J. Knüsel, Bonnie Glencross, ‘Çatalhöyük, Archaeology, Violence’, ‘’Contagion: Journal of Violence, Mimesis, and Culture’’, Volume 24, 2017, pp. 29-32§REF§ There is a rich groundstone industry, both for grinding plant material and ochres, and for small axes and maces.§REF§Ian Hodder, ‘Çatalhöyük: A Prehistoric Settlement on the Konya Plain’, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE), Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman, 2011, p. 945§REF§ According to a military historian (this data needs to be checked by a polity specialist) \"The mace was among man's oldest weapons (at least 6000 B.C.E. at Catal Huyuk)\".§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 51) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 314, "polity": { "id": 159, "name": "tr_konya_lca", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Chalcolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The mace was among man's oldest weapons (at least 6000 B.C.E. at Catal Huyuk)\".§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 51) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.§REF§ 'Copper or bronze mace-head from Can Hasan'.§REF§Excavations at Can Hasan: First Preliminary Report, 1961 Author(s): D. H. French Source: Anatolian Studies, Vol. 12 1962, British Institute at Ankara, pp.34§REF§ 4000 BCE in the Middle East and southeastern Europe: \"sling, dagger, mace, and bow are common weapons\".§REF§(Gabriel 2007, xii) Richard A Gabriel. 2007. Soldiers' Lives Through History: The Ancient World. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 315, "polity": { "id": 72, "name": "tr_east_roman_emp", "long_name": "East Roman Empire", "start_year": 395, "end_year": 631 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " War clubs.§REF§(Preiser-Kapeller 2015, Personal Communication)§REF§" }, { "id": 316, "polity": { "id": 164, "name": "tr_hatti_new_k", "long_name": "Hatti - New Kingdom", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1180 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 317, "polity": { "id": 162, "name": "tr_hatti_old_k", "long_name": "Hatti - Old Kingdom", "start_year": -1650, "end_year": -1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 318, "polity": { "id": 168, "name": "tr_lydia_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Lydia", "start_year": -670, "end_year": -546 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " not mentioned in literature" }, { "id": 319, "polity": { "id": 156, "name": "tr_konya_mnl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -6600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " According to a military historian (this data needs to be checked by a polity specialist) \"The mace was among man's oldest weapons (at least 6000 B.C.E. at Catal Huyuk)\".§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 51) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.§REF§ The shape and appearance of the blunt force traumatic injuries identified at Çatalhöyük are consistent with injuries from both handheld blunt objects but also from projectiles-thrown stones or other objects. The number, shape, and location on the top and back of the cranium suggest that objects, thrown or sling-delivered, support an association.§REF§Christopher J. Knüsel, Bonnie Glencross, ‘Çatalhöyük, Archaeology, Violence’, ‘’Contagion: Journal of Violence, Mimesis, and Culture’’, Volume 24, 2017, pp. 29-32§REF§" }, { "id": 320, "polity": { "id": 155, "name": "tr_konya_enl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Early Neolithic", "start_year": -9600, "end_year": -7000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " No information in the archaeological evidence for this time" }, { "id": 321, "polity": { "id": 157, "name": "tr_konya_lnl", "long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Neolithic", "start_year": -6600, "end_year": -6000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " According to a military historian (this data needs to be checked by a polity specialist) \"The mace was among man's oldest weapons (at least 6000 B.C.E. at Catal Huyuk)\".§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 51) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.§REF§ The shape and appearance of the blunt force traumatic injuries identified at Çatalhöyük are consistent with injuries from both handheld blunt objects but also from projectiles - thrown stones or other objects. The number, shape, and location on the top and back of the cranium suggest that objects, thrown or sling-delivered, support an association.§REF§Christopher J. Knüsel, Bonnie Glencross, ‘Çatalhöyük, Archaeology, Violence’, ‘’Contagion: Journal of Violence, Mimesis, and Culture’’, Volume 24, 2017, pp. 29-32§REF§" }, { "id": 322, "polity": { "id": 165, "name": "tr_neo_hittite_k", "long_name": "Neo-Hittite Kingdoms", "start_year": -1180, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 323, "polity": { "id": 173, "name": "tr_ottoman_emirate", "long_name": "Ottoman Emirate", "start_year": 1299, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " akinji (raiders) carried a mace.§REF§(Turnball 2003, 18) Turnball, S. 2003. The Ottoman Empire 1326-1699. Osprey Publishing Ltd.§REF§" }, { "id": 324, "polity": { "id": 174, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_1", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire I", "start_year": 1402, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Siphai cavalry had mace.§REF§(Nicolle 1983, Plate B)§REF§ akinji (raiders) carried a mace.§REF§(Turnball 2003, 18) Turnball, S. 2003. The Ottoman Empire 1326-1699. Osprey Publishing Ltd.§REF§" }, { "id": 325, "polity": { "id": 175, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_2", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire II", "start_year": 1517, "end_year": 1683 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " akinji (raiders) carried a mace.§REF§(Turnball 2003, 18) Turnball, S. 2003. The Ottoman Empire 1326-1699. Osprey Publishing Ltd.§REF§" }, { "id": 326, "polity": { "id": 176, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_3", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire III", "start_year": 1683, "end_year": 1839 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Illustration shows battle axe and mace carried by \"Bektaşi dervish, 18th C.\" §REF§(Nicolle 1983, Plate H)§REF§" }, { "id": 327, "polity": { "id": 166, "name": "tr_phrygian_k", "long_name": "Phrygian Kingdom", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -695 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present, but appear only in the context of hunting§REF§Roller, L., 1999, “Early Phrygian Drawings from Gordion and the Elements of Phrygian Artistic Style”, <i>Anatolian Studies</i>, Vol. 49, pg:145§REF§." }, { "id": 328, "polity": { "id": 71, "name": "tr_roman_dominate", "long_name": "Roman Empire - Dominate", "start_year": 285, "end_year": 394 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Use of atlatls, war clubs, battle axes and polearms does not appear to be supported by evidence." }, { "id": 329, "polity": { "id": 171, "name": "tr_rum_sultanate", "long_name": "Rum Sultanate", "start_year": 1077, "end_year": 1307 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Ghulams or mamluks had maces. §REF§Nicolle, David. Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia. Rev. and updated ed. London : Mechanicsburg, Pa: Greenhill Books ; Stackpole Books, 1999. p.221.§REF§" }, { "id": 330, "polity": { "id": 167, "name": "tr_tabal_k", "long_name": "Tabal Kingdoms", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -730 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Not mentioned in literature" }, { "id": 331, "polity": { "id": 32, "name": "us_cahokia_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling", "start_year": 1050, "end_year": 1199 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Evidence of victims \"struck by arrows and clubs\" as inter-group conflicts increased during \"last half of the first millennium\" §REF§(Milner 2006, 174)§REF§ Clubs §REF§(Iseminger 2010, 78)§REF§" }, { "id": 332, "polity": { "id": 33, "name": "us_cahokia_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Moorehead", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1275 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Evidence of victims \"struck by arrows and clubs\" as inter-group conflicts increased during \"last half of the first millennium\" §REF§(Milner 2006, 174)§REF§ Clubs §REF§(Iseminger 2010, 78)§REF§" }, { "id": 333, "polity": { "id": 30, "name": "us_early_illinois_confederation", "long_name": "Early Illinois Confederation", "start_year": 1640, "end_year": 1717 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The Illinois war-club was made of wood or antler, and was shaped like a cutlass-type sword with a large ball at the striking end\" §REF§Illinois State Museum, Illinois Society: Technology: Weapons (2000), <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/te_weapons.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/te_weapons.html</a>§REF§." }, { "id": 334, "polity": { "id": 101, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_1", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Early", "start_year": 1566, "end_year": 1713 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The men of the Five Nations devised a number of weapons effective in aggressive warfare, which they fashioned with much skill... The Iroquois war club was originally a heavy weapon two feet in length made of ironwood with a globular head five or six inches in diameter.\" §REF§Lyford 1945, 44-45§REF§" }, { "id": 335, "polity": { "id": 102, "name": "us_haudenosaunee_2", "long_name": "Haudenosaunee Confederacy - Late", "start_year": 1714, "end_year": 1848 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The men of the Five Nations devised a number of weapons effective in aggressive warfare, which they fashioned with much skill... The Iroquois war club was originally a heavy weapon two feet in length made of ironwood with a globular head five or six inches in diameter.\" §REF§Lyford 1945, 44-45§REF§" }, { "id": 336, "polity": { "id": 100, "name": "us_proto_haudenosaunee", "long_name": "Proto-Haudenosaunee Confederacy", "start_year": 1300, "end_year": 1565 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There were war clubs used by the Iroquois, often made of wood or bone with \"bone or stone inserted at the head.\"§REF§(Beauchamp 1968: 16) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KJQLGMR6\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KJQLGMR6</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 337, "polity": { "id": 22, "name": "us_woodland_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Early Woodland", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The atlatl was the main weapon of this region before the introduction of the bow c300-400 CE. §REF§(Blitz and Porth 2013, 89-95)§REF§§REF§(Iseminger 2010, 24) Iseminger, W R. 2010. Cahokia Mounds: America's First City. The History Press. Charleston.§REF§" }, { "id": 338, "polity": { "id": 34, "name": "us_emergent_mississippian_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1049 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Evidence of victims \"struck by arrows and clubs\" as inter-group conflicts increased during \"last half of the first millennium\" §REF§(Milner 2006, 174)§REF§ Clubs §REF§(Iseminger 2010, 78)§REF§" }, { "id": 339, "polity": { "id": 25, "name": "us_woodland_4", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland II", "start_year": 450, "end_year": 600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " However, not regularly used as a weapon: evidence of victims \"struck by arrows and clubs\" increased only during \"last half of the first millennium\" §REF§(Milner 2006, 174)§REF§" }, { "id": 340, "polity": { "id": 23, "name": "us_woodland_2", "long_name": "Cahokia - Middle Woodland", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The atlatl was the main weapon of this region before the introduction of the bow c300-400 CE. §REF§(Blitz and Porth 2013, 89-95)§REF§§REF§(Iseminger 2010, 24) Iseminger, W R. 2010. Cahokia Mounds: America's First City. The History Press. Charleston.§REF§" }, { "id": 341, "polity": { "id": 26, "name": "us_woodland_5", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 750 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " However, not regularly used as a weapon: evidence of victims \"struck by arrows and clubs\" increased only during \"last half of the first millennium\" §REF§(Milner 2006, 174)§REF§" }, { "id": 342, "polity": { "id": 24, "name": "us_woodland_3", "long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland I", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " However, not regularly used as a weapon: evidence of victims \"struck by arrows and clubs\" increased only during \"last half of the first millennium\" §REF§(Milner 2006, 174)§REF§" }, { "id": 343, "polity": { "id": 28, "name": "us_cahokia_3", "long_name": "Cahokia - Sand Prairie", "start_year": 1275, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Evidence of victims \"struck by arrows and clubs\" as inter-group conflicts increased during \"last half of the first millennium\" §REF§(Milner 2006, 174)§REF§ Clubs §REF§(Iseminger 2010, 78)§REF§" }, { "id": 344, "polity": { "id": 27, "name": "us_emergent_mississippian_1", "long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Evidence of victims \"struck by arrows and clubs\" as inter-group conflicts increased during \"last half of the first millennium\" §REF§(Milner 2006, 174)§REF§ Clubs §REF§(Iseminger 2010, 78)§REF§" }, { "id": 345, "polity": { "id": 29, "name": "us_oneota", "long_name": "Oneota", "start_year": 1400, "end_year": 1650 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Code checked by Peter Peregrine. Previous notes: Archaeological evidence for warfare appears to \"only\" include \"[d]efensive structures around villages, violent injuries on human remains, \"trophy heads,\" the abandonment of regions, and the positioning of sites in ever more defensive positions\"§REF§G. Gibbon, Oneota, in P. Peregrine, M. Ember and Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 6: North America (2001), p. 391§REF§, though a few weapon types can be cautiously inferred, such as bow and arrows and spears§REF§P.S. Martin, G.I. Quimby and D.Collier, Indians Before Columbus (1947), p. 316§REF§, and, at a later date, firearms§REF§Illinois State Museum, Late Prehistoric, Technology: Weapons (2000), <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/pre/htmls/lp_weapons.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/pre/htmls/lp_weapons.html</a>§REF§." }, { "id": 346, "polity": { "id": 296, "name": "uz_chagatai_khanate", "long_name": "Chagatai Khanate", "start_year": 1227, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Presence of round conical helmet§REF§(Robinson 1967) Robinson, H. Russell. 1967. Oriental Armour. Walker and Co. New York.§REF§ suggests use of war clubs/maces in warfare." }, { "id": 347, "polity": { "id": 469, "name": "uz_janid_dyn", "long_name": "Khanate of Bukhara", "start_year": 1599, "end_year": 1747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Hazara infantry used against the Mughals in the mid-seventeenth century.§REF§(Roy 2014, 111-112) Kaushik Roy. 2014. Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships. Bloomsbury Academic. London.§REF§ - what weapons did they use? <i>The cavalry may have carried a mace as a secondary weapon?</i>" }, { "id": 348, "polity": { "id": 465, "name": "uz_khwarasm_1", "long_name": "Ancient Khwarazm", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -521 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Maces may have earlier been a weapon of those Andronovo who used the chariot but at this time chariot warfare may have been replaced by mounted horsemen. \"In the 12th century BC chariot warfare tactics lost their importance in Andronovo society; mounted horsemen armed with bows and arrows replaced chariot drivers.\"§REF§(Kuz'mina 2007, 138) Elena Efimovna Kuzʹmina. 2007. The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. J P Mallory ed. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§ Tazabagyab culture is considered to have had its origin in Andronovo culture.§REF§(Mallory 1997, 20-21) J P Mallory. Andronovo culture. J P Mallory. D Q Adams. eds. 1997. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. Chicago.§REF§ Andronovo culture (2000-900 BCE, Alakul phase 2100-1400 BCE, Fedorovo phase 1400-1200 BCE, Alekseyevka phase 1200-1000 BCE). Tazabagyab culture (15th - 11th), Suyarganskaya culture (11th - 9th), Amirabad culture (9th - 8th)." }, { "id": 349, "polity": { "id": 464, "name": "uz_koktepe_1", "long_name": "Koktepe I", "start_year": -1400, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 350, "polity": { "id": 466, "name": "uz_koktepe_2", "long_name": "Koktepe II", "start_year": -750, "end_year": -550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "War_club", "war_club": "present", "comment": null, "description": " From 700 BCE? in Steppe zone: \"During the seventh and sixth centuries B.C. several nomadic states of northern Iranian tribes came into being in Central Asia. In the west some Saka tribal confederations are mentioned in ancient Greek literature and Old Persian inscriptions, while in the east the Hsien-yün, and later the Yüeh-chih and the Hsiung-nu, tribal confederations are attested by the Chinese sources. ... Lively contacts and easy communications promoted the rise and spread of a fairly uniform nomadic culture in the steppe zone. The same types of horse-harness (bridle, bit, cheek-piece, saddle, trappings), arms (bow, bow-case, arrow and quiver, sword, battle-axe, mail) and garments (trousers, caftan, waist-girdle, boots, pointed cap) were used in the steppe zone from Central Europe to Korea.\"§REF§(Harmatta 1994, 476-477) Harmatta, J. Conclusion. in Harmatta, Janos. Puri, B. N. Etemadi, G. F. eds. 1994. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizatins 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. UNESCO Publishing.§REF§ Hsiung-Nu reference c200 BCE: \"Among their weapons we find the compound bow, bronze and bone arrowheads (their arrows also contained beads that gave them a whistling effect), broadswords, short swords, lances, and maces.\"§REF§(Golden 1992, 60) Peter B Golden. 1992. An Introduction to the History of the Turkish Peoples. Otto Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.academia.edu/28176263/An_Introduction_to_the_History_of_the_Turkish_Peoples\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.academia.edu/28176263/An_Introduction_to_the_History_of_the_Turkish_Peoples</a>§REF§ <i>Can the Steppe zone be used to code Sogdiana?</i>" } ] }