Tension Siege Engine List
A viewset for viewing and editing Tension Siege Engines.
GET /api/wf/tension-siege-engines/?format=api&page=3
{ "count": 344, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/tension-siege-engines/?format=api&page=4", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/tension-siege-engines/?format=api&page=2", "results": [ { "id": 101, "polity": { "id": 19, "name": "us_hawaii_3", "long_name": "Hawaii III", "start_year": 1580, "end_year": 1778 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Inferred§REF§Kuykendall, Ralph S. 1968[1938]. The Hawaiian Kingdom, Volume 1: 1778-1854, Foundation and Transformation. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.§REF§" }, { "id": 102, "polity": { "id": 153, "name": "id_iban_1", "long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke", "start_year": 1650, "end_year": 1841 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 103, "polity": { "id": 154, "name": "id_iban_2", "long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial", "start_year": 1841, "end_year": 1987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 104, "polity": { "id": 46, "name": "id_buni", "long_name": "Java - Buni Culture", "start_year": -400, "end_year": 500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 105, "polity": { "id": 47, "name": "id_kalingga_k", "long_name": "Kalingga Kingdom", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Indian military terms surviving in Javanese include 'fortress' and 'siege'.§REF§(Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 106, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Indian military terms surviving in Javanese include 'fortress' and 'siege'.§REF§(Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 107, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Indian military terms surviving in Javanese include 'fortress' and 'siege'.§REF§(Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 108, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Indian military terms surviving in Javanese include 'fortress' and 'siege'.§REF§(Kumara 2007, 161) Sasiprabha Kumara. 2007. Sanskrit Across Cultures. Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. New Delhi.§REF§" }, { "id": 109, "polity": { "id": 103, "name": "il_canaan", "long_name": "Canaan", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 110, "polity": { "id": 110, "name": "il_judea", "long_name": "Yehuda", "start_year": -141, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " I Maccabees reports (5:30) that the Maccabees captured siege engines (<i>mekhanai</i> in the Greek), which were later likely used in the siege of Jerusalem (6:20, 6:52). The text also describes the Jews making their own engines.§REF§Bar-Kokhva (1989:81).§REF§ The tension catapult and ballista were well-known by that point, having been used for centuries by various Greek cities and especially by the Macedonian Empire." }, { "id": 111, "polity": { "id": 105, "name": "il_yisrael", "long_name": "Yisrael", "start_year": -1030, "end_year": -722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " II Chronicles 26:15 records that King Uzziah of Judah commissioned defensive engines of some kind to be placed on the corner towers of Jerusalem, which could shoot \"arrows and great stones,\" but the nature of such engines is unknown and there is no supporting evidence for them elsewhere." }, { "id": 112, "polity": { "id": 416, "name": "in_ayodhya_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Ayodhya", "start_year": -64, "end_year": 34 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to a military historian (needs confirmation from a polity specialist) siege engines such as catapults were used by the Mauryans§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 220) Gabriel, Richard A. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group.§REF§ which might have implications for technology available to later polities." }, { "id": 113, "polity": { "id": 92, "name": "in_badami_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Badami", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 753 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to Jaina texts, Ajatashatru, a 5th century BCE king of Magadha in North India, used a catapult \"capable of hurling huge pieces of stone\".§REF§(Singh 2008, 272) Upinder Singh. 2008. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Longman. Delhi.§REF§ A military historian reports that ancient Indians had a weapon called the yantra that \"may refer to a device for hurling stones and missiles at the enemy, but we have no information as to its design.\"§REF§(Gabriel 2007, 126-127) Richard A Gabriel. 2007. The Ancient World. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§ - what do specialist scholars of this period know about this? Ancient Indian armies had siege engines that could \"fling stones and lead balls wrapped up in burning materials. The Mahabharata mentions an Asma-yantra (a stone-throwing machine) in the battle with Jarasandha and we have further records that such engines were used in later periods to set enemy fortifications alight and that 'liquid fires' containing naphtha were in use in ancient India.\"§REF§(Forbes 1959, 88-89) Robert James Forbes. 1959. More studies in early petroleum history. Brill Archive.§REF§" }, { "id": 114, "polity": { "id": 94, "name": "in_kalyani_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Kalyani", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1189 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Ancient Indian armies had siege engines that could \"fling stones and lead balls wrapped up in burning materials. The Mahabharata mentions an Asma-yantra (a stone-throwing machine) in the battle with Jarasandha and we have further records that such engines were used in later periods to set enemy fortifications alight and that 'liquid fires' containing naphtha were in use in ancient India.\"§REF§(Forbes 1959, 88-89) Robert James Forbes. 1959. More studies in early petroleum history. Brill Archive.§REF§" }, { "id": 115, "polity": { "id": 86, "name": "in_deccan_ia", "long_name": "Deccan - Iron Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " According to Jaina texts, Ajatashatru, a 5th century BCE king of Magadha in North India, used a catapult \"capable of hurling huge pieces of stone\".§REF§(Singh 2008, 272) Upinder Singh. 2008. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Longman. Delhi.§REF§ Ancient Indian armies had siege engines that could \"fling stones and lead balls wrapped up in burning materials. The Mahabharata mentions an Asma-yantra (a stone-throwing machine) in the battle with Jarasandha and we have further records that such engines were used in later periods to set enemy fortifications alight and that 'liquid fires' containing naphtha were in use in ancient India.\"§REF§(Forbes 1959, 88-89) Robert James Forbes. 1959. More studies in early petroleum history. Brill Archive.§REF§" }, { "id": 116, "polity": { "id": 88, "name": "in_post_mauryan_k", "long_name": "Post-Mauryan Kingdoms", "start_year": -205, "end_year": -101 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to Jaina texts, Ajatashatru, a 5th century BCE king of Magadha in North India, used a catapult \"capable of hurling huge pieces of stone\".§REF§(Singh 2008, 272) Upinder Singh. 2008. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Longman. Delhi.§REF§ Ancient Indian armies had siege engines that could \"fling stones and lead balls wrapped up in burning materials. The Mahabharata mentions an Asma-yantra (a stone-throwing machine) in the battle with Jarasandha and we have further records that such engines were used in later periods to set enemy fortifications alight and that 'liquid fires' containing naphtha were in use in ancient India.\"§REF§(Forbes 1959, 88-89) Robert James Forbes. 1959. More studies in early petroleum history. Brill Archive.§REF§" }, { "id": 117, "polity": { "id": 85, "name": "in_deccan_nl", "long_name": "Deccan - Neolithic", "start_year": -2700, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " <i>NB: The following refers to a different era and place.</i> According to Jaina texts, Ajatashatru, a 5th century BCE king of Magadha in North India, used a catapult \"capable of hurling huge pieces of stone\".§REF§(Singh 2008, 272) Upinder Singh. 2008. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Longman. Delhi.§REF§ Ancient Indian armies had siege engines that could \"fling stones and lead balls wrapped up in burning materials. The Mahabharata mentions an Asma-yantra (a stone-throwing machine) in the battle with Jarasandha and we have further records that such engines were used in later periods to set enemy fortifications alight and that 'liquid fires' containing naphtha were in use in ancient India.\"§REF§(Forbes 1959, 88-89) Robert James Forbes. 1959. More studies in early petroleum history. Brill Archive.§REF§" }, { "id": 118, "polity": { "id": 135, "name": "in_delhi_sultanate", "long_name": "Delhi Sultanate", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Mangonel §REF§Khan, Iqtidar Alam, ‘Early Use of Cannon and Musket in India: A.D. 1442-1526’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 24 (1981), 149.§REF§" }, { "id": 119, "polity": { "id": 111, "name": "in_achik_1", "long_name": "Early A'chik", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1867 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 120, "polity": { "id": 112, "name": "in_achik_2", "long_name": "Late A'chik", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1956 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "absent", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 121, "polity": { "id": 405, "name": "in_gahadavala_dyn", "long_name": "Gahadavala Dynasty", "start_year": 1085, "end_year": 1193 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Ancient Indian armies had siege engines that could \"fling stones and lead balls wrapped up in burning materials. The Mahabharata mentions an Asma-yantra (a stone-throwing machine) in the battle with Jarasandha and we have further records that such engines were used in later periods to set enemy fortifications alight and that 'liquid fires' containing naphtha were in use in ancient India.\"§REF§(Forbes 1959, 88-89) Robert James Forbes. 1959. More studies in early petroleum history. Brill Archive.§REF§" }, { "id": 122, "polity": { "id": 388, "name": "in_gupta_emp", "long_name": "Gupta Empire", "start_year": 320, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Ancient Indian armies had siege engines that could \"fling stones and lead balls wrapped up in burning materials. The Mahabharata mentions an Asma-yantra (a stone-throwing machine) in the battle with Jarasandha and we have further records that such engines were used in later periods to set enemy fortifications alight and that 'liquid fires' containing naphtha were in use in ancient India.\"§REF§(Forbes 1959, 88-89) Robert James Forbes. 1959. More studies in early petroleum history. Brill Archive.§REF§" }, { "id": 123, "polity": { "id": 418, "name": "in_gurjara_pratihara_dyn", "long_name": "Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty", "start_year": 730, "end_year": 1030 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Ancient Indian armies had siege engines that could \"fling stones and lead balls wrapped up in burning materials. The Mahabharata mentions an Asma-yantra (a stone-throwing machine) in the battle with Jarasandha and we have further records that such engines were used in later periods to set enemy fortifications alight and that 'liquid fires' containing naphtha were in use in ancient India.\"§REF§(Forbes 1959, 88-89) Robert James Forbes. 1959. More studies in early petroleum history. Brill Archive.§REF§" }, { "id": 124, "polity": { "id": 95, "name": "in_hoysala_k", "long_name": "Hoysala Kingdom", "start_year": 1108, "end_year": 1346 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Unknown: temple reliefs, the main source for information on Hoysala warfare, \"provide no information, however, on how forts were attacked.\" §REF§(Sardar 2007, p. 32§REF§" }, { "id": 125, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to Jaina texts, Ajatashatru, a 5th century BCE king of Magadha in North India, used a catapult \"capable of hurling huge pieces of stone\".§REF§(Singh 2008, 272) Upinder Singh. 2008. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Longman. Delhi.§REF§ Ancient Indian armies had siege engines that could \"fling stones and lead balls wrapped up in burning materials. The Mahabharata mentions an Asma-yantra (a stone-throwing machine) in the battle with Jarasandha and we have further records that such engines were used in later periods to set enemy fortifications alight and that 'liquid fires' containing naphtha were in use in ancient India.\"§REF§(Forbes 1959, 88-89) Robert James Forbes. 1959. More studies in early petroleum history. Brill Archive.§REF§" }, { "id": 126, "polity": { "id": 96, "name": "in_kampili_k", "long_name": "Kampili Kingdom", "start_year": 1280, "end_year": 1327 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 127, "polity": { "id": 417, "name": "in_kannauj_varman_dyn", "long_name": "Kannauj - Varman Dynasty", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 780 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Yantra was loosely used to denote a contrivance of any kind and that it was like catapults and ballistics used by the ancient Hebrews, Greeks and Romans in their warfare.\"§REF§(Mishra 1977, 151) Shyam Manohar Mishra. 1977. Yaśovarman of Kanauj: A Study of Political History, Social, and Cultural Life of Northern India During the Reign of Yaśovarman. Abhinav Publications.§REF§" }, { "id": 128, "polity": { "id": 390, "name": "in_magadha_k", "long_name": "Magadha", "start_year": 450, "end_year": 605 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Ancient Indian armies had siege engines that could \"fling stones and lead balls wrapped up in burning materials. The Mahabharata mentions an Asma-yantra (a stone-throwing machine) in the battle with Jarasandha and we have further records that such engines were used in later periods to set enemy fortifications alight and that 'liquid fires' containing naphtha were in use in ancient India.\"§REF§(Forbes 1959, 88-89) Robert James Forbes. 1959. More studies in early petroleum history. Brill Archive.§REF§" }, { "id": 129, "polity": { "id": 384, "name": "in_mahajanapada", "long_name": "Mahajanapada era", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -324 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Introduced later. §REF§DeVries, Kelly. \"siege engines.\" In The Oxford Companion to Military History. : Oxford University Press, 2001.§REF§" }, { "id": 130, "polity": { "id": 87, "name": "in_mauryan_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire", "start_year": -324, "end_year": -187 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to a military historian (this needs confirmation from a Mauryan specialist): \"By the Mauryan period the Indians possessed most of the ancient world's siege and artillery equipment including catapults, ballistas, battering rams, and other siege engines.\"§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 220) Gabriel, Richard A. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group.§REF§ Kautilya's Arthashastra mentions machines (Book II, The Duties of Government Superintendents\") both immoveable machines (sthirayantram): Sarvatobhadra, jamadagnya, bahumukha, visvasaghati, samghati, yanaka, parjanyaka, ardhabahu and urdhvabahu; and moveable machines: Panchalika, devadanda, sukarika, musala, yashti, hastivaraka, talavrinta, mudgara, gada, spriktala, kuddala, asphatima, audhghatima, sataghni, trisula and chakra." }, { "id": 131, "polity": { "id": 98, "name": "in_mughal_emp", "long_name": "Mughal Empire", "start_year": 1526, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Aside from the massive cannon and mortars, a number of more old-fashioned weapons were also present at sieges. Catapults and trebuchets remained in Indian siege trains for decades after Babur’s invasion. A few distinct advantages saved them from immediate obsolescence. They were inexpensive and could be easily broken down for transport and assembled in the field. Like mortars they sent missiles on a high trajectory, ideal for indirect fire. They could also be loaded with ammunition too fragile to be fired from a cannon—gunpowder bombs and canisters of incendiary or caustic chemicals.\" §REF§(De la Garza 2010, p. 123)§REF§" }, { "id": 132, "polity": { "id": 93, "name": "in_rashtrakuta_emp", "long_name": "Rashtrakuta Empire", "start_year": 753, "end_year": 973 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Ancient Indian armies had siege engines that could \"fling stones and lead balls wrapped up in burning materials. The Mahabharata mentions an Asma-yantra (a stone-throwing machine) in the battle with Jarasandha and we have further records that such engines were used in later periods to set enemy fortifications alight and that 'liquid fires' containing naphtha were in use in ancient India.\"§REF§(Forbes 1959, 88-89) Robert James Forbes. 1959. More studies in early petroleum history. Brill Archive.§REF§" }, { "id": 133, "polity": { "id": 89, "name": "in_satavahana_emp", "long_name": "Satavahana Empire", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to Jaina texts, Ajatashatru, a 5th century BCE king of Magadha in North India, used a catapult \"capable of hurling huge pieces of stone\".§REF§(Singh 2008, 272) Upinder Singh. 2008. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Longman. Delhi.§REF§ A military historian states that ancient Indians had a weapon called the yantra that \"may refer to a device for hurling stones and missiles at the enemy, but we have no information as to its design.\"§REF§(Gabriel 2007, 126-127) Richard A Gabriel. 2007. The Ancient World. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§ - do ancient Indian specialists agree? Ancient Indian armies had siege engines that could \"fling stones and lead balls wrapped up in burning materials. The Mahabharata mentions an Asma-yantra (a stone-throwing machine) in the battle with Jarasandha and we have further records that such engines were used in later periods to set enemy fortifications alight and that 'liquid fires' containing naphtha were in use in ancient India.\"§REF§(Forbes 1959, 88-89) Robert James Forbes. 1959. More studies in early petroleum history. Brill Archive.§REF§" }, { "id": 134, "polity": { "id": 385, "name": "in_sunga_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Sunga Empire", "start_year": -187, "end_year": -65 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to one military historian (this data needs to be confirmed by a polity specialist) the Mauryans used \"catapults, ballistas, battering rams, and other siege engines.\"§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 220) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies Of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.§REF§ Inferred from continuity with Mauryan polity .§REF§(Roy 2016, 19) Kaushik Roy. 2016. Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§" }, { "id": 135, "polity": { "id": 90, "name": "in_vakataka_k", "long_name": "Vakataka Kingdom", "start_year": 255, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to Jaina texts, Ajatashatru, a 5th century BCE king of Magadha in North India, used a catapult \"capable of hurling huge pieces of stone\".§REF§(Singh 2008, 272) Upinder Singh. 2008. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Longman. Delhi.§REF§ Ancient Indian armies had siege engines that could \"fling stones and lead balls wrapped up in burning materials. The Mahabharata mentions an Asma-yantra (a stone-throwing machine) in the battle with Jarasandha and we have further records that such engines were used in later periods to set enemy fortifications alight and that 'liquid fires' containing naphtha were in use in ancient India.\"§REF§(Forbes 1959, 88-89) Robert James Forbes. 1959. More studies in early petroleum history. Brill Archive.§REF§" }, { "id": 136, "polity": { "id": 97, "name": "in_vijayanagara_emp", "long_name": "Vijayanagara Empire", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1646 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"On their walls were set up <i>pasana-yantras</i> or catapults which showered stones, clubs and battle-axes upon the enemy causing him much harm\" §REF§(Ramayanna 1986, p. 121)§REF§." }, { "id": 137, "polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Torsion engines in use in Arabic warfare in this period. §REF§(Kennedy 2001, 184§REF§ §REF§Kelly DeVries, 'siege engines' in The Oxford Companion to Military History, Eds. Holmes, Singleton, and Jones Oxford University Press: 2001)§REF§ \"A fragment of a wall painting depicting the use of a traction trebuchet at the siege of Penjikent (700-725) in modern Tajikistan. This unique painting is contemporary with Tang China, displaying how the traction trebuchet was used along the Silk Road.\"§REF§(Turnball 2002) Turnball, S. 2002. Siege Weapons of the Far East (1): AD 612-1300. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 138, "polity": { "id": 484, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_2", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate II", "start_year": 1191, "end_year": 1258 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The earlier Abbasids had the manjaniq, a swing beam engine similiar to the Western Trebuchet. §REF§Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs p. 184§REF§ The Manjaniq was man-powered§REF§(Nicolle 2003, 14) Nicolle, David. 2003. Medieval Siege Weapons (2): Byzantium, the Islamic World and India AD 476-1526. Osprey Publishing.§REF§ not gravity powered." }, { "id": 139, "polity": { "id": 476, "name": "iq_akkad_emp", "long_name": "Akkadian Empire", "start_year": -2270, "end_year": -2083 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " In Anatolia siege warfare was mentioned in Old Hittite records.§REF§Siegelova I. and H. Tsumoto (2011) Metals and Metallurgy in Hittite Anatolia, pp. 278 [In:] H. Genz and D. P. Mielke (ed.) Insights Into Hittite History And Archaeology, Colloquia Antiqua 2, Leuven, Paris, Walpole MA: PEETERS, pp. 275-300§REF§ <i>Presumably at this time the catapult was not used?</i> In India, according to Jain texts, Ajatashatru, a 5th century BCE king of Magadha in North India, used a catapult \"capable of hurling huge pieces of stone\".§REF§(Singh 2008, 272) Upinder Singh. 2008. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Longman. Delhi.§REF§ Marsden (1969) said archaeological records exist before the 4th century BCE.§REF§(Marsden 1969, 5, 16, 66.) Marsden, E. W. 1969. Greek and Roman Artillery: The Historical Development. Toronto: Oxford University Press.§REF§ The Achaemenids (c400 BCE?) are assumed to have had the catapult because the Macedonians did.§REF§(Dandamaev 1989, 314) Dandamaev, M A. 1989. A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. Brill.§REF§ Pollard and Berry (2012) say torsion catapults first came into widespread use in the Hellenistic period 4th - 1st centuries BCE.§REF§(Pollard and Berry 2012, 45) Pollard, N, Berry, J (2012) The Complete Roman Legions, Thames and Hudson, London Rives, J (2006) Religion in the Roman Empire, Wiley§REF§ The Syracuse Greek Dionysios I invented a form of crossbow called the gastraphetes in 399 BCE which encouraged the development of large tension-powered weapons.§REF§(Keyser and Irby-Massie 2006, 260) Paul T Keyser. Georgia Irby-Massie. Science, Medicine, And Technology. Glenn R Bugh. ed. 2006. The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ <i>There is no direct evidence for catapults for this time/location. The aforementioned evidence we currently have covering the wider ancient world suggests they were probably not used at this time, perhaps because effective machines had not been invented yet.</i>" }, { "id": 140, "polity": { "id": 479, "name": "iq_babylonia_1", "long_name": "Amorite Babylonia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " batering ram was in use during this period§REF§Vidal, J. 2011. Prestige Weapons in an Amorite Context, <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i> 70/2: 250-251§REF§" }, { "id": 141, "polity": { "id": 475, "name": "iq_early_dynastic", "long_name": "Early Dynastic", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There are no archaeological records regarding the invention of this machine before 4th century BC§REF§Marsden 1969, 5, 16, 66.§REF§" }, { "id": 142, "polity": { "id": 106, "name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "start_year": -911, "end_year": -612 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " In Anatolia siege warfare was mentioned in Old Hittite records.§REF§Siegelova I. and H. Tsumoto (2011) Metals and Metallurgy in Hittite Anatolia, pp. 278 [In:] H. Genz and D. P. Mielke (ed.) Insights Into Hittite History And Archaeology, Colloquia Antiqua 2, Leuven, Paris, Walpole MA: PEETERS, pp. 275-300§REF§ <i>Presumably at this time the catapult was not used?</i> In India, according to Jain texts, Ajatashatru, a 5th century BCE king of Magadha in North India, used a catapult \"capable of hurling huge pieces of stone\".§REF§(Singh 2008, 272) Upinder Singh. 2008. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Longman. Delhi.§REF§ Marsden (1969) said archaeological records exist before the 4th century BCE.§REF§(Marsden 1969, 5, 16, 66.) Marsden, E. W. 1969. Greek and Roman Artillery: The Historical Development. Toronto: Oxford University Press.§REF§ The Achaemenids (c400 BCE?) are assumed to have had the catapult because the Macedonians did.§REF§(Dandamaev 1989, 314) Dandamaev, M A. 1989. A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. Brill.§REF§ Pollard and Berry (2012) say torsion catapults first came into widespread use in the Hellenistic period 4th - 1st centuries BCE.§REF§(Pollard and Berry 2012, 45) Pollard, N, Berry, J (2012) The Complete Roman Legions, Thames and Hudson, London Rives, J (2006) Religion in the Roman Empire, Wiley§REF§ The Syracuse Greek Dionysios I invented a form of crossbow called the gastraphetes in 399 BCE which encouraged the development of large tension-powered weapons.§REF§(Keyser and Irby-Massie 2006, 260) Paul T Keyser. Georgia Irby-Massie. Science, Medicine, And Technology. Glenn R Bugh. ed. 2006. The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ <i>There is no direct evidence for catapults for this time/location. The aforementioned evidence we currently have covering the wider ancient world suggests they were probably not used at this time, perhaps because effective machines had not been invented yet.</i>" }, { "id": 143, "polity": { "id": 346, "name": "iq_neo_babylonian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "start_year": -626, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Babylonian Chronicles detail the fall of Assyria. They state that the king of Akkad (Babylonia) bought siege engines against the city of Rahilu, but it does not specify what kind of siege engine. §REF§Liverani, M. 2011. The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. London: Routledge. p.538§REF§" }, { "id": 144, "polity": { "id": 346, "name": "iq_neo_babylonian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "start_year": -626, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": true, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " The Babylonian Chronicles detail the fall of Assyria. They state that the king of Akkad (Babylonia) bought siege engines against the city of Rahilu, but it does not specify what kind of siege engine. §REF§Liverani, M. 2011. The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. London: Routledge. p.538§REF§" }, { "id": 145, "polity": { "id": 473, "name": "iq_ubaid", "long_name": "Ubaid", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There are no archaeological records regarding the invention of this machine before 4th century BC§REF§Marsden 1969, 5, 16, 66.§REF§ This type of engine is known from ancient time, and the first evidence came from 4th century BC. §REF§Campbel 2003,3, 8.§REF§ <i>< The sling siege engine our variable refers to is the gravity powered one probably first used in the Middle Ages so I guess this quote belongs here instead.</i>" }, { "id": 146, "polity": { "id": 477, "name": "iq_ur_dyn_3", "long_name": "Ur - Dynasty III", "start_year": -2112, "end_year": -2004 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Note: the alternative translation of this hymn states slings shot the rocks. In the hymn - 'Lamentation over destruction of Ur and Sumer', there is mentioned some 'sieges' throwing big stones, however the interpretation of this siege engines is controversial.§REF§Rutkowski 2007, 23§REF§" }, { "id": 147, "polity": { "id": 474, "name": "iq_uruk", "long_name": "Uruk", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " There are no archaeological records regarding the invention of this machine before 4th century BC§REF§Marsden 1969, 5, 16, 66.§REF§" }, { "id": 148, "polity": { "id": 107, "name": "ir_achaemenid_emp", "long_name": "Achaemenid Empire", "start_year": -550, "end_year": -331 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " The Macedonians of the time had \"battering rams, catapults, and other siege engines\" so Achaemenids would certainly have had them. §REF§(Dandamaev 1989, 314) Dandamaev, M A. 1989. A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. Brill.§REF§" }, { "id": 149, "polity": { "id": 508, "name": "ir_ak_koyunlu", "long_name": "Ak Koyunlu", "start_year": 1339, "end_year": 1501 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"The weapons used in the military forces of the Anatolian Principalities were bow and arrow, sword, shield, javelin, dagger, club, axe, catapult and arrade.\"§REF§(1994, 365) Ibrahim Kafesoglu. Ahmet Edip Uysal. Erdogan Mercil. Hidayet Yavuz Nuhoglu. 1994. A short history of Turkish-Islamic states (excluding the Ottoman state). Turkish Historical Society Printing House.§REF§" }, { "id": 150, "polity": { "id": 487, "name": "ir_susiana_archaic", "long_name": "Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -6000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Tension_siege_engine", "tension_siege_engine": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Not invented yet" } ] }