Sword List
A viewset for viewing and editing Swords.
GET /api/wf/swords/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 375, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/swords/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/wf/swords/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"the weaponry being used by the Egyptians and their opponents--a combination of bows and arrows, shields, spears and axes--remained virtually unchanged from the Sixth to Thirteenth Dynasties.\"§REF§(Shaw 1991: 37) Shaw, Ian. 1991. <i>Egyptian Warfare and Weapons</i>. Princes Risborough: Shire. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF</a>.§REF§ <i>Copper swords earlier than 17th century BCE have been found in Susiana.§REF§(Leverani 2014, 88) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§ However, Egypt was behind Sumer in development of armour so may also have developed weapons such as the sword later.</i>" }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"At Gaza in 312 BC the Ptolemaic assault was delibered by a force of 3,000 cavalry armed with swords and the traditional Macedonian cavalry pike or xyston.\" §REF§(Lloyd 2000, 394)§REF§ 3rd century cavalrymen equipped with small-curved saber (machaira sperantike)§REF§(Fischer-Bovet 2014, 128-131)§REF§ hoplites of the phalanx carried a curved sword (machaira) §REF§(Fischer-Bovet 2014, 135-138)§REF§" }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"At Gaza in 312 BC the Ptolemaic assault was delibered by a force of 3,000 cavalry armed with swords and the traditional Macedonian cavalry pike or xyston.\" §REF§(Lloyd 2000, 394)§REF§ 3rd century cavalrymen equipped with small-curved saber (machaira sperantike)§REF§(Fischer-Bovet 2014, 128-131)§REF§ hoplites of the phalanx carried a curved sword (machaira) §REF§(Fischer-Bovet 2014, 135-138)§REF§" }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"the weaponry being used by the Egyptians and their opponents--a combination of bows and arrows, shields, spears and axes--remained virtually unchanged from the Sixth to Thirteenth Dynasties.\"§REF§(Shaw 1991: 37) Shaw, Ian. 1991. <i>Egyptian Warfare and Weapons</i>. Princes Risborough: Shire. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7J8H86XF</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 203, "name": "eg_saite", "long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period", "start_year": -664, "end_year": -525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " According to one military historian \"All armies after the seventeenth century B.C.E. carried the sword, but in none was it a major weapon of close combat; rather, it was used when the soldier's primary weapons, the spear and axe, were lost or broken.\"§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 26-27) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 520, "name": "eg_thebes_hyksos", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period", "start_year": -1720, "end_year": -1567 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Mace was the dominant weapon of war between 4000-2500 BCE in Sumer and until the Hyksos invasions (1700 BCE) in Egypt after which time Egyptians began to use the helmet. From 1700 BCE the kopesh, sickle-sword, rather than the mace, became the symbolic weapon of the Egyptian Pharoah.§REF§(Gabriel 2002, 24) Richard A Gabriel. 2002. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Praeger. Westport.§REF§ Sobekemsaf II's (17th Dynasty) burial contained a sword§REF§(Bourriau 2003, 193)§REF§" }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 200, "name": "eg_thebes_libyan", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period", "start_year": -1069, "end_year": -747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 361, "name": "eg_thulunid_ikhshidid", "long_name": "Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period", "start_year": 868, "end_year": 969 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present for Abbasid Caliphate:\"In defence the abna were trained to maintain ranks behind their long pikes and broadswords however hard the enemy pressed, and then to fight hand-to-hand with short-swords and daggers. I attack, a short spear or javelin seems to have replaced the pike, and a mace might also have been added. Although abna were often armoured, they would also fight without cuirass or even shield.\"§REF§(Nicolle 1982, 20) Nicolle, D. 1982. The Armies of Islam, 7th-11th Centuries. Osprey Publishing.§REF§" }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 84, "name": "es_spanish_emp_1", "long_name": "Spanish Empire I", "start_year": 1516, "end_year": 1715 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “The sword remained as a secondary weapon for hand-to-hand fighting.” §REF§(López 2012, 87) López, Ignacio J.N. 2012. <i>The Spanish Tercios 1536-1704</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4EWFWHCQ\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4EWFWHCQ</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 57, "name": "fm_truk_1", "long_name": "Chuuk - Early Truk", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1886 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Not mentioned in the literature. This is interpreted as evidence of absence because this is a culture of low complexity for warfare technology." }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 58, "name": "fm_truk_2", "long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk", "start_year": 1886, "end_year": 1948 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "absent", "comment": null, "description": "Not mentioned in the literature. This is interpreted as evidence of absence because this is a culture of low complexity for warfare technology." }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 448, "name": "fr_atlantic_complex", "long_name": "Atlantic Complex", "start_year": -2200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"Bronze was obviously used by the Earlier Bronze Age peoples, but its uses were surprisingly limited. Bronze was widely used for weapons, particularly swords, for axes, and for clothing pins, but otherwise the use of bronze was largely restricted to personal ornaments such as torcs, anklets, and the like. In many ways the Earlier Bronze Age saw no marked departure from earlier technology, despite the beginnings of bronze production.\" §REF§(Peregrine 2001, 413)§REF§ At the end of the Middle Bronze Age and especially in the Late Bronze Age, Normandy saw an evolution in war practices, which could have been linked to population growth. Spear heads and swords appeared and multiplied. They do not seem to have been used for hunting, but most likely for single combat or pitched battles. \"À partir de la fin du Bronze moyen et surtout au Bronze final se dessine en Normandie une évolution des pratiques guerrières, peut-être liée à un accroissement démographique. Les pointes de lance et les épées qui apparaissent et se multiplient ne semblent guère avoir été utilisées pour la chasse (cat. 12-16), mais très probablement pour des combats singuliers ou en batailles rangées.\" §REF§(Ghesquière in Macigny et al 2005, 23)§REF§ \"Bronze age swords found by Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland, estimated to be 3,000 year old.\"§REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://twitter.com/europeshistory/status/630725341313548288\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://twitter.com/europeshistory/status/630725341313548288</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 447, "name": "fr_beaker_eba", "long_name": "Beaker Culture", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " \"During the second millennium daggers became longer, evolving into rapiers; long, slender blades with sharp points for thrusting at the opponent. These were difficult to wield efficiently; examples where the rivets between blade and hilt had given way show the strain imposed when warriors attacked with a sweeping action. By the later second millennium narrow rapiers had developed into wider swords with cutting edges, suitable for deal- ing slashing blows, and Carp’s-Tongue swords (a long blade with a long narrow point and slotted hilt) designed both to thrust and to cut. At the same time hilts also evolved, giving a better grip and replacing the weak riveted join between blade and hilt with a flange extending from the blade to which a hilt of other materials was fastened.\" §REF§(McIntosh 2006, 298)§REF§" }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 460, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "start_year": 1589, "end_year": 1660 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cavalry officers? <i>Lances, swords, crossbowmen, longbows, pikemen were of central importance on the battlefield for at least 200 years after the first guns until the Battle of Carignola (1503 CE) which was probably decided by guns and Marignano (1515 CE) when Swiss squares were beaten by cavalry shooting pistols and cannon artillery.§REF§(Nolan 2006, 367) Cathal J Nolan. 2006. The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. Volume 1 A - K. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§ The first Bourbon era 1589-1660 CE is firmly after the transition to firearm dominance so at this time the old weapons must have played only a minor role in warfare or had been completely abandoned.</i>" }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Swords, heavy cavalry sword (cavalry), sabre (Dragoons), curved-sabres (Grenadiers a Cheval de la Garde).§REF§(Parrott 2012, 62) David Parrott. Armed Forces. William Doyle. ed. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of the Ancien Régime. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§" }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 457, "name": "fr_capetian_k_1", "long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom", "start_year": 987, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Long, straight, double-edged, sword.§REF§(Boulton 1995 67-68) Jonathan D Boulton. Armor And Weapons. William W Kibler. Grover A Zinn. Lawrence Earp. John Bell Henneman Jr. 1995. Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§" }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 458, "name": "fr_capetian_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1328 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Long, straight, double-edged, sword.§REF§(Boulton 1995 67-68) Jonathan D Boulton. Armor And Weapons. William W Kibler. Grover A Zinn. Lawrence Earp. John Bell Henneman Jr. 1995. Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§" }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 309, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Used by cavalry.§REF§(Hooper and Bennett 1996, 13) Nicholas Hooper. Matthew Bennett. 1996. The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages, 768-1487. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Short sword§REF§(Butt 2002, 40) John J Butt. 2002. Daily Life in the Age of Charlemagne. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§ used by infantry." }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 311, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire II", "start_year": 840, "end_year": 987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Used by cavalry.§REF§(Hooper and Bennett 1996, 13) Nicholas Hooper. Matthew Bennett. 1996. The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages, 768-1487. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Short sword§REF§(Butt 2002, 40) John J Butt. 2002. Daily Life in the Age of Charlemagne. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport.§REF§ used by infantry. Aristocrats \"usually dismounted and fought on foot throughout the Merovingian, Carolingian, and post-Carolingian periods.\" §REF§(Fanning 1995, 346)§REF§" }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 449, "name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1", "long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sword found in Loire Valley dates to 1000-820 BCE time period. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#</a>)§REF§ \"Bronze age swords found by Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland, estimated to be 3,000 year old.\"§REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://twitter.com/europeshistory/status/630725341313548288\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://twitter.com/europeshistory/status/630725341313548288</a>)§REF§" }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 450, "name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3", "long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Finds close to Paris Basin region. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#</a>)§REF§ \"long slashing swords representative of the aristocratic warrior\" from 8th century onwards. §REF§(Allen 2007, 22)§REF§ \"Bronze age swords found by Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland, estimated to be 3,000 year old.\"§REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://twitter.com/europeshistory/status/630725341313548288\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://twitter.com/europeshistory/status/630725341313548288</a>)§REF§ Battle axe more common in the East Hallstatt area while in the Western Hallstatt region use of the dagger and sword was more common.§REF§(Koch ed. 2006, 1469) John T. Koch ed. Celtic Culture. A historical Encyclopedia. Volume I. A-Celti. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara.§REF§" }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 451, "name": "fr_hallstatt_c", "long_name": "Hallstatt C", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Finds close to Paris Basin region. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#</a>)§REF§ \"long slashing swords representative of the aristocratic warrior\" from 8th century onwards. §REF§(Allen 2007, 22)§REF§ \"Bronze age swords found by Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland, estimated to be 3,000 year old.\"§REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://twitter.com/europeshistory/status/630725341313548288\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://twitter.com/europeshistory/status/630725341313548288</a>)§REF§ Battle axe more common in the East Hallstatt area while in the Western Hallstatt region use of the dagger and sword was more common.§REF§(Koch ed. 2006, 1469) John T. Koch ed. Celtic Culture. A historical Encyclopedia. Volume I. A-Celti. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara.§REF§" }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 452, "name": "fr_hallstatt_d", "long_name": "Hallstatt D", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -475 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Finds close to Paris Basin region. §REF§(<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.chronocarto.ens.fr/gcserver/atlas#</a>)§REF§ \"long slashing swords representative of the aristocratic warrior\" from 8th century onwards. §REF§(Allen 2007, 22)§REF§ Battle axe more common in the East Hallstatt area while in the Western Hallstatt region use of the dagger and sword was more common.§REF§(Koch ed. 2006, 1469) John T. Koch ed. Celtic Culture. A historical Encyclopedia. Volume I. A-Celti. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara.§REF§" }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 304, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Early Merovingian", "start_year": 481, "end_year": 543 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sword (long-straight for mounted use, steel, two-edged) §REF§(Halsall 2003, 163-176) Halsall, Guy. 2003. Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450-900. Routledge. London.§REF§ Short sword. §REF§p.30-32 Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of Their Impact By Kelly DeVries, Robert Douglas Smith§REF§" }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 456, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_3", "long_name": "Proto-Carolingian", "start_year": 687, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sword (long-straight for mounted use, steel, two-edged) §REF§(Halsall 2003, 163-176) Halsall, Guy. 2003. Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450-900. Routledge. London.§REF§ Short sword. §REF§p.30-32 Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of Their Impact By Kelly DeVries, Robert Douglas Smith§REF§" }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 306, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Middle Merovingian", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Sword (long-straight for mounted use, steel, two-edged) §REF§(Halsall 2003, 163-176) Halsall, Guy. 2003. Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450-900. Routledge. London.§REF§ Short sword. §REF§p.30-32 Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of Their Impact By Kelly DeVries, Robert Douglas Smith§REF§" }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 453, "name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1", "long_name": "La Tene A-B1", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -325 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " 400-200 BCE: warrior culture, burials with iron swords, helmets, spears, shields. §REF§(Wells 1999, 45-47)§REF§ \"The basic equipment of the Celtic warrior was spear and shield. To this could be added a sword, a helmet and a mailshirt.\" §REF§(Allen 2007, 115)§REF§" }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 454, "name": "fr_la_tene_b2_c1", "long_name": "La Tene B2-C1", "start_year": -325, "end_year": -175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Kruta 2004, 4)§REF§ Broadsword (Bohemia).§REF§(Kruta 2004, 38)§REF§ Long sword, curved broardsword. §REF§(Kruta 2004, 58)§REF§ \"The basic equipment of the Celtic warrior was spear and shield. To this could be added a sword, a helmet and a mailshirt.\" §REF§(Allen 2007, 115)§REF§" }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 455, "name": "fr_la_tene_c2_d", "long_name": "La Tene C2-D", "start_year": -175, "end_year": -27 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§(Kruta 2004, 4)§REF§ Broadsword (Bohemia).§REF§(Kruta 2004, 38)§REF§ Long sword, curved broardsword. §REF§(Kruta 2004, 58)§REF§ \"The basic equipment of the Celtic warrior was spear and shield. To this could be added a sword, a helmet and a mailshirt.\" §REF§(Allen 2007, 115)§REF§" }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Long, straight, double-edged, sword.§REF§(Boulton 1995 67-68) Jonathan D Boulton. Armor And Weapons. William W Kibler. Grover A Zinn. Lawrence Earp. John Bell Henneman Jr. 1995. Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§ Hundred Years' War (1337-1453 CE) reference: \"In both armies, the basic weapon was a long straight sword, worn usually on the left side and balanced on the right by a short dagger called a misericord, because it was often used to grant the 'mercy' of death to the mortally wounded.\"§REF§(Wagner 2006, 27-29) John A Wagner. 2006. Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 459, "name": "fr_valois_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Valois", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1589 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Present.§REF§(Potter 2008, 43)§REF§ Hundred Years' War (1337-1453 CE) reference: \"In both armies, the basic weapon was a long straight sword, worn usually on the left side and balanced on the right by a short dagger called a misericord, because it was often used to grant the 'mercy' of death to the mortally wounded.\"§REF§(Wagner 2006, 27-29) John A Wagner. 2006. Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Greenwood Press. Westport.§REF§" }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Sword used by cavalry.§REF§(Barthorp 1988, 21) Michael Barthorp. 1988. The British Army on Campaign. 1856-1881. Osprey Publishing Ltd.§REF§" }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 113, "name": "gh_akan", "long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " During the colonal period swords acquired a largely symbolic and non-functional status: 'The first reports of swords in Akan society are inevitably from the coast. Local swords may derive from Islamic weapons passed down the trans-Sanaran trade routes. Early visitors were quick to associate the swords they saw with Turkish or other Islamic weapons.' §REF§McLeod, M. D. (Malcolm D.) 1981. “Asante”, 88§REF§ 'The growing complexity of the Asante government, its members' need to communicate internally and externally, to show their differences in standing, and to reward allies or placate potential enemies are reflected in the way many slems, such as swords ( afena), were elaborated in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. What began as a functional weapon ended as an object whose significance was indicated by its size, shape and a variety of attachments, often in gold. The sword gained an increasing richness of meaning over the years until colonial rule removed many of its uses, ending its development but stimulating the growth of other forms of court art.' §REF§McLeod, M. D. (Malcolm D.) 1981. “Asante”, 88§REF§ We have therefore assumed that prior to the acquisition of firearms, swords would have been in use among Akan fighters." }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " During the time period in question swords acquired a largely symbolic and non-functional status: 'The first reports of swords in Akan society are inevitably from the coast. Local swords may derive from Islamic weapons passed down the trans-Sanaran trade routes. Early visitors were quick to associate the swords they saw with Turkish or other Islamic weapons.' §REF§McLeod, M. D. (Malcolm D.) 1981. “Asante”, 88§REF§ 'The growing complexity of the Asante government, its members' need to communicate internally and externally, to show their differences in standing, and to reward allies or placate potential enemies are reflected in the way many slems, such as swords ( afena), were elaborated in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. What began as a functional weapon ended as an object whose significance was indicated by its size, shape and a variety of attachments, often in gold. The sword gained an increasing richness of meaning over the years until colonial rule removed many of its uses, ending its development but stimulating the growth of other forms of court art.' §REF§McLeod, M. D. (Malcolm D.) 1981. “Asante”, 88§REF§" }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 67, "name": "gr_crete_archaic", "long_name": "Archaic Crete", "start_year": -710, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Everson, T. 2004. <i>Warfare in Ancient Greece: Arms and Armour from the Heroes of Homer to Alexander the Great</i>, Sutton.§REF§" }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 68, "name": "gr_crete_classical", "long_name": "Classical Crete", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -323 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Everson, T. 2004. <i>Warfare in Ancient Greece: Arms and Armour from the Heroes of Homer to Alexander the Great</i>, Sutton.§REF§" }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 74, "name": "gr_crete_emirate", "long_name": "The Emirate of Crete", "start_year": 824, "end_year": 961 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": "§REF§Κόλλιας, Τ., <i>Τεχνολογία και Πόλεμος στο Βυζάντιο</i>, 2005§REF§ §REF§Mc Geer, E., <i>Sowing the Dragon</i>s Teeth: Byzantine Warfare in the Tenth Century<i>, Washington D.C., 1995.</i>§REF§" }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 65, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_2", "long_name": "Final Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " A new type of sword which had a Central European origin and appeared in Greece ca. 1230 BCE is the so-called Naue II sword.§REF§Georganas, I. \"Weapons and warfare,\" in Cline, E. (ed.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC)</i>, Oxford, 306.§REF§ It had a flanged hold and the blade has parallel edges for the greater part of its length -the length is 60-80 cm. - before tapering to a sharp point." }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 66, "name": "gr_crete_geometric", "long_name": "Geometric Crete", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 69, "name": "gr_crete_hellenistic", "long_name": "Hellenistic Crete", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -69 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " §REF§Everson, T. 2004. <i>Warfare in Ancient Greece: Arms and Armour from the Heroes of Homer to Alexander the Great</i>, Sutton.§REF§" }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 63, "name": "gr_crete_mono_palace", "long_name": "Monopalatial Crete", "start_year": -1450, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The swords are shorter than before and their blade is reinforced with a middle rib.§REF§Georganas,I. \"Weapons and warfare,\" in Cline, E. (ed.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC)</i>, Oxford, 306.§REF§ This new type of sword (Type B) was of medium length, equipped with a longer tang and slightly wider blade reinforced with a middle rib. The other type of sword (Type C) had two cruciform projections projecting from the hilt in order to provide protection for the hand. Experimental archaeology has show that these two types were designed for different fighting styles. §REF§Molloy, B. 2008. \"Martial arts and materiality: a combat archaeology perspective on Aegean swords of the Fifteenth and Fourteenth centuries BC,\" <i>World Archaeology</i> 40, 116-34.§REF§ The handle of Type C sword allows a fencing style of fight while the handle of Type D sword allows more cutting actions. Both types were used from ca. 1450 to 1300 BCE." }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 62, "name": "gr_crete_new_palace", "long_name": "New Palace Crete", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"For example, weapons such as daggers and swords show up in Minoan sanctuaries, graves and residences, Molloy reported in November in The Annual of the British School at Athens.\"<a href=\"http://www.livescience.com/26275-peaceful-minoans-surprisingly-warlike.html\">EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: http://www.livescience.com/26275-peaceful-minoans-surprisingly-warlike.html </a>" }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 61, "name": "gr_crete_old_palace", "long_name": "Old Palace Crete", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 64, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_1", "long_name": "Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 60, "name": "gr_crete_pre_palace", "long_name": "Prepalatial Crete", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 17, "name": "us_hawaii_1", "long_name": "Hawaii I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Lists of weapons at contact don't mention swords.§REF§pg 517. Jolb, Michael, J. and Dixon, Boyd 2002. Landscape of war: Rules and conventions of conflict in ancient Hawai'i (and elsewhere). American Antiquity, 67, 514-534.§REF§" }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 18, "name": "us_hawaii_2", "long_name": "Hawaii II", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "unknown", "comment": null, "description": " Lists of weapons at contact don't mention swords.§REF§pg 517. Jolb, Michael, J. and Dixon, Boyd 2002. Landscape of war: Rules and conventions of conflict in ancient Hawai'i (and elsewhere). American Antiquity, 67, 514-534.§REF§" }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 19, "name": "us_hawaii_3", "long_name": "Hawaii III", "start_year": 1580, "end_year": 1778 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "absent", "comment": null, "description": " Lists of weapons don't mention swords. §REF§pg 517. Jolb, Michael, J. and Dixon, Boyd 2002. Landscape of war: Rules and conventions of conflict in ancient Hawai'i (and elsewhere). American Antiquity, 67, 514-534.§REF§" }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 153, "name": "id_iban_1", "long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke", "start_year": 1650, "end_year": 1841 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " \"On their heads they wear plaited war bonnets adorned with hornbill feathers, and at their sides they carry swords ornamented with the hair of slain enemies.\" §REF§Davison & Sutlive 1991, 188§REF§" }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 154, "name": "id_iban_2", "long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial", "start_year": 1841, "end_year": 1987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Sword", "sword": "present", "comment": null, "description": " On their heads they wear plaited war bonnets adorned with hornbill feathers, and at their sides they carry swords ornamented with the hair of slain enemies.§REF§Davison & Sutlive 1991, 188§REF§" } ] }